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Sunrise sur la baie des Anges à Nice,
décorez votre intérieur avec une de mes photographies, si vous ne trouvez pas votre bonheur sur ma galerie Zeinberg, envoyez moi un MP avec les références de la photographie qui vous plaît et je l'intégrerai.
Vous pouvez choisir, votre format, votre cadre, le premier prix est abordable, bonne visite et peut être à bientôt chez vous au travers d'une de mes oeuvres.
Offrez vous une de mes #Photography en tirage photographique de la #Cotedazurfrance en qualité galerie par #ZeinBerg, laboratoire de la célèbre galerie d'art #YellowKorner
unrise over the Baie des Anges in Nice,
decorate your interior with one of my photographs, if you can't find what you're looking for on my Zeinberg gallery, send me a PM with the references of the photograph you like and I'll include it.
You can choose, your format, your frame, the first price is affordable, good visit and maybe see you soon at home through one of my works.
Treat yourself to one of my #Photography in photographic print of #Cotedazurfrance in gallery quality by #ZeinBerg, laboratory of the famous art gallery #YellowKorner
----> fr.mylabphoto.com/?id=1025503
#Artiste #LimitedEdition #artgallery #galeriedart
retrouver sur Instagram mon laboratoire photographique et la galerie d'art qui édite ses photos chez lui
Across from Depot Park on Park Avenue, and sitting next door to the Beebe House shown previously, is the Coatsworth House. Constructed in 1894, this house is a gabled ell design, a variation of the gablefront house. The gabled ell incorporates a side gable, which was typically added-on to the house. The add-on was usually in order to obtain additional space, light and cross-ventilation. The gablefront house cropped up in styles ranging from Greek Revival, to Gothic Revival, to Queen Anne, to a simple vernacular style home.
The Coatsworth House is a contributing structure in the Galena Historic District which encompasses 85 percent of the City of Galena and includes more than 800 properties. The Galena Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1969, with modifications in 2013.
Galena is the seat of Jo Daviess County in the northwest corner of Illinois. This is the unglaciated area of northwestern Illinois. The rolling hills, history and abundant 19th century architecture draws visitors from throughout the country. The estimated population of Galena in 2019 was 3,158.
A view of the southwest corner of Pulaski & Kickapoo St., catty-corner from Logan County Courthouse in downtown Lincoln. The two late-nineteenth century Italianate buildings are in the 400 block of Pulaski St.
The corner building at 429 Pulaski St. was constructed around 1885 and is a contributing building in the district. The two-part commercial building next to it at 425-427 Pulaski St. dates to 1890. With its cast iron front, second story windows with decorative hood molds and a heavy, metal cornice, the structure is identified as a significant building in the district.
On the left is the older part of the Lincoln Grand 8 Theatre on S. Kickapoo St. The Lincoln Theater opened in early-1923 with the Lon Chaney film “John Quincy Adams Sawyer”. In addition to cinema, the theater featured an organ and live stage shows well into the 1930’s. The architectural style of the original theater is Italian Villa, a design that is typically asymmetrical while the Italianate style emphasizes symmetry.
In 1985, the Lincoln Theater was twinned, and was turned into a quad in the mid-1990s. A $6M addition in 2016 (not shown in this photo) added four more screens, 775 seats, a new lobby and exterior streetscape. Rechristened as the Lincoln Grand 8, the theater closed in late 2018 after the owners defaulted on a $3.9M bank loan. Additionally, the city of Lincoln, which had bet on the theater project helping to attract more business and customers downtown, was out $2.3M in Tax Increment Financing (TIF) bond proceeds.
In the fall of 2020, the Lincoln Grand 8 Theater hit the market for $1.2M. The sale includes more than 42,000 square feet spread among three buildings - the original theater which opened in 1922, the 2016 addition, and a 1920s-built commercial building at the corner of S. Kickapoo and Clinton St. In 2021 it was taken over and reopened by VIP Cinemas.
Both of the 19th century Italianate buildings on Pulaski St., along with the Lincoln Theatre, are contributing properties in the Lincoln Courthouse Square Historic District that was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.
First settled in the 1830s, Lincoln is the only town in the United Stated that was named for Abraham Lincoln before he became president. Mr. Lincoln practiced law here from 1847 to 1859. Lincoln is the seat of Logan County, which is situated in central Illinois approximately 26 miles northeast of Springfield, the state capitol. The population of Lincoln at the 2020 census was 13,288.
It was a stunning sunset that day, the picture was taken in my location, a few hundred meters from home.
If you like this photo, your faves, comments and observations are more than welcome!
But NO AWARDS, NO BANNERS, NO IMAGES, NO GROUP REFERENCES where you saw it, please.
Enlarge image to see more details and visit my 'Landscapes' album for more images! :)
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♥ Flickr Hades: www.flickr.com/photos/httpwwwhadescomphotos/
♥ Flickr Xena: www.flickr.com/photos/91905869@N05/AKERUKA : MIRIAM Head @maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Akeruka/123/58/23
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Again, two worlds: on the right, the reflection of a lady in the window of a train passing through a station at great speed. On the left, what you perceive from the station from the perspective of the train. What is moving? The train or the train station?
The "City of dreaming spires" reference to Oxford and its university comes originally from an 1866 poem of Matthew Arnold.
I believe this is the collective noun for a group of Golden Plovers although I was told (in Scotland) by a gamekeeper that it was a "wisp" of golden plovers but I cannot find any reference to that online.
Constructed in 1910, this is one of the lovely century-old homes in Austin's Hyde Park Historic District. Established in 1891, Hyde Park is considered Austin's first suburb. Still, it has since become one of the most densely populated areas in the city's urban core. It includes an eclectic mixture of architectural styles, from late 19th-century Queen Anne and Classical Revival homes to 20th-century bungalows and ranch houses. The Hyde Park Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. Additionally, many of the houses in Hyde Park have been designated City of Austin Historic Landmarks and Texas Historic Landmarks.
How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood? I have no idea. I'll just sit here and chill I think. And no, you can't borrow my axe! It's mine.. MINE! :D
Follow me... please? :D ♥
Check out the event's flickr too! Gimme Gacha Flickr.
For a visual reference of the full inventory at The Gacha Garden, check the official website and the official blog as well! :D
The following things are available at The Gacha Garden till May 31st 2020:
The hair: [^.^Ayashi^.^] Miyuki hair RARE
The tail: (( Lovely Alien )) Rose Thorn - Tail
The axe: 13. Lagom - Crossing [ Whacking Axe Spikes ]
The necklace: {Limerence} Mariel Necklace-Gold
The outfit:
MeHoney - Chris Shorts - RARE 1
MeHoney - Chris Jacket - RARE 2
MeHoney - Chris Top - 9
MeHoney - Chris Belt - 29
The eyes: {Demicorn} Queenie Eyes Set 2 - Catwa Applier @ Secret Sale Sundays May 24th 2020! It's a mainstore release!
The nails: CAZIMI: Mesh Nails - Ballerina Short - Astral All Colors
The sandals: Astralia - Totem wedges
The lipstick: Insomnia Angel . heart lip red applier for Catwa, Omega - I picked up this FREE GIFT at Aenigma in February 2020!
The ears: [MANDALA]STEKING_EARS_Season5
The golden tear: Swan Gold Tear_Catwa Catya
The tattoo: .: Vegas :. Tattoo Applier Elentari 151
The body: Maitreya Lara
The head: Catwa Catya
The trees: Enchanted Woods V3 from Studio Skye
The rock and the flowers: Heart - Flowering Path
Additional pics:
Reference: Peter Dreher, Serie „Tag um Tag guter Tag“, 1972/74,
at exhibition Museum für Neue Kunst, Freiburg, Germany
Schweiz / Thurgau - Diessenhofen
Siegelturm
Diessenhofen is a village and a municipality in Frauenfeld District in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland. The village is situated on the south shore of the High Rhine just opposite the German town of Gailingen am Hochrhein.
