View allAll Photos Tagged reciprocity
Lyukkamera, Pinhole Camera, Appareil à sténopé , Cámara escura, Camera obscura, Estenopeica, Foro stenopeico, Hålkamera, Kамера опскура, Lochkamera, Otworek, Pinhole fotoğraf makinesi, Stenopeica, φωτογραφία, Пинхол Фотография
Author : © IMRE BECSI
© All rights reserved
Location of shoot :
Karolina-graben,
Kiskovácsi,
Hungary,
Central-Europe
Time of shoot :
2018.08.01.
Film : Fuji FP-100C Color Instant
Format: 3.25 x 4.25 in. (8.5 x 10.8 cm) "Regular Size" pack film
Image Area: 2.88 x 3.75 in. (7.3 x 9.5 cm)
Metered : 8,75 Ev
Calculated expo.: 1200 second (20 min.)
( I use my reciprocity compensation value chart to Fuji Color Instant film)
Filters : Orange
Dev. time : 120 second (25° C)
The camera :
Body is a Film Back Adapter Plate from a Polaroid 203 camera
- focus : 33 mm
- pinhole : 0,25 mm (Lenox Laser)
- diaphragm : 132
Film back from my Polaroid 600se camera.
Shutter and Pinhole holder is a "pu(s)h" from Dr. Kai Fuhrmann with filter thread (homemade).
Picture from the camera :
www.flickr.com/photos/jonespointfilm/2837193476/in/set-72...
The parameters of camera :
(when I use 95x73 mm format instant film)
- Angle of view : 110°
- Light falloff at the corners [f/stops] : 1,8
- Resolution [lines/diagonal] : 959
Post work : (2018.08.07.)
Scanner : Epson Perfection 3200 Photo (60x50 cm/300 dpi)
Original File Size : 157379 KB (TIF)
Pixel : 6496 x 8268
Scanner software : SilverFast SE
Final work : PS
Important note:
This images are copyright protected.
Use without permission is illegal!
No reproduction in any way,
no copies,
no editing,
no publishing,
no screenshots,
no posting,
no blogging,
no transmitting downloading
or uploading without my written permission!
Thank you !
Thanks for looking !
Comments very much welcome !
Taken : 15:45 25-Oct-2017
Ebony 45SU + Schneider XL110 f5.6
Front Shift : 2cm down
Front tilt : 1 deg forward
Mid Tone : 9 - back of post
Highlight : 15 - sky
Shadows : 8 - bottom of post
14 : dark clouds
Filters : 2 stops HG sky, polariser (-1 2/3)
Reciprocity : none
Final EV : 9 - 1 2/3 = 7 1/3
Exposure
4 sec @ f24
Pinhole Photography
(Camera Obscura /Lensfree/Loch camera/Lensless / Without Lens/Sténope/Estenopeica/Lyukkamera)
The picture was making in the course of the "Instart" group's pilgrimage.
When the group's four members looked at it Westlicht gallery Polaroid's exhibition in Vienna.
Author : © IMRE BECSI
© All rights reserved
Location of shoot :
Schönbrunner Schlosspark,
Vienna,
Europe
Time of shoot :
11.07..2011.
Info of Shooting :
Film : Polaroid 690 Color Instant (expired)
Filter : Wratten 85b (Tiffen)
Metered expo.:
Calculated expo.: 150 sec.
( I use my reciprocity compensation value chart to Polaroid Color Instant film)
Dev.: 120 sec. (25° C)
The camera :
Body is a Film Back Adapter Plate from a Polaroid 203 camera
- focus : 33 mm
- pinhole : 0,25 mm (Lenox Laser)
- diaphragm : 132
Film back from my Polaroid 600se camera.
Shutter and Pinhole holder is a "pu(s)h" from Dr. Kai Fuhrmann with filter thread (homemade).
Picture from the camera :
www.flickr.com/photos/jonespointfilm/2837193476/in/set-72...
The parameters of camera :
(when I use 95x73 mm format instant film)
- Angle of view : 119°24'26"
- Light falloff at the corners [f/stops] : 3,6
- Resolution [lines/diagonal] : 887
Post work : (12.07.2011)
Scanner : Epson Perfection 3200 Photo (1200 dpi)
Scanner software : SilverFast SE
Final work : PS
Important note:
This images are copyright protected.
Use without permission is illegal!
No reproduction in any way,
no copies,
no editing,
no publishing,
no screenshots,
no posting,
no blogging,
no transmitting downloading
or uploading without my written permission!
Thank you !
Thanks for looking !
Comments very much welcome !
Expand the view on the Water Lillys, it the only sharp area of this image. . Fujifilm GW680III Ektar 100. I always shoot at .50XBox Speed ISO. If it's a 200 ISO film, I shoot at 100 ISO. The beautiful thing about film is the exposure reciprocity latitude. It's always best to overexpose at 2+ stops on film
Pinhole/Camera Obscura /Lensfree/Loch camera/Lensless / Without Lens/Sténope/Estenopeica/Lyukkamera Photography
Author : IMRE BECSI
© All rights reserved
Location of shoot :
Piliscsaba,
Garancsi tó,
Hungary,
Central-Europe
Latitude - 47°37'12.39"N
Longitude - 18°48'38.20"E
Time of shoot :
02.05.2008.
Info of Shooting :
Film : Polaroid Polacolor 690 gloss (expired : 06-2004)
Filters : Tiffen Cir.Polar
Metered expo.: 13.5 ev.
Calculated expo.: 8.5 ev = 54 sec.
( I use my reciprocity compensation value chart to Polaroid color film)
The camera :
Body is a Film Back Adapter Plate from a Polaroid 203 camera
- focus : 34 mm
- pinhole : 0,25 mm (Lenox Laser)
- diaphragm : 136
Film back from my Polaroid 600se camera.
Shutter and Pinhole holder is a "pu(s)h" from Dr. Kai Fuhrmann with filter thread (homemade).
Picture from the camera :
www.flickr.com/photos/jonespointfilm/2837193476/in/set-72...
The parameters of camera :
(when I use 95x73 mm format instant film)
- Angle of view : 119°24'26"
- Light falloff at the corners [f/stops] : 3,6
- Resolution [lines/diagonal] : 887
Post work : (16.09.09)
Scanner : Epson Perfection 3200 Photo (1200 dpi)
Scanner software : SilverFast SE
Final work : PS
Thanks for looking !
Comments very much welcome !
Important note:
This images are copyright protected. No reproduction in any way,
no copies, no editing, no publishing, no screenshots, no posting,
no blogging, no transmitting downloading or uploading
without my written permission!
Thank you !
Lyukkamera, Pinhole Camera, Appareil à sténopé , Cámara escura, Camera obscura, Estenopeica, Foro stenopeico, Hålkamera, Kамера опскура, Lochkamera, Otworek, Pinhole fotoğraf makinesi, Stenopeica, φωτογραφία, Пинхол Фотография
Author : © IMRE BECSI
© All rights reserved
Modell : 4/a class
Location of shoot :
Pilisszántó,
Hungary,
Europe
Time of shoot :
15.06.13.
Info of Shooting :
Film : Fuji FP-100C Color Instant
Format: 3.25 x 4.25 in. (8.5 x 10.8 cm) "Regular Size" pack film
Image Area: 2.88 x 3.75 in. (7.3 x 9.5 cm)
Metered expo.: 10,5 Ev (face)
(Metered with Minolta Spotmeter)
Calculated expo.: 9,75 Ev
Shooting : 240 second
(I use my reciprocity compensation value chart to Fuji Color Instant film)
Dev.: 90 sec. (25° C)
The camera :
Body is a Film Back Adapter Plate from a Polaroid 203 camera
- focus : 33 mm
- pinhole : 0,25 mm (Lenox Laser)
- diaphragm : 132
Film back from my Polaroid 600se camera.
Shutter and Pinhole holder is a "pu(s)h" from Dr. Kai Fuhrmann with filter thread (homemade).
Picture from the camera :
www.flickr.com/photos/jonespointfilm/2837193476/in/set-72...
The parameters of camera :
(when I use 95x73 mm format instant film)
- Angle of view : 90°
- Light falloff at the corners [f/stops] : 1,8
- Resolution [lines/diagonal] : 959
Post work : (25.06.2013)
Scanner : Epson Perfection 3200 Photo (480 dpi)
File Size : MB (TIF)
Pixel :
Scanner software : SilverFast SE
Final work : PS
Important note:
This images are copyright protected.
Use without permission is illegal!
No reproduction in any way,
no copies,
no editing,
no publishing,
no screenshots,
no posting,
no blogging,
no transmitting downloading
or uploading without my written permission!
Thank you !
Thanks for looking !
Comments very much welcome !
Karađorđeva
Bronica SQ-A, Zenzanon 80mm f/2.8 PS, (expired who knows when) Kodak Tri-X @400EI, added +2EV for reciprocity failure, 7 minutes in Microphen @21C
Pinhole/Camera Obscura /Lensfree/Loch camera/Lensless / Without Lens/Sténope/Estenopeica/Lyukkamera Photography
Author : IMRE BECSI
© All rights reserved
Location of shoot :
Bay of Lágymányos (ex Kopaszi-gát)
Budapest,
Hungary,
Central-Europe
Latitude - 47°27'49.00"
Longitude - 19° 3'41.89"
Time of shoot :
28.02.2010.
Info of Shooting :
Film : FUJI FP-100c(expired : 2010-01)
Filter : Cir.Polar + ND.6
Metered expo.: 12 EV (5 sec.)
Calculated expo.: 8.5 EV = 60 sec.
( I use my reciprocity compensation value chart to FUJI Color Instant film)
Dev.: 240 sec. (10 C)
The camera :
Body is a Film Back Adapter Plate from a Polaroid 203 camera
- focus : 33 mm
- pinhole : 0,25 mm (Lenox Laser)
- diaphragm : 132
Film back from my Polaroid 600se camera.
Shutter and Pinhole holder is a "pu(s)h" from Dr. Kai Fuhrmann with filter thread (homemade).
Picture from the camera :
www.flickr.com/photos/jonespointfilm/2837193476/in/set-72...
The parameters of camera :
(when I use 95x73 mm format instant film)
- Angle of view : 119°24'26"
- Light falloff at the corners [f/stops] : 3,6
- Resolution [lines/diagonal] : 887
Post work : (01.03.2010)
Scanner : Epson Perfection 3200 Photo (1200 dpi)
Scanner software : SilverFast SE
Final work : PS
Important note:
This images are copyright protected. No reproduction in any way,
no copies, no editing, no publishing, no screenshots, no posting,
no blogging, no transmitting downloading or uploading
without my written permission!
Thanks for looking !
Comments very much welcome !
Thank you !
Someone said (Nietzxsche?) : "If you look into the abyss, the abyss is looking into you". I never understood that idea before but now it takes a whole new meaning for me, in my life, as I age and become, presumably "wiser". What I think this sentence implies is if one takes a "good" look at oneself, say at some deep level of onself, if that was possible to look this "deep", it could be compared to looking into an abyss, which I've never seen in person. The idea is that, there is a "reciprocity" that one is not always aware of? The idea that "someone" is there, someone in us, in our minds, who is looking at us, presumablym, with some kind of moral judgement. What wisdom, I think, the sentence suggest is "be aware" that there is a "limit" both self-imposed and externiorally imposed on "thou shalt not look too deep inside oneself". Me, I'm curious but becomeing aware that may only be limited insightfullness offered by looking deeply at who I am. One thing sure is, no matter what, I'm in love with who I am :-)
0.3 mm pinhole @ 100 mm focal length
Meter at F22 - 1/2s
Adjust for F336 - 2s
*pilot error here - read my exposure cheat sheet as 2s instead of 2 minutes...*
Adjust for reciprocity - 4s & 8s shots
Image was very underexposed due to pilot error and there is some kind of light leak or burn in center of frame that wasn't in earlier pinhole shots.
Expired Kodak Tmax 100
1:100 Blazinal @ 30 min
13-Mar-2022 14:20 - Ilford FP4+ ISO125 @ EI 100
Developed in ID-11 1:1 - 11 mins @ 20C
Bronica SQAi + 80mm
Highlight = 11
Shadow = 9
Midpoint = 9
Orange - 1
Final LV=9
(Reciprocity says 2.4 but either 2 or 4 as already at f22)
2 sec @ f22
RSS (RealitySoSubtle) 4x5
Fomapan 200@200
Lightmeter @f22 = 1/4s
Equivalent @f175 = 1/4*63 = 16 sec
Reciprocity Failure = 2m49s
Rodinal 1:50 10min 20 deg
OM-2 | OMZ 100/2.8 | ISO 200
Jitra
Swiflet farming is growing momentum around my place. The nest looking like this one is mushrooming all over the place. Almost 99% of all swiftlet farms in Malaysia are geared towards the production of white edible birds' nests.
I took this shot late last year down at Coogee Beach. It was an experiment of sorts. I stacked a Lee Filters Big Stopper and Little Stopper that blocked out 16 stops of light. To add a little complexity, I shot this with a medium format film camera, a Mamiya 7 with 65mm lens and Kodak T-Max 100 film. With reciprocity failure, I had 14.30 min exposure.
