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that aren't even good for you :-)
Mignon McLaughlin, The Second Neurotic's Notebook, 1966
HBM!!
swallowtail butterfly, sarah p duke gardens, duke university, durham, north carolina
Cada país, sin duda, tenía sus encantos, sus cosas buenas, su seducción para el que había nacido en ellos; a pesar de lo cual, en todas partes los indígenas sufrían y protestaban, en todas partes el sistema gobernante era odiado y amenazado, al mismo tiempo que en todas partes el extranjero solitario era considerado sospechoso, inferior, inútil y ridículo. El Oriente tenía, realmente, poco que enseñarnos, de lo que podíamos aprender por el simple estudio, y nosotros, a nuestra vez, no teníamos nada bueno que enseñar al Oriente, con excepción de la higiene. Todo el resto, de lo que estábamos enseñándoles, o con lo que estábamos intentando contaminarles -nuestra industria, política, religión y filosofía-, además de resultar para ellos grotesco e innecesario, estaba, por así decirlo, inficionado entre nosotros en su raíz misma, y podrido por completo con anterioridad ya a su exportación. En cuanto a sus doctrinas y costumbres, una vez despojadas del halo poético que les confería la novedad, Peter no había tardado en encontrarlas indeciblemente monótonas y estúpidas, excepción hecha de aquel principio que hacía superfluas toda ulterior religión y filosofía, a saber: que no hay más fuerza que la Fuerza que no puede buscarse ni encontrarse, y que lo que ha de ser, será.
(El último puritano) George Santayana
~ Nothing is created. Nothing is destroyed. All is only ever transformed. ~
(Tituba, "Salem")
Created as an hommage to the tv series "Salem".
♪Marilyn Manson - Cupid carries a gun♪
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Boston officially the City of Boston, is the capital and largest city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the Northeastern United States. The city boundaries encompass an area of about 48.4 sq mi and a population of 675,647 as of 2020. The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston, a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) home to 4,941,632 million people as of 2020, ranking as the tenth-largest MSA in the country. A broader combined statistical area (CSA), generally corresponding to the commuting area and including Worcester, Massachusetts and Providence, Rhode Island, is home to approximately 8.2 million people, making it the sixth most populous in the United States.
Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in America, founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution and the nation's founding, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the siege of Boston. Upon American independence from Great Britain, the city continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture. The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year. Boston's many firsts include the United States' first public park (Boston Common, 1634), first public or state school (Boston Latin School, 1635) first subway system (Tremont Street subway, 1897), and first large public library (Boston Public Library, 1848).
Today, Boston is a center of scientific research; the area's many colleges and universities, notably Harvard and MIT, make it a world leader in higher education, including law, medicine, engineering and business, and the city is considered to be a global pioneer in innovation and entrepreneurship, with nearly 5,000 startups. Boston's economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, and government activities. Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States. Boston businesses and institutions rank among the top in the country for environmental sustainability and new investment.
Leica M8, Elmar (coll.) 50/2.8. Remember, the Puritans disowned HoHoHo-Man. In fact, they rejected the celebration of Christmas altogether because they thought it to be "pagan" in nature. Some emigrated to America in order to establish what they thought would be a truly Christian community. It is true that a lot of pre-Christian religious folklore has gone into what we today celebrate - from the date of the 25th of December, birth date of Sol Invictus, the Sun God, to the Nordic "Father Christmas" and the early modern Christmas tree. All of these are traditions you would not find in the New Testament. In Paul's letters, Christmas is not mentioned either, and the evangelists would probably look rather surprised if you asked them to tuck into the turkey. The historical fact is that "Christmas" is not a biblical institution but a festival created over the centuries by the people and for the people. If you wish to hold on to it and, therefore, own it, make sure that nobody, not even the promoters of "Black Friday", snatches Christmas from you.