History
Diessenhofen is first mentioned in 757 as Deozincova. In 2000, the village of Willisdorf was incorporated into the municipality. The earliest traces of a settlement are Stone and Bronze Age scattered objects found in the shallow valleys of the district and on the banks of the Rhine. A hoard of coins from the Roman era (251-270), and the remains of three towers of the Danube-Iller-Rhein limes (4th century) show Roman settlements in the area. The reference in a deed of the Abbey of St. Gall from 757 mention an Alamanni village, which was probably on the plateau south of the church. In 1178 Count Hartmann III of Kyburg, raised the village to town and probably appointed a Ministerialis (unfree knights in the service of a feudal overlord) family as the Stewards of Diessenhofen. By 1245, at the latest, it was the center of a bailiwick and a castle was built in town. Compared to Schaffhausen and Stein am Rhein, Diessenhofen was a modest market town. Hartmann granted the town a measure of freedom and self-government. He used the castle and bridge over the Rhine to secure and defend his possessions on both sides of the Rhine. After the extinction of the Kyburgs and the transition of sovereignty to the Habsburgs in 1264, the city developed as one of the cornerstones of the region. The Stewards, who sat at Unterhof Castle, temporarily united both the Vogt and Schultheiss offices into a single person. By 1320 the citizens chose a Town Council of 8-12 members, and during the 15th Century this evolved into a 24-28 member Grand Town Council. In 1349, the Duke of Austria wrestled the Vogt office away from the Stewards and granted it to another Ministerialis. These two developments made citizenship rights in Diessenhofen increasingly important.
The loss of Habsburg influence and the decline of the Habsburg supported Stewards gradually transformed the city between 1415 and 1442. Diessenhofen was captured in 1460 during the conquest of Thurgau by the Swiss Confederation. The town was besieged for ten days before it was captured, but, much like Frauenfeld, it retained certain privileges in the new Thurgau. These included both the high and low courts and the recently acquired customs, tax and Vogt rights, as well as the castle. After 1574 they also acquired the rights over the left bank of the Rhine and the possessions of Paradise Monastery. During the 16th Century, the town gained the low court rights over most of the modern Diessenhofen District. Diessenhofen's court decisions did not have to be approved by the Governor in Frauenfeld, but went directly to the Confederation Council, in contrast to the rest of Thurgau. The city only had to pay homage to the Governor every two years.
The patronage of the church of St. Dionysius is mentioned in 1468. The advowson right in the 12th Century was included in the possession of the Count of Thurgau. By 1230 it was held by the Kyburgs. In 1264, the city government through the Habsburgs had the right. Practically, the citizens exercised the right after 1383 and it was legally confirmed in 1415. When the Protestant Reformation entered the town in 1524, many citizens converted to the new religion. The Mass was abolished in 1529 by the Protestant pastor, who also ordered the confiscation of Catholic Church property. Diessenhofen supported the city of Zurich in the Second war of Kappel in 1531, which ended in a Protestant defeat. After the defeat, the Catholic cantons reintroduced the Mass in 1532. The church remained a shared church until the construction of the Catholic Church in 1966–67. In 1349 the Jewish community of Diessenhofen was driven out of town. In 1401 a Jewish man was successfully prosecuted for ritual murder, which led to further persecution in Winterthur and Schaffhausen. During the 13th Century, two Nunneries were built between Diessenhofen and Schaffhausen, St. Katharinental and Paradise, which remained in operation until their dissolution in the 19th Century.
Since the Early Middle Ages the district has been known as the granary of the Thurgau due to its extensive and productive grain fields. Additionally, already in the 9th Century widespread viticulture is mentioned in the Upper Rhine region. Until the 19th Century, the city was largely self-supplied for food and served as a collection point for food heading from the farms to the surrounding cities (especially Schaffhausen and Zurich). In the 12th Century are a weekly markets in town. Starting in 1387 two yearly markets opened and by the 19th Century that it had increased to eight yearly markets. The local industry covered only the simplest needs of the city and its limited market area. The limited industry and area provided too little money to support the formation of trade-oriented guilds. Diessenhofen was never dominated by a single industry or a special craft. It never was involved in the international Lake Constance trade industry. The town's location on the Rhine favored the development of fisheries, and it benefited from the salt trade. Bridge and transit tariffs provided the majority of the town's income until the abolition of internal tariffs in 1848.
Geography
Diessenhofen has an area, as of 2009, of 10.12 square kilometers (3.91 sq mi). Of this area, 4.24 km2 (1.64 sq mi) or 41.9% is used for agricultural purposes, while 3.67 km2 (1.42 sq mi) or 36.3% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.62 km2 (0.63 sq mi) or 16.0% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.51 km2 (0.20 sq mi) or 5.0% is either rivers or lakes.
Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 5.3% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 1.8% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.8%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 1.3% of the area while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 5.8%. Out of the forested land, 33.9% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.4% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 40.9% is used for growing crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.
The municipality borders on north with Germany and the canton of Schaffhausen. On the east is the district of Steckborn, on the west the municipality of Schlatt, and on the south the municipality of Basadingen-Schlattingen.
Heritage sites of national significance
Unterhof Castle, City Archives in the Rathaus (Town council house), Former Dominican Monastery of St. Katharinental with its granary, the zum Goldenen Löwen House and the Goldener Leuen Collection, the Rheinbrücke (Rhine Bridge), and the city walls with Siegelturm are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. Both the town of Diessenhofen and St Katharinental Monastery are part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.
Architecture
The Altstadt of Diessenhofen centers on the Siegelturm a tower in which seals and official documents are kept. The old covered bridge over the Rhine was rebuilt in 1814. It leads to Gailingen am Hochrhein in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
Transport
Diessenhofen sits on the Lake Line between Schaffhausen and Rorschach and has two railway stations: Diessenhofen, at the southern edge of the city center, and St. Katharinental, near the former Dominican monastery, west of the city center.
(Wikipedia)
Diessenhofen ist eine Kleinstadt und eine Gemeinde im Bezirk Frauenfeld des Kantons Thurgau in der Schweiz. Die seit 2000 bestehende politische Gemeinde umfasst die ehemalige Munizipalgemeinde Diessenhofen mit deren Ortsgemeinden Diessenhofen und Willisdorf. Von 1798 bis 2010 war Diessenhofen Hauptort des damaligen gleichnamigen Bezirks.
Geographie
Das Städtchen Diessenhofen liegt am Südufer des Hochrheins an der Strasse Schaffhausen–Stein am Rhein und zeigt sich in seiner ursprünglichen, mittelalterlichen Struktur, die bis heute erhalten ist. Bei der Schifflände mündet der Geisslibach in den Rhein. Das Gemeindegebiet mit dem Brücken- und Grenzstädtchen Diessenhofen erstreckt sich über rund 5 km am südlichen Ufer des Rheins zwischen Schaffhausen und Stein am Rhein. Der Hochrhein bildet die Grenze zwischen Deutschland und der Schweiz.
Diessenhofen hat einen Bahnhof an der Bahnlinie Schaffhausen–Kreuzlingen.