Coogee is located in the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney and the Ross Jones Memorial Pool is one of the more iconic pools in Sydney with symmetrical blocks and interesting lines, not mention a historic club house just to the right of the shot.
Lyukkamera, Pinhole Camera, Appareil à sténopé , Cámara escura, Camera obscura, Estenopeica, Foro stenopeico, Hålkamera, Kамера опскура, Lochkamera, Otworek, Pinhole fotoğraf makinesi, Stenopeica, φωτογραφία, Пинхол Фотография
Author : © IMRE BECSI
© All rights reserved
Location of shoot :
Pilisvörösvár,
Hungary,
Central-Europe
Time of shoot :
2018.05.29.
Film : Fuji FP-100C Color Instant
Format: 3.25 x 4.25 in. (8.5 x 10.8 cm) "Regular Size" pack film
Image Area: 2.88 x 3.75 in. (7.3 x 9.5 cm)
Metered exp.: 14 EV (green grass)
First shoot exp.time (with Red filter) : 10 second
Second shoot exp.time (with Green filter) : 6 second
Third shoot exp.time (without filter) : 3 second
( I use my reciprocity compensation value chart to Fuji Color Instant film)
Filters : Agfa 3x3
Dev. time : 120 second (25° C)
The camera :
Body is a Film Back Adapter Plate from a Polaroid 203 camera
- focus : 33 mm
- pinhole : 0,25 mm (Lenox Laser)
- diaphragm : 132
Film back from my Polaroid 600se camera.
Shutter and Pinhole holder is a "pu(s)h" from Dr. Kai Fuhrmann with filter thread (homemade).
Picture from the camera :
www.flickr.com/photos/jonespointfilm/2837193476/in/set-72...
The parameters of camera :
(when I use 95x73 mm format instant film)
- Angle of view : 110°
- Light falloff at the corners [f/stops] : 1,8
- Resolution [lines/diagonal] : 959
Post work : (2018.06.11.)
Scanner : Epson Perfection 3200 Photo (60x50 cm/300 dpi)
File Size : 157378 KB (TIF)
Pixel : 8268 X 6496
Scanner software : SilverFast SE
Final work : PS
Important note:
This images are copyright protected.
Use without permission is illegal!
No reproduction in any way,
no copies,
no editing,
no publishing,
no screenshots,
no posting,
no blogging,
no transmitting downloading
or uploading without my written permission!
Thank you !
Thanks for looking !
Comments very much welcome !
THis is part of my daily commute - although i tend to stay out of the water. Shot on Ektar100, camera meters F8 and 8 seconds with an NDX400 filter. I added 8 seconds as a vague guess to compensate for reciprocity failure. The 8 second bracket was very dark.
Nikon F90 with 50mm f1.8 and Hoya NDX400
Kodak Ektar100 and Epson V700
Holga 120 PC 3D
Lomography Redscale XR 50-200 Film
30 second exposure
This is from my first roll using a Holga or 120 film. Lomography's XR 50-200 redscale film is perfect for daytime pinhole shots as the dynamic range allows some lenience for film reciprocity error. After viewing the images taken with the Holga Pinhole I fell in love. The images it captures are delightfully lo-fi and some even have an atmospheric sharpness that it hard to quantify. Long Live Film!
Pinhole/Camera Obscura /Lensfree/Loch camera/Lensless / Without Lens/Sténope/Estenopeica/Lyukkamera Photography
Author : IMRE BECSI
© All rights reserved
Location of shoot :
Oberá,
Missiones
Argentina,
South-America
Latitude - 27°29'2.68"S
Longitude - 55° 7'0.86"W
Time of shoot :
30.10.2008.
Info of Shooting :
Film : FUJI FP-100c (expired : 2007-05)
Metered expo.: 13,5 ev
Calculated expo.: 8 sec.
( I use my reciprocity compensation value chart to FUJI color Instant film)
Dev.: 90 sec.
The camera :
Body is a Film Back Adapter Plate from a Polaroid 203 camera
- focus : 33 mm
- pinhole : 0,25 mm (Lenox Laser)
- diaphragm : 132
Film back from my Polaroid 600se camera.
Shutter and Pinhole holder is a "pu(s)h" from Dr. Kai Fuhrmann with filter thread (homemade).
Picture from the camera :
www.flickr.com/photos/jonespointfilm/2837193476/in/set-72...
The parameters of camera :
(when I use 95x73 mm format instant film)
- Angle of view : 119°24'26"
- Light falloff at the corners [f/stops] : 3,6
- Resolution [lines/diagonal] : 887
Post work : (12.12.09)
Scanner : Epson Perfection 3200 Photo (1200 dpi)
Scanner software : SilverFast SE
Final work : PS
Important note:
This images are copyright protected. No reproduction in any way,
no copies, no editing, no publishing, no screenshots, no posting,
no blogging, no transmitting downloading or uploading
without my written permission!
Thanks for looking !
Comments very much welcome !
Thank you !
26-Mar-2024 12:50
Ilford Delta 100 rated @ EI 80
Ebony 45SU
Rodenstock 150mm f/5.6 Apo-Sironar-S
DaYi 6x17 film back set to 6x12
510 Pyro 1+100 9 mins (N) @ 20C
Pre-Wash 5 mins
Inversions first 30 sec then two every 30 sec
Two water Stop Baths - 1 min each
John Finch Alkali Fixer (1+4)
Clearing time 2 minutes. Total fix time 4 minutes
Initial wash to remove fixer : 1 min
Washing : 10 mins with frequent water changes
Ilfotol : 1 ml in 600ml for 2 minutes
Back Tilt 3 deg
Mid tone LV = 8
Highlight = 10 1/3
Shadow = 8
Filters : None
Final LV=8
Reciprocity : 3 sec goes to 4 sec
4 sec @ f24
Picture taken 1983 - digitally captured from paper print
__________________________________________
The orangutans (also spelled orang-utan, orangutang, or orang-utang) are the two exclusively Asian species of extant great apes. Native to Indonesia and Malaysia, orangutans are currently found in only the rainforests of Borneo and Sumatra. Classified in the genus Pongo, orangutans were considered to be one species. Since 1996, they have been divided into two species: the Bornean orangutan (P. pygmaeus) and the Sumatran orangutan (P. abelii). In addition, the Bornean species is divided into three subspecies.
Based on genome sequencing, the two extant orangutan species evidently diverged around 400,000 years ago. The orangutans are also the only surviving species of the subfamily Ponginae, which also included several other species, such as the three extinct species of the genus Gigantopithecus, including the largest known primate Gigantopithecus blacki. The ancestors of the Ponginae subfamily split from the main ape line in Africa 16 to 19 million years ago (mya) and spread into Asia.
Orangutans are the most arboreal of the great apes and spend most of their time in trees. Their hair is typically reddish-brown, instead of the brown or black hair typical of chimpanzees and gorillas. Males and females differ in size and appearance. Dominant adult males have distinctive cheek pads and produce long calls that attract females and intimidate rivals. Younger males do not have these characteristics and resemble adult females. Orangutans are the most solitary of the great apes, with social bonds occurring primarily between mothers and their dependent offspring, who stay together for the first two years. Fruit is the most important component of an orangutan's diet; however, the apes will also eat vegetation, bark, honey, insects and even bird eggs. They can live over 30 years in both the wild and captivity.
Orangutans are among the most intelligent primates; they use a variety of sophisticated tools and construct elaborate sleeping nests each night from branches and foliage. The apes have been extensively studied for their learning abilities. There may even be distinctive cultures within populations. Field studies of the apes were pioneered by primatologist Birutė Galdikas. Both orangutan species are considered to be endangered, with the Sumatran orangutan being critically endangered. Human activities have caused severe declines in the populations and ranges of both species. Threats to wild orangutan populations include poaching, habitat destruction, and the illegal pet trade. Several conservation and rehabilitation organisations are dedicated to the survival of orangutans in the wild.
ETYMOLOGY
The name "orangutan" (also written orang-utan, orang utan, orangutang, and ourang-outang) is derived from the Malay and Indonesian words orang meaning "person" and hutan meaning "forest", thus "person of the forest". Orang Hutan was originally not used to refer to apes, but to forest-dwelling humans.
The Malay words used to refer specifically to the ape are maias and mawas, but it is unclear if those words refer to just orangutans, or to all apes in general. The first attestation of the word to name the Asian ape is in Dutch physician Jacobus Bontius' 1631 Historiae naturalis et medicae Indiae orientalis – he reported that Malays had informed him the ape was able to talk, but preferred not to "lest he be compelled to labour". The word appeared in several German-language descriptions of Indonesian zoology in the 17th century. The likely origin of the word comes specifically from the Banjarese variety of Malay.
Cribb et al. (2014) suggest that Bontius' account referred not to apes (which were not known from Java) but rather to humans suffering some serious medical condition (most likely endemic cretinism) and that his use of the word was misunderstood by Nicolaes Tulp, who was the first to use the term in a publication.
The word was first attested in English in 1691 in the form orang-outang, and variants with -ng instead of -n as in the Malay original are found in many languages. This spelling (and pronunciation) has remained in use in English up to the present, but has come to be regarded as incorrect. The loss of "h" in Utan and the shift from n to -ng has been taken to suggest that the term entered English through Portuguese. In 1869, British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace, co-creator of modern evolutionary theory, published his account of Malaysia's wildlife: The Malay Archipelago: The Land of the Orang-Utan and the Bird of Paradise.
The name of the genus, Pongo, comes from a 16th-century account by Andrew Battell, an English sailor held prisoner by the Portuguese in Angola, which describes two anthropoid "monsters" named Pongo and Engeco. He is now believed to have been describing gorillas, but in the 18th century, the terms orangutan and pongo were used for all great apes. Lacépède used the term Pongo for the genus following the German botanist Friedrich von Wurmb who sent a skeleton from the Indies to Europe.
TAXONOMY, PHYLOGENY AND GENETICS
The two orangutan species are the only extant members of the subfamily Ponginae. This subfamily also included the extinct genera Lufengpithecus, which lived in southern China and Thailand 2–8 mya, and Sivapithecus, which lived India and Pakistan from 12.5 mya until 8.5 mya. These apes likely lived in drier and cooler environments than orangutans do today. Khoratpithecus piriyai, which lived in Thailand 5–7 mya, is believed to have been the closest known relative of the orangutans. The largest known primate, Gigantopithecus, was also a member of Ponginae and lived in China, India and Vietnam from 5 mya to 100,000 years ago.
Within apes (superfamily Hominoidea), the gibbons diverged during the early Miocene (between 19.7 and 24.1 mya, according to molecular evidence) and the orangutans split from the African great ape lineage between 15.7 and 19.3 mya.
HISTORY OF ORANGUTAN TAXONOMY
The orangutan was first described scientifically in the Systema Naturae of Linnaeus as Simia satyrus. The populations on the two islands were classified as subspecies until 1996, when they were elevated to full species status, and the three distinct populations on Borneo were elevated to subspecies. The population currently listed as P. p. wurmbii may be closer to the Sumatran orangutan than the other Bornean orangutan subspecies. If confirmed, abelii would be a subspecies of P. wurmbii (Tiedeman, 1808).
Regardless, the type locality of P. pygmaeus has not been established beyond doubts, and may be from the population currently listed as P. wurmbii (in which case P. wurmbii would be a junior synonym of P. pygmaeus, while one of the names currently considered a junior synonym of P. pygmaeus would take precedence for the northwest Bornean taxon). To further confuse, the name P. morio, as well as some suggested junior synonyms, may be junior synonyms of the P. pygmaeus subspecies, thus leaving the east Bornean populations unnamed.
In addition, some fossils described under the name P. hooijeri have been found in Vietnam, and multiple fossil subspecies have been described from several parts of southeastern Asia. It is unclear if these belong to P. pygmaeus or
P. abelii or, in fact, represent distinct species.
GENOMICS
The Sumatran orangutan genome was sequenced in January 2011. Following humans and chimpanzees, the Sumatran orangutan has become the third species of hominid to have its genome sequenced. Subsequently, the Bornean species would have its genome sequenced. Genetic diversity was found to be lower in Bornean orangutans (P. pygmaeus) than in Sumatran ones (P. abelii), despite the fact that Borneo is home to six or seven times as many orangutans as Sumatra.
The comparison has shown these two species diverged around 400,000 years ago, more recently than was previously thought. Also, the orangutan genome was found to have evolved much more slowly than chimpanzee and human DNA. Previously, the species was estimated to have diverged 2.9 to 4.9 mya. The researchers hope these data may help conservationists save the endangered ape, and also prove useful in further understanding of human genetic diseases.
Bornean orangutans have 48 diploid chromosomes.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
An orangutan has a large, bulky body, a thick neck, very long, strong arms, short, bowed legs, and no tail. It is mostly covered with long, reddish-brown hair and grey-black skin. Sumatran orangutans have more sparse and lighter-coloured coats. The orangutan has a large head with a prominent mouth area. Though largely hairless, their faces can develop some hair in males, giving them a moustache.
Adult males have large cheek flaps to show their dominance to other males. The cheek flaps are made mostly of fatty tissue and are supported by the musculature of the face. Mature males' throat pouches allow them to make loud calls. The species display significant sexual dimorphism; females typically stand 115 cm tall and weigh around 37 kg, while flanged adult males stand 136 cm tall and weigh 75 kg. A male orangutan has an arm span of about 2 m.
