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The Postcard
A postcard published by The Philco Publishing Co.
The card was posted in Shotley Gate, Ipswich on Saturday the 17th. August 1907 to:
Miss L. M. Newman,
Erwarton Hall,
Near Ipswich.
The message on the divided back of the card was as follows:
"Dear Eva,
Many thanks for card.
I have seen the place
in India.
Hope you have got over
the garden party.
Best love from G xxx"
Philco
The Philco Publishing Co. of 1-6 Holborn Place, London were active between 1905 to 1934. They published many different types of artist-signed cards and photo-based view-cards.
They are noted for three large sets representing Faith, Hope, and Charity.
Most of their cards were printed in Germany, although a set of real photo birthday greeting cards were manufactured in Italy.
Miss Carrie Moore
Carrie Moore (31st. July 1882 – 5th. September 1956) was an Australian actress who achieved fame on the Australian and British stage.
Carrie Moore - The Early Years
She was born Caroline Ellen Moore in Geelong, Victoria, the third of the nine children of Robert William Moore, a labourer, and Mary née Wyatt.
She first appeared on stage in Geelong in local amateur productions. By late 1895, she had successfully auditioned for J. C. Williamson, and was appearing in the Christmas pantomime, 'Djin Djin', attracting positive reviews.
After successfully understudying in 1897 and 1898, Moore performed for Williamson's Royal Comic Opera Company in a number of leading roles.
In a highly publicised case she took Ernest Tyson to court alleging Breach of Promise, in August 1901. The matter was finally settled out of court.
In July 1903 she left Australia for England, where she appeared for producer George Edwardes. For five years she performed on the London stage and in provincial theatre, becoming a much-paragraphed and much-photographed actress.
In 1906 Carrie appeared at the Apollo in London in 'The Dairymaids', playing opposite Dan Rolyat.
In mid-1908 she returned to Australia to perform the role of Sonia in 'The Merry Widow' for Williamson, a role that brought her great acclaim.
Carrie Moore - The Later Years
She married Englishman Percy Bigwood in September 1908, the event attracting much press attention in part because of another action for "Breach of Promise", this time brought against Bigwood by a Miss Silva.
The marriage also proved to be bigamous – on the couple's return to England, it transpired that Bigwood already had a wife and child, as a 1912 divorce action showed.
On her return to England, she appeared in 'A Persian Princess' (1909) and on stage for producer Robert Courtneidge. She made several return trips to perform in Australia, in 1912 and 1917.
Moore was estranged from Bigwood by the time of his death from pneumonia in 1915. She married wealthy Sydney bookmaker John Wyatt in 1918, and retired from the stage. She obtained a divorce from Wyatt in 1932, and returned to a few supporting roles on stage, including 'Music in the Air' and a Command Performance in London in 1938.
In 1945 she appeared in her only film, a supporting role in Charles Chauvel's 'Sons of Matthew'.
The Death of Carrie Moore
Carrie died in relative poverty and obscurity in Sydney, in 1956.
Gustav Schwarzenegger
So what else happened on the day that the card was posted?
Well, the 17th. August 1907 marked the birth in Austria-Hungary of Gustav Schwarzenegger who was the father of Arnold Schwarzenegger. He served as an Austrian police chief, postal inspector and a military police officer.
Biography of Gustav Schwarzenegger
Gustav Schwarzenegger was the son of Cecelia (née Hinterleitner, 1878-1968) and Karl Schwarzenegger (1872-1927). He was a sportsman who loved music.
NSDAP and SA membership
According to documents obtained in 2003 from the Austrian State Archives by the Los Angeles Times, which was after the expiry of a 30-year seal of his records, Gustav Schwarzenegger voluntarily applied to join the National Socialist Party on the 1st. March 1938, two weeks before the country was annexed by Germany.
A separate record obtained by the Wiesenthal Center indicates he sought membership before the annexation but was only accepted in January 1941.
Gustav also applied to become a member of the Sturmabteilung (SA), the NSDAP's paramilitary wing, on the 1st. May 1939. The SA had 900,000 members in 1940, down from 4.2 million in 1934. This decline was the result of The Night of the Long Knives, a political purge carried out by Adolf Hitler against the SA, as the SA was seen as too radical and too powerful by senior military and industrial leaders within the Nazi Party.