Geschichte
Die Ursprünge der Ansiedlung reichen bis in die Stein- und Bronzezeit wie Einzelfunde in den flachen Senken des Bezirks und an den Rheinufern belegen. Ein Münzschatz aus römischer Zeit wird auf die Zeit von 251 nach 270 datiert. Aus dem 4. Jahrhundert stammen Überreste dreier Wachttürme des Donau-Iller-Rhein-Limes.
Weltliche Herrschaft
Die älteste erhaltene urkundliche Erwähnung als alemannische Siedlung Deozincova stammt aus dem Jahr 757. Priester Lazarus schenkte damals dem Kloster St. Gallen seinen Weiler Deozincova. 839 hiess es Theozinhovun, was mit «bei den Höfen des Die(o)zzo» übersetzen werden kann.
Diessenhofen wurde durch Graf Hartmann III. von Kyburg 1178 mit 60 Hofstätten zur Stadt erhoben. Die Stadtrechte wurden in der 1260 verliehenen Handfeste bestätigt und erweitert. Im 13. Jahrhundert erschien dann erstmals der Name Diessinhovin und in dieser Zeit haben die Kyburger in Diessenhofen auch Münzen geprägt: einen rechteckigen Kyburger Pfennig mit Kopf und Umschrift «DIONI-SIVS» (Stadtheiliger der Stadtkirche St. Dionys).
Im Vergleich zu Schaffhausen und Stein am Rhein blieb Diessenhofen ein bescheidener Marktort. Nach dem Übergang der Herrschaft an die Habsburger 1264 entwickelte sich die Stadt zu einem ihrer Eckpfeiler in den Vorlanden, wobei die Truchsessen von Diessenhofen, die auf der Burg Unterhof sassen, zeitweilig Vogtei und Schultheissenamt in einer Hand vereinigten. Ab 1320 wählte die Bürgerschaft einen Kleinen Rat von 8 bis 12 Mitgliedern, im Verlauf des 15. Jahrhunderts dann einen 24- bis 28-köpfigen Grossen Rat. Nachdem der Herzöge von Österreich 1349 die Vogtei aus der Pfandschaft der Truchsessen gelöst und an andere Ministerialengeschlechter vergabt hatten, gewann die Bürgerschaft zunehmend an Bedeutung. Der Einflussverlust der Habsburger und der Niedergang der Truchsessen liessen die Stadt 1415 bis 1442 reichsfrei werden.
1460 wurde Diessenhofen im Zuge der Eroberung des Thurgaus von den Eidgenossen nach zehntägiger Belagerung eingenommen; es behielt jedoch wie Frauenfeld gewisse Privilegien in der gemeinen Herrschaft Thurgau. Diese umfassten die Hoch- und Niedergerichtsbarkeit und die kurz zuvor erworbenen Zoll-, Steuer- und Vogteirechte mit dem Schloss, ab 1574 zudem die Herrschaft über die linksrheinischen Besitzungen des Klosters Paradies sowie vom 16. Jahrhundert an die meisten Niedergerichte im Gebiet des späteren Bezirks Diessenhofen. Gerichtsurteile wurden nicht an den Landvogt in Frauenfeld, sondern direkt an die eidgenössischen Instanzen der neun Orte weitergezogen; die Stadt hatte lediglich alle zwei Jahre dem thurgauischen Landvogt zu huldigen, wenn dieser bei Amtsantritt die Lehen feierlich erneuerte. Im Jahre 1512 erhielt die Stadt von Papst Julius II. eigens einen wertvollen «Juliusbanner» für die 1508–1510 im «Grossen Pavier Feldzug» geleisteten Dienste zur Vertreibung der Franzosen.
In der Zeit der Helvetischen Republik wurde der Bezirk Diessenhofen 1798 dem Kanton Schaffhausen angegliedert. Bereits 1800 kam der Bezirk definitiv zum Kanton Thurgau.
Als Grenzort war das Städtchen Diessenhofen wiederholt von Kampfhandlungen betroffen, insbesondere während des Zweiten Koalitionskriegs (1799–1801) und des Zweiten Weltkriegs, als jeweils die 1292 erstmals erwähnte Holzbrücke über den Rhein schwer beschädigt wurde. Nach 1900 entwickelte sich die kleinstädtische Siedlung unter Wahrung der mittelalterlichen Bausubstanz entlang neuer Strassenachsen weiter, vor allem gegen Süden zum 1894 eröffneten Bahnhof. Diessenhofen bildet heute als grösster Ort des früheren Bezirks als Sitz von Oberstufenschule und als Zentrum der regionalen Konsumgüterversorgung dessen Schwerpunkt und ist seinerseits verkehrsgeografisch und wirtschaftlich auf das nahe gelegene Schaffhausen ausgerichtet.
Im Jahr 2000 fusionierte im Zuge der Thurgauer Gemeindereorganisation die Ortsgemeinde Willisdorf mit der Orts- und Munizipalgemeinde Diessenhofen.
Religion
Das Patrozinium der Kirche St. Dionysius ist 1468 erwähnt; das Patronatsrecht war im 12. Jahrhundert samt Hof im Besitz des Thurgaugrafen, kam spätestens 1230 an die Kyburger, 1264 mit der Stadtherrschaft an die Habsburger und wurde ab 1383 faktisch von der Bürgerschaft ausgeübt, was 1415 bestätigt wurde.
1524 traten zahlreiche Bürger zur Reformation über. 1529 wurde die Messe abgeschafft, ein reformierter Pfarrer bestellt und die Kirchengüter eingezogen. Die Stadt Diessenhofen unterstützte Zürich im Zweiten Kappelerkrieg 1531. Nach der Niederlage der Reformierten stellten die katholischen regierenden Orte 1532 die Messe wieder her. Das seither bestehende Simultanverhältnis endete erst mit dem Bau der katholischen Kirche 1966/67. Zwischen Diessenhofen und Schaffhausen liegen die im 13. Jahrhundert gegründeten Klosteranlagen St. Katharinental und Paradies, die bis zu ihrer Aufhebung im 19. Jahrhundert von Frauenkonventen besetzt waren.
1349 wurde die jüdische Gemeinde von Diessenhofen ausgelöscht. Der 1401 gegen einen Juden durchgeführte Ritualmord-prozess zog weitere Verfolgungen in Winterthur und Schaffhausen nach sich.
Wirtschaft
Seit dem Frühmittelalter prägte der Ackerbau die Landwirtschaft des früheren Bezirks, der als Kornkammer des Thurgaus bezeichnet. Bereits im 9. Jahrhundert wird der im Hochrheingebiet weit verbreitete Weinbau erwähnt. Bis ins 19. Jahrhundert war die Stadt vor allem von Ackerbürgern bewohnt, versorgte sich weitgehend selbst und fungierte als Ort des Austauschs zwischen der Landschaft und den umliegenden Städten, vor allem Schaffhausen und dem Zürcher Gebiet. Im 12. Jahrhundert sind ein Wochenmarkt, ab 1387 deren zwei und bis ins 19. Jahrhundert acht Jahrmärkte belegt
Das Gewerbe deckte die einfachsten Bedürfnisse der Stadt und ihres beschränkten Marktgebiets und war zur Bildung von gewerblich orientierten Zünften zu schwach. In Diessenhofen dominierte nie ein einzelner Wirtschaftszweig oder ein Spezialhandwerk. Auch hatte der Ort am Leinenhandel, der im ganzen Bodenseegebiet zur internationalen Exportindustrie emporgewachsen war, keinen merklichen Anteil genommen. Die Lage am Rhein begünstigte die Fischerei. Ausserdem profitierte Diessenhofen vom Salzhandel; Brücken- und Durchgangszölle stellten bis zur Abschaffung der Binnenzölle 1848 die wichtigste Einnahmequelle der Stadt dar.
