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A Mercedes 300SL at the Du Pont Registry Cars and Coffee car show in St.Petersburg, Florida, this 300SL isn't completely real as far as I know as I heard the owner saying it was powered by a Chevy Small block V8. If you like this, please comment and favourite it. Thank you, it is greatly appreciated.
Rauminhalt: 56000 Tons; Lange 276 m, Breite:
30 1/2 m, Tiefe 19 3/4 m; Besatzung: 1000 Mann,
ca. 4050 Passegiere; Maschinen. 61000 P. S.
SS Leviathan
Career Name: SS Leviathan
Owner: United States Lines
Port of registry: New York
Acquired: 29 October 1919
In service: June 1923 to 1933, some service in 1934
Out of service: 1933 to 1937
Fate: Sold for scrapping and broken up 6 June 1938
Career Name: USS Leviathan
Owner: United States
Acquired: 6 April 1917
Commissioned: July 1917
Decommissioned: 29 October 1919
Notes: Used as a troop ship during World War I
Career Name: SS Vaterland
Owner: HAPAG Line
Port of registry: Germany 1913-1917
Builder: Blohm & Voss at Hamburg, Germany
Launched: 13 April 1913
Out of service: July 1914 to 6 April 1917
Fate: Seized by the United States government to be used in the United States Navy.
General characteristics
Class and type: Imperator class ocean liner
Tonnage: 54,282 gross tons
Length: 950 ft (289.6 m)
Beam: 100 ft 4 in (30.6 m)
Draft: 37 ft 9 in (11,51 m)
Speed: 26 knots
Capacity: - 1,165 as originally configured - 14,000 as a troop transport
Armament:
World War I Navy Service: - 8 × 6 in - 2 × 1-pounder gun - 2 × machine gun
SS LEVIATHAN, originally built as SS VATERLAND, was an ocean liner which regularly sailed the North Atlantic briefly in 1914 and from 1917 to 1934. The second of a trio of transatlantic liners built by Germany's Hamburg America Line for the transatlantic passenger service, she would sail as Vaterland for less than a year before her early career was halted by the start of World War I. In 1917, she was seized by the U.S. government and renamed Leviathan. She would become known by this name for the majority of her career, both as a troopship during World War I and later as the flagship of the United States Lines.
- German service
SS VATERLAND, a 54,282 gross ton passenger liner, was built by Blohm & Voss at Hamburg, Germany, as the second of a trio of very large ships of Imperator class for the Hamburg-America Line's trans-Atlantic route. She was launched 13 April 1913 and was the largest passenger ship in the world upon her completion, superseding SS Imperator, but later being superseded in turn by the last ship of this class, SS Bismarck, the later RMS Majestic. Vaterland had made only a few trips when, in late July 1914, she arrived at New York, NY just as World War I broke out. With a safe return to Germany rendered virtually impossible by British dominance of the seas, she was laid up at her Hoboken, NJ, terminal and remained immobile for nearly three years. World War I She was seized by the United States Shipping Board when the United States entered World War I, 6 April 1917; turned over to the custody of the U.S. Navy in June 1917; and commissioned July 1917 as the USS Vaterland, Captain Joseph Wallace Oman in command.
Redesignated SP-1326 and renamed Leviathan by President Woodrow Wilson on 6 September 1917. The trial cruise to Cuba on 17 November 1917, prompted Captain Oman to order 241 Marines, onboard to relieve a detachment of Marines, to station themselves conspicuously about the upper decks giving the appearance from shore that the great ship was headed overseas to increase American Expeditionary Forces. Upon her return later that month, she reported for duty with the Cruiser and Transport Force. In December she took troops to Liverpool, England, but repairs delayed her return to the U.S. until mid-February 1918.
A second trip to Liverpool in March was followed by more repairs. At that time she was repainted with the British-type "dazzle" camouflage scheme that she carried for the rest of the war. With the completion of that work, Leviathan began regular passages between the U.S. and Brest, France, delivering up to 14,000 persons on each trip, carrying over 119,000 fighting men, before the armistice 11 November 1918.
After that date Leviathan, repainted grey overall by December 1918, reversed the flow of men as she transported the veterans back to the United States with nine westward crossings ending 8 September 1919.