The original church of St John the Baptist at Stokesay, near Craven Arms, was built around 1150 as a chapel to Stokesay Castle and was probably expanded once the castle site developed in the 13th century. As a result of the Civil War destruction Stokesay church is a rare example of a church extensively rebuilt during the Puritan period (1654) although some Norman features survive at lower levels, especially on the north side of the building.
Featuring in Simon Jenkins England's Thousand Best Churches, its most striking features are the biblical texts on the walls, two decker pulpit, box and canopied pews and a West Gallery. This has a staircase leading to it and at the north side, space for the musicians. Originally the band would have included a bass viol, flute and clarinet, and was replaced about 1855 by a harmonium, and later still by the present organ. Today it is still the parish church which serves Craven Arms and there is regular worship at 10am on most Sundays.
Text source: www.discovershropshirechurches.co.uk/south-west-shropshir...
Trinity Church in Jersey, the parish of which covers the rural central north of the island, has existed on this site since at least the year 1090 and the chancel dates from around then. I cannot find a date for the construction of the present nave, although the transepts and tower are said to have been added in the 15th Century. Eventually, the south transept was transformed into a porch, and the north transept into a Lady Chapel.
As with other Jersey churches, there was substantial iconoclasm and desecration by Puritans as the Channel Islands became strongly Calvinistic in the immediate aftermath of the Reformation – perhaps that explains why the tower was struck by lightning three times between 1629 and 1648! Some degree of decoration began to return to Trinity in the late 19th Century. In the early 20th Century, the spire was encased in concrete giving it the white appearance.
Another corner of St Albans Cathedral. Now, we are in the 17th century. Puritanism and Civil War. It is the time also of John Bunyan and his "Pilgrim's Progress". Before, you will remember, the "Mayflower" had sailed from Britain. The ship carried Puritans who regarded Christmas as a pagan festival. They left the British Isles in order to find the promised land in America. At this time, the Cathedral was probably white-washed and stripped of all visual-emotional ornaments. What shall I do to be saved? Well, one thing you could do - give to the poor. The mannequin has his hat in hand, inviting you to put money in the poor box underneath. Fuji X-E3.
Times have changed
And we’ve often rewound the clock
Since the Puritans got a shock
When they landed on Plymouth Rock.
If today
Any shock they should try to stem
‘Stead of landing on Plymouth Rock,
Plymouth Rock would land on them.
In olden days, a glimpse of stocking
Was looked on as something shocking.
But now, God knows,
Anything goes.
Good authors too who once knew better words
Now only use four-letter words
Writing prose.
Anything goes.
If driving fast cars you like,
If low bars you like,
If old hymns you like,
If bare limbs you like,
If Mae West you like,
Or me undressed you like,
Why, nobody will oppose.
When ev’ry night the set that’s smart is in-
Truding in nudist parties in
Studios.
Anything goes.
When Missus…
【memo】
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Rotherhithe, London. Near the first departure point of The Mayflower the statue depicts the ghost of puritan William Bradford looking over the shoulder of a boy in the 1930's reading Sunbeam Magazine and being horrified of what has become of America.
Capitel proveniente de la Iglesia de San Martín de Frómista, se situaba en el lado interior derecho de la capilla mayor, el ábside central. Debido a la vandálica mutilación que sufrió, salvo parte del cimacio, fue llevado al Museo de Palencia y en su lugar se colocó otro, gracias a la fotografía publicada en 1901 por E. Serrano www.flickr.com/photos/rabiespierre/3668458995/ que pudo servir para hacer la reproducción que actualmente ocupa el original (ver fotografía de abajo).
La mutilación de las dos figuras principales de la cara frontal se explica por una moralidad puritana que condenaba la desnudez tan explícita en un lugar preeminente de la iglesia.
El tema parece ser que está inspirado en el sarcófago romano de La Orestiada que se hallaba en la cercana abadía de Husillos y que actualmente es sin duda el mejor sarcófago romano del Museo Arqueológico Nacional de Madid: www.arssummum.net/details.php?image_id=4537&mode=sear...