The Military Career of Gustav Schwarzenegger
Schwarzenegger had served in the Austrian Army from 1930 to 1937, achieving the rank of section commander and in 1937 he became a police officer.
After enlisting in the Wehrmacht in November 1939, he was a Hauptfeldwebel (Master Sergeant) of the Feldgendarmerie, which were military police units. He served in Poland, France, Belgium, Ukraine, Lithuania and Russia.
Wounded in action in Russia on the 22nd. August 1942, he was awarded the Iron Cross First and Second Classes for bravery, the Eastern Front Medal and the Wound Badge.
Schwarzenegger appears to have received much medical attention. Initially, he was treated in the military hospital in Łódź, but he also suffered recurring bouts of malaria, which led to his discharge in February, 1944. Considered unfit for active duty, he returned to Graz, Austria, where he was assigned work as a postal inspector.
A health registry document describes Gustav as a 'calm and reliable person, not particularly outstanding' and assesses his intellect as average.' Ursula Schwarz, a historian at Vienna's Documentation Centre of Austrian Resistance, has said that Schwarzenegger's career was fairly typical for his generation, and no evidence has emerged that has directly linked him with participation in war crimes or abuses against civilians.
Later Life and Death of Gustav Schwarzenegger
Schwarzenegger married war widow Aurelia Jadrny on the 5th. October 1945, in Mürzsteg, Austria. They had two sons, Meinhard and Arnold. His first son Meinhard died on the 20th. May 1971 in a car accident due to drunk driving.
Gustav died of a stroke in Weiz, Austria on the 13th. December 1972 at the age of 65, where he had been transferred as a policeman. He is buried in Weiz Cemetery.
Aurelia Jadrny Schwarzenegger died of a heart attack at the age of 76 while visiting Weiz Cemetery in August 1998, and is buried next to her husband.
Arnold Schwarzenegger stated in the film 'Pumping Iron' that he did not attend his father's funeral, but later retracted this, explaining that it was a story he had appropriated from a boxer to make it appear as though he could prevent his personal life from interfering with his athletic training.
News reports about Gustav's National Socialist links first surfaced in 1990, at which time Arnold asked the Simon Wiesenthal Center, an organization he had long supported, to research his father's past.
The Center found Gustav's army records and NSDAP party membership, but did not uncover any connection to war crimes or the paramilitary organization, the Schutzstaffel (SS). Media interest resurfaced when Arnold ran for Governor of California in the 2003 recall election.
Second Republic
In the Upper Belvedere , the State Treaty was signed in 1955.
(Pictures and further informations you can see by clicking on the link at the end of page!)
Leopold Figl in his time as governor. He spoke the three legendary words "Austria is free".
Bruno Kreisky with a visit to the U.S. in February 1983
1955 witnessed the Republic of Austria their second birth. The Austrian State Treaty with all four occupying powers ended the era of the post-war occupied Austria and gave the country - unlike the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic - its full sovereignty back that it had lost during the period of National Socialism. In return for that, the Second Republic had to explain its "perpetual neutrality" and to formalise by constitutional act. In September 1955, the last Soviet soldier left the territory. The ones of the Western Allies followed on 25 October, one day before the National Council adopted the Neutrality Act. In the following decades, the Austrian economy was similar to the German nation (see also economic miracle). As a result of seizures by the USIA group but had the economy in the former Soviet zone a major backlog over the western provinces of which was compensated only after decades .
Through its politically neutral position Austria was an important refuge for participants of the uprising in Hungary in 1956 and for many participants of the Prague Spring in 1968. Especially in 1956, where mainly eastern Austria was severely affected by the occupation, humanitarian aid for the neighboring country was very great. Whole settlements have sprung for refugees from the ground. Although a large part of the refugees were taken mainly from overseas countries, but many also remained in Austria. Even the army, which was only set up new, had its first test. In both cases, the ORF played a large role to inform the population in the affected neighboring countries as state radio as neutral as possible. At the beginning of the 1970s, Austria was for thousands of Jewish immigrants who emigrated from the Soviet Union the first stop on the way to the West.