On 29 October 1919, USS Leviathan was decommissioned and turned over to the U.S. Shipping Board and again laid up at Hoboken until plans for her future employment could be determined. American service
The U.S. Shipping Board was by the end of the war enamored with surplus tonnage and government sponsored shipping companies. On December 17 1919 the International Mercantile Marine signed an agreement to maintain their intended acquisition until a final decision could be made.
The Gibbs Brothers Inc. was hired to survey the vessel and her economic potential from every aspect when newspaper mogul William Randolph Hearst objected the purchase by claiming British influence over I.M.M, riding on nationalistic sentiment to stop the deal. The Gibbs brothers were allowed to continue by the Shipping Board even as the deal fell through, their first big task being the creation of a new set of blueprints. None had been forced from Germany by the Versailles Treaty and the price was deemed outrageous, instead an army of workers measured every part of the ship until a new set of prints had been made. Having languished in political limbo at her Hoboken pier until April 1922 a decision was finally made and the $8,000,000 in funds allocated to sail Leviathan to Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company in Newport News, Virginia, for her 14 month reconditioning and refurbishment. War duty and age meant that all wiring, plumbing, and interior layouts were stripped and redesigned while her hull was strengthened and engines converted for oil while being refurbished; virtually a new ship emerged. The decorations and fittings, designed by New York architects Walker & Gillette, retained much of her prewar splendor of Edwardian, Georgian, Louis XVI styles now merged with modern 1920s touches. The biggest deviation was an art deco night club transplanting the original Verandah Cafe.
And in June 1923 she was given back to the Shipping Board.
Leviathans measured tonnage had increased to 59,956.65 GRT and her speed trials showed an average of 27.48 knots. Thanks in part to Gibbs cleaver accounting and the Gulf stream she had become the worlds largest and fastest ship. By this time United States Lines, which had interested I.M.M, had been sold and contractually obligated to run the Leviathan for a minimum of 5 return voyages on the Atlantic run per year.
The Gibbs Brothers Inc would run her for her first voyages and train the crew until ownership officially changed hands. She immediately proved popular with the American public in the 20's, starting her career fully booked for her maiden voyage July 4th 1923.
Her passenger average reached a strong 1,300 by 1926 and making her the #1 traveled ship on the Atlantic, but compared to her capacity of 3,000 it was too little to be profitable.
Her economic problems lay primarily in high labor and fuel costs which were compounded by the prohibition.
From 1920 all US registered ships counted as an extension of US territory, making them -dry ships- according to the National Prohibition Act. With the Atlantic capacity oversaturated, especially after the Immigration Act of 1924, alcohol-seeking passengers readily chose other liners. But Leviathan was an American symbol of power and prestige, which despite her economic failings, made her a popular ship with loyal travelers.
She attracted attention as the largest and fastest ship in the American merchant marine and featured in countless adverts.
The only serious incident occurred one day out of Cherbourg on a winter crossing in 1924 where she met a fierce storm with 90ft waves and winds up to 100mph, at times forcing her to a 20 degree heel. Eleven portholes were smashed and 32 passengers injured by the time the storm abated. The ship's orchestra, the S.S. Leviathan Orchestra under the direction of Nelson Maples, was also well regarded. Gramophone records were produced in 1923 and 1924 for Victor Records by the band, which would later become inspiration for the New Leviathan Oriental Fox-Trot Orchestra decades later.
But by 1927 the -good years- were over, during which time U.S. Lines had been sold and re-nationalized. In 1929 Leviathan was finally allowed to serve -medicinal alcohol- outside of US territorial waters to make her more competitive with foreign lines and was quickly sent on Booze Cruises to make money.
The Great Depression was the final nail in the coffin and U.S. Lines actively lobbied for the Shipping Board to either take the Leviathan back or give them a subsidy for her operation.
She was laid up at her pier in Hoboken, New Jersey, in June 1933, having lost $75,000 per round trip since 1929.
U.S. Lines had been acquired at auction by I.M.M. in 1931 who were just as eager to be rid of their white elephant.
The government steadfastly stipulated that Leviathan should sail, and so she did after a refurbishment of $150,000, for another five round trips.