Tanto el desnudo de los personajes como la presencia de las serpientes y los pliegues curvados de las telas permiten afirmar que el maestro del capitel de Frómista conoció directamente el sarcófago. Sobre la cronología existen dos interpretaciones, basadas ambas en el testamento de doña Mayor, esposa de Sancho III de Navarra, en todo caso siglo XI.
Un artículo interesante sobre el capitel, una posible interpretación del mismo y el Sarcófago de Husillos es el que cita Dirk abajo www.romanicoaragones.com/Colaboraciones/Colaboraciones043...
Pero mucho más interesante y profundo es el artículo del profesor Francisco Prado-Vilar titulado "Saevum Facinus: Estilo, Genealogía y Sacrifico en el Arte Románico Español" publicado en la revista "Goya" Nº 324, editada por la Fundación Lázaro Galdeano (Julio- Sepiembre 2008).
www.ucm.es/centros/cont/descargas/documento11894.pdf
Para entender este capitel y el existente en Frómista es necesario un breve resumen sobre las ideas sostenidas por este autor:
Ajustándose a la genealogía formal nacida de la imaginería del sarcófago de Husillos, el capitel de Frómista se erige, a la vez, en la más fiel traducción de su mensaje iconográfico a un nuevo contexto cristiano. En efecto, sarcófago y capitel tienen como tema fundamental un crimen familiar y su castigo divino.
La iconografía de este capitel ha permanecido inescrutable durante tanto tiempo debido, en parte, a su precario estado de conservación pues la pieza original, hoy en el Museo Arqueológico Provincial de Palencia, fue mutilada en el curso de la restauración de la iglesia a comienzos del siglo XX. El hecho de que los dos desnudos aparezcan casi totalmente picados mientras las demás figuras quedaron casi intactas denuncia un acto consciente de censura, posiblemente motivado porque la visibilidad de sus genitales debió ser considerada obscena . Curiosamente, habiendo sobrevivido intactos desde el siglo XI, los desnudos no se libraron del fundamentalismo censor de un individuo posiblemente movido por el fervor católico militante que rodeó a la restauración de San Martín de Frómista, y que, "se caracterizó por una incoercible nostalgia por un medievo idealizado". . A la "recristianización" de la sociedad promovida por los poderes episcopales del momento, se sumaba la quot;recristianizacion" de la Edad Media, una actitud que sabemos, por noticias indirectas, que influyó en la restauración de la escultura de esta iglesia. En el Catálogo Monumental de la Provincia de Palencia, Rafael Navarro informaba que "...aunque retirados en la restauración algunos canecillos expresivos de la frecuente salacidad de la arquitectura antigua, los 315 existentes, todos distintos, dan una idea de la inspiración del tracista que imaginó el templo..."".
El capitel que puede verse hoy en el ábside de San Martín de Frómista es una copia que muestra un desnudo masculino y otro femenino, presumiblemente realizada por el escultor Santiago Toledo antes de la mutilación del original.
A complicar el misterio que envuelve a esta verdadera piedra Rosetta del arte románico, viene una fotografía del capitel tomada antes de su mutilación, que muestra uno de los desnudos completo, claramente masculino, pero, lamentablemente solo permite apreciar el otro de forma parcial.
Sin embargo, una simple comparación de la copia con la fotografía antigua sirve para constatar que la realización de aquella se vio mediatizada por la imaginación interpretativa del restaurador, quien acentuó sistemáticamente el bulto del relieve y procedió al acabado y repulido de detalles que permanecían ambiguos debido a los daños que afectaban al original en ciertas zonas. En lo que se refiere a la figura "femenina", uno tiene la impresión de que el restaurador se esmeró en hacer una fallida tentativa de "cirugía reconstructora" engrosando la zona genital e insertando una hendidura, cuyo resultado final tiene la apariencia de un extraño unicum dentro de la iconografía vaginal "medieval".