Orangutan hands are similar to human hands; they have four long fingers and an opposable thumb. However, the joint and tendon arrangement in the orangutans' hands produces two adaptations that are significant for arboreal locomotion. The resting configuration of the fingers is curved, creating a suspensory hook grip. Additionally, without the use of the thumb, the fingers and hands can grip tightly around objects with a small diameter by resting the tops of the fingers against the inside of the palm, creating a double-locked grip.
Their feet have four long toes and an opposable big toe. Orangutans can grasp things with both their hands and their feet. Their fingers and toes are curved, allowing them to get a better grip on branches. Since their hip joints have the same flexibility as their shoulder and arm joints, orangutans have less restriction in the movements of their legs than humans have. Unlike gorillas and chimpanzees, orangutans are not true knuckle-walkers, and are instead fist-walkers.
ECOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR
Orangutans live in primary and old secondary forests, particularly dipterocarp forests and peat swamp forests. Both species can be found in mountainous and lowland swampy areas. Sumatran orangutans live at elevations as high as 1500 m, while Bornean orangutans live no higher than 1000 m. Other habitats used by orangutans include grasslands, cultivated fields, gardens, young secondary forest, and shallow lakes. Orangutans are the most arboreal of the great apes, spending nearly all their time in the trees.Most of the day is spent feeding, resting, and travelling. They start the day feeding for 2–3 hours in the morning. They rest during midday then travel in the late afternoon. When evening arrives, they begin to prepare their nests for the night. Orangutans do not swim, although they have been recorded wading in water. The main predators of orangutans are tigers. Other predators include clouded leopards, wild dogs and crocodiles. The absence of tigers on Borneo may explain why Bornean orangutans can be found on the ground more often than their Sumatran relatives.
DIET
Orangutans are opportunistic foragers, and their diets vary markedly from month to month. Fruit makes up 65–90% of the orangutan diet, and those with sugary or fatty pulp are favoured. Ficus fruits are commonly eaten and are easy to harvest and digest. Lowland dipterocarp forests are preferred by orangutans because of their plentiful fruit. Bornean orangutans consume at least 317 different food items that include young leaves, shoots, bark, insects, honey and bird eggs.
A decade-long study of urine and faecal samples at the Gunung Palung Orangutan Conservation Project in West Kalimantan has shown that orangutans give birth during and after the high fruit season (though not every year), during which they consume various abundant fruits, totalling up to 11,000 calories per day. In the low-fruit season, they eat whatever fruit is available in addition to tree bark and leaves, with daily intake at only 2,000 calories. Together with a long lactation period, orangutans also have a long birth interval.
Orangutans are thought to be the sole fruit disperser for some plant species including the climber species Strychnos ignatii which contains the toxic alkaloid strychnine. It does not appear to have any effect on orangutans except for excessive saliva production.
Geophagy, the practice of eating soil or rock, has been observed in orangutans. There are three main reasons for this dietary behaviour: for the addition of mineral nutrients to their diet; for the ingestion of clay minerals that can absorb toxic substances; or to treat a disorder such as diarrhoea. Orangutans also use plants of the genus Commelina as an anti-inflammatory balm.
SOCIAL LIFE
Orangutans live a more solitary lifestyle than the other great apes. Most social bonds occur between adult females and their dependent and weaned offspring. Adult males and independent adolescents of both sexes tend to live alone. Orangutan societies are made up of resident and transient individuals of both sexes. Resident females live with their offspring in defined home ranges that overlap with those of other adult females, which may be their immediate relatives. One to several resident female home ranges are encompassed within the home range of a resident male, who is their main mating partner.
Transient males and females move widely. Orangutans usually travel alone, but they may travel in small groups in their subadult years. However, this behaviour ends at adulthood. The social structure of the orangutan can be best described as solitary but social. Interactions between adult females range from friendly to avoidance to antagonistic. Resident males may have overlapping ranges and interactions between them tend to be hostile.
During dispersal, females tend to settle in home ranges that overlap with their mothers. However, they do not seem to have any special social bonds with them. Males disperse much farther from their mothers and enter into a transient phase. This phase lasts until a male can challenge and displace a dominant, resident male from his home range. Adult males dominate sub-adult males.
Both resident and transient orangutans aggregate on large fruiting trees to feed. The fruits tend to be abundant, so competition is low and individuals may engage in social interactions. Orangutans will also form travelling groups with members moving between different food sources. These groups tend to be made of only a few individuals. They also tend to be consortships between an adult male and female.
COMMUNICATION
Orangutans communicate with various sounds. Males will make long calls, both to attract females and advertise themselves to other males. Both sexes will try to intimidate conspecifics with a series of low guttural noises known collectively as the "rolling call". When annoyed, an orangutan will suck in air through pursed lips, making a kissing sound that is hence known as the "kiss squeak". Infants make soft hoots when distressed. Orangutans are also known to blow raspberries.
NESTING
Orangutans build nests specialized for both day or night use. These are carefully constructed; young orangutans learn from observing their mother's nest-building behaviour. In fact, nest-building is a leading cause in young orangutans leaving their mother for the first time. From six months of age onwards, orangutans practice nest-building and gain proficiency by the time they are three years old.
Construction of a night nest is done by following a sequence of steps. Initially, a suitable tree is located, orangutans being selective about sites though many tree species are used. The nest is then built by pulling together branches under them and joining them at a point. After the foundation has been built, the orangutan bends smaller, leafy branches onto the foundation; this serves the purpose of and is termed the "mattress". After this, orangutans stand and braid the tips of branches into the mattress. Doing this increases the stability of the nest and forms the final act of nest-building. In addition, orangutans may add additional features, such as "pillows", "blankets", "roofs" and "bunk-beds" to their nests.
REPRODUCTION AND PARENTING
Males mature at around 15 years of age, by which time they have fully descended testicles and can reproduce. However, they exhibit arrested development by not developing the distinctive cheek pads, pronounced throat pouches, long fur, or long-calls until they are between 15 and 20 years old. The development of these characteristics depends largely on the absence of a resident male.
Males without them are known as unflanged males in contrast to the more developed flanged males. The transformation from unflanged to flanged can occur very quickly. Unflanged and flanged males have two different mating strategies. Flanged males attract oestrous females with their characteristic long calls. Those calls may also suppress development in younger males. Unflanged males wander widely in search of oestrous females and upon finding one, will force copulation on her. While both strategies are successful, females prefer to mate with flanged males and seek their company for protection against unflanged males. Resident males may form consortships with females that can last days, weeks or months after copulation.
Female orangutans experience their first ovulatory cycle around 5.8–11.1 years. These occur earlier in females with more body fat. Like other great apes, female orangutans enter a period of infertility during adolescence which may last for 1–4 years. Female orangutans also have a 22– to 30-day menstrual cycle. Gestation lasts for 9 months, with females giving birth to their first offspring between the ages of 14 and 15 years.
Female orangutans have eight-year intervals between births, the longest interbirth intervals among the great apes. Unlike many other primates, male orangutans do not seem to practice infanticide. This may be because they cannot ensure they will sire a female's next offspring because she does not immediately begin ovulating again after her infant dies.
Male orangutans play almost no role in raising the young. Females do most of the caring and socializing of the young. A female often has an older offspring with her to help in socializing the infant. Infant orangutans are completely dependent on their mothers for the first two years of their lives. The mother will carry the infant during travelling, as well as feed it and sleep with it in the same night nest. For the first four months, the infant is carried on its belly and never relieves physical contact. In the following months, the time an infant spends with its mother decreases.
When an orangutan reaches the age of two, its climbing skills improve and it will travel through the canopy holding hands with other orangutans, a behaviour known as "buddy travel". Orangutans are juveniles from about two to five years of age and will start to temporarily move away from their mothers. Juveniles are usually weaned at about four years of age. Adolescent orangutans will socialize with their peers while still having contact with their mothers. Typically, orangutans live over 30 years in both the wild and captivity.
INTELLIGENCE
Orangutans are among the most intelligent primates. Experiments suggest they can figure out some invisible displacement problems with a representational strategy. In addition, Zoo Atlanta has a touch-screen computer where their two Sumatran orangutans play games. Scientists hope the data they collect will help researchers learn about socialising patterns, such as whether the apes learn behaviours through trial and error or by mimicry, and point to new conservation strategies.
A 2008 study of two orangutans at the Leipzig Zoo showed orangutans can use "calculated reciprocity", which involves weighing the costs and benefits of gift exchanges and keeping track of these over time. Orangutans are the first nonhuman species documented to do so. Orangutans are very technically adept nest builders, making a new nest each evening in only in 5 to 6 minutes and choosing branches which they know can support their body weight.
TOOL USE AND CULTURE
Tool use in orangutans was observed by primatologist Birutė Galdikas in ex-captive populations. In addition, evidence of sophisticated tool manufacture and use in the wild was reported from a population of orangutans in Suaq Balimbing (Pongo abelii) in 1996. These orangutans developed a tool kit for use in foraging that consisted of both insect-extraction tools for use in the hollows of trees and seed-extraction tools for harvesting seeds from hard-husked fruit. The orangutans adjusted their tools according to the nature of the task at hand, and preference was given to oral tool use. This preference was also found in an experimental study of captive orangutans (P. pygmaeus).
Primatologist Carel P. van Schaik and biological anthropologist Cheryl D. Knott further investigated tool use in different wild orangutan populations. They compared geographic variations in tool use related to the processing of Neesia fruit. The orangutans of Suaq Balimbing (P. abelii) were found to be avid users of insect and seed-extraction tools when compared to other wild orangutans. The scientists suggested these differences are cultural. The orangutans at Suaq Balimbing live in dense groups and are socially tolerant; this creates good conditions for social transmission. Further evidence that highly social orangutans are more likely to exhibit cultural behaviours came from a study of leaf-carrying behaviours of ex-captive orangutans that were being rehabilitated on the island of Kaja in Borneo.
Wild orangutans (P. pygmaeus wurmbii) in Tuanan, Borneo, were reported to use tools in acoustic communication. They use leaves to amplify the kiss squeak sounds they produce. The apes may employ this method of amplification to deceive the listener into believing they are larger animals.
In 2003, researchers from six different orangutan field sites who used the same behavioural coding scheme compared the behaviours of the animals from the different sites. They found the different orangutan populations behaved differently. The evidence suggested the differences were cultural: first, the extent of the differences increased with distance, suggesting cultural diffusion was occurring, and second, the size of the orangutans' cultural repertoire increased according to the amount of social contact present within the group. Social contact facilitates cultural transmission.
POSSIBLE LINGUISTIC CAPABILITIES
A study of orangutan symbolic capability was conducted from 1973 to 1975 by zoologist Gary L. Shapiro with Aazk, a juvenile female orangutan at the Fresno City Zoo (now Chaffee Zoo) in Fresno, California. The study employed the techniques of psychologist David Premack, who used plastic tokens to teach linguistic skills to the chimpanzee, Sarah. Shapiro continued to examine the linguistic and learning abilities of ex-captive orangutans in Tanjung Puting National Park, in Indonesian Borneo, between 1978 and 1980.
During that time, Shapiro instructed ex-captive orangutans in the acquisition and use of signs following the techniques of psychologists R. Allen Gardner and Beatrix Gardner, who taught the chimpanzee, Washoe, in the late 1960s. In the only signing study ever conducted in a great ape's natural environment, Shapiro home-reared Princess, a juvenile female, which learned nearly 40 signs (according to the criteria of sign acquisition used by psychologist Francine Patterson with Koko, the gorilla) and trained Rinnie, a free-ranging adult female orangutan, which learned nearly 30 signs over a two-year period. For his dissertation study, Shapiro examined the factors influencing sign learning by four juvenile orangutans over a 15-month period.
ORANGUTANS AND HUMANS
Orangutans were known to the native people of Sumatra and Borneo for millennia. While some communities hunted them for food and decoration, others placed taboos on such practices. In central Borneo, some traditional folk beliefs consider it bad luck to look in the face of an orangutan. Some folk tales involve orangutans mating with and kidnapping humans. There are even stories of hunters being seduced by female orangutans.
Europeans became aware of the existence of the orangutan possibly as early as the 17th century. European explorers in Borneo hunted them extensively during the 19th century. The first accurate description of orangutans was given by Dutch anatomist Petrus Camper, who observed the animals and dissected some specimens.
Little was known about their behaviour until the field studies of Birutė Galdikas, who became a leading authority on the apes. When she arrived in Borneo, Galdikas settled into a primitive bark and thatch hut, at a site she dubbed Camp Leakey, near the edge of the Java Sea. Despite numerous hardships, she remained there for over 30 years and became an outspoken advocate for orangutans and the preservation of their rainforest habitat, which is rapidly being devastated by loggers, palm oil plantations, gold miners, and unnatural forest fires.
Galdikas's conservation efforts have extended well beyond advocacy, largely focusing on rehabilitation of the many orphaned orangutans turned over to her for care. Galdikas is considered to be one of Leakey's Angels, along with Jane Goodall and Dian Fossey. According to the World Wildlife Fund, half of the habitat of the Bornean orangutan has been lost since 1994.