The very first round trip sailed on June 9th 1934, high season on the Atlantic, and tallied a loss of $143,000. By Leviathans' fifth voyage she sailed at barely half capacity. The I.M.M. paid the U.S. government $500,000 for permission to retire her while keeping her in running order until 1936. In 1937 she was finally sold to the British Metal Industries Ltd.
On January 26th 1938 Leviathan set out on her 301st and last voyage, arriving at Rosyth, Scotland, February 14th.
In the 21 years she served U.S. Lines she carried more then a quarter-million passengers, never making a cent.
Celeste NavieArmatori
Registry #1821125 (Canada)
IMO#7233254
Name 1 1971 Edith Lovejoy
Name 2 2011c Hunter (III)
Name 3 2011c Rose Mackenzie
Year Built: 1971
Place: Seattle
Area: WA
Country: USA
Designer: Robert Allan Ltd.
Builder: Marine Construction & Repair Ltd.
Measurement (metric): 20.70m x 7.42m x 4.08m
Hull: Steel
Gross Tonnage: 131.19
Type 1: Tug
Registered Tonnage: 98.39
Engine: 1125bhp diesel engine (1971)
Propulsion: Screw
Owner(s):
In 1971-1979 she was owned by Puget Sound Freight Lines, Seattle WA USA.
In 2000-2004 she was owned by Calista L.L.C., Seattle WA USA.
In 2011-2022 she was owned by Tidal Coastal Towing Ltd., Port Coquitlam BC.
This image is best viewed in large screen.
I appreciate your visit and any faves or comments are always greatly appreciated!
Sonja :-)
Tuesday, 28 December 2010, about 2:00p EST
Toronto
at Bay and Queen, in the core.
"Travel with me, one year later" series: Kodachrome shots posted one year later, to the very same day.
Kodachrome Toronto registry: KT2011001
accozzaglia's final Kodachrome run: #82–31
Have your own ‘‘Forever Kodachrome: 1935-2010’’ button pin
FALIE
Australian
Owners: South Australian Govt
Port of Registry: AUS Port Adelaide
IDNo:5112078
Year:1919
Name:HOLLAND'S TROUW
Keel:
Type:Cargo ship
Launch Date:
Flag:NLD
Date of completion:
Tons:226
Link:
DWT:
Yard No:
Length overall:
Ship Design:
LPP:33.4
Country of build:NLD
Beam:6.6
Builder:Richter Uitenbogaardt
Material of build:
Location of yard:Maassluis
Number of
screws/Mchy/
Speed(kn):1D-
Naval or paramilitary marking :
A:*
End:2005
Subsequent History:
[auxiliary ketch] - 23 FALIE
Disposal Data:
museum ship in South Australia 2005
Details: Mirimar Ship Index
Photo Credits: The William T Barber Collection Vic Australia
Available in size 50 x 70 cm.
In inches convertion is:
50 centimeter = 19.68 inch
70 centimeter = 27.56 inch
Price is 65€ (Europe: including all, poster in satin paper, shipping + tracking number. Others country out Europe is 80€ all included!).
By Pay Pal or transfer bank.
Regards
Christian
Balclutha History
British Deepwaterman
On January 15, 1887, with a twenty-six-man crew, Balclutha sailed under British registry from Cardiff, Wales, on her maiden voyage. She was bound for San Francisco. The ship entered the Golden Gate after 140 days at sea, unloaded her cargo of 2,650 tons of coal, and took on sacks of California wheat. This photo, ringed by portraits of Captain Constable and his crew, was taken on San Francisco Bay in June, 1887.
Because of the months-long ocean voyage, Balclutha made only one round-trip per year while engaged in the Europe-to-San Francisco grain trade. She arrived with a cargo three times, but also brought pottery, cutlery, Scotch whisky (from Glasgow and Liverpool) and "Swansea general" (tinplate, coke and pig iron) to San Francisco.
During the mid-1890s the ship called at other ports around the world; in New Zealand, for example, she loaded wool and tallow for London, England.
In 1899 Balclutha was transferred to Hawaiian registry, and she joined the bustling Pacific Coast lumber trade. For three years the ship sailed north to Puget Sound, Washington, and then across to Australia. Much of the 1.5 million board feet she could carry ended up underground, used for mining timbers in the Broken Hill Mine. Balclutha docked at Port Pirie, South Australia, where the timbers were unloaded and transported 250 miles inland to Broken Hill.