By Chancellor Bruno Kreisky, who held talks as one of the first western politician with Arafat and Gaddafi, Austria got an important role in the Middle East conflict. Vienna has been home to many international organizations such as the UN, the IAEA and OPEC.
As a result of recent history, the experiences after the "Anschluss", of the crime at the time of National Socialism in Austria and the complete defeat of Hitler's Reich during the Second World War, the understanding of the Austrian identity changed. Was the self-concept and relationship to the state in the First Republic yet in large parts dominated by German national ideas, this idea now came increasingly into the background. This Austrian national consciousness that also was linked with a demarcation to the new Federal Republic of Germany, but also had the consequence that many Austrians "ordinary people" as politicians now wanted to see themselves the first victim of the Nazis (also known as "victim myth" or "victim theory") although Hitler under the cheers and with the consent of large parts of the population "had brought about connection (Anschluss)". The participations in the crimes of the Third Reich were therefore also virtually ignored for a long time. This "blind spot" in the sense of history attracted in 1986 in the Waldheim affair over the candidacy of Kurt Waldheim to the federal presidency international attention. Despite the worldwide outrage over Waldheim's first secretive SA membership and its role in the German Wehrmacht, he won the presidential election on the second ballot. Only under the government of Chancellor Franz Vranitzky it came in 1991 to an explicit commitment to the responsibility of the Austrians in the crimes of National Socialism.
With the collapse of communist regimes in the Soviet bloc countries, the fall of the Iron Curtain and the opening of borders to Western Europe in 1989, the country lost its character as an outpost of Western democratic. Consequently, Austria therefore joined the European Union in 1995, which was for a long time because of the neutrality law unthinkable, and also signed the Schengen Agreement border opening in the sequence. Since then, Austria has open borders with Germany and Italy.
The "Black-Blue Coalition" of the bourgeois-conservative Austrian People's Party with the right-wing populist Freedom Party in February 2000 led to the "freezing of relations", the so-called "sanctions", of the other EU countries against the Austrian government as well as long-running demonstrations (see also Thursday demonstrations ) by opponents of the blue-black government. The policy of the European Union towards the ruling coalition, however, had little real political impact on domestic politics, but rather led to a short-term strengthening of the ÖVP-FPÖ coalition and a comparatively larger rejection of the EU. Following the recommendation of ultimately by the EU countries installed "Council of Elders" (report of the Wise Men) the 14 EU countries lifted in September 2000 the "sanctions".
On 1 January 1999, in Austria the new EU currency, the euro, was introduced as book money and from 1 January 2002 the Shilling has been replaced by the euro as a cash currency, too.
The following years were dominated by the negotiations of the ten eastern and southern European countries to the EU (enlargement), the Transit Agreement and the protests against the Czech nuclear power plant Temelin. The latter led at times to a bad political climate between Prague and Vienna. The renegotiation of the transit treaty failed in 2003.
Second Republic
In the Upper Belvedere , the State Treaty was signed in 1955.
(Pictures and further informations you can see by clicking on the link at the end of page!)
Leopold Figl in his time as governor. He spoke the three legendary words "Austria is free".
Bruno Kreisky with a visit to the U.S. in February 1983
1955 witnessed the Republic of Austria their second birth. The Austrian State Treaty with all four occupying powers ended the era of the post-war occupied Austria and gave the country - unlike the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic - its full sovereignty back that it had lost during the period of National Socialism. In return for that, the Second Republic had to explain its "perpetual neutrality" and to formalise by constitutional act. In September 1955, the last Soviet soldier left the territory. The ones of the Western Allies followed on 25 October, one day before the National Council adopted the Neutrality Act. In the following decades, the Austrian economy was similar to the German nation (see also economic miracle). As a result of seizures by the USIA group but had the economy in the former Soviet zone a major backlog over the western provinces of which was compensated only after decades .
Through its politically neutral position Austria was an important refuge for participants of the uprising in Hungary in 1956 and for many participants of the Prague Spring in 1968. Especially in 1956, where mainly eastern Austria was severely affected by the occupation, humanitarian aid for the neighboring country was very great. Whole settlements have sprung for refugees from the ground. Although a large part of the refugees were taken mainly from overseas countries, but many also remained in Austria. Even the army, which was only set up new, had its first test. In both cases, the ORF played a large role to inform the population in the affected neighboring countries as state radio as neutral as possible. At the beginning of the 1970s, Austria was for thousands of Jewish immigrants who emigrated from the Soviet Union the first stop on the way to the West.