A persistent folktale on Sumatra and Borneo and in popular culture, is that male orangutans display sexual attraction to human women, and may even forcibly copulate with them. The only serious, but anecdotal, report of such an incident taking place, is primatologist Birutė Galdikas' report that her cook was sexually assaulted by a male orangutan. This orangutan, though, was raised in captivity and may have suffered from a skewed species identity, and forced copulation is a standard mating strategy for low-ranking male orangutans.
A female orangutan was rescued from a village brothel in Kareng Pangi village, Central Kalimantan, in 2003. The orangutan was shaved and chained for sexual purposes. Since being freed, the orangutan, named Pony, has been living with the Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation. She has been re-socialised to live with other orang-utans.
LEGAL STATUS
In December 2014, Argentina became the first country to recognize a non-human primate as having legal rights when it ruled that an orangutan named Sandra at the Buenos Aires Zoo must be moved to a sanctuary in Brazil in order to provide her "partial or controlled freedom". Although animal rights groups interpreted the ruling as applicable to all species in captivity, legal specialists considered the ruling only applicable to hominid apes due to their genetic similarities to humans.
CONSERVATION
CONSERVATION STATUS
The Sumatran and Bornean species are both critically endangered according to the IUCN Red List of mammals, and both are listed on Appendix I of CITES.
The Bornean orangutan population declined by 60% in the past 60 years and is projected to decline by 82% over 75 years. Its range has become patchy throughout Borneo, being largely extirpated from various parts of the island, including the southeast. The largest remaining population is found in the forest around the Sabangau River, but this environment is at risk.
Sumatran orangutan populations declined by 80% in 75 years. This species is now found only in the northern part of Sumatra, with most of the population inhabiting the Leuser Ecosystem. In late March 2012, some of the last Sumatran orangutans in northern Sumatra were reported to be threatened with approaching forest fires and might be wiped out entirely within a matter of weeks.
Estimates between 2000 and 2003 found 7,300 Sumatran orangutans and between 45,000 and 69,000 Bornean orangutans remain in the wild. A 2007 study by the Government of Indonesia noted a total wild population of 61,234 orangutans, 54,567 of which were found on the island of Borneo in 2004.
During the early 2000s, orangutan habitat has decreased rapidly due to logging and forest fires, as well as fragmentation by roads. A major factor in that period of time has been the conversion of vast areas of tropical forest to palm oil plantations in response to international demand. Palm oil is used for cooking, cosmetics, mechanics, and biodiesel. Hunting is also a major problem as is the illegal pet trade.
Orangutans may be killed for the bushmeat trade, crop protection, or for use for traditional medicine. Orangutan bones are secretly traded in souvenir shops in several cities in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Mother orangutans are killed so their infants can be sold as pets, and many of these infants die without the help of their mother. Since 2004, several pet orangutans were confiscated by local authorities and sent to rehabilitation centres.
CONSERVATION CENTRES AND ORGANISATIONS
A number of organisations are working for the rescue, rehabilitation and reintroduction of orangutans. The largest of these is the Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation, founded by conservationist Willie Smits. It is audited by a multinational auditor company and operates a number of large projects, such as the Nyaru Menteng Rehabilitation Program founded by conservationist Lone Drøscher Nielsen.
Other major conservation centres in Indonesia include those at Tanjung Puting National Park and Sebangau National Park in Central Kalimantan, Kutai in East Kalimantan, Gunung Palung National Park in West Kalimantan, and Bukit Lawang in the Gunung Leuser National Park on the border of Aceh and North Sumatra. In Malaysia, conservation areas include Semenggoh Wildlife Centre in Sarawak and Matang Wildlife Centre also in Sarawak, and the Sepilok Orang Utan Sanctuary near Sandakan in Sabah. Major conservation centres that are headquartered outside of the orangutan's home countries; include Frankfurt Zoological Society, Orangutan Foundation International, which was founded by Birutė Galdikas, and the Australian Orangutan Project.
Conservation organisations such as Orangutan Land Trust work with the palm oil industry to improve sustainability and encourages the industry to establish conservation areas for orangutans. It works to bring different stakeholders together to achieve conservation of the species and its habitat.
WIKIPEDIA
Unfortunately, I know that in the future I will have just a little free time for you and my hobby, I will be not capable to accomplish the reciprocity and if this thing it’s very important for you, I ask you don’t comment, fave, invite my photos because I don’t want to disappoint you!
God bless you!
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This candle is for all those who lives have been destroyed by gun violence.
Submitted to the group Macro Mondays. This week's theme is "Beliefs."
I do not understand...
Why do many people in the USA believe it is their "right" to own and carry guns?
This lit candle is also for Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords and the other victims who were wounded or killed in Tucson, Arizona this past Saturday. Arizona has some of the most "liberal" gun laws in the US. You do not need a permit to carry a weapon in Arizona. I find that totally unbelievable and extremely dangerous. (See last paragraph for more about the Arizona gun laws.)
Congresswoman Giffords and 19 other people were shot by a young man who was able to buy and LEGALLY carry a loaded semi-automatic weapon. He was able to carry his loaded weapon to a public area where a member of the United States Congress was holding a town meeting. 6 people were killed (including a 9 year old child) and 14 wounded. Representative Giffords is in critical condition. I do not understand the logic or reasoning of people who believe it is their inalienable right to carry guns.
These are my beliefs:
All life is sacred.
Guns kill.
It is time to stop gun violence.
Also submitted to the group 7DOS--The weekly theme for 7DOS is "Flame and Smoke."
Arizona gun law information:
"On April 16, 2010, governor Jan Brewer signed into law a bill that legalizes the carrying of concealed firearms and other weapons in most places without a permit for adults over 21 years of age. Arizona will still issue concealed carry permits for purposes of reciprocity for carrying concealed weapons in other states and permits will still be required for carrying in certain sensitive areas within Arizona such as in bars or on school grounds. Open carry without a permit will still be legal in most places for 18-20 year-olds, and for emancipated juveniles. This law will take effect July 29, 2010. Arizona is only the third state in modern U.S. history (after Vermont and Alaska) to allow the carrying of concealed weapons without a permit, and it is the first state with a large urban population to do so."
The cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) is a small New World monkey weighing less than 0.5 kg (1.1 lb). This New World monkey can live up to 24 years, but most of them die by 13 years. One of the smallest primates, the cotton-top tamarin is easily recognized by the long, white sagittal crest extending from its forehead to its shoulders. The species is found in tropical forest edges and secondary forests in northwestern Colombia, where it is arboreal and diurnal. Its diet includes insects and plant exudates, and it is an important seed disperser in the tropical ecosystem.
The cotton-top tamarin displays a wide variety of social behaviors. In particular, groups form a clear dominance hierarchy where only dominant pairs breed. The female normally gives birth to twins and uses pheromones to prevent other females in the group from breeding. These tamarins have been extensively studied for their high level of cooperative care, as well as altruistic and spiteful behaviors. Communication between cotton-top tamarins is sophisticated and shows evidence of grammatical structure, a language feature that must be acquired.
Up to 40,000 cotton-top tamarins are thought to have been caught and exported for use in biomedical research before 1976, when CITES gave them the highest level of protection and all international commercial trade was prohibited. Now, the species is at risk due to large-scale habitat destruction, as the lowland forest in northwestern Colombia where the cotton-top tamarin is found has been reduced to 5% of its previous area. It is currently classified as critically endangered and is one of the rarest primates in the world, with only 6,000 individuals left in the wild.
Taxonomy and naming
S. oedipus has the common names "cotton-top tamarin" and "cotton-headed tamarin" in English. Its name comes from the white hair that spans its head and flows down past the neck. In Spanish, it is commonly called bichichi, tití pielroja, "tití blanco, tití cabeza blanca, or tití leoncito. In German-speaking areas, the cotton-top tamarin is commonly known as Lisztaffe (literally "Liszt monkey") due to the resemblance of its crest to the hairstyle of Hungarian composer and piano virtuoso Franz Liszt.
The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. as Simia oedipus. Linnaeus chose the specific name oedipus, which means swollen foot, but as the species does not have particularly large feet, it is unknown why he chose this name. (Linnaeus often selected names from mythology without any particular rationale, and he may have used the name of Oedipus, the mythical Greek king of Thebes, more or less arbitrarily.) In 1977, Philip Hershkovitz performed a taxonomic analysis of the species based on fur coloration patterns, cranial and mandibular morphology, and ear size. He classified Geoffroy's tamarin S. geoffroyi as a subspecies of S. oedipus. Subsequent analyses by Hernández-Camacho and Cooper (1976), Russell Mittermeier and Coimbra-Filho (1981), and later Grooves (2001) consider the S. oedipus and S. geoffroyi types to be separate species.
Some researchers, such as Thorington (1976), posit that S. oedipus is more closely related to the white-footed tamarin (S. leucopus) than to S. geoffroyi. This view is supported by Hanihara and Natoria's analysis of toothcomb dental morphology (1987) and by Skinner (1991), who found similarities between S. oedipus and S. leucopus in 16 of 17 morphological traits considered.
This species of white-headed tamarin is thought to have diverged from the other Amazonian forms such as S. leucopus. This is supported by morphological considerations of the transition from juvenile to adulthood, during which the fur coloration patterns change. significantly and are similar between the two species. Hershkovitz proposed that the separation of the two species happened in the Pleistocene at the height of the Atrato River, where it intersected the Cauca-Magdalena. At that time, the area was covered by a sea, which created a geographic barrier that caused the species to diverge through the process of allopatric speciation. Today, the two species are principally separated by the Atrato River.
Physical characteristics
The cotton-top tamarin is part of the most diminutive family of monkeys, Callitrichidae, the marmosets and tamarins; it weighs 432 g (15.2 oz) on average. Its head–body length is 20.8–25.9 cm (8.2–10.2 in), while its tail—which is not prehensile—is slightly longer at around 33–41 cm (13–16 in). The species is not sexually dimorphic, the male and female are of a similar size and weight. Members of the Callitrichinae subfamily (including this species) have sharp nails (tegulae) on all digits except the big toes, which have the flat nails (ungulae) common to other primates. Tegulae resemble a squirrel's claws and help with movement through trees.
The cotton-top tamarin has a long sagittal crest, consisting of white hairs, from forehead to nape flowing over the shoulders. The skin of the face is black with gray or white bands located above the eyes. These bands continue along the edge of the face down to the jaw. Tamarins are generally divided into three groups by their facial characteristics: hairy-faced, mottled-faced, and bare-faced. The cotton-top tamarin has fine white hair covering its face, but they are so fine as to appear naked, thus it is considered a bare-faced tamarin. Its lower canine teeth are longer than its incisors, creating the appearance of tusks. Like other callitrichids, the cotton-top tamarin has two molar teeth on each side of its jaw, not three like other New World monkeys.
The cotton-top tamarin has fur covering all of the body except the palms of the hands and feet, the eyelids, the borders of the nostrils, the nipples, the anus, and the penis. The back is brown, and the underparts, arms, and legs are whitish-yellow. The rump and inner thighs and upper tail are reddish-orange. The fur is distributed with varying densities throughout the body: the genital region (scrotum and pubic zone), axilla, and the base of the tail have lower densities, while the forward region is much higher. Many individuals have stripes or whorls of fur of striking coloration on their throats. The cotton-top also has whiskers on its forehead and around its mouth.
Habitat and distribution
The cotton-top tamarin is restricted to a small area of northwest Colombia, between the Cauca and Magdalena Rivers to the south and east, the Atlantic coast to the north, and the Atrato River to the west. They are found exclusively in Colombia; 98% of their habitat has been destroyed. Historically, the entire area was suitable for the cotton-top tamarin, but due to habitat loss through deforestation, it survives in fragmented parks and reserves. One of the most important areas for the cotton-top is the Paramillo National Park, which consists of 460,000 hectares (1,800 sq mi) of primary and secondary forests.
The cotton-top tamarin is found in both primary and secondary forests, from humid tropical forests in the south of its range to tropical dry forests in the north. It is seldom found at altitudes above 400 m (1,300 ft), but has been encountered up to 1,500 m (4,900 ft). It prefers the lower levels of the tropical forests, but may also be found foraging on the ground and between the understory and the canopy. It can adapt to forest fragments and can survive in relatively disturbed habitats. In the dry forests are pronounced seasons. Between December and April, it is dry, while heavy rainfall occurs between August and November which can flood the forest floor. Across its range, annual rainfall varies between 500 and 1,300 mm (20 and 51 in).
Ecology
The cotton-top tamarin has a diet of mainly fruit (40%) and animal material (40%). This includes insects, plant exudates such as gum and sap, nectar, and occasionally reptiles and amphibians. Due to its small body size and high food passage rate, its diet must be high-quality and high-energy. Insectivory is common in the cotton-top and the species hunts for insects using a variety of methods: stealth, pouncing, chasing, exploring holes, and turning over leaves.
Tamarins act as seed dispersers in tropical ecosystems. While larger primates eat larger seeds, tamarins eat the smaller ones. The expelled seeds have a higher germination rate than others and ingesting larger seeds may help to dislodge and expel intestinal parasites.