En realidad, la figura original era, con toda probabilidad, masculina, como la que está a su lado, pero había sido dañada su zona genital, faltándole el pene, al igual que le había sucedido al Orestes central del sarcófago de Husillos.
Además de la evidencia arqueológica que demuestra que los principales protagonistas del capitel son personajes masculinos, el análisis del proceso por el que a las figuras del friso de la Orestiada se les asignaron nuevos papeles en su marco temático cristiano no deja lugar a dudas de que en se representa a Caín matando a Abel. Caín adopta la pose heroica del Orestes homicida, mientras la asustada nodriza del sarcófago se transforma en Abel intentando esquivar el golpe. Más sorprendente es la transformación sufrida por la figura de Egisto, que invierte su posición en el capitel para incorporarse a las filas de las fuerzas demoníacas que emergen del inframundo para castigar a Caín. Esta metamorfosis vino sugerida muy probablemente por el bíblico clamor de la sangre de Abel, que denuncia el fratricidio e induce a Yaveh a maldecir a su asesino:
Entonces el Señor preguntó a Cain: "Dónde está tu hermano Abel?" "
No lo sé", respondió Caín, "¿Acaso yo soy el guardián de mi hermano?"
Y el Señor le dijo: ¿Qué has hecho? ¡Escucha! La sangre de tu hermano está gritando hacia mi desde la tierra". Por eso maldito serás de la tierra, que abrió sus fauces para recibir
de mano tuya la sangre de tu hermano. Cuando la labres, no te dará sus frutos y andarás por ella fugitivo y errante. (Génesis 4: 9-13).
Las Furias del sarcófago, que en la mitología clásica son seres encargados de vengar los crímenes familiares, resurgen en el capitel inalteradas en su función y su significado, como si su infatigable carrera persecutoria las hubiese llevado de la época mítica a la bíblica en un viaje ininterrumpido .
Al igual que en la tragedia griega, donde las Erinias someten a Orestes a una persecución incesante sin la maldición de Dios a Caín: "andarás fugitivo y errante en la tierra".
Grandma's vintage puritan lady bells always made me smile as a child, especially if I was allowed to play with them!
The #FlickrFriday #Believe theme
"That man is like to die comfortably, who is every Day minding himself, that he is to die shortly. Let us look upon every thing as a sort of Death's-Head set before us, with a Memento mortis written upon it."
- Cotton Mather 1663-1728; Puritan Minister
The distinctive death's head design on this grave marks the deceased as a puritan, a member of an English Protestant sect which sought to remove Roman Catholic practices from The Church of England. Never a cohesive group, they often argued among themselves about theology, but all agreed that belief should be based upon pure reading of The Bible. Puritans disapproved of the depiction of the human form as idolatry, hence their graves would not feature angels or cherubs as others did; although this attitude softened over time. The death's head, often assumed to indicate the grave of a pirate or a plague victim, is typical of a puritan grave and is in reality a memento mortis - "Remember, you must die!" The symbolism reminded people of possible imminent mortality and represented an entirely different attitude to modern thinking. Today, if we knew we were to be gone in (say) 24 hours, we might make the most of the time left - meet up with friends, have a good meal, go for an experience . . . and I'll leave other options to your good taste and imagination. But puritans would be anxious not to offend God, who they may meet very soon. Daily piety was therefore very much the order of the day. Blotting one's copybook in the hours just before meeting Our Maker really was not the way forward so far as puritans were concerned.