Um 1830 setzte die Industrialisierung mit den ersten Stofffärbereien und -druckereien ein, die ihren Höhepunkt nach 1900 in der Ansiedlung zahlreicher Textilbetriebe erreichte. Ab dem 17. Jahrhundert existierten Gerbereien und Bleichereien. Seit dem frühen 19. Jahrhundert sind Mühlen und Sägereien bezeugt. Das Holzgewerbe (Zimmerei, Schreinerei und Möbelbau) spielt noch heute eine wichtige Rolle in Diessenhofen. Die Ziegeleien bei Schupfen und Paradies, die seit dem Spätmittelalter die reichen Tonerde-Vorkommen ausbeuteten, entwickelten sich um die Wende zum 20. Jahrhundert zu grösseren Industrieunternehmen. Diejenige in Paradies war noch im Jahr 2000 in Betrieb. Daneben existieren zwei industrielle Grossbetriebe (Werkzeug- und Formenbau, Kerzenfabrikation), mehrheitlich jedoch mittlere und kleinere Werkstätten.
Den grössten Beschäftigungsanteil nahm 2000 der dritte Wirtschaftssektor mit etwa der Hälfte der Beschäftigen ein. 50 % der Erwerbstätigen waren Wegpendler, vor allem nach Schaffhausen.
Verkehr
Die 1894 eröffnete Eisenbahnlinie Etzwilen–Schaffhausen und der Aufbau eines kantonalen Strassennetzes im ersten Drittel des 19. Jahrhunderts verdrängten zunehmend die – seit 1825 mit Dampf betriebenen – Transportschiffe, so dass die Rheinschifffahrt heute fast ausschliesslich dem Tourismus dient. Seit 1983 wird Diessenhofen durch eine Umfahrungsstrasse längs des Rheins vom Durchgangsverkehr entlastet.
Kultur und Sehenswürdigkeiten
Das Wahrzeichen Diessenhofens im Zentrum ist der Siegelturm, in welchem Siegel und Urkunden seit dem Mittelalter aufbewahrt wurden. Bemerkenswert ist die Monduhr und das Zifferblatt mit den astronomischen Symbolen für die zwölf Tierkreiszeichen. Die Hauptstraße des Orts führt unter dem Torbogen des Siegelturms hindurch.
Die gedeckte Holzbrücke über den Rhein wurde 1816 eröffnet und ist Lebensader zwischen den Ortschaften Gailingen am Hochrhein und Diessenhofen. Der Oberbau der Brücke wurde in den Jahren 1996 und 1997 renoviert, die Sanierung der Jochpfähle im Jahre 2002 abgeschlossen.
Das Städtchen Diessenhofen und das Kloster St. Katharinental sind im Inventar der schützenswerten Ortsbilder der Schweiz aufgeführt.
(Wikipedia)
The We're Here! gang is celebrating fruits and vegetables on tripods today.
Of course the "Which came first – the chicken or the egg?" reference won't work for those of you who call eggplants "aubergines"!
(reference images show the artwork alone in its most accurate representation.)
I've been shooting art works for galleries and museums for more than 10 years. When I saw this picture hanging in some friends staircase, I couldn't resist. Uneven light, no color chart and the painting is not even hanging straight ... what a pleasure !
Bienenfeld am Straßenrand
My
reference shot by Samsung S10
-
as good as it gets,
-
S10 emulates S20, S21 -
after 5th Software update
June 2021
- Accurate white balance and very good color rendering.
- The S10+ camera is capable of capturing very nice images in bokeh mode,
simulating the shallow depth of field of a DSLR and fast lens well enough to earn itself one of the best scores in this category so far.
Isolation of the foreground subject is generally very good.
www.dxomark.com/samsung-galaxy-s10-camera-review/
Triple-camera setup
Primary: 12Mp sensor with 1.4µm pixels and 26mm-equivalent,
f/1.5–2.4 aperture lens,
Dual-Pixel AF, OIS
Stands for Optical Image Stabilizer, a mechanism used in cameras to stabilize the recorded image by varying the optical path to the sensor.
Typically optical stabilization is implemented through a moving image sensor or lens element.
Ultra-wide: 16Mp sensor 1.0µm pixels and 13mm-equivalent, f/2.4-aperture lens
Telephoto: 12Mp sensor with 1.0µm pixels and 52mm-equivalent, f/2.4 aperture lens, PDAF, OIS
scores:
120 für die Camera - S10
124 für die camera- S21 5G
es ist ausgereizt!
food mode
for flower
outdoor
macro with
shallow DOF
1/750 s
ISO 50
ps
www.dxomark.com/samsung-galaxy-s21-5g-snapdragon-camera-r...
scores
The Reference Library is Queen Margerethe II's book collection. Many of the books date from the 1700s.
Christiansborg Palace was built from 1907 to 1928. The palace contains premises for the royal family, the Parliament and the judiciary system.
The tin mining industry in Cornwall began over 2,500 years ago and references to merchants trading with Cornish tinners are found amongst the most ancient writings of Greek and Roman geographers. The rare and valuable tin produced in Cornwall was taken all over the known world.
These pioneering Cornishmen streamed the valleys and mined the veins visible in cliffs and hillsides. Throughout medieval times the "tinners" were regarded as special people. Charters granted by King John and Edward III gave them unique rights and privileges.
Cornishmen are justly proud of their mining heritage which, at its peak between 1750 and 1850, firmly established Cornwall as the centre of the hard rock mining world. Apart from supplying most of the world's tin and copper, Cornwall's vast experience in hard rock mining developed unique skills among its miners which were later put to work in mines throughout the world. Land owners, mineral lords and speculators made vast fortunes.
With the arrival of steam power in the 18th Century, Cornish mining engineers pioneered and developed the massive beam engines which have helped the mines to operate at ever-greater depths. Working in majestic granite engine houses, the remains of which dominate much of the Cornish countryside today, they could either pump water and raise ore and men from mines or provide power and water for the crushing stamps and ore dressing floors at surface on which thousands of Cornish men, women and children worked.
The decline of the industry in the mid 19th Century resulted in thousands of Cornish miners taking their families and their skills overseas to the developing mining areas of Australia, the Americas and South Africa. It is still said that wherever there is a mine you will probably find a Cornishman at the bottom of it.
aka Stanley Pines.
Here is a reference to the character for those of you who don't know what he looks like: carboncostume.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Gr...
So I went and got involved with this show, and watched the whole thing in 2 days. I really liked it. It was surprisingly funny, emotional, and action packed. It even made me tear up a little in the final episode, so that means that it's really good, or I am a huge puss. I give it a huge recommendation.
So, by far my favorite character from the show was Grunkle Stan. He's an asshole, he's greedy, and he only cares about a certain few people in his life. I love em.
This show really inspired me to make Stan in Lego, which allowed me to do some things that I have never done on a Lego figure before, such as ears and a nose.
So, i'll start with the head.
The fez was a moded Lego Train Conductor hat. The tassel on the fez on the back is made from a Lego lever piece ball, and a toothpick. While the tassel is not visible in this picture, it is visible in this video showing a 360 of the video: www.flickr.com/photos/99717434@N04/26812448111/in/datepos...
His hair is Mutt Williams hair cut up and glued to the hat to form a hat hair combo.
His chin, nose, and ears were sculpted from Green Stuff.
His entire body was painted a dark grey, since is suit is not really black.
Everything else on this figure is entirely painted by me.
I am very proud of this figure, so please tell me what you think? I have no plans to make any more G.F. figures, as this is the only one I wanted to make.