The cotton-top tamarin is diurnal and sleeps with its social group in trees with foliage cover. The group leaves the sleeping tree together an hour after dawn and spends the day foraging, resting, travelling, and grooming. The species is thought to rise late and increases the speed of its foraging and travelling before dusk to avoid crepuscular and nocturnal predators. Its main predators include raptors, mustelids, felids, and snakes. The cotton-top tamarin is extremely vigilant, always looking for potential predators. When the group is resting, one individual moves apart and acts as a lookout to alert the group if it sees a threat.
Behavior
The cotton-top tamarin is a highly social primate that typically lives in groups of two to nine individuals, but may reach up to 13 members. These small familial groups tend to fluctuate in size and in composition of individuals and a clear dominance hierarchy is always present within a party. At the head of the group is the breeding pair. The male and female in this pair are typically in a monogamous reproductive relationship, and together serve as the group's dominant leaders.
Dominant pairs are the only breeding pair within their groups, and the female generally has authority over the breeding male. While nonbreeding group members can be the leading pair's offspring, immigrant adults may also live with and cooperate in these groups. This social grouping in cotton-top tamarins is hypothesized to arise from predation pressure. Cotton-top tamarins exhibit prosocial behavior that benefits other members of the group, and are well known for engaging in cooperative breeding whereby the group's subordinate adults help in rearing the offspring of the dominant pair. The dominant female is more likely to give birth to non-identical twins than a singleton, so it would be too energetically expensive for just one pair to raise the young.
To prevent younger, subordinate females within the group from breeding, the dominant female uses pheromones. This suppresses sexual behavior and delays puberty. Unrelated males that join the group can release the females from this reproductive suppression; this may result in more than one female of the group becoming pregnant, but only one of the pregnancies will be successful.
Cooperation
In cooperative breeding, the effort put into caring for the dominant breeders' offspring is shared by the group members. Parents, siblings, and immigrant adults share young rearing duties for the breeding pair's young. These duties include carrying, protecting, feeding, comforting, and even engaging in play behavior with the group's young. Cotton-top tamarins display high levels of parental investment during infant care. Males, particularly those that are paternal, show greater involvement in caregiving than do females. Despite this, both male and female infants prefers contact and proximity to their mothers over their fathers. Males may invest additional support in rearing offspring as a form of courtship to win the favor of the group's dominant female. However, evidence indicates that time spent carrying infants does not correlate with a male's overall copulation frequency.
Since only one female in a group breeds, heavy investment in infant care ensures that all offspring survive until independence. Accordingly, cotton-top tamarins bear excessive costs to care for the group's young. Male carriers, especially paternal carriers, incur large energetic costs for the sake of the group's young. This burden may cause some male cotton-tops to lose up to 10–11% of their total body weight. The large weight loss may occur from reduced food intake as infant-carrying inhibits foraging ability for a carrier. The trend of male-carrier weight loss and decreased food intake is in contrast to the dominant female's periovulatory period, when she gains weight after increasing her own food intake and relinquishing much of her infant-carrying duties.
Altruism
While caregiving by males appears to be altruistic, particularly in cotton-top sires, the costs of infant care may in fact be tolerated for selfish reasons. Namely, the costs to male weight and foraging ability may, in turn, promote consecutive pregnancies in dominant females, thereby providing more offspring bearing the sire's genes. Additionally, the cooperative breeding structure of cotton-tops can change with group size and parental experience. First-time sires spend a greater amount of time carrying the infant than experienced ones, and in smaller groups, sires do a greater proportion of carrying and feeding the infant than in larger groups, where helpers take on more of the work. Total care for infants remains constant with varying group size, and infant outcome is not significantly different in groups that have differing levels of experience in raising offspring.
Once infants reach sufficient age, they permanently leave the backs of their carriers and begin contributing to the group.
The cooperative breeding hypothesis predicts that cotton-top tamarins engage with this young-rearing paradigm, and in turn, naturally embrace patterns of prosocial behavior. These monkeys engage in such behavior by acting altruistically within their groups in caring for infants, vocalizing alarm calls, and in sharing food. Though some studies indicate that cotton-top tamarins have the psychological capacity to participate in reciprocally mediated altruism, it is unclear whether the cotton-top tamarin acts solely using judgments on reinforcement history.
Other studies involving cotton-top tamarins have hinted that positive reciprocity and reciprocal altruism are irrelevant in the prosociality of these primates. Some researchers believe these primates tend to cooperate for selfish reasons and in situations where they incur some benefit for themselves. That is, cooperation in cotton-top tamarins can be better described by mutualism than by true altruism.
Tamarins in captivity have shown the ability to distinguish other individuals based on cooperative tendencies and past behavior. Cotton-tops ultimately use this information to guide future cooperation. Brief periods of defection tend to cause swift, irreparable breakups between these primates and their cooperators. To avoid this, cotton-top tamarins may make economically driven decisions based on the projected incentives of a potential cooperator.
Spite and aggression
Despite an expansive array of altruistic behaviors, cotton-top tamarins engage in great bouts of spite through negative reciprocity and punishment. They have been observed to immediately start denying cooperation with monkeys that deny them benefits. Further, in captivity, these primates are not observed to increase altruistic behavior with fellow primates that are committed fully to cooperation. Based on this, researchers believe that repeated interactions in a cooperative society like that of the cotton-top tamarin can heighten the chances that an individual will designate behavioral punishments to others in its group. This reaction has also been observed in other species. However, these reciprocal punishments, or relative lack of altruistic actions, may alternatively happen as a result of response facilitation that increases the chances of a cotton-top punishing another primate after watching that individual perform a similar action.
Another way to look at punishment in cotton-top tamarins is by observing their aggressive behavioral responses within and between groups, as well as between species. The cotton-top tamarin, like many marmosets, other tamarins, and specifically those in the genus Saguinus, stages aggressive displays almost exclusively towards fellow monkeys that belong to the same gender. These intrasexual displays of aggression are more frequent in females, and are vital when a breeding female is forcing both subadult and adult females to emigrate out of a familial group.
Though aggression can occur within groups, the response towards intruders of another species is much more drastic and can involve a sexual dimorphism in displays. Females typically employ scent-marking intruder response tactics, whereas males are more prone to vocalizing threats, physical aggression, and piloerection. Scent-marking in cotton-top tamarins is done in two ways: either using anogenital scent-marking, or suprapubic scent-marking. The ability to use both of these separate glandular fields for threat signals may indicate females have developed diverging evolutionary threats through differential use of these markings. These variable signals may be used to sign a territorial encounter, or serve as a reproductive signal. The intensity of female threats is generally comparable when directed at intruders of either gender. In contrast, male cotton-tops are considerably more threatening towards fellow males than towards females.
Communication
The cotton-top tamarin vocalizes with bird-like whistles, soft chirping sounds, high-pitched trilling, and staccato calls. Researchers describe its repertoire of 38 distinct sounds as unusually sophisticated, conforming to grammatical rules. Jayne Cleveland and Charles Snowdon performed an in-depth feature analysis to classify the cotton-top's repertoire of vocalizations in 1982. They concluded that it uses a simple grammar consisting of eight phonetic variations of short, frequency-modulated "chirps"—each representing varying messages—and five longer constant frequency "whistles". They hypothesize that some of these calls demonstrate that the cotton-top tamarin uses phonetic syntax, while other calls may be exemplars of lexical syntax usage. Each type of call is given a letter signifier; for example, C-calls are associated with finding food and D-calls are associated with eating. Further, these calls can be modified to better deliver information relevant to auditory localization in call-recipients. Using this range of vocalizations, the adults may be able to communicate with one another about intention, thought processes, and emotion, including curiosity, fear, dismay, playfulness, warnings, joy, and calls to young.
Language acquisition
Over the first 20 weeks, after a cotton-top tamarin is born, it is not fully capable of producing the range of vocalizations that an adult monkey can. Despite this limitation on speech producibility, researchers believe that language acquisition occurs early on with speech comprehension abilities arising first. Infants can at times produce adult-like chirps, but this is rarely done in the correct context and remains inconsistent across the first 20 weeks of life. Regardless, infant cotton-tops are able to respond in behaviorally appropriate ways to varying contexts when presented with adult chirps. This indicates that verbal perception is a quickly acquired skill for offspring, followed closely by auditory comprehension, and later by proper vocal producibility.
Castro and Snowdon (2000) observed that aside from inconsistent adult-like chirping, cotton-top infants most often produce a prototype chirp that differs in vocalization structure from anything seen in the full adult range of vocalizations. Infants are thought to imitate adult speakers, which use differing calls in various contexts, but by using solely the infant prototypical chirp. For instance, adult cotton-tops are known to significantly reduce the amount of general alarm calling in the presence of infants.[ This is likely adapted so that adults in close proximity to the groups young do not attract the attention of predators to infant-dense areas. Additionally, infants reduce their prototype chirping in the presence of predators. Whether infants are shadowing the calling behavior of adults or they are comprehending danger remains unclear. However, researchers argue that young cotton-top tamarins are able to represent semantic information regardless of immature speech production.
To confirm the notion that language acquisition occurs as a progression of comprehension before production, Castro and Snowdon (2000) showed that infants respond behaviorally to vocalizing adults in a fashion that indicates they can comprehend auditory inputs. When an adult produces a C-call chirp, used to indicate food preference and when navigating to a food source, an infant approaches the adult caller to be fed, but do not use the prototype calling as a proxy for C-calls. This finding argues for the idea that infants are able to understand vocalizations first, and later acquire the ability to communicate with adult vocalizations.
General calling
Among the typical cotton-top tamarin communicative vocalizations, the combination long call (CLC) and the alarm call (AC) are the most heavily represented in the literature. CLCs encompass a range of contact calls that are produced by isolated individuals using chirps and whistles. This type of call is also used for seemingly altruistic alarm calls, thus adding to its range of cooperative behaviors. It is issued in the presence of kin when a threatening llamas predator is seen. Predators of the cotton-top tamarin include snakes, ocelots, tayras, and most notably, hawks. Early observations by Patricia Neyman even showed that cotton-tops produce diverse sets of alarm calls that can discriminate the presence of birds of prey versus ground-based predators.
CLCs involve the production of complex sequence multisyllabic vocalizations. Researchers have argued that long calls exhibit individual differences, thus can carry information sufficient for recipients to determine caller identity. Using habituation-discrimination paradigms in language experiments, this theory has been confirmed multiple times in literature. However, the individual syllables within a complete CLC vocalization in isolation of each other do not transfer sufficient information to communicate messages between monkeys. Scientists thus consider the whole, intact string of vocalizations to be the unit of perception for CLCs in the cotton-top tamarin. These examinations may confirm that cotton-tops incorporate a lexical syntax in areas of their communication.
Since tamarins can discriminate between predatory threats using varying vocalizations, recipients of an AC are thought to extract various complex signals from this form of communication. Primarily, cotton-tops are able to glean the identity of the cooperating tamarin through differences in individuals' alarm calls. Further, adults are able to discriminate the gender of callers from their ACs and determine the range of calls within a related tamarin's alarm calling repertoire. Alarm call-based identification is postulated to play a number of functional roles in the cotton-top tamarin. Firstly, an AC recipient is able to identify a cooperating tamarin, and by recognizing which in their group it is, be able to judge the reliability of the AC from past experience. This may arise from a selective pressure for being able to statistically determine the amount of risk present, and how endangered an individual and its group are.
Additionally, being able to localize auditory signals may help determine predator location, especially in the presence of a second AC from a different tamarin in the group. This can help confirm predator presence, type (e.g. flying versus ground-based), and support the recipient in triangulating a predator's location. In the context of the cotton-top's cooperative breeding groups, this is postulated as being adaptive for determining the variable risk to one's group members. For example, a call recipient is able to determine which of its kin are and are not at risk (e.g. young offspring, mates, subordinates, relatives, carriers, etc.) and plan subsequent actions accordingly.
Food calls
The cotton-top tamarin makes selective, specialized vocalizations in the presence of food. These include the C-call, produced when a cotton-top approaches and sorts through food, and the D-call, which is associated with food retrieval and is exhibited while eating.
C-call chirping is believed to be an honest signal for communicating food preference, and a cotton-top tamarin more often and more rapidly vocalizes with these chirps when approaching a highly favored food source. Functionally, this behavior may inform other tamarins of the actions the caller will take in a feeding context and whether a preferable food source is available. Despite this research indicating that food calls may be informative to fellow group mates, other observations of cotton-tops show that quantity and distribution of food and audience do not significantly alter a caller's food-centered vocalizations.
The cotton-top tamarin is seen to produce food calls both in the presence and absence of group members. Additionally, response to food calls are directed back to an original caller independent of visual confirmation of a food source. While this may appear to be a result of a very primitive form of communication, Roush and Snowdon (2005) maintain that the food-calling behavior confers some mentally representable information about food to recipient tamarins.
Conservation status
The wild population is estimated at 6,000 individuals, with 2,000 adults. This species is critically endangered, and was listed in "The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates between 2008 and 2012." The publication lists highly endangered primate species and is released every two years by the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission Primate Specialist Group. The cotton-top tamarin was not selected for the 2012–2014 publication.
The species is critically endangered, with a wild population of merely 6,000 individuals including about 2,000 free-roaming adults.