Puritans led by Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell governed England 1649-1660 after The Civil War and the execution of King Charles I during a long interregnum, imposing their beliefs upon the populace. Banning the festivals of Christmas, Easter and Whitsuntide which puritans believed were celebrated in too riotous a fashion symbolised their very austere way of life which fell out of popularity with the populace. Indeed, after the death of Cromwell and a couple more years of uncertainty, the monarchy was restored in the person of King Charles II, who became known as The Merry Monarch due to his lavish lifestyle. Remember, he was the son of the king who was so bad he was executed. Perhaps this and the public's stoicism in funding his excesses is suggestive of how unpopular the alternative - puritanism - had become among those obliged to practise it, although war weariness must also have been an important factor. As an aside, His Majesty's illegitimate progeny were raised at public expense. One branch of his extended family, the Spencers, will in due course provide a direct ancestral line between His Majesty and the modern monarchy in the guise of the future King William, son of The Late Diana, Princess of Wales.
The grave of John King is in my local churchyard. The photo was converted to monochrome, a sepia tone added, some tweaks made to colour channels, and grain and a vignette added.
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All of my photographs are under copyright ©. None of these photographs may be reproduced and/or used in any way without my permission.
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This cool location is the meeting place of the Stopdown film club once a month in Fayetteville, AR. At one of the summer meets, I brought my 645 and some Lomo 800 to see how I felt about that pairing before my Colorado vacation. I like that pairing quite a lot!
Pentax 645, Pentax-A 645 45-85mm
Lomo 800
Dev and scan at Bedford Camera
(Fuji processor and SP-3000 Scanner)
A puritan women and her pet cat and Westie lending a paw to help prepare the Thanksgiving meal.
Prompt: a pilgrim thanksgiving in the illustration style of Beatrix Potter --ar 10:8
Midjourney and Photoshop
Devil's Garden. Right. One of dozens. Our Puritan forefathers turned to their good book for place names declining to use their imaginations. Devil's Garden, Devil's Tower, Devil's Thumb, et al.
Introducing Israel Black III, aka a bounty hunter I threw together :P
Sorta-Kinda-Maybe just a little bit inspired by Ulysses Highwater XD
I hope you like him!
EDIT: Also an entry to Multi_ Sharp's contest. I don't really have a story for this guy yet, but I'm sure I'll think of something...
PLEASE, NO invitations, graphics or self promotions, THEY WILL BE DELETED. My photos are FREE to use, just give me credit and it would be nice if you let me know, thanks.
No tax on tea, was the decision on December 16, 1773, when 5,000 angry colonists gathered at the Old South Meeting House to protest a the tax and started a revolution with the Boston Tea Party. Built in 1729 as a Puritan house of worship, it was the largest building in South Boston.
It was slated for demolition in 1876 but was saved.
The 15th century Upper Cross with an 18th century finial, the original top probably lopped off by the Puritans in the 17th century as happened to so many crosses.
Behind is a large mid 17th century house, now divided into two dwellings.
On 10 March 1659 fire spread through the village, burning down a considerable number of thatched houses. In 1661 Charles II issued a proclamation requesting aid for the village. A sum was received from Londoners and, in return, East Hagbourne sent money to London after the Great Fire of London in 1666!
The Hagbourne fire could explain the number of well-preserved houses from after this era.
More of the east window, with its many carved angels and saints in between the stone ribs. As far as I know, they were undamaged when the Puritans smashed most of the windows, which was a very lucky reprieve. I hadn't thought about it before, but once the glass had been smashed, quite apart from the appalling desecration, it must have been very cold and draughty before they managed to reglaze with plain glass. Here, the glass is the original, made by John Prudde, whose contract stipulated that the glass be made 'with no glass of England, and that in the finest wise with the best, cleanest, and strongest glass of beyond the sea that may be had in England, and that of the finest colours’. Once it was safe to do so, the windows were restored with what remained, much of this east window using glass from the south windows, and with some odd results, so there are I think two male figures who have female heads.
Battle of the Boyne, (July 1, 1690), in British history, a major conflict fought along the Boyne River in Ireland between King William III (William of Orange) and the exiled king James II. Having been deposed and exiled after William’s landing at Brixham and subsequent English desertions, James II sought to retake his throne through an alliance with Ireland and France. A string of Irish Jacobite victories in the northern country were followed by a swift but indecisive loss on the Boyne River. Although James’s escape dragged the First Jacobite Rising into 1691, the Battle of the Boyne reassured William’s allies of his commitment to defeating all French-aligned forces.