Balclutha was the last vessel to fly the flag of the Hawaiian Kingdom. In 1901 a special act of the United States Congress admitted the ship to American registry so that she could engage in "coastwise" trade (i.e. between American ports). Soon thereafter, the Alaska Packers Association, a San Francisco firm which harvested and canned salmon, chartered her to carry men and supplies north – to Alaska.
Salmon Packet
When Balclutha went aground in 1904, the Alaska Packers Association purchased her where she lay for the non-princely sum of $500. After extensive repairs, they renamed her Star of Alaska.
(All Packer iron and steel sailing vessels had a "Star" prefix to their names.).
During this career, the ship sailed up the West Coast from Alameda, California, carrying supplies and cannery workers. Star of Alaska anchored out in Chignik Bay, Alaska, during April. After the supplies were unloaded and the cannery workers had settled into the company’s camp ashore, only a shipkeeper or two remained on board. In early September, her hold packed with cases of canned salmon, Star of Alaska started the 2,400-mile voyage back to San FranciscoBay. She was considered a fast sailer, averaging better than twenty-two days for the trip north and fifteen days when homeward bound. This photo, taken in 1919, shows a bit of heavy weather aboard Star of Alaska.
During the winter the ship was laid up with the rest of the Packer’s fleet of thirty-odd vessels in Alameda, where shipwrights performed maintenance and renovation. In 1911, the poop deck was extended to house Italian and Scandinavian fishermen. Later, additional bunks were added in the ‘tween deck for Chinese cannery workers. As Balclutha, the ship carried a crew of twenty-six men; on Star of Alaska, over 200 men made the trip north.
Star of Alaska was the only sailing ship the Packers sent north in 1930, and when she returned that September she, too, was retired.
Movie Star
Frank Kissinger purchased Star of Alaska in 1933 (for $5,000) and renamed her Pacific Queen. Kissinger took the ship south and, while anchored off Catalina Island, she appeared in the film Mutiny on the Bounty (Clark Gable and Charles Laughton also appeared in supporting roles). For a time thereafter, Kissinger towed her up and down the West Coast, usually exhibiting her as a "pirate ship." Pacific Queen slowly deteriorated, and she barely escaped World War II scrap metal drives.
Restoration
In 1954 the San Francisco Maritime Museum purchased Pacific Queen for $25,000. Assisted by donations of cash, materials and labor from the local community, the Museum restored the vessel and returned her original name. The ship was transferred to the National Park Service in 1978, and Balclutha was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1985.
The Grain Trade
The ‘49ers panned for fortunes in mountain streams, but less then twenty years later farmers discovered California’s real wealth: its hot, fertile valley floor. Soon horse-drawn wagons laden with sacks of wheat rolled from the fields to landings on the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. Steam-driven sternwheel boats and railroad boxcars hauled the 100-pound bags along the Carquinez Straits to Port Costa, where deepwatermen (large, ocean-going vessels like Balclutha) loaded.
California’s grain crop drew hundreds of British vessels through the Golden Gate each year. The hard dry California wheat traveled the 14,000 nautical miles to Liverpool unusually well, and the amber grain always brought a high price. The many ships coming to load grain resulted in low shipping rates for imported coal and other incoming goods and materials.
Like the Gold Rush, the grain trade shaped California’s future. The lowered cost of high-quality coal spurred the growth of manufacturing and transportation. The easy access to international markets won California a measure of independence from the East Coast, and the railroads. In banking, in shipping, and in agriculture the grain trade attracted investment and created jobs. The demand for grain sacks alone pumped $2 million per year into the local economy (growers paid 10-15 cents apiece for the bags that Chinese workers wove from Calcutta jute).