What do you think?
Also, I will be entering this as my entry to Maynifigure for the painting category. Don't forget to post your entries as well.
Thessaloniki (Greek: Θεσσαλονίκη, often referred to internationally as Thessalonica or Salonica, is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of the Greek region of Macedonia, the administrative region of Central Macedonia and the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace.[3][4] Its honorific title is Συμπρωτεύουσα (Symprotévousa), literally "co-capital",[5] and stands as a reference to its historical status as the Συμβασιλεύουσα (Symvasilévousa) or "co-reigning" city of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, alongside Constantinople.[6]
According to the preliminary results of the 2011 census, the municipality of Thessaloniki today has a population of 322,240,[1] while the Thessaloniki Urban Area (the contiguous built up area forming the "City of Thessaloniki") has a population of 790,824.[1] Furthermore, the Thessaloniki Metropolitan Area extends over an area of 1,455.62 km2 (562.02 sq mi) and its population in 2011 reached a total of 1,104,460 inhabitants.[1]
Thessaloniki is Greece's second major economic, industrial, commercial and political centre, and a major transportation hub for the rest of southeastern Europe;[7] its commercial port is also of great importance for Greece and the southeastern European hinterland.[7] The city is renowned for its festivals, events and vibrant cultural life in general,[8] and is considered to be Greece's cultural capital.[8] Events such as the Thessaloniki International Trade Fair and the Thessaloniki International Film Festival are held annually, while the city also hosts the largest bi-annual meeting of the Greek diaspora.[9] Thessaloniki is the 2014 European Youth Capital.[10]
Founded in 315 BC by Cassander of Macedon, Thessaloniki's history spans some 2,300 years. An important metropolis by the Roman period, Thessaloniki was the second largest and wealthiest city of the Byzantine Empire. Thessaloniki is home to numerous notable Byzantine monuments, including the Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, as well as several Roman, Ottoman and Sephardic Jewish structures. The city's main university, Aristotle University, is the largest in Greece and the Balkans.[11]
Thessaloniki is a popular tourist destination in Greece. In 2010, Lonely Planet ranked Thessaloniki as the world's fifth-best party city worldwide, comparable to other cities such as Dubai and Montreal.[12] For 2013 National Geographic Magazine included Thessaloniki in its top tourist destinations worldwide,[13] while in 2014 Financial Times FDI magazine (Foreign Direct Investments) declared Thessaloniki as the best mid-sized European city of the future for human capital and lifestyle.
Etymology
All variations of the city's name derive from the original (and current) appellation in Greek: Θεσσαλονίκη (from Θεσσαλός, Thessalos, and Νίκη, Nike), literally translating to "Thessalian Victory". The name of the city came from the name of a princess, Thessalonike of Macedon, half sister of Alexander the Great, so named because of her birth on the day of the Macedonian victory at the Battle of Crocus Field (353/352 BCE).[16]
The alternative name Salonica (or Salonika) derives from the variant form Σαλονίκη (Saloníki) in popular Greek speech, and has given rise to the form of the city's name in several languages. Names in other languages prominent in the city's history include Солѹнь (Solun) in Old Church Slavonic, סלוניקה (Salonika) in Ladino, Selanik (also Selânik) in Turkish (سلانیك in Ottoman Turkish), Solun (also written as Солун) in the local and neighboring South Slavic languages, Салоники (Saloníki) in Russian, and Sãrunã in Aromanian. In local speech, the city's name is typically pronounced with a dark and deep L characteristic of Macedonian Greek accent.[17][18]
The name often appears in writing in the abbreviated form Θεσ/νίκη
History
From antiquity to the Roman Empire
The city was founded around 315 BC by the King Cassander of Macedon, on or near the site of the ancient town of Therma and 26 other local villages.[20] He named it after his wife Thessalonike,[21] a half-sister of Alexander the Great and princess of Macedon as daughter of Philip II. Under the kingdom of Macedon the city retained its own autonomy and parliament[22] and evolved to become the most important city in Macedon.[21]
After the fall of the kingdom of Macedon in 168 BC, Thessalonica became a free city of the Roman Republic under Mark Antony in 41 BC.[21][23] It grew to be an important trade-hub located on the Via Egnatia,[24] the road connecting Dyrrhachium with Byzantium,[25] which facilitated trade between Thessaloniki and great centers of commerce such as Rome and Byzantium.[26] Thessaloniki also lay at the southern end of the main north-south route through the Balkans along the valleys of the Morava and Axios river valleys, thereby linking the Balkans with the rest of Greece.[27] The city later became the capital of one of the four Roman districts of Macedonia.[24] Later it became the capital of all the Greek provinces of the Roman Empire due to the city's importance in the Balkan peninsula. When the Roman Empire was divided into the tetrarchy, Thessaloniki became the administrative capital of one of the four portions of the Empire under Galerius Maximianus Caesar,[28][29] where Galerius commissioned an imperial palace, a new hippodrome, a triumphal arch and a mausoleum among others.[29][30][31]
In 379 when the Roman Prefecture of Illyricum was divided between the East and West Roman Empires, Thessaloniki became the capital of the new Prefecture of Illyricum.[24] In 390 Gothic troops under the Roman Emperor Theodosius I, led a massacre against the inhabitants of Thessalonica, who had risen in revolt against the Germanic soldiers. With the Fall of Rome in 476, Thessaloniki became the second-largest city of the Eastern Roman Empire.[26] Around the time of the Roman Empire Thessaloniki was also an important center for the spread of Christianity; some scholars hold that the First Epistle to the Thessalonians written by Paul the Apostle is the first written book of the New Testament.
Byzantine era and Middle Ages
From the first years of the Byzantine Empire, Thessaloniki was considered the second city in the Empire after Constantinople,[33][34][35] both in terms of wealth and size.[33] with an population of 150,000 in the mid 1100s.[36] The city held this status until it was transferred to Venice in 1423. In the 14th century the city's population exceeded 100,000 to 150,000,[37][38][39] making it larger than London at the time.[40]
During the 6th and 7th centuries the area around Thessaloniki was invaded by Avars and Slavs, who unsuccessfully laid siege to the city several times.[41] Traditional historiography stipulates that many Slavs settled in the hinterland of Thessaloniki,[42] however, this migration was allegedly on a much smaller scale than previously thought.[42][42][43] In the 9th century, the Byzantine Greek missionaries Cyril and Methodius, both natives of the city, created the first literary language of the Slavs, the Glagolic alphabet, most likely based on the Slavic dialect used in the hinterland of their hometown.[44][45][46][47][48]
An Arab naval attack in 904 resulted in the sack of the city.[49] The economic expansion of the city continued through the 12th century as the rule of the Komnenoi emperors expanded Byzantine control to the north. Thessaloniki passed out of Byzantine hands in 1204,[50] when Constantinople was captured by the forces of the Fourth Crusade and incorporated the city and its surrounding territories in the Kingdom of Thessalonica[51] — which then became the largest vassal of the Latin Empire. In 1224, the Kingdom of Thessalonica was overrun by the Despotate of Epirus, a remnant of the former Byzantine Empire, under Theodore Komnenos Doukas who crowned himself Emperor,[52] and the city became the Despotat's capital.[52][53] This era of the Despotate of Epirus is also known as the Empire of Thessalonica.[52][54][55] Following his defeat at Klokotnitsa however in 1230,[52][54] the Empire of Thessalonica became a vassal state of the Second Bulgarian Empire until it was recovered again in 1246, this time by the Nicaean Empire.[52] In 1342,[56] the city saw the rise of the Commune of the Zealots, an anti-aristocratic party formed of sailors and the poor,[57] which is nowadays described as social-revolutionary.[56] The city was practically independent of the rest of the Empire,[56][57][58] as it had its own government, a form of republic.[56] The zealot movement was overthrown in 1350 and the city was reunited with the rest of the Empire.[56]
In 1423, Despot Andronicus, who was in charge of the city, ceded it to the Republic of Venice with the hope that it could be protected from the Ottomans who were besieging the city (there is no evidence to support the oft-repeated story that he sold the city to them). The Venetians held Thessaloniki until it was captured by the Ottoman Sultan Murad II on 29 March 1430.