Background
The last half of the 17th century was a turbulent time for England. Following the English Civil War’s bloody end, the country was ruled by the Puritan Oliver Cromwell and, after his death, his son Richard. The English Protectorate only ended after Richard’s resignation, after which Parliament alone ruled until the house of Stuart’s restoration in 1660. Under King Charles II, the crown began to align itself with France, then an ambitious continental power and the strongest of the Catholic kingdoms. Charles was a shrewd politician, and some years before his death in 1685, he signed the Treaty of Dover. In exchange for financial assistance from France, Charles would privately convert to Catholicism and devote a number of English warships to King Louis XIV’s war effort against the Protestant Dutch Republic.
Despite Charles’s foreign political savvy, his domestic policy of religious tolerance did not sit well with many Irish Catholics, who had supported the exiled Stuarts at great personal risk. Under Cromwell’s rule, much of their property had been stripped from them. English Protestants were also incentivized to settle in Ireland, further reducing the power of Irish Catholics. Having suffered so heavily for the Stuarts, Charles’s Catholic subjects hoped for more explicitly beneficial treatment. Charles’s support of his fellow believers was tacit, in contrast to that of his openly Catholic brother, James. When James II acceded to the throne in 1685, he enacted a number of military reforms in Ireland aimed at eliminating local Protestant influence. The earl of Tyrconnell was tasked with disarming Protestant militias and levying an Irish army loyal not to Anglican-controlled Parliament but only to the crown.
On the other side of the North Sea, tensions escalated between France and the Dutch Republic. William III of Orange, an elected stadtholder (chief magistrate) of five major Dutch provinces, had successfully defended the Netherlands against a French invasion from 1672 to 1678. A second invasion in 1680 cemented William’s opposition to an expansionist France. Setting aside religious differences, he joined the League of Augsburg alongside a number of Catholic powers aimed at putting a decisive end to French land grabs.
Shortly before the end of the first French invasion, William had wed his cousin Mary, who was also King Charles II’s niece. In the absence of any eligible male heirs, Mary was second to an aging James in the line of succession, meaning that upon James’s death, she and William could turn English firepower on France. William understood the importance of the Royal Navy in any military designs against France, and such designs would end in disaster as long as Charles remained a French ally with Catholic sympathies. Unfortunately for William, the line of succession changed in June 1688, when King James II’s wife bore a son.
Amid doubts regarding the child’s legitimacy, William rallied thousands of Dutchmen to his banner and prepared to cross the North Sea. With favourable weather conditions that stayed the English fleet, he landed that November at Brixham, located in Devonshire on Tor Bay. James’s government and military splintered as men flocked to William’s standard. William entered London in mid-December. By Christmas Eve, James had quietly quit his country for France, effectively ceding the throne to William.
In April 1689, Parliament crowned William and Mary joint sovereigns of Britain. Between William III’s landing and coronation, however, Ireland had grown dangerously recalcitrant. Tyrconnell was able to muster his formidable army of Irish Catholics, known as Jacobites for their loyalty to the exiled James II. Tyrconnell consolidated Jacobite dominance in Ireland over a matter of months, with only a few pockets of Protestant resistance. Just weeks before William’s coronation, James received enough French support to set in motion his plan to retake the throne. On March 12 he landed in the southern Irish town of Kinsale with nearly all the northern country under his control. Two major Protestant strongholds, Derry and Enniskillen, became the sites of major conflict over the next few months.