Source: www.nps.gov/safr/learn/historyculture/balclutha-history.htm
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
MV Taku
History
Name:Taku
Namesake:Taku Glacier, Juneau, Alaska
Owner:Flag of Alaska.svg Alaska Marine Highway System
Port of registry: United States
Builder:Puget Sound Bridge & Dry Dock Company, Seattle, Washington
Cost:$4.5 Million USD[1]
Launched:1963[2]
Commissioned:1963
Identification:
IMO number: 5351052
MMSI number: 338697000
Callsign: WI9491
Status:on 28 April 2018 beached in Alang
General characteristics
Class and type:Malaspina-class mainline ferry
Tonnage:2,625 Domestic 7,302 International[clarification needed][2]
Displacement:4,283 long tons (4,352 t)[2]
Length:352 ft (107 m)[2]
Beam:74 ft (23 m)[2]
Draft:16 ft 11 in (5.16 m)[2]
Decks:One vehicle deck, three passenger decks [3]
Ramps:Aft, port, and starboard ro-ro loading
Installed power:Two 4,000 hp MaK Diesel engines [3]
Speed:16.5 knots (30.6 km/h; 19.0 mph)[2]
Capacity:
370 passengers
69 vehicles[2]
Crew:42[2]
M/V Taku is a Malaspina-class mainline vessel built for the Alaska Marine Highway System. The ship has been retired and was sold to a Dubai-based company for $171,000[4]. The company sought to sell the ferry internationally, and if unsuccessful, will be scrapped.
History
Designed by Philip F. Spaulding & Associates, constructed in 1963 by the Puget Sound Bridge & Dry Dock Company in Seattle, Washington,[1] the M/V Taku is named after Taku Glacier which is located just southeast of Juneau, Alaska and has been in the ferry system for over forty years. In 1981, the Taku received a major refurbishment[citation needed] and was in service steadily until the summer of 2015 when she was laid up due to budget considerations.[5][6] The AMHS subsequently announced that it would retire the vessel in preparation for sale or scrapping.[7]
Role
As a mainline ferry, Taku served the larger of the inside passage communities (such as Ketchikan, Petersburg, and Sitka), its route primarily stays between Ketchikan and Skagway in Southeast Alaska.
The M/V Taku was the largest of the three AMHS vessels able to serve the communities of Hoonah and Kake and because of this served as a critical component of providing transportation out of Hoonah and Kake after the "milk run" ferry, the M/V LeConte hit a rock and went into dry dock.[citation needed]
Amenities
The Taku's amenities included a hot-food cafeteria; bar; solarium; forward, aft, recliner, movie, and business lounges; gift shop; 8 four-berth cabins; and 36 two-berth cabins.
Accidents and Incidents
On April 23rd, 1963 the Taku struck a rock outside Petersburg in a minus tide. She returned to service on May 3rd.[1]
On August 8th, 1963 two boys entered the wheelhouse when the Taku was preparing to leave Petersburg, and engaged the engines. The resulting damage to the dock left the vehicle loading ramp out of commission for three months.[1]
On July 29th, 1970, the Taku ran aground on Kinihan Island, outside of Prince Rupert, Canada. All passengers on board were evacuated safely, and the cars were transferred to the BC Ferry MV Queen of Prince Rupert [1]
BC Transplant celebrated a major milestone today that will help save lives in British Columbia: the one-millionth registration in the province’s Organ Donor Registry. Public awareness of organ donation through community outreach, provincial partnerships and online initiatives has contributed to achieving this milestone.
Learn more: news.gov.bc.ca/stories/bcs-organ-donor-registry-reaches-1...
Arms: Azure, within an orle of chains Or linking eight escutcheons Argent an open book Proper fore-edges and binding Or.
Crest: A lion salient guardant Or the forelegs holding down a terrestrial globe Proper.
Motto: Fulfilment by Achievement
Grant: Court of the Lord Lyon, 69th folio of the 90th Volume of the Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland.
Arms Rendition by Ljubodrag Grujic
The livery colours of the arms as granted by the Lord Lyon are Azure and Or (simply because that is how they are first mentioned in the blazon) however the chosen dominant colours of the shield as displayed are actually Azure and Argent and these were chosen by the directors of The Armorial Register Limited to represent the home of the Company, Scotland. Each small escutcheon represents an entry in the Register and they are all linked together (by the chain) to form the Register itself which is published in book form (as well as on-line) as each volume is filled.
The lion of the crest is, arguably, the most recognisable of all the heraldic beasts and features strongly in Scottish heraldry; here he is attempting to stretch his grasp around the world and the globe (or the global reach of the lion) signifies the International status of The Register.
The motto, Fulfilment by Achievement, is worthy in its own right as a corporate motto but it also alludes to the fact that each volume of the register is added to achievement by achievement on-line until it is ready (fulfilled) for publication as a book.