Habitat destruction through forest clearing is the main cause of this collapse, and the cotton-top has lost more than three-quarters of its original habitat to deforestation, while the lowland forest in which it lives has been reduced to 5% of its historical range. This land is then used for large-scale agricultural production (i.e. cattle) and farming, logging, oil palm plantations, and hydroelectric projects that fragment the cotton-top tamarin's natural range.
The illegal pet trade and scientific research have also been cited as factors by the IUCN. While biomedical studies have recently limited their use of this species, illegal capture for the pet trade still plays a major role in endangering the cotton-top. Before 1976, when CITES listed the species under Appendix I banning all international trade, the cotton-top tamarin was exported for use in biomedical research.
In captivity, the cotton-top is highly prone to colitis, which is linked to an increased risk of a certain type of colon cancer. Up to 40,000 individuals were caught and exported for research into those diseases, as well as Epstein-Barr virus, for the benefit of humans. The species is now protected by international law. Although enough individuals are in captivity to sustain the species, it is still critically endangered in the wild.
The Proyecto Tití ("Project Tamarin") was started in 1985 to provide information and support in conservation of the cotton-top tamarin and its habitat in northern Colombia. Proyecto Tití's programs combine field research, education, and community programs to spread awareness about this endangered species and encourage the public to participate in its protection. It now has partner status with the Wildlife Conservation Network.
In January 2015, two captive cotton-top tamarins at the Alexandria Zoological Park in Alexandria, Louisiana, died when a caretaker left them outside overnight in temperatures as low as 30 °F. One other individual survived.
Lyukkamera, Pinhole Camera, Appareil à sténopé , Cámara escura, Camera obscura, Estenopeica, Foro stenopeico, Hålkamera, Kамера опскура, Lochkamera, Otworek, Pinhole fotoğraf makinesi, Stenopeica, φωτογραφία, Пинхол Фотография
The CAMERA OBSCURA
(Latin; “camera” is a “vaulted chamber/room” + “obscura” means “dark”= “darkened chamber/room”)
is an optical device that projects an image of its surroundings on a screen.
Author : © IMRE BECSI
© All rights reserved
I create this picture in "Light-Workshop" photo camp.
Thanks for the help : Attila Hupján, Ervin Murvai & Boros Zoltán
Location of shoot :
Noszvaj,
Hungary,
Central-Europe
Time of shoot :
18.05.12.
Info of Shooting :
Film : Fuji FP-100b B&W Instant (expired)
Format: 3.25 x 4.25 in. (8.5 x 10.8 cm) "Regular Size" pack film
Image Area: 2.88 x 3.75 in. (7.3 x 9.5 cm)
Filter (Tiffen) : non
Metered expo.: 8,5 ev
(Metered with Minolta Spotmeter)
Calculated expo. : 60 sec.
(I use my reciprocity compensation value chart to Fuji B&W Instant film)
Dev.: 60 sec. (20° C)
The camera :
Body is a Film Back Adapter Plate from a Polaroid 203 camera
- focus : 33 mm
- pinhole : 0,25 mm (Lenox Laser)
- diaphragm : 132
Film back from my Polaroid 600se camera.
Shutter and Pinhole holder is a "pu(s)h" from Dr. Kai Fuhrmann with filter thread (homemade).
Picture from the camera :
www.flickr.com/photos/jonespointfilm/2837193476/in/set-72...
The parameters of camera :
(when I use 95x73 mm format instant film)
- Angle of view : 90°
- Light falloff at the corners [f/stops] : 1,8
- Resolution [lines/diagonal] : 959
Post work : (08.01.2013)
Scanner : Epson Perfection 3200 Photo (400 dpi)
File Size : MB (TIF)
Pixel :
Scanner software : SilverFast SE
Final work : PS
Important note:
This images are copyright protected.
Use without permission is illegal!
No reproduction in any way,
no copies,
no editing,
no publishing,
no screenshots,
no posting,
no blogging,
no transmitting downloading
or uploading without my written permission!
Thank you !
Thanks for looking !
Comments very much welcome !
Timbers Kauai Ocean Club & Residences, 3770 Ala’oli Way, Lihue, HI 96766
In 1879 William Hyde Rice bought a large section of Kalapaki Bay from Princess Ruth Keelikolani for $3,000. Princess Ruth was a member of the Kamehameha family, the founding dynasty of the Kingdom of Hawaii. William Rice started Lihue Ranch to breed cattle and fine horses and erected a beach house overlooking the bay. In 1899, Rice's son, Charles Rice and his wife Grace made Kalapaki their residence. On April 1, 1946, Rice's second wife, Mrs. Patricia Rice, was home at Kalapaki with her infant son when a series of 30 to 40 foot tall tidal waves completely destroyed the Rice's 19-room house. Miraculously, the pair survived. The ranch really was huge – more than 5,000 acres. Today it is still a working cattle ranch and dairy – just as it was when Rice ran it – but it’s been whittled down to about 3,000 acres.
In June 1959 Walter D. Child Sr., board chairman of Inter-Island Resorts, paid $800,000 for 23 acres from Charles A. Rice at Kauai's Kalapaki Bay near Nawiliwili - to build a destination resort. The $3 million Kauai Surf opened in 1960 as a 10-story, 104 room hotel. It was the tallest building on Kauai and the first with an elevator - which in itself became a local attraction. The architect was Frank S. Robert of the firm Vierra and Robert, Honolulu. M.A. Bradbury was the opening General Manager and Lee Siebenthaler was the executive chef. Sebenthaler opened the Mauna Kea Beach Hotel as the Buffet Manager. In 1965 the hotel opened the glass-encased Golden Cape restaurant on the roof of the 10-story main hotel building. At a cost of $500,000 the Golden Cape was considered as the first and finest luxury supper club on Neighbor Islands. Hans Buchi was the maitre d'hotel at opening. Howard Hirsch, a Beverly Hills interior designer, said the decor expressed the Hawaiian monarchy from the 1890's. The Golden Cape was named for the feathered capes of early Hawaiian royalty.
In 1965 Inter-Island Resorts traded 15 acres in downtown Lihue where the Kauai Inn formerly stood for 62 acres of land adjoining the hotel that was owned by the Lihue Plantation Company (Amfac). Inter-Island hired Willard G. Wilkinson to design a nine-hole 3,350 yard golf course. Wilkinson also designed Mid-Pacific and the Pali Municipal on Oahu. Kauai Surf had an 88% occupancy in 1964 according to Glenn Lovejoy the general manager. Lovejoy served as general manager for 11 years before being appointed vice president of InterIsland in 1973.
Hurricane Iwa struck Kauai in 1982 causing severe damage to the Kauai Surf. Opened in 1960 the Kauai Surf heralded the development of luxury resorts on Hawaii's outer islands. InterIsland Resorts built the Kauai Surf, Kona Surf and the Maui Surf for guests demanding the finest in service and accommodations. In 1986 Hemmeter Investment bought the Maui Surf and the Kauai Surf from Interisland Resorts for $94 million (appraised value was $121 million) with plans to remake both hotels into world class resort complexes. Hemmeter was a top graduate of Cornell University’s School of Hotel Administration had accepted a job at Sheraton’s Royal Hawaiian Hotel as a management trainee in 1962. The sale to Hemmeter would put 500 employees out of work for up to 14 months - the time needed for the renovations. Hemmeter demolished all existing restaurants and would build six new ones. Also planned was six new tennis courts and a tennis stadium.
Chris Hemmeter's Westin Kauai at Kauai Lagoons is a redo and expansion of the Kauai Surf, which was damaged by a Hurricane Iwa in November 1982. Hemmeter's financial partner for the re-do and expansion was VMS Realty Partners which spent $350 million on the first phase of the project. In 1988 Hemmeter ranked 389th on the Forbes Wealthiest American list. The architect was Lawton Umemura & Yamamoto of Honolulu. Many disliked the 3-story escalator from the porte cachier to the registration lobby and the fact the hotel was higher than a palm tree. Hemmeter plowed under Kauai Surf's original 18-hole layout and built two new golf courses. Surrounding the resort was a mile of lagoons which handled 90 - 4 passenger outrigger canoes and five 40-passenger mahogany taxi boats. The resort had 107 draft houses pulling carriages through part of the 580 acre development which included the opening of the Jack Nicklause - designed 36 hole golf courses which opened in Feb 1988.
In January 1991 Mitsuo Kokufu owner of Shinwa Golf Group paid $200 million to the Hemmeter group for the Kauai Lagoons - 775 acres and 36 holes of golf - which Shinwa seeked permission to build a third golf course, retail centers and an additional hotel. The acquisition did not include the existing 850 room Westin Kauai Hotel.
Hurricane Iniki struck the island of Kauai on September 11, 1992 with Category 4 winds of 145 mph. It was the first hurricane to hit the state since Hurricane Iwa in the 1982, and the first major hurricane since Hurricane Dot in 1959. Kauai's largest hotel, The Westin Kauai, suffered blownout windows, flooding and considerable landscaping damage. Preliminary damage estimates was in the ''tens of millions'' needed to rebuild. By April 1993 lender Bank America Corp seized the Westin resort from the owners, developer Chris Hemmeter and VMS Realty Corp. The Hemmeter group was behind on payment for loans totaling $183 million. Hemmeter filed personal bankruptcy in 1997. When the Westin, after Hurricane 'Iniki in 1992, was repossessed by the bank, Hemmeter claimed he had already made millions.
Shinwa's grand vision plans were ruined in 1992 by devastating Hurricane Iniki, which caused the Westin hotel to close. The hotel re-opened in 1995 after it was bought by Marriott International and converted the hotel to a Marriott Hotel and time share sales. Marriott would convert 400 of the hotel's rooms into 220 time share units. Shinwa sold its Hawaii assets to help reduce a $600 million debt. Canada based GolfBC acquired Shinwa's Kauai property in 2003 and partnered with Honolulu developer Kevin Showe (Kauai Development LLC ) to develop the property.
New plans expanded the groundwork laid by Hemmeter in the 1980s by adding approximately 750 vacation homes to the already running Kauai Marriott Resort & Beach Club. The project would include a restaurant with golf and ocean views, a marina, and a spa and fitness center totaling more than 12,000 square feet. All development would highlight the resort's 38-acre, man-made lagoon, which guests would be able to use to taxi between resort locations, Showe said. The former restaurant - Inn on the Cliffs - would become a 12- unit condo and the former retail center, Fashion Landing would become a spa and fitness center. "There is no other resort in Hawaii that has a navigable waterway -- and because of the prohibitive cost, it couldn't be created today," said Showe. Kauai Lagoons' residential properties, The Ritz Carlton Club at Kauai Lagoons, was expected to break ground in 2006. Sales for the first phase of Ritz-Carlton Residences would begin in early 2007 with prices for two-, three- and four-bedroom private homes expected to start at $4.5 million. The presence of the lagoon drew Ritz-Carlton to Kauai, said Richard Culkin, project director of marketing for the Ritz-Carlton Club at Kauai Lagoons. Marriott and Ritz-Carlton halted construction at its $1.4-billion Kauai Lagoons project in 2008 after completing utilities work and the foundation for three buildings.
In 2014, time share giant Marriott Vacations Worldwide reached a $60 million sales agreement with Honolulu developer Ed Bushor for the long-stalled 450-acre Kauai Lagoons property and golf course. The sale included the partially built Ritz-Carlton Residences. Management of the 27-hole course was given to Billy Casper Golf. The course consists of three nines - the Kiele Mauka, Kiele Moana, and Waikahe. Previously Bushor had developed in 2005 the Wyland Waikiki Hotel and in 2010 he developed the Edition Waikiki with Ian Schrager.
In October 2015 David Burden, CEO and founder of Timbers Resorts, reached an agreement for a $310 million redevelopment of the 450 acre former Kauai Lagoons on behalf of the majority owner Oaktree Capital Management and minority owner Ed Bushor (Tower Investments). Tower Investments originally sourced the deal and will remain an investor. Finally after many starts and stops, construction would commence in December 2015 on phase one, the Timbers Kauai Ocean Club & Residences, using the framework initially planned by Ritz-Carlton. The 47 residences will range from two to four bedrooms and will include townhomes and condos ranging from 1,600 square feet to 3,600 square feet with 1,100-square-foot lanais. 48 residences will have golf course and ocean views. The existing golf course will be renamed to the 'Ocean Course' (formerly Kiele) and is planned to kick off in 2016. The 47 luxury residences opened in 2018 within three buildings are offered as wholly owned or fractional interests. The fractional interests are fee simple, deeded real estate.
David Burden founded Timbers Resorts in 1998 with a goal of developing high-end resorts in unique locations, aiming to provide the best in accommodation, amenities, location and value. By providing the services and amenities of a five-star hotel and a hassle-free whole and fractional ownership program Timbers Resorts has created one of the most luxurious second-home ownership opportunity around which includes access to the Timbers Reciprocity Program and the ability to trade vacation time with other destinations in the Timbers' portfolio. Current Timbers Collection properties can be found in Aspen, Beaver Creek, Cabo San Lucas, Jupiter, Kaua'i, Kiawah Island, Maui, Napa, Scottsdale, Snowmass, Sonoma, Southern California, Steamboat, Tuscany and Vail.
Due to its proximity to the cliff-sides, Timbers Kaua’i has been deemed the “last-of-its-kind” as construction regulations require new properties be at least 500 feet away from escarpments. “Timbers Kaua’i was grandfathered in due to the timing of its approval process. Therefore, the residences are the last property to be built on the island with closer than close proximity to the ocean.