James lay siege to Derry on April 18. The city held out for three months until a Williamite relief force arrived, and by the end of July the Jacobites had retreated. Also in July, Protestants rebuffed a Jacobite army at Enniskillen and forced them to withdraw. Following Enniskillen, William dispatched a landing force of some 20,000 men from England under the duke of Schomberg, a seasoned military commander from the Holy Roman Empire. Schomberg’s army was primarily Dutch, with some fresh English recruits and a few thousand Danes. At the head of this army, Schomberg landed in Northern Ireland at Bangor on August 13. He seized the town of Carrickfergus and advanced south toward Dublin. James’s armies, which by now had reached Drogheda en route to the Irish capital, wheeled around to block Schomberg’s movements. In September the two forces took up camp on opposite sides of Dundalk, a town in the south of Ulster province. They remained there through the winter.
During this lull in fighting, James’s envoys in France were able to secure reinforcements from the mainland. Some 6,000 French musketeers landed in southern Ireland in March 1690. In London, William convinced Parliament to grant him more funds for the duration of the war. He also announced his intention to personally bring an end to the Jacobite rising. At the head of 15,000 reinforcements, William landed at Carrickfergus on June 14, 1690.
James deduced that protecting Dublin was of paramount importance. It was both the Irish seat of power and unacceptably unfortified. With Dublin’s poor position as a defense point itself, his advisers were split regarding the best location to halt William’s advance. Some thought he should create a bottleneck at Moyry Pass, while others were wary of being flanked and slaughtered. James settled on a defensive position on the southern banks of the Boyne River, 25 miles (40 kilometres) north of Dublin and the ancient city’s largest natural defense. He set up camp on June 29. William established his headquarters across the river shortly thereafter.
Battle
South of the Boyne, James II commanded an army of roughly 23,000 men. The overwhelming majority were Irish Catholics trained under Tyrconnell’s supervision, in addition to the 6,000 French soldiers from Louis XIV. While the French had seen combat, the Irish troops were far less experienced and bore outdated muskets. Furthermore, James had a speckled military past that painted him as a poor commander. At the Boyne, James decided to position the bulk of his forces along the river, deployed such that they could make immediate contact with William’s army upon their crossing. This would hold their centre in place and prevent William’s artillery from firing, without killing their fellow soldiers. The remainder of his men were tasked with destroying bridges and guarding potential fords. To this end, James set a small force east to the crossing at Drogheda and dispatched dragoons to the southwestern ford near the village of Rosnaree.
North of the Boyne, William III’s army numbered some 37,000 men. Roughly half were British. The remainder were mostly Dutch, with a few thousand Danes and a smattering of French Huguenots. His Dutch soldiers were seasoned fighters from the war against France, and all were armed with modern flintlock muskets. William also possessed an estimated eight times the number of James’s artillery pieces. Unlike his opponent, William had proven his military acumen, in his defense of the Netherlands. He was determined to bring his skills to the Boyne as well. After much internal debate, William settled on a three-pronged strategy. On his right flank, a troop of cavalry and several thousand infantrymen would move to cross the river at Slane. In the centre, the duke of Schomberg would concentrate roughly 20,000 men on James’s core army and simultaneously bombard them with artillery. On the left, William himself would lead some 8,000 men to a third river crossing and force James’s right flank to meet him. All three parts were to be executed simultaneously to deny James the opportunity to respond.
In the early hours of July 1, William’s right wing began to mobilize. They marched south to cross north of Rosnaree but were met by a number of Jacobite dragoons, who held up the crossing until mid-morning. Although the Williamite forces successfully crossed, James’s commanders were now aware of their enemy’s movements, and they sent a sizable detachment to stop any further advance.
In the centre, William split his forces into three groups, which forded at Drybridge, Yellow Island, and Oldbridge. William himself stayed with the reserves, awaiting further developments. James had ordered his men to fall back a bit to give battle on slightly more favourable ground, but, upon seeing the Williamite centre’s movements, he ordered his commanders to mount a counterattack. Over the course of a few hours, they were able to slow enemy advances, even killing Schomberg, William’s lieutenant. However, the Jacobites could not stop the vastly more powerful army. Perceiving the overall success of his centre’s maneuver, William prepared to cross the Boyne himself, reaching the southern banks at Mill’s Ford. With the tide of the battle now firmly in William’s favour, James ordered a measured withdrawal south to Duleek. He and his army escaped mostly intact.