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HEIDE
Type of ship: Oil Products Tanker
Flag: Germany
Port of Registry: Cuxhaven
Owner: Glüsing Transport,Cuxhaven
Year built: 1986
Built by: C. Lühring Shipyard Brake
Length: 58.27 m
Beam: 10 m
Draft: 3.10 m
Gross tonnage: 672
Net tonnage: 255
Load capacity: 780 mto.
Tank volume: 1,020 m3
Main engine: Aabenraa Motor Factory Heinrich Callesen A / S, 427 FOT
Speed: 10 knots
Callsign: DFMS
IMO: 8517542
MMSI: 211228210
TAUCHER O.WULF 5
Type: Tug
Flag: Germany
Port of Registry: Rostock
Owner: Otto Wulf GmbH & Co. KG,Cuxhaven
Length: 29,60 m
Beam: 8,40 m
Draft: 3,90 m
Gross tonnage:154
Main Engine: Deutz SBV 8 M 545 - 2.000 ihp
Bunker: 57.700 litre
Bollard pull: 25 tons
Auxiliaries: 2 diesel generator sets 55 kW,47,0 kVA, 440/220 V
1 converter 25 kVA, 380/220 V
1 diesel pump for fifi set 146 kW,
1 dieselgenerator 24 V
Equipment: radar, echosounder, gps-navigator with trackplotter, 2 vhf units, autopilot, 2 searchlights, electronic charts
Fire-/salvage - equipment:
two portable salvage pumps one welding set, one water/foam monitor, 4.000 litre per minute
One MOB boat, 10 hp
Accommodation: 5 crew + 3 reserve
Towing gear: 1 towing winch, 15 tons pull, 50 tons hold, two drums, one with 400 m, 34 mm, towing wire, one drum with 100 m, 28 mm wire, several spare wires
Call sign:DGDA
IMO: 6907169
A view taken from the third floor looking towards the stairs where the immigrants would have come upstairsto begin the inspection process. (NPS Photo)
Babies R Us in Murrieta's Village Walk Plaza still survives but it's also hosting a store closing sale; this location opened in 2008 alongside the rest of the shopping center but Village Walk has suffered loss after loss but it still soldiers on, this is a look at the store which will soon fly to the Heavens...
After I paid I saw the registry kiosk so I knew I had to take a picture of it!
Parts of the old buildings remain long after the main building was demolished at the site of the former Registry Office.
Some awesome gifts we received from a friend from our Amazon Baby Registry. Pictured: Neutrogena hypoallergenic sunscreen SPF 70+, Babyganics Natural Insect Repellent, Jolly Jumper Car Seat Rain/UV/Weather Protector, and Mosquito/Insect Net Protector for Car Seats, Strollers, and more.
If you use my photos, feel free to link to your blogs, articles, etc in the comment section so I can check out your work. As a fellow writer/artist, I love to find new things to read.
A view from the third floor, looking towards the area where the legal inspection would have taken place, as well as the stairs the immigrants went down when the inspections were finished. The stairs were known as the "Stairs of Separation". (NPS Photo)
Liverpool (/ˈlɪvərpuːl/) is a city in Merseyside, England. A borough from 1207 and a city from 1880, in 2014 the city local government district had a population of 470,537[2] and the Liverpool/Birkenhead metropolitan area had a population of 2,241,000.[2]
Liverpool is in the south west of the historic county of Lancashire in North West England, on the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary. The town historically lay within the ancient Lancashire division of West Derby known as a "hundred".[5][6]
The urbanisation and expansion of the city were largely brought about by its advantageous location during the industrial revolution status that led to its growth as a major port, which included its participation in the Atlantic slave trade. Liverpool was the port of registry of the ocean liner RMS Titanic, and many other Cunard and White Star ocean liners such as the RMS Lusitania, Queen Mary, and Olympic. Liverpool's status as a port city has contributed to its diverse population, which, historically, was drawn from a wide range of peoples, cultures, and religions, particularly those from Ireland. The city is also home to the oldest Black African community in the country and the oldest Chinese community in Europe.