Ottoman period
When Sultan Murad II captured Thessaloniki and sacked it in 1430, contemporary reports estimated that about one-fifth of the city's population was enslaved.[60] Upon the conquest of Thessaloniki, some of its inhabitants escaped,[61] including intellectuals such as Theodorus Gaza "Thessalonicensis" and Andronicus Callistus.[62] However, the change of sovereignty from the Byzantine Empire to the Ottoman one did not affect the city's prestige as a major imperial city and trading hub.[63][64] Thessaloniki and Smyrna, although smaller in size than Constantinople, were the Ottoman Empire's most important trading hubs.[63] Thessaloniki's importance was mostly in the field of shipping,[63] but also in manufacturing,[64] while most of the city's trade was controlled by ethnic Greeks.[63]
During the Ottoman period, the city's population of mainly Greek Jews and Ottoman Muslims (including those of Turkish and Albanian, as well as Bulgarian Muslim and Greek Muslim convert origin) grew substantially. By 1478 Selânik (سلانیك), as the city came to be known in Ottoman Turkish, had a population of 4,320 Muslims, 6,094 Greek Orthodox and some Catholics, but no Jews. Soon after the turn of the 15th to 16th century, nearly 20,000 Sephardic Jews had immigrated to Greece from Spain following their expulsion by the 1492 Alhambra Decree.[65] By c. 1500, the numbers had grown to 7,986 Greeks, 8,575 Muslims, and 3,770 Jews. By 1519, Sephardic Jews numbered 15,715, 54% of the city's population. Some historians consider the Ottoman regime's invitation to Jewish settlement was a strategy to prevent the ethnic Greek population (Eastern Orthodox Christians) from dominating the city.[38]
Thessaloniki was the capital of the Sanjak of Selanik within the wider Rumeli Eyalet (Balkans)[66] until 1826, and subsequently the capital of Selanik Eyalet (after 1867, the Selanik Vilayet).[67][68] This consisted of the sanjaks of Selanik, Serres and Drama between 1826 and 1912.[69] Thessaloniki was also a Janissary stronghold where novice Janissaries were trained. In June 1826, regular Ottoman soldiers attacked and destroyed the Janissary base in Thessaloniki while also killing over 10,000 Janissaries, an event known as The Auspicious Incident in Ottoman history.[70] From 1870, driven by economic growth, the city's population expanded by 70%, reaching 135,000 in 1917.[71]
The last few decades of Ottoman control over the city were an era of revival, particularly in terms of the city's infrastructure. It was at that time that the Ottoman administration of the city acquired an "official" face with the creation of the Command Post[72] while a number of new public buildings were built in the eclectic style in order to project the European face both of Thessaloniki and the Ottoman Empire.[72][73] The city walls were torn down between 1869 and 1889,[74] efforts for a planned expansion of the city are evident as early as 1879,[75] the first tram service started in 1888[76] and the city streets were illuminated with electric lamp posts in 1908.[77] In 1888 Thessaloniki was connected to Central Europe via rail through Belgrade, Monastir in 1893 and Constantinople in 1896.
Since the 20th century
In the early 20th century, Thessaloniki was in the center of radical activities by various groups; the Bulgarian Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization, founded in 1897,[78] and the Greek Macedonian Committee, founded in 1903.[79] In 1903 an anarchist group known as the Boatmen of Thessaloniki planted bombs in several buildings in Thessaloniki, including the Ottoman Bank, with some assistance from the IMRO. The Greek consulate in Ottoman Thessaloniki (now the Museum of the Macedonian Struggle) served as the center of operations for the Greek guerillas. In 1908 the Young Turks movement broke out in the city, sparking the Young Turk Revolution.[80]
The Ottoman Feth-i Bülend being sunk in Thessaloniki in 1912 by a Greek ship during the First Balkan War.
Constantine I of Greece with George I of Greece and the Greek army enter the city.
As the First Balkan War broke out, Greece declared war on the Ottoman Empire and expanded its borders. When Eleftherios Venizelos, Prime Minister at the time, was asked if the Greek army should move towards Thessaloniki or Monastir (now Bitola, Republic of Macedonia), Venizelos replied "Salonique à tout prix!" (Thessaloniki, at all costs!).[81] As both Greece and Bulgaria wanted Thessaloniki, the Ottoman garrison of the city entered negotiations with both armies.[82] On 8 November 1912 (26 October Old Style), the feast day of the city's patron saint, Saint Demetrius, the Greek Army accepted the surrender of the Ottoman garrison at Thessaloniki.[83] The Bulgarian army arrived one day after the surrender of the city to Greece and Tahsin Pasha, ruler of the city, told the Bulgarian officials that "I have only one Thessaloniki, which I have surrendered".[82] After the Second Balkan War, Thessaloniki and the rest of the Greek portion of Macedonia were officially annexed to Greece by the Treaty of Bucharest in 1913.[84] On 18 March 1913 George I of Greece was assassinated in the city by Alexandros Schinas.[85]
In 1915, during World War I, a large Allied expeditionary force established a base at Thessaloniki for operations against pro-German Bulgaria.[86] This culminated in the establishment of the Macedonian Front, also known as the Salonika Front.[87][88] In 1916, pro-Venizelist Greek army officers and civilians, with the support of the Allies, launched an uprising,[89] creating a pro-Allied[90] temporary government by the name of the "Provisional Government of National Defence"[89][91] that controlled the "New Lands" (lands that were gained by Greece in the Balkan Wars, most of Northern Greece including Greek Macedonia, the North Aegean as well as the island of Crete);[89][91] the official government of the King in Athens, the "State of Athens",[89] controlled "Old Greece"[89][91] which were traditionally monarchist. The State of Thessaloniki was disestablished with the unification of the two opposing Greek governments under Venizelos, following the abdication of King Constantine in 1917.[86][91]
The 1st Battalion of the National Defence army marches on its way to the front.
Aerial picture of the Great Fire of 1917.
Most of the old center of the city was destroyed by the Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917, which started accidentally by an unattended kitchen fire on 18 August 1917.[92] The fire swept through the centre of the city, leaving 72,000 people homeless; according to the Pallis Report, most of them were Jewish (50,000). Many businesses were destroyed, as a result, 70% of the population were unemployed.[92] Also a number of religious structures of the three major faiths were lost. Nearly one-quarter of the total population of approximately 271,157 became homeless.[92] Following the fire the government prohibited quick rebuilding, so it could implement the new redesign of the city according to the European-style urban plan[6] prepared by a group of architects, including the Briton Thomas Mawson, and headed by French architect Ernest Hébrard.[92] Property values fell from 6.5 million Greek drachmas to 750,000.[93]
After the defeat of Greece in the Greco-Turkish War and during the break-up of the Ottoman Empire, a population exchange took place between Greece and Turkey.[90] Over 160,000 ethnic Greeks deported from the former Ottoman Empire were resettled in the city,[90] changing its demographics. Additionally many of the city's Muslims were deported to Turkey, ranging at about 20,000 people.[94]
During World War II Thessaloniki was heavily bombarded by Fascist Italy (with 232 people dead, 871 wounded and over 800 buildings damaged or destroyed in November 1940 alone),[95] and, the Italians having failed to succeed in their invasion of Greece, it fell to the forces of Nazi Germany on 8 April 1941[96] and remained under German occupation until 30 October 1944 when it was liberated by the Greek People's Liberation Army.[97] The Nazis soon forced the Jewish residents into a ghetto near the railroads and on 15 March 1943 began the deportation process of the city's 56,000 Jews to its concentration camps.[98][99] They deported over 43,000 of the city's Jews in concentration camps,[98] where most were killed in the gas chambers. The Germans also deported 11,000 Jews to forced labor camps, where most perished.[100] Only 1,200 Jews live in the city today.