Girvin Associates provided the master plan and landscaping for the resort, Poss Architecture + Planning in Aspen, CO was the architect and Wilson Associates provided the interior design for the public spaces and accommodations. Gary Moore, a 20 year veteran with Timbers, is the managing director at Timbers Resort Kauai. Eric Cucchi is the general manager.
Hokuala’s Jack Nicklaus Ocean Course (named Hawaii’s Best Golf Course) features the longest stretch of oceanfront holes in Hawaii. The 5th and 6th holes require forced carries over a gorge of mango and papaya trees. The back nine has a completely different feel with the Pacific Ocean and trade winds becoming a factor. Hole 14 is a dynamic par 3 that plays from a blufftop tee to a blufftop green, with shots missed left standing a good chance of landing in the Pacific. The hole is ringed by swaying coconut trees, with ocean and mountain views. Number 15 is a new hole along the same bluff, playing to a green in the shadow of the recently opened Timbers Kaua‘i Ocean Club & Residences, where some of the newest and most coveted real estate on the island is located. Then there’s No. 16, you fire your tee ball toward the crest of a blind fairway that careens downhill to a putting surface next to a picturesque lighthouse. It plays less than 285 yards from the resort tees, and with the downhill run you stand a chance of getting close. But birdie, par, or “other,” the picturesque beauty of this hole overlooking Nawiliwili Harbor will outweigh your extra strokes.
Photos and text compiled by Dick Johnson, December 2019.
The resting place of 132200 Germans and 570 Hungarian soldiers.
Pinhole Photography
(Camera Obscura /Lensfree/Loch camera/Lensless / Without Lens/Sténope/Estenopeica/Lyukkamera)
Author : © IMRE BECSI
© All rights reserved
Location of shoot :
Budakeszi,
Hungary,
Europe
Time of shoot :
01.10..2011.
Info of Shooting :
Film : Polaroid 690 Color Instant (expired)
Film Size : 8.5x10.8cm (31/4x41/4 in. - "Regular Size")
Image Area : Approx. 73x95mm
Filter : Wratten 85b (Tiffen 4,5 round)
Metered expo.: 14 EV (grass)
Calculated expo.: 7 sec. (12,75 EV = 3,5 sec. X 2 = 7 sec))
( I use my reciprocity compensation value chart to Polaroid Color Instant film)
Dev.: 120 sec. (25° C)
The camera :
Body is a Film Back Adapter Plate from a Polaroid 203 camera
- focus : 33 mm
- pinhole : 0,25 mm (Lenox Laser)
- diaphragm : 132
Film back from my Polaroid 600se camera.
Shutter and Pinhole holder is a "pu(s)h" from Dr. Kai Fuhrmann with filter thread (homemade).
Picture from the camera :
www.flickr.com/photos/jonespointfilm/2837193476/in/set-72...
The parameters of camera :
(when I use 95x73 mm format instant film)
- Angle of view : 119°24'26"
- Light falloff at the corners [f/stops] : 3,6
- Resolution [lines/diagonal] : 887
Post work : (04.10.2011)
Scanner : Epson Perfection 3200 Photo (1200 dpi)
Scanner software : SilverFast SE
Final work : PS
Important note:
This images are copyright protected.
Use without permission is illegal!
No reproduction in any way,
no copies,
no editing,
no publishing,
no screenshots,
no posting,
no blogging,
no transmitting downloading
or uploading without my written permission!
Thank you !
Thanks for looking !
Comments very much welcome !
01-Apr-2024 16:37
Ilford HP5+ rated @ EI 400
Developed in 510 Pyro for 9 mins @ 20C
Pre-Wash 5 mins
Inversions first 30 sec then every 30 sec
Two water Stop Baths - 1 min each
John Finch Alkali Fixer (1+4)
Clearing time 2 minutes. Total fix time 4 minutes
Initial wash to remove fixer : 1 min
Washing : 10 mins with frequent water changes
Ilfotol : 1 ml in 600ml for 2 minutes
Bronica SQAi + 80mm
Highlight = 14
Shadow = 10
Midpoint = 12
Filters : None
Final LV=12
Reciprocity : None
1/60 sec @ f16
Taken with a homemade pinhole camera
Author : IMRE BECSI
Location of shoot : Isle of Szentendre, Tahi, Hungary, Central-Europe
Time of shoot : 28.05.2007.
PICTURE MADE WITH :
( Home-made assembled pinhole camera be composed of
few original photography equipments )
Camera body : IKEA plant pot
Film back : 405 (Pack film holder to 4x5 back)
Film back holder : Graflock
Viewfinder :
Focus : 42 mm
Pinhole : 0.275 mm (from Lenox laser)
Diaphragm : 153
Shutter : "pu(s)h" (from Dr. Kai Fuhrmann)
Matte Box : Cokin
Filter : Cokin Circular Polar
Tripod : Velbon
Head : Manfrotto
Quick release plates : Manfrotto
Film : Polaroid Studiocolor (Expired : 06/03)
Light : Hard sunlight
Metered exposure : 14,5 EV (Minolta Light Meter III with diffusor)
Calculated exposure : 12,25 EV / 5 sec.
( I use my reciprocity compensation value chart )
Dev. : 90 sec. ( normal )
POST WORK : (30.01.08.)
Scanner : Epson Perfection 3200 Photo (720 dpi)
Scanner software : SilverFast SE
Final work : PS
If interesting for you my other work please see my all pictures on one page :
www.flickrleech.net/user/jonespointfilm
Thanks for looking !
Real film speed of Kodak T-max 100 in 510-Pyro is ASA 64!
For night shots I did a contrast adjustment of exposure @ ISO 25 and development of N-2.
Finding the right exposure for night shots is quite simple.
1. Overall contrast is quite high, so: Pull, don't push!
2. Measure for the high-lights (street lamps) and define them as Zone VII. Then open 2 stops (or increase exposure time accordingly) for shooting at Zone V.
How far the lamp lights reach out depends on how strong you pull.
3. Take reciprocity failure into account.
Development in 510-Pyro (100 ml TEA, 10g pyrogallole, 5g ascorbic acid, 0.375g phenidone)
11 mts @ 22°C
wherefrom the first minute is initial agitation plus 1 inversion at 10th. minute.
"Pinhole Assist" will be your companion to argentic pinhole photography.
** 10 FREE PROMO CODES FOR THE FIRST COMMENTS *** (Use only for iPod/iPhone - will not work on Android phones)
What's New in Version 1.7
* NEW: Bubble level for accurate positioning of camera
* NEW: Timer, for accurate metering of exposure time. Tap timer icon next to exposure time.
• Compute exposure time;
• Use built-in exposition timer and bubble level for optimal shot
• Mesure light;
• Enter your camera aperture from the predefined list or compute it;
• Let the assistant automatically compensate for reciprocity of film (correction for long exposures), or use your own curves.
Estimate light or measure it directly with the camera.
Enter your camera aperture or compute it from your camera geometry.
** Many pinhole camera settings are already included : Zeroimage™, Diana™, Holga pinhole, Ilford/Harman Titan and many more !
Select your film's sensitivity (ASA) and decide if you use reciprocity compensation.
Select the reciprocity curve you want to use.Via iTunes, you can add/edit/delete the reciprocity correction curves. Go to the app Web Site for further instructions.
Tip #1: adjust cell measurement via the iPhone/iPod "Settings" application.
Tip #2: if using an external cell, set its sensibility to 100 ASA.
Light measurement is only available on devices with camera. The manual setting allows you do do estimation with text indication, or use an external cell.
Cameras predefined settings:
• Diana multi pinhole
• Holga 120 pinhole wide
• Holga 120 pinhole stereo
• Zeroimage 135
• Zeroimage 2000
• Zeroimage 45, +1 frame, plus 2 frames
• Holga 135 Pinhole
• Holga 120 pinhole
• Ilford Titan 72 mm (basic) , 110mm, 150 mm
Any other camera can be accommodated.
Reciprocity charts included :
• A chart adapted from Jim Shull's The Hole Thing (the one I currently used for films) in two versions for easy editing
• A chart for photo paper
• A sample chart
Downloadable from the web site :
•Several charts derived from formulas by Gadget Gainer on APUG forums :
• 400TX
• TMX
• TMY
• HP5+
• 100 Delta
•Several chart derived from formulas originating from Without Lenses website
• T max 400
• T max 100
• TriX & Plus 125
• Ilford films
•A chart for Ilford films
I find the color pencils are a lot like human beings. One can find various colors of pencils at the box set. Our society is more like a pencil box. In society, there live people of various colors and beliefs. Some are good, some are bad. Some are optimistic, some are pessimistic. Some are crooked. Some are not. The world is filled with people with these reciprocities.
Life is more like a box of colored pencils. You know different colored pencils will be there. Just like you know, you’ll come across all kinds of people on the way of living.
আমার কাছে রং পেন্সিলগুলোকে অনেকটা মানুষের মত মনে হয়। একটা বক্সে বহু ধরণের বহু বর্ণের কালার পেন্সিল থাকে। অনেকটা হিউম্যান সোসাইটির মত। এখানে মানুষ আছে নানা বর্ণের, নানা বৈশিষ্ট্যের, নানান মূল্যবোধের বৈপীরিত্যের।
মেডিকেল লাইফ পুরোদমে চলতে থাকলে একটানা লেকচার, টিউটোরিয়াল, আইটেম এক্সাম, ওয়ার্ডে ডিউটির চাপে ক্যামেরা হাতে নেয়ার সময় তেমন হয়ে ওঠে না। ফটোওয়াকে তো বের হওয়া হয়না বললেই চলে। তখন হাত নিশপিশ করে ছবি তোলার জন্য। বেশ কিছুদিন আগে ঠিক এরকম এক দিনে বাসায় বসে থাকতে থাকতে হঠাৎ ড্রয়ারের কোণায় পড়ে থাকা রঙ পেন্সিলের বক্সটা দেখে ছবি তোলার ভূত চাপল মাথায়। তুলে ফেললাম বেশ কিছু।
ছবিগুলো তুলতে ১৮-৫৫মিmm আর ৫০mm প্রাইম ইউজ করেছি।এটা ছারাও আর কিছু ছবি আছে "Color pencils" সেটে। চেক আউট করলে ভালো লাগবে। লিঙ্কঃ
www.flickr.com/photos/abir_shaqran/sets/72157635231785655...
Abir Shaqran Photography
Barisal, Bangladesh.
The grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus), also known as the Congo grey parrot, Congo African grey parrot or African grey parrot, is an Old World parrot in the family Psittacidae. The Timneh parrot (Psittacus timneh) once was identified as a subspecies of the grey parrot, but has since been elevated to a full species.
Taxonomy
The grey parrot was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. He placed it with all the other parrots in the genus Psittacus and coined the binomial name Psittacus erithacus. Linnaeus erroneously specified the type locality as "Guinea": the locality was later designated as Ghana in West Africa. The genus name is Latin for "parrot". The specific epithet erithacus is Latin and is derived from the Ancient Greek εριθακος (erithakos) for an unknown bird that was said to mimic human sounds, perhaps the black redstart. The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.
The Timneh parrot was formerly treated as a subspecies of the grey parrot but is now considered to be a separate species based mainly on the results from a genetic and morphological study published in 2007. Although Linnaeus placed all the parrots known to him in the genus Psittacus, only the grey parrot and the Timneh parrot are now assigned to this genus.
Description
The grey parrot is a medium-sized, predominantly grey, black-billed parrot. Its typical weight is 400 g (14 oz), with an approximate length of 33 cm (13 in), and a wingspan of 46–52 cm (18–20+1⁄2 in). The grey colour on the head and wings is generally darker than its body. The head and body feathers have slight white edges. The tail feathers are red.
Due to selection by parrot breeders, some grey parrots are partly or completely red. Both sexes appear similar. The colouration of juveniles is similar to that of adults, but typically their eyes are dark grey to black, in comparison to the yellow irises around dark pupils of the adult birds, and their undertail coverts are tinged with grey. Adults weigh 418–526 g (14+3⁄4–18+1⁄2 oz).
Grey parrots may live for 40–60 years in captivity, although their mean lifespan in the wild appears to be shorter—approximately 23 years. They start breeding at an age of 3–5 years and lay 3-5 eggs per brood.
Distribution and habitat
The grey parrot is native to equatorial Africa, including Angola, Cameroon, the Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Kenya, and Uganda. The species is found inside a range from Kenya to the eastern part of the Ivory Coast. Current estimates for the global population are uncertain and range from 630,000 to 13 million birds. Populations are decreasing worldwide. The species seems to favor dense forests, but can also be found at forest edges and in more open vegetation types, such as gallery and savanna forests.
A population study published in 2015 found that the species had been "virtually eliminated" from Ghana with numbers declining 90 to 99% since 1992. They were found in only 10 of 42 forested areas, and three roosts that once held 700–1200 birds each, now had only 18 in total. Local people mainly blamed the pet trade and the felling of timber for the decline. Populations are thought to be stable in Cameroon. In the Congo, an estimated 15,000 are taken every year for the pet trade, from the eastern part of the country, although the annual quota is stated to be 5,000.