Natives of Liverpool are referred to as Liverpudlians (from a long-standing jocular alteration of 'Liverpool' to 'Liverpuddle') and colloquially as "Scousers", a reference to "scouse", a form of stew. The word "Scouse" has also become synonymous with the Liverpool accent and dialect.[7]
Tourism forms a significant part of the city's modern economy. The city celebrated its 800th anniversary in 2007, and it held the European Capital of Culture title together with Stavanger, Norway, in 2008.[8] Labelled the "World Capital City of Pop" by Guinness World Records, the popularity of The Beatles, and other groups from the Merseybeat era and later, contributes to Liverpool's status as a tourist destination.
Several areas of Liverpool city centre were granted World Heritage Site status by UNESCOin 2004. The Liverpool Maritime Mercantile Cityincludes the Pier Head, Albert Dock, and William Brown Street.[9] Liverpool is also the home of two Premier League football clubs, Liverpool and Everton. Matches between the two are known as the Merseyside derby. The world-famous Grand National also takes places annually at Aintree Racecourse on the outskirts of the city.
Early history
King John's letters patent of 1207 announced the foundation of the borough of Liverpool, but by the middle of the 16th century the population was still only around 500. The original street plan of Liverpool is said to have been designed by King John near the same time it was granted a royal charter, making it a borough. The original seven streets were laid out in an H shape: Bank Street (now Water Street), Castle Street, Chapel Street, Dale Street, Juggler Street (now High Street), Moor Street (now Tithebarn Street) and Whiteacre Street (now Old Hall Street).
In the 17th century there was slow progress in trade and population growth. Battles for the town were waged during the English Civil War, including an eighteen-day siege in 1644. In 1699 Liverpool was made a parish by Act of Parliament, that same year its first slave ship, Liverpool Merchant, set sail for Africa. As trade from the West Indies surpassed that of Ireland and Europe, and as the River Dee silted up, Liverpool began to grow. The first commercial wet dock was built in Liverpool in 1715.[10][11]Substantial profits from the slave trade helped the town to prosper and rapidly grow, although several prominent local men, including William Rathbone, William Roscoe and Edward Rushton, were at the forefront of the abolitionist movement.
In the early 19th century Liverpool played a major role in the Antarctic sealing industry, in recognition of which Liverpool Beach in the South Shetland Islands is named after the city.[12]
By the start of the 19th century, a large volume of trade was passing through Liverpool, and the construction of major buildings reflected this wealth. In 1830, Liverpool and Manchesterbecame the first cities to have an intercity rail link, through the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. The population continued to rise rapidly, especially during the 1840s when Irishmigrants began arriving by the hundreds of thousands as a result of the Great Famine. By 1851, approximately 25% of the city's population was Irish-born. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Liverpool was drawing immigrants from across Europe. This is evident from the diverse array of religious buildings located across the city, many of which are still in use today. The Deutsche Kirche Liverpool, Greek Orthodox Church of St Nicholas, Gustav Adolf Church and Princes Road Synagoguewere all established in the 1800s to serve Liverpool's growing German, Greek, Nordic and Jewish communities respectively. One of Liverpool's oldest surviving churches, St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church, served the Polish community in its final years as a place of worship.
Given the crucial place of both cotton and slavery in the city's economy, during the American Civil War Liverpool was, in the words of historian Sven Beckert, "the most pro-Confederate place in the world outside the Confederacy itself."
20th Century
Given the crucial place of both cotton and slavery in the city's economy, during the American Civil War Liverpool was, in the words of historian Sven Beckert, "the most pro-Confederate place in the world outside the Confederacy.
20th century
The Housing Act 1919 resulted in mass council housing building across Liverpool during the 1920s and 1930s. Thousands of families were rehoused from the inner-city to new suburban housing estates, based on the pretext that this would improve their standard of living, though this is largely subjective. A large number of private homes were also built during this era. The process continued after the Second World War, with many more new housing estates being built in suburban areas, while some of the older inner city areas were also redeveloped for new homes. The Great Depression of the early 1930s saw unemployment in the city peak at around 30%.
During the Second World War there were 80 air-raids on Merseyside, killing 2,500 people and causing damage to almost half the homes in the metropolitan area. Significant rebuilding followed the war, including massive housing estates and the Seaforth Dock, the largest dock project in Britain. Much of the immediate reconstruction of the city centre has been deeply unpopular, and was as flawed as much town planning renewal in the 1950s and 1960s – the portions of the city's heritage that survived German bombing could not withstand the efforts of urban renewal. Since 1952 Liverpool has been twinned with Cologne, Germany, a city which also experienced severe aerial bombing during the war.