Part of Eleftherias Square during the Axis occupation.
The importance of Thessaloniki to Nazi Germany can be demonstrated by the fact that, initially, Hitler had planned to incorporate it directly in the Third Reich[101] (that is, make it part of Germany) and not have it controlled by a puppet state such as the Hellenic State or an ally of Germany (Thessaloniki had been promised to Yugoslavia as a reward for joining the Axis on 25 March 1941).[102] Having been the first major city in Greece to fall to the occupying forces just two days after the German invasion, it was in Thessaloniki that the first Greek resistance group was formed (under the name «Ελευθερία», Eleftheria, "Freedom")[103] as well as the first anti-Nazi newspaper in an occupied territory anywhere in Europe,[104] also by the name Eleftheria. Thessaloniki was also home to a military camp-converted-concentration camp, known in German as "Konzentrationslager Pavlo Mela" (Pavlos Melas Concentration Camp),[105] where members of the resistance and other non-favourable people towards the German occupation from all over Greece[105] were held either to be killed or sent to concentration camps elsewhere in Europe.[105] In the 1946 monarchy referendum, the majority of the locals voted in favour of a republic, contrary to the rest of Greece.[106]
After the war, Thessaloniki was rebuilt with large-scale development of new infrastructure and industry throughout the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. Many of its architectural treasures still remain, adding value to the city as a tourist destination, while several early Christian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki were added to the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1988.[107] In 1997, Thessaloniki was celebrated as the European Capital of Culture,[108] sponsoring events across the city and the region. Agency established to oversee the cultural activities of that year 1997 was still in existence by 2010.[109] In 2004 the city hosted a number of the football events as part of the 2004 Summer Olympics.[110]
Today Thessaloniki has become one of the most important trade and business hubs in Southeastern Europe, with its port, the Port of Thessaloniki being one of the largest in the Aegean and facilitating trade throughout the Balkan hinterland.[7] On 26 October 2012 the city celebrated its centennial since its incorporation into Greece.[111] The city also forms one of the largest student centres in Southeastern Europe, is host to the largest student population in Greece and will be the European Youth Capital in 2014
Geography
Geology
Thessaloniki lies on the northern fringe of the Thermaic Gulf on its eastern coast and is bound by Mount Chortiatis on its southeast. Its proximity to imposing mountain ranges, hills and fault lines, especially towards its southeast have historically made the city prone to geological changes.
Since medieval times, Thessaloniki was hit by strong earthquakes, notably in 1759, 1902, 1978 and 1995.[113] On 19–20 June 1978, the city suffered a series of powerful earthquakes, registering 5.5 and 6.5 on the Richter scale.[114][115] The tremors caused considerable damage to a number of buildings and ancient monuments,[114] but the city withstood the catastrophe without any major problems.[115] One apartment building in central Thessaloniki collapsed during the second earthquake, killing many, raising the final death toll to 51.[114][115]
Climate
Thessaloniki's climate is directly affected by the sea it is situated on.[116] The city lies in a transitional climatic zone, so its climate displays characteristics of several climates. According to the Köppen climate classification, it is a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) that borders on a semi-arid climate (BSk), with annual average precipitation of 450 millimetres (18 in) due to the Pindus rain shadow drying the westerly winds. However, the city has a summer precipitation between 20 to 30 millimetres (0.79 to 1.18 in), which borders it close to a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa).
Winters are relatively dry, with common morning frost. Snowfalls are sporadic, but οccur more or less every winter, but the snow cover does not last for more than a few days. Fog is common, with an average of 193 foggy days in a year.[117] During the coldest winters, temperatures can drop to −10 °C (14 °F).[117] The record minimum temperature in Thessaloniki was −14 °C (7 °F).[118] On average, Thessaloniki experiences frost (sub-zero temperature) 32 days a year.[117] The coldest month of the year in the city is January, with an average 24-hour temperature of 6 °C (43 °F).[119] Wind is also usual in the winter months, with December and January having an average wind speed of 26 km/h (16 mph).[117]
Thessaloniki's summers are hot with rather humid nights.[117] Maximum temperatures usually rise above 30 °C (86 °F),[117] but rarely go over 40 °C (104 °F);[117] the average number of days the temperature is above 32 °C (90 °F) is 32.[117] The maximum recorded temperature in the city was 42 °C (108 °F).[117][118] Rain seldom falls in summer, mainly during thunderstorms. In the summer months Thessaloniki also experiences strong heat waves.[120] The hottest month of the year in the city is July, with an average 24-hour temperature of 26 °C (79 °F).[119] The average wind speed for June and July in Thessaloniki is 20 kilometres per hour (12 mph)
Government
According to the Kallikratis reform, as of 1 January 2011 the Thessaloniki Urban Area (Greek: Πολεοδομικό Συγκρότημα Θεσσαλονίκης) which makes up the "City of Thessaloniki", is made up of six self-governing municipalities (Greek: Δήμοι) and one municipal unit (Greek: Δημοτική ενότητα). The municipalities that are included in the Thessaloniki Urban Area are those of Thessaloniki (the city center and largest in population size), Kalamaria, Neapoli-Sykies, Pavlos Melas, Kordelio-Evosmos, Ampelokipoi-Menemeni, and the municipal unit of Pylaia, part of the municipality of Pylaia-Chortiatis. Prior to the Kallikratis reform, the Thessaloniki Urban Area was made up of twice as many municipalities, considerably smaller in size, which created bureaucratic problems.[123]
Thessaloniki Municipality
The municipality of Thessaloniki (Greek: Δήμος Θεσαλονίκης) is the second most populous in Greece, after Athens, with a population of 322,240[1] people (in 2011) and an area of 17.832 km2 (7 sq mi). The municipality forms the core of the Thessaloniki Urban Area, with its central district (the city center), referred to as the Kentro, meaning 'center' or 'downtown'.
The institution of mayor of Thessaloniki was inaugurated under the Ottoman Empire, in 1912. The first mayor of Thessaloniki was Osman Sait Bey, while the current mayor of the municipality of Thessaloniki is Yiannis Boutaris. In 2011, the municipality of Thessaloniki had a budget of €464.33 million[124] while the budget of 2012 stands at €409.00 million.[125]
According to an article in The New York Times, the way in which the present mayor of Thessaloniki is treating the city's debt and oversized administration problems could be used as an example by Greece's central government for a successful strategy in dealing with these problems.[126]
Other
Thessaloniki is the second largest city in Greece. It is an influential city for the northern parts of the country and is the capital of the region of Central Macedonia and the Thessaloniki regional unit. The Ministry of Macedonia and Thrace is also based in Thessaloniki, being that the city is the de facto capital of the Greek region of Macedonia.