By Chancellor Bruno Kreisky, who held talks as one of the first western politician with Arafat and Gaddafi, Austria got an important role in the Middle East conflict. Vienna has been home to many international organizations such as the UN, the IAEA and OPEC.
As a result of recent history, the experiences after the "Anschluss", of the crime at the time of National Socialism in Austria and the complete defeat of Hitler's Reich during the Second World War, the understanding of the Austrian identity changed. Was the self-concept and relationship to the state in the First Republic yet in large parts dominated by German national ideas, this idea now came increasingly into the background. This Austrian national consciousness that also was linked with a demarcation to the new Federal Republic of Germany, but also had the consequence that many Austrians "ordinary people" as politicians now wanted to see themselves the first victim of the Nazis (also known as "victim myth" or "victim theory") although Hitler under the cheers and with the consent of large parts of the population "had brought about connection (Anschluss)". The participations in the crimes of the Third Reich were therefore also virtually ignored for a long time. This "blind spot" in the sense of history attracted in 1986 in the Waldheim affair over the candidacy of Kurt Waldheim to the federal presidency international attention. Despite the worldwide outrage over Waldheim's first secretive SA membership and its role in the German Wehrmacht, he won the presidential election on the second ballot. Only under the government of Chancellor Franz Vranitzky it came in 1991 to an explicit commitment to the responsibility of the Austrians in the crimes of National Socialism.
With the collapse of communist regimes in the Soviet bloc countries, the fall of the Iron Curtain and the opening of borders to Western Europe in 1989, the country lost its character as an outpost of Western democratic. Consequently, Austria therefore joined the European Union in 1995, which was for a long time because of the neutrality law unthinkable, and also signed the Schengen Agreement border opening in the sequence. Since then, Austria has open borders with Germany and Italy.
The "Black-Blue Coalition" of the bourgeois-conservative Austrian People's Party with the right-wing populist Freedom Party in February 2000 led to the "freezing of relations", the so-called "sanctions", of the other EU countries against the Austrian government as well as long-running demonstrations (see also Thursday demonstrations ) by opponents of the blue-black government. The policy of the European Union towards the ruling coalition, however, had little real political impact on domestic politics, but rather led to a short-term strengthening of the ÖVP-FPÖ coalition and a comparatively larger rejection of the EU. Following the recommendation of ultimately by the EU countries installed "Council of Elders" (report of the Wise Men) the 14 EU countries lifted in September 2000 the "sanctions".
On 1 January 1999, in Austria the new EU currency, the euro, was introduced as book money and from 1 January 2002 the Shilling has been replaced by the euro as a cash currency, too.
The following years were dominated by the negotiations of the ten eastern and southern European countries to the EU (enlargement), the Transit Agreement and the protests against the Czech nuclear power plant Temelin. The latter led at times to a bad political climate between Prague and Vienna. The renegotiation of the transit treaty failed in 2003.
Second Republic
In the Upper Belvedere , the State Treaty was signed in 1955.
(Pictures and further informations you can see by clicking on the link at the end of page!)
Leopold Figl in his time as governor. He spoke the three legendary words "Austria is free".
Bruno Kreisky with a visit to the U.S. in February 1983
1955 witnessed the Republic of Austria their second birth. The Austrian State Treaty with all four occupying powers ended the era of the post-war occupied Austria and gave the country - unlike the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic - its full sovereignty back that it had lost during the period of National Socialism. In return for that, the Second Republic had to explain its "perpetual neutrality" and to formalise by constitutional act. In September 1955, the last Soviet soldier left the territory. The ones of the Western Allies followed on 25 October, one day before the National Council adopted the Neutrality Act. In the following decades, the Austrian economy was similar to the German nation (see also economic miracle). As a result of seizures by the USIA group but had the economy in the former Soviet zone a major backlog over the western provinces of which was compensated only after decades .