Like most British cities and industrialised towns, Liverpool became home to a significant number of Commonwealth immigrants after World War II, mostly settling in older inner city areas such as Toxteth. However, a significant West Indian black community had existed in the city as long ago as the first two decades of the 20th century.
In the 1960s Liverpool was the centre of the "Merseybeat" sound which became synonymous with The Beatles and fellow Liverpudlian rock bands.
From the mid-1970s onwards Liverpool's docks and traditional manufacturing industries went into sharp decline. The advent of containerisation meant that the city's docks became largely obsolete. By the early 1980s unemployment rates in Liverpool were once again among the highest in the UK,[14] standing at 17% by January 1982 – although this was just over half of the level of unemployment that was affecting the city in an economic downturn 50 years previously.[15]
In recent years, Liverpool's economy has recovered and has experienced growth rates higher than the national average since the mid-nineties.
21st Century
To celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth IIin 2002, the conservation charity Plantlifeorganised a competition to choose county flowers; the sea-holly was Liverpool's final choice.
Capitalising on the popularity of 1960s rock groups, such as The Beatles, as well as the city's world-class art galleries, museums and landmarks, tourism has also become a significant factor in Liverpool's economy.
In 2004, property developer Grosvenor started the Paradise Project, a £920 m development centred on Paradise Street, which involved the most significant changes to Liverpool's city centre since the post-war reconstruction. Renamed 'Liverpool ONE', the centre opened in May 2008.
In 2007, the city celebrated the 800th anniversary of the foundation of the borough of Liverpool, for which a number of events were planned. Liverpool is a joint European Capital of Culture for 2008. The main celebrations, in September 2008, included La Princesse, a large mechanical spider which is 20 metres high and weighs 37 tonnes, and represents the "eight legs" of Liverpool: honour, history, music, the Mersey, the ports, governance, sunshine and culture. La Princesse roamed the streets of the city during the festivities, and concluded by entering the Queensway Tunnel.
Spearheaded by the multi-billion-poundLiverpool ONE development, regeneration has continued on an unprecedented scale through to the start of the early 2010s in Liverpool. Some of the most significant regeneration projects to have taken place in the city include new buildings in the Commercial District, the King's Dock area, the Mann Island area, the Lime Street Gateway, the Baltic Triangle area, the RopeWalks area and the Edge Lane Gateway. All projects could however soon be eclipsed by the Liverpool Waters scheme which if built will cost in the region of £5.5billion and be one of the largest megaprojects in the UK's history. Liverpool Waters is a mixed use development which will contain one of Europe's largest skyscraper clusters. The project received outline planning permission in 2012, despite fierce opposition from the likes of UNESCO who claim it will have a damaging effect on Liverpool's World Heritage status.
On 9 June 2014, Prime Minister David Cameronlaunched the International Festival for Businessin Liverpool, the world's largest business event in 2014,[16] and the largest in the UK since the Festival of Britain in 1951.[17]
Second city of Empire
For periods during the 19th century the wealth of Liverpool exceeded that of London itself,[18]and Liverpool's Custom House was the single largest contributor to the British Exchequer.[19]Liverpool's status can be judged from the fact that it was the only British city ever to have its own Whitehall office.[20]
The first United States consul anywhere in the world, James Maury, was appointed to Liverpool in 1790, and remained in office for 39 years.
As early as 1851 the city was described as "the New York of Europe"[21] and its buildings, constructed on a heroic, even megalomaniacal, scale stand witness to the supreme confidence and ambition of the city at the turn of the 20th century.[22][editorializing]
Liverpool was also the site of the UK's first provincial airport, operating from 1930, and was the first UK airport to be renamed after an individual – John Lennon.[23]
Elgar's Pomp and Circumstance March No.1, often seen as Britain's Imperial anthem, was dedicated by the composer to the Liverpool Orchestral Society and had its premiere in the city in October 1901.
During the Second World War, the critical strategic importance of Liverpool was recognised by both Hitler and Churchill, with the city suffering a blitz second only to London's,[24] and the pivotal Battle of the Atlantic being planned, fought and won from Liverpool.[25]