Grey parrots have escaped or been deliberately released into Florida, U.S., but no evidence indicates that the population is breeding naturally.
Behaviour and ecology in the wild
Little is known about the behaviour and activities of these birds in the wild. In addition to a lack of research funding, it can be particularly difficult to study these birds in wild situations due to their status as prey animals, which leads them to have rather secretive personalities. It has been shown that wild greys may also imitate a wide variety of sounds they hear, much like their captive relatives. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, two greys sound-recorded while roosting reportedly had a repertoire of over 200 different calls, including nine imitations of other wild bird songs and one of a bat.
Feeding
Grey parrots are mainly frugivorous, with most of their diet consisting of fruit, nuts, and seeds, including oil palm fruit. They sometimes also eat flowers and tree bark, as well as insects and snails. In the wild, the grey parrot is partly a ground feeder.
Breeding
Grey parrots are monogamous breeders who nest in tree cavities. Each mated pair of parrots needs their own tree for their nest. The hen lays three to five eggs, which she incubates for 30 days while being fed by her mate. The adults defend their nesting sites.
Grey parrot chicks require feeding and care from their parents in the nest. The parents take care of them until 4–5 weeks after they are fledged. Young leave the nest at the age of 12 weeks. Little is known about the courtship behaviour of this species in the wild.[9] They weigh 12–14 g (7⁄16–1⁄2 oz) at hatching and 372–526 g (13+1⁄8–18+1⁄2 oz) when they leave their parents.
Conservation
Natural predators for this species include palm-nut vultures and several raptors. Monkeys target eggs and the young for food.
Humans are by far the largest threat to wild grey populations. Between 1994 and 2003, more than 359,000 grey parrots were traded on the international market. Approximately 21% of the wild population was being harvested every year. Mortality rates are extremely high between the time they are captured and they reach the market, ranging from 60 to 66%. This species also is hunted for its meat and for its body parts, which are used in traditional medicines. As a result of the extensive harvest of wild birds, in addition to habitat loss, this species is believed to be undergoing a rapid decline in the wild and therefore, has been rated as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
In October 2016, the Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Fauna and Flora (CITES) extended the highest level of protection to grey parrots by listing the species under Appendix 1, which regulates international trade in the species.
In 2021, the Kenyan government held a short amnesty, during which grey parrot owners could pay a fee to obtain a permit for their birds and facilitate legal ownership. Following the expiry of this time period, it is now illegal to own this species without a permit.
In captivity
The species is common in captivity and regularly kept by humans as a companion parrot, prized for its ability to mimic human speech, which makes it one of the most popular avian pets. An escaped pet in Japan was returned to his owner after repeating the owner's name and address.
Grey parrots are notorious for mimicking noises heard in their environment and using them tirelessly. They are highly intelligent birds, needing extensive behavioral and social enrichment as well as extensive attention in captivity or else they may become distressed. Feather plucking is a common symptom seen among such distressed grey parrots, affecting up to 40% of captive individuals. They may also be prone to behavioural problems due to their sensitive nature. Social isolation hastens stress and aging.
The grey parrot is a highly social species which relies on a flock-type structure, even when raised in captivity. Because they are so dependent on the other birds within their flock, much of their speech and vocal ability is acquired through interaction with the humans with whom they reside. Both wild and captive parrots have been shown to use contact calls, which allow them to interact with their flock mates and communicate information about their location, detection of predators, availability of food, and safety status. In addition, contact calls are used to form strong social bonds with their flock mates, or in the case of captive greys, with their human housemates. In captivity, they have been shown to display communicative competence, meaning they not only use human language correctly, but also in such a way that is appropriate for the social situation which they are in.
Diet
In captivity, they may be fed bird pellets, a variety of fruits such as pear, orange, pomegranate, apple, and banana, and vegetables such as carrot, cooked sweet potato, celery, fresh kale, peas, and green beans. They also need a source of calcium.
Disease
Grey parrots in captivity have been observed to be susceptible to fungal infections, bacterial infections, nutritional insufficiency, malignant tumors, psittacine beak and feather disease, tapeworms, and blood-worms. Young grey parrots are more commonly infected by psittacine beak and feather disease than adults. Infected birds show symptoms such as loss of appetite, fluffy feathers, sluggishness, and reduced walking abilities due to brittle bones.
Grey parrots are more likely to have rhinitis,[clarification needed] an inflammatory and infectious disease of the nasal cavity. Birds may exhibit signs like wheezing, sneezing, nasal snuffling, and swelling or occlusion of the nares. Treatment options include gentle debridement and nasal irrigation.
Intelligence and cognition
Grey parrots are highly intelligent and are considered by many to be one of the most intelligent species of psittacines. Many individuals have been shown to perform at the cognitive level of a four- to six-year-old human child in some tasks. Several studies have been conducted, indicating a suite of higher-level cognitive abilities. Experiments have shown that grey parrots can learn number sequences and can learn to associate human voices with the faces of the humans who create them. It has been reported that grey parrots are capable of using existing known English words to create new labels for objects when the bird does not know the name of the object. For example "banerry" ("banana" + "cherry") for "apple", "banana crackers" for "dried banana chips" or "yummy bread" for "cake".
The American scientist Irene Pepperberg's research with Alex the parrot showed his ability to learn more than 100 words, differentiating between objects, colours, materials and shapes. Pepperberg spent several decades working with Alex, and wrote numerous scientific papers on experiments performed, indicating his advanced cognitive abilities. One such study found that Alex had the ability to add numbers as well as having a zero-like concept, similar to that of young children and apes.
In addition to their striking cognitive abilities, grey parrots have displayed altruistic behavior and concern for others. Researchers found that while blue-headed macaws were unlikely to share a nut with other members of their own species, grey parrots would actively give their conspecific partner a nut, even if it meant that they would not be able to get one themselves. When the roles were reversed, their partners were overwhelmingly likely to return the favor, foregoing their own nut to their partner's benefits. This indicates not only a display of selflessness but also an act of reciprocity.
A 2012 study demonstrated that captive grey parrots have individual musical preferences. When presented with the opportunity to choose between two different pieces of music via a touch screen monitor located in their cage, the two birds in the test consistently chose different songs, to which they then danced and sang along. Some pet grey parrots have also been observed using the music feature of smart speakers (such as Alexa or Amazon Echo) to verbally request playback of specific favored songs.
Some research has shown that foot preference can be linked to the number of words a particular parrot may know and use. Researchers found that grey parrots who prefer to use their right foot showed a marked increase in the number of words within their lexicon as compared to parrots who were left-footed. Scientists postulate that parrots may have lateralization of brain function, much like mammals do.
In two murder trials, one in 1993 and another in 2017, there was consideration to use the deceased victim's pet grey parrot's "testimony" as evidence due to the pet parrot's witnessing and repeating the victim's last words. In the 1993 murder trial of Gary Joseph Rasp, the defendant was accused of murdering Jane Gill. Public defender Charles Ogulnik wanted to use Jane's pet grey parrot Max as evidence to prove Gary's innocence due to Max repeating Jane's last words "Richard, no, no, no!". In the 2017 murder trial of Glenna Duram, the defendant is accused of murdering her husband Martin Duram. The prosecutor was exploring the possibility of using the couple's pet parrot Bud as evidence when Bud kept repeating Martin's last words "Don't fucking shoot."
Mutations
Grey mutations occur naturally in the wild, such as the Blue Ino (albino), the Incomplete Ino, and the Blue varietals. The Blue Ino is all white. The Incomplete Ino has light pigmentation. The Blue has a white tail.
Breeders from South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and Scandinavia have bred greys intensively since the 1800s. These bred varieties include the Red Pied, F2 Pied, Grizzles, Ino, Incomplete, Parino, Lutino, Cinnamon, and Red Factor. South African bird breeder Von van Antwerpen and New Zealand partner Jaco Bosman selected F2 Pieds and created the first Red Factor Greys. They are rare, may be predominantly red-pigmented, and vary in price depending upon the extent of the red plumage displayed.
History
The domestication of grey parrots has a history dating to 2000 B.C., depicting native birds in Egyptian hieroglyphics as pets. They were used for values by the Greeks and the Romans who kept them in birdcages. The grey parrots, due to recent years of illegal trading, have been classified as Endangered in 2016 by the IUCN Red List.
Taken : 17:15 26-Oct-2017
Ebony 45SU + Roddenstock 135-S f5.6
Front Shift : 3cm down
Bed Tilt : 4 deg forward
Back Tilt : 4 deg back
Mid Tone : 10 - compromise for shadows and sky
Highlight : 14 1/3 - sky
Shadows : 8 - RHS rock
13 1/3 : water
8 2/3 : black rock in shade
12 : rock top in sun
12 : distant hill in sun
Filters : 2 stops HG sky + water
Reciprocity : none
Final EV : 10
Exposure
1/2 sec @ f22
Fuji FP-3000b instant film, rated at ISO 3000. I used a 6 stop ND filter to bring the exposure down to f/16 at 2 minutes including the reciprocity correction. This long exposure allowed me the opportunity to paint with light the texture of the skin and place a highlight on the seed.
Linhof Technika V, 125mm Fujinon lens
Fuji FB-3000b Instant B/W film
ISO 3000, f/16 at 2 minutes with 6 stop ND filter.
Scan made from the positive image.
Graflex Speed Graphic 5x4 • Fomapan 100 • 100 ISO • 2 sec • f/8
Developed in HC-110 • Dil. H • 9 mins • 20 degrees C • Scanned with Epson V700
My second ever 5x4 sheet exposed! This was going to be the first subject, but I liked what the light was doing outside so I quickly changed my mind and shot the view from our bedroom first! Back to the still life... I intended to use flash to light the subject but the window light (although rapidly fading) looked nice and it was easier than setting up the flash gear. Checking the focus and depth of field on the ground glass I decided on f/8, which gave me about 4cm DOF. The exposure time was getting a little long - 2 seconds. I have very little experience with manual long exposures. Anything in the past has always been <30s and taken care of automatically by Canon electronics. But I decided to give it a try with a stop watch. My mistake? Reciprocity failure... I've heard all about it, but it's no where near the forefront of my mind that it didn't even occur to me to check it. I didn't realise I'd be shooting so slowly until shortly before doing so. With hindsight I should have shot 2x the exposure, so around 4 seconds.
Subsequently, when pulling the sheet out of the tank I could see really obvious highlights - they were really dark - and that was about it. I was sure it was a failure. It's AMAZING how much shadow detail film can retain, even with a low key scene like this and when underexposed. To the naked eye I can hardly see anything on the negative. The scanner, fortunately, saw a lot more!
Can't wait to shoot some more sheets now!
25-Jan-2024 15:00
Rollei RPX25 rated @ EI 25
Developed in HC110 Dilution H (1+39) for 7 mins @ 20C
Pre-Wash : 3 mins
Inversions for first 30 sec
Two Inversions every 30 sec
Two water Stop Baths of 1 min
Ilford Rapid Fixer (1+4) : cleared in less than 1 minute
Fix time total : 2 Minutes
Initial Rinse to remove fixer : 1 minute
Inversion washes for 10 minutes, multiple water changes
Ilford Surfactant : 2 mins
Bronica SQAi + 80mm
Highlight = 11
Shadow = 9
Midpoint = 10
Filters : None
Reciprocity : 2 goes to 3 sec
Final LV=22
4 sec @ f22
It seems that reciprocity failure with this expired Tri-X has been much bigger than I imagined, because I added over +3EV for any exposure above 1/2s.
*note to self - don't use crappy expired stuff you never tried before when doing nice technical stuff like this.
Bronica SQ-A, Zenzanon 50mm f/3.5 PS, (expired god knows when) Kodak Tri-X @400EI, 7 minutes in Microphen @21C
I think the Goto-Film has to be Delta 100. Good detail, contrast, and low grain.
All of the films had detail in the deepest shadows
Exposures (f22)
Rollei RPS25 - 6 sec (4 seconds actual, reciprocity is 6)
Delta 100 - 1 sec
Pancro 400 - 1/4 sec
The film scanning could be better in terms of consistency from film-to-film, but given they are all different, I would need to work on that aspect
A laurel wreath is a circular wreath made of interlocking branches and leaves of the Bay Laurel (Laurus nobilis, Lauraceae), an aromatic deciduous evergreen. In Greek mythology, Apollo is represented wearing a laurel wreath on his head. In ancient Greece wreaths were awarded to victors, both in athletic competitions, including the ancient Olympics, and in poetic meets; in Rome they were symbols of military victory, crowning a successful commander during his triumph. Whereas ancient laurel wreaths are depicted as a horseshoe shape, modern versions are usually complete rings.
In common modern idiomatic usage it refers to a victory. The expression "resting on one's laurels" refers to someone relying on their past success to cover up their current shoddy efforts.
In some countries the laurel wreath is used as symbol of the master's degree. The wreath is given to young masters in the graduation ceremony of the university.
When it appears on The Fool card in a Tarot deck the laurel wreath is a symbol of victory. "The Fool’s journey is circular, the Fool begins again after completing a previous cycle."
Source:
www.themysticeye.com/info/tarotsy...
We were left for asylum that ivory tower poets, we always climbed highest to isolate us from the crowd. - (Gérard de Nerval, Speech fighting another great Gerard)