Through its politically neutral position Austria was an important refuge for participants of the uprising in Hungary in 1956 and for many participants of the Prague Spring in 1968. Especially in 1956, where mainly eastern Austria was severely affected by the occupation, humanitarian aid for the neighboring country was very great. Whole settlements have sprung for refugees from the ground. Although a large part of the refugees were taken mainly from overseas countries, but many also remained in Austria. Even the army, which was only set up new, had its first test. In both cases, the ORF played a large role to inform the population in the affected neighboring countries as state radio as neutral as possible. At the beginning of the 1970s, Austria was for thousands of Jewish immigrants who emigrated from the Soviet Union the first stop on the way to the West.
By Chancellor Bruno Kreisky, who held talks as one of the first western politician with Arafat and Gaddafi, Austria got an important role in the Middle East conflict. Vienna has been home to many international organizations such as the UN, the IAEA and OPEC.
As a result of recent history, the experiences after the "Anschluss", of the crime at the time of National Socialism in Austria and the complete defeat of Hitler's Reich during the Second World War, the understanding of the Austrian identity changed. Was the self-concept and relationship to the state in the First Republic yet in large parts dominated by German national ideas, this idea now came increasingly into the background. This Austrian national consciousness that also was linked with a demarcation to the new Federal Republic of Germany, but also had the consequence that many Austrians "ordinary people" as politicians now wanted to see themselves the first victim of the Nazis (also known as "victim myth" or "victim theory") although Hitler under the cheers and with the consent of large parts of the population "had brought about connection (Anschluss)". The participations in the crimes of the Third Reich were therefore also virtually ignored for a long time. This "blind spot" in the sense of history attracted in 1986 in the Waldheim affair over the candidacy of Kurt Waldheim to the federal presidency international attention. Despite the worldwide outrage over Waldheim's first secretive SA membership and its role in the German Wehrmacht, he won the presidential election on the second ballot. Only under the government of Chancellor Franz Vranitzky it came in 1991 to an explicit commitment to the responsibility of the Austrians in the crimes of National Socialism.
With the collapse of communist regimes in the Soviet bloc countries, the fall of the Iron Curtain and the opening of borders to Western Europe in 1989, the country lost its character as an outpost of Western democratic. Consequently, Austria therefore joined the European Union in 1995, which was for a long time because of the neutrality law unthinkable, and also signed the Schengen Agreement border opening in the sequence. Since then, Austria has open borders with Germany and Italy.
The "Black-Blue Coalition" of the bourgeois-conservative Austrian People's Party with the right-wing populist Freedom Party in February 2000 led to the "freezing of relations", the so-called "sanctions", of the other EU countries against the Austrian government as well as long-running demonstrations (see also Thursday demonstrations ) by opponents of the blue-black government. The policy of the European Union towards the ruling coalition, however, had little real political impact on domestic politics, but rather led to a short-term strengthening of the ÖVP-FPÖ coalition and a comparatively larger rejection of the EU. Following the recommendation of ultimately by the EU countries installed "Council of Elders" (report of the Wise Men) the 14 EU countries lifted in September 2000 the "sanctions".
On 1 January 1999, in Austria the new EU currency, the euro, was introduced as book money and from 1 January 2002 the Shilling has been replaced by the euro as a cash currency, too.
The following years were dominated by the negotiations of the ten eastern and southern European countries to the EU (enlargement), the Transit Agreement and the protests against the Czech nuclear power plant Temelin. The latter led at times to a bad political climate between Prague and Vienna. The renegotiation of the transit treaty failed in 2003.
Second Republic
In the Upper Belvedere , the State Treaty was signed in 1955.
(Pictures and further informations you can see by clicking on the link at the end of page!)
Leopold Figl in his time as governor. He spoke the three legendary words "Austria is free".
Bruno Kreisky with a visit to the U.S. in February 1983
1955 witnessed the Republic of Austria their second birth. The Austrian State Treaty with all four occupying powers ended the era of the post-war occupied Austria and gave the country - unlike the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic - its full sovereignty back that it had lost during the period of National Socialism. In return for that, the Second Republic had to explain its "perpetual neutrality" and to formalise by constitutional act. In September 1955, the last Soviet soldier left the territory. The ones of the Western Allies followed on 25 October, one day before the National Council adopted the Neutrality Act. In the following decades, the Austrian economy was similar to the German nation (see also economic miracle). As a result of seizures by the USIA group but had the economy in the former Soviet zone a major backlog over the western provinces of which was compensated only after decades .