It is customary every year for the Prime Minister of Greece to announce his administration's policies on a number of issues, such as the economy, at the opening night of the Thessaloniki International Trade Fair. In 2010, during the first months of the 2010 Greek debt crisis, the entire cabinet of Greece met in Thessaloniki to discuss the country's future.[127]
In the Hellenic Parliament, the Thessaloniki urban area constitutes a 16-seat constituency. As of the national elections of 17 June 2012 the largest party in Thessaloniki is New Democracy with 27.8%, followed by the Coalition of the Radical Left (27.0%) and the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (10.2%).[128] The table below summarizes the results of the latest elections.
Cityscape
Architecture
Architecture in Thessaloniki is the direct result of the city's position at the centre of all historical developments in the Balkans. Aside from its commercial importance, Thessaloniki was also for many centuries the military and administrative hub of the region, and beyond this the transportation link between Europe and the Levant (Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Israel / Palestine). Merchants, traders and refugees from all over Europe settled in the city. The need for commercial and public buildings in this new era of prosperity led to the construction of large edifices in the city center. During this time, the city saw the building of banks, large hotels, theatres, warehouses, and factories. Architects who designed some of the most notable buildings of the city, in the late 19th and early 20th century, include Vitaliano Poselli, Pietro Arrigoni, Xenophon Paionidis, Eli Modiano, Moshé Jacques, Jean Joseph Pleyber, Frederic Charnot, Ernst Ziller, Roubens Max, Levi Ernst, Angelos Siagas and others, using mainly the styles of Eclecticism and Art Nouveau.
The city layout changed after 1870, when the seaside fortifications gave way to extensive piers, and many of the oldest walls of the city were demolished, including those surrounding the White Tower, which today stands as the main landmark of the city. As parts of the early Byzantine walls were demolished, this allowed the city to expand east and west along the coast.[129]
The expansion of Eleftherias Square towards the sea completed the new commercial hub of the city and at the time was considered one of the most vibrant squares of the city. As the city grew, workers moved to the western districts, due to their proximity to factories and industrial activities; while the middle and upper classes gradually moved from the city-center to the eastern suburbs, leaving mainly businesses. In 1917, a devastating fire swept through the city and burned uncontrollably for 32 hours.[71] It destroyed the city's historic center and a large part of its architectural heritage, but paved the way for modern development and allowed Thessaloniki the development of a proper European city center, featuring wider diagonal avenues and monumental squares; which the city initially lacked – much of what was considered to be 'essential' in European architecture.
City Center
After the Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917, a team of architects and urban planners including Thomas Mawson and Ernest Hebrard, a French architect, chose the Byzantine era as the basis of their (re)building designs for Thessaloniki's city center. The new city plan included axes, diagonal streets and monumental squares, with a street grid that would channel traffic smoothly. The plan of 1917 included provisions for future population expansions and a street and road network that would be, and still is sufficient today.[71] It contained sites for public buildings and provided for the restoration of Byzantine churches and Ottoman mosques.
The Metropolitan Church of Saint Gregory Palamas, designed by Ernst Ziller.
Today the city center of Thessaloniki includes the features designed as part of the plan and forms the point in the city where most of the public buildings, historical sites, entertainment venues and stores are located. The center is characterized by its many historical buildings, arcades, laneways and distinct architectural styles such as Art Nouveau and Art Deco, which can be seen on many of its buildings.
Also called the historic center, it is divided into several districts, of which include Ladadika (where many entertainment venues and tavernas are located), Kapani (were the city's central city market is located), Diagonios, Navarinou, Rotonta, Agia Sofia and Ippodromio (white tower), which are all located around Thessaloniki's most central point, Aristotelous Square.
The west point of the city center is home to Thessaloniki's law courts, its central international railway station and the port, while on its eastern side stands the city's two universities, the Thessaloniki International Exhibition Center, the city's main stadium, its archaeological and Byzantine museums, the new city hall and its central parklands and gardens, namely those of the ΧΑΝΘ/Palios Zoologikos Kipos and Pedio tou Areos. The central road arteries that pass through the city center, designed in the Ernest Hebrard plan, include those of Tsimiski, Egnatia, Nikis, Mitropoleos, Venizelou and St. Demetrius avenues.
Ano Poli
Ano Poli (also called Old Town and literally the Upper Town) is the heritage listed district north of Thessaloniki's city center that was not engulfed by the great fire of 1917 and was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site by ministerial actions of Melina Merkouri, during the 1980s. It consists of Thessaloniki's most traditional part of the city, still featuring small stone paved streets, old squares and homes featuring old Greek and Ottoman architecture.
Ano Poli also, is the highest point in Thessaloniki and as such, is the location of the city's acropolis, its Byzantine fort, the Heptapyrgion, a large portion of the city's remaining walls, and with many of its additional Ottoman and Byzantine structures still standing. The area provides access to the Seich Sou Forest National Park[131] and features amphitheatric views of the whole city and the Thermaic Gulf. On clear days Mount Olympus, at about 100 km (62 mi) away across the gulf, can also be seen towering the horizon.
Southeastern Thessaloniki up until the 1920s was home to the city's most affluent residents and formed the outermost suburbs of the city at the time, with the area close to the Thermaic Gulf coast called Exoches, from the 19th century holiday villas which defined the area. Today southeastern Thessaloniki has in some way become a natural extension of the city center, with the avenues of Megalou Alexandrou, Georgiou Papandreou (Antheon), Vasilissis Olgas Avenue, Delfon, Konstantinou Karamanli (Nea Egnatia) and Papanastasiou passing through it, enclosing an area traditionally called Dépôt (Ντεπώ), from the name of the old tram station, owned by a French company. The area extends to Kalamaria and Pylaia, about 9 km (5.59 mi) from the White Tower in the city centre.
Some of the most notable mansions and villas of the old-era of the city remain along Vasilissis Olgas Avenue. Built for the most wealthy residents and designed by well known architects they are used today as museums, art galleries or remain as private properties. Some of them include Villa Bianca, Villa Ahmet Kapanci, Villa Modiano, Villa Mordoch, Villa Mehmet Kapanci, Hatzilazarou Mansion, Chateau Mon Bonheur (often called red tower) and others.
Most of southeastern Thessaloniki is characterized by its modern architecture and apartment buildings, home to the middle-class and more than half of the municipality of Thessaloniki population. Today this area of the city is also home to 3 of the city's main football stadiums, the Thessaloniki Concert Hall, the Posidonio aquatic and athletic complex, the Naval Command post of Northern Greece and the old royal palace (called Palataki), located on the most westerly point of Karabournaki cape. The municipality of Kalamaria is also located in southeastern Thessaloniki and has become this part of the city's most sought after areas, with many open spaces and home to high end bars, cafés and entertainment venues, most notably on Plastira street, along the coast
Northwestern Thessaloniki had always been associated with industry and the working class because as the city grew during the 1920s, many workers had moved there, due to its proximity near factories and industrial activities. Today many factories and industries have been moved further out west and the area is experiencing rapid growth as does the southeast. Many factories in this area have been converted to cultural centres, while past military grounds that are being surrounded by densely built neighborhoods are awaiting transformation into parklands.
Northwest Thessaloniki forms the main entry point into the city of Thessaloniki with the avenues of Monastiriou, Lagkada and 26is Octovriou passing through it, as well as the extension of the A1 motorway, feeding into Thessaloniki's city center. The area is home to the Macedonia InterCity Bus Terminal (KTEL), the Zeitenlik Allied memorial military cemetery and to large entertainment venues of the city, such as Milos, Fix, Vilka (which are housed in converted old factories). Northwestern Thessaloniki is also home to Moni Lazariston, located in Stavroupoli, which today forms one of the most important cultural centers for the city.
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