Through its politically neutral position Austria was an important refuge for participants of the uprising in Hungary in 1956 and for many participants of the Prague Spring in 1968. Especially in 1956, where mainly eastern Austria was severely affected by the occupation, humanitarian aid for the neighboring country was very great. Whole settlements have sprung for refugees from the ground. Although a large part of the refugees were taken mainly from overseas countries, but many also remained in Austria. Even the army, which was only set up new, had its first test. In both cases, the ORF played a large role to inform the population in the affected neighboring countries as state radio as neutral as possible. At the beginning of the 1970s, Austria was for thousands of Jewish immigrants who emigrated from the Soviet Union the first stop on the way to the West.
By Chancellor Bruno Kreisky, who held talks as one of the first western politician with Arafat and Gaddafi, Austria got an important role in the Middle East conflict. Vienna has been home to many international organizations such as the UN, the IAEA and OPEC.
As a result of recent history, the experiences after the "Anschluss", of the crime at the time of National Socialism in Austria and the complete defeat of Hitler's Reich during the Second World War, the understanding of the Austrian identity changed. Was the self-concept and relationship to the state in the First Republic yet in large parts dominated by German national ideas, this idea now came increasingly into the background. This Austrian national consciousness that also was linked with a demarcation to the new Federal Republic of Germany, but also had the consequence that many Austrians "ordinary people" as politicians now wanted to see themselves the first victim of the Nazis (also known as "victim myth" or "victim theory") although Hitler under the cheers and with the consent of large parts of the population "had brought about connection (Anschluss)". The participations in the crimes of the Third Reich were therefore also virtually ignored for a long time. This "blind spot" in the sense of history attracted in 1986 in the Waldheim affair over the candidacy of Kurt Waldheim to the federal presidency international attention. Despite the worldwide outrage over Waldheim's first secretive SA membership and its role in the German Wehrmacht, he won the presidential election on the second ballot. Only under the government of Chancellor Franz Vranitzky it came in 1991 to an explicit commitment to the responsibility of the Austrians in the crimes of National Socialism.
With the collapse of communist regimes in the Soviet bloc countries, the fall of the Iron Curtain and the opening of borders to Western Europe in 1989, the country lost its character as an outpost of Western democratic. Consequently, Austria therefore joined the European Union in 1995, which was for a long time because of the neutrality law unthinkable, and also signed the Schengen Agreement border opening in the sequence. Since then, Austria has open borders with Germany and Italy.
The "Black-Blue Coalition" of the bourgeois-conservative Austrian People's Party with the right-wing populist Freedom Party in February 2000 led to the "freezing of relations", the so-called "sanctions", of the other EU countries against the Austrian government as well as long-running demonstrations (see also Thursday demonstrations ) by opponents of the blue-black government. The policy of the European Union towards the ruling coalition, however, had little real political impact on domestic politics, but rather led to a short-term strengthening of the ÖVP-FPÖ coalition and a comparatively larger rejection of the EU. Following the recommendation of ultimately by the EU countries installed "Council of Elders" (report of the Wise Men) the 14 EU countries lifted in September 2000 the "sanctions".
On 1 January 1999, in Austria the new EU currency, the euro, was introduced as book money and from 1 January 2002 the Shilling has been replaced by the euro as a cash currency, too.
The following years were dominated by the negotiations of the ten eastern and southern European countries to the EU (enlargement), the Transit Agreement and the protests against the Czech nuclear power plant Temelin. The latter led at times to a bad political climate between Prague and Vienna. The renegotiation of the transit treaty failed in 2003.
Second Republic
In the Upper Belvedere , the State Treaty was signed in 1955.
(Pictures and further informations you can see by clicking on the link at the end of page!)
Leopold Figl in his time as governor. He spoke the three legendary words "Austria is free".
Bruno Kreisky with a visit to the U.S. in February 1983
1955 witnessed the Republic of Austria their second birth. The Austrian State Treaty with all four occupying powers ended the era of the post-war occupied Austria and gave the country - unlike the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic - its full sovereignty back that it had lost during the period of National Socialism. In return for that, the Second Republic had to explain its "perpetual neutrality" and to formalise by constitutional act. In September 1955, the last Soviet soldier left the territory. The ones of the Western Allies followed on 25 October, one day before the National Council adopted the Neutrality Act. In the following decades, the Austrian economy was similar to the German nation (see also economic miracle). As a result of seizures by the USIA group but had the economy in the former Soviet zone a major backlog over the western provinces of which was compensated only after decades .
Through its politically neutral position Austria was an important refuge for participants of the uprising in Hungary in 1956 and for many participants of the Prague Spring in 1968. Especially in 1956, where mainly eastern Austria was severely affected by the occupation, humanitarian aid for the neighboring country was very great. Whole settlements have sprung for refugees from the ground. Although a large part of the refugees were taken mainly from overseas countries, but many also remained in Austria. Even the army, which was only set up new, had its first test. In both cases, the ORF played a large role to inform the population in the affected neighboring countries as state radio as neutral as possible. At the beginning of the 1970s, Austria was for thousands of Jewish immigrants who emigrated from the Soviet Union the first stop on the way to the West.
By Chancellor Bruno Kreisky, who held talks as one of the first western politician with Arafat and Gaddafi, Austria got an important role in the Middle East conflict. Vienna has been home to many international organizations such as the UN, the IAEA and OPEC.
As a result of recent history, the experiences after the "Anschluss", of the crime at the time of National Socialism in Austria and the complete defeat of Hitler's Reich during the Second World War, the understanding of the Austrian identity changed. Was the self-concept and relationship to the state in the First Republic yet in large parts dominated by German national ideas, this idea now came increasingly into the background. This Austrian national consciousness that also was linked with a demarcation to the new Federal Republic of Germany, but also had the consequence that many Austrians "ordinary people" as politicians now wanted to see themselves the first victim of the Nazis (also known as "victim myth" or "victim theory") although Hitler under the cheers and with the consent of large parts of the population "had brought about connection (Anschluss)". The participations in the crimes of the Third Reich were therefore also virtually ignored for a long time. This "blind spot" in the sense of history attracted in 1986 in the Waldheim affair over the candidacy of Kurt Waldheim to the federal presidency international attention. Despite the worldwide outrage over Waldheim's first secretive SA membership and its role in the German Wehrmacht, he won the presidential election on the second ballot. Only under the government of Chancellor Franz Vranitzky it came in 1991 to an explicit commitment to the responsibility of the Austrians in the crimes of National Socialism.
With the collapse of communist regimes in the Soviet bloc countries, the fall of the Iron Curtain and the opening of borders to Western Europe in 1989, the country lost its character as an outpost of Western democratic. Consequently, Austria therefore joined the European Union in 1995, which was for a long time because of the neutrality law unthinkable, and also signed the Schengen Agreement border opening in the sequence. Since then, Austria has open borders with Germany and Italy.
The "Black-Blue Coalition" of the bourgeois-conservative Austrian People's Party with the right-wing populist Freedom Party in February 2000 led to the "freezing of relations", the so-called "sanctions", of the other EU countries against the Austrian government as well as long-running demonstrations (see also Thursday demonstrations ) by opponents of the blue-black government. The policy of the European Union towards the ruling coalition, however, had little real political impact on domestic politics, but rather led to a short-term strengthening of the ÖVP-FPÖ coalition and a comparatively larger rejection of the EU. Following the recommendation of ultimately by the EU countries installed "Council of Elders" (report of the Wise Men) the 14 EU countries lifted in September 2000 the "sanctions".
On 1 January 1999, in Austria the new EU currency, the euro, was introduced as book money and from 1 January 2002 the Shilling has been replaced by the euro as a cash currency, too.
The following years were dominated by the negotiations of the ten eastern and southern European countries to the EU (enlargement), the Transit Agreement and the protests against the Czech nuclear power plant Temelin. The latter led at times to a bad political climate between Prague and Vienna. The renegotiation of the transit treaty failed in 2003.
Playing around with the built-in flash together with the exposure and aperture.
Tweak a little using photoshop to get rid of noise.