The Battle of the Boyne may have been a victory for William III, but it was far from decisive. William’s failure to destroy the Jacobites or adequately pursue the retreating army only made it more difficult to quell the rebellion in Ireland. The scattered remains of James’s army fell back to Dublin and then southwest to Limerick, on the other end of the island. James himself fled to France. On July 6 William entered Dublin with little resistance. He then issued the Declaration of Finglas, which demanded total Irish repentance or the forfeit of their lands. Rather than surrender, the remaining Jacobites fortified Limerick and held out under siege until the following year. The 1691 Treaty of Limerick brought a formal end to this rising. But with James II still alive in France, William III’s reign would suffer periodic challenges through the end of the century.
The Battle of the Boyne also had an impact on the continental balance of power. The League of Augsburg was rightfully fearful of France’s rising power, and Louis XIV’s repeated attacks on the Dutch Republic were of particular concern. The Franco-Irish defeat at the Boyne reassured William’s allies that Louis would not go unchecked. Britain could be counted on to resist French expansionism. With the crown now in Protestant hands, Britain was both politically and religiously opposed to French Catholic domination. William’s ascent helped bring an end to the War of the Grand Alliance by 1697.
Brewer Fountain stands near the corner of Park and Tremont Streets in Boston, Massachusetts, by Park Street Station. The 22-foot-tall (6.7 m), 15,000-pound (6,800 kg) bronze fountain, cast in Paris, was a gift to the city by Gardner Brewer. It began to function for the first time on June 3, 1868. It is a copy of the original, featured at the 1855 Paris World Fair, designed by French artist Michel Joseph Napoléon Liénard. At least sixteen other copies exist, including one on Av. Cordoba y Cerrito in Buenos Aires and in Salvador de Bahia, Brazil. The fountain is decorated with the figures of Neptune, Amphitrite (Neptune's wife), and Acis and Galatea, a couple from Greek mythology. It fell into disrepair and finally stopped functioning entirely in 2003. A major repair project began in 2009. After a year-long $640,000 off-site restoration led by sculpture conservator Joshua Craine of Daedalus Inc., it was re-dedicated on May 26, 2010.
[Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewer_Fountain]
Boston Common (also known as the Common) is a central public park in downtown Boston, Massachusetts. It is sometimes erroneously referred to as the "Boston Commons". Dating from 1634, it is the oldest city park in the United States. The Boston Common consists of 50 acres (20 ha) of land bounded by Tremont Street, Park Street, Beacon Street, Charles Street, and Boylston Street. The Common is part of the Emerald Necklace of parks and parkways that extend from the Common south to Franklin Park in Jamaica Plain, Roxbury, and Dorchester. A visitors' center for all of Boston is located on the Tremont Street side of the park. The Central Burying Ground is located on the Boylston Street side of Boston Common and contains the burial sites of the artist Gilbert Stuart and the composer William Billings. Also buried there are Samuel Sprague and his son, Charles Sprague, one of America's earliest poets. Samuel Sprague was a participant in the Boston Tea Party and fought in the Revolutionary War. The Common was designated as a Boston Landmark by the Boston Landmarks Commission in 1977.
[Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Common]
Boston is the capital city and most populous municipality of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. It is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1, 1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with an estimated population of 673,184 in 2016, making it the largest city in New England and the 22nd most populous city in the United States. The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston, a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country. Alternately, as a combined statistical area (CSA), this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people, making it the sixth-largest in the United States. Boston is one of the oldest cities in the United States, founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U.S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture. The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year. Boston's many firsts include the United States' first public school (Boston Latin School, 1635), first subway system (Tremont Street Subway, 1897), and first public park (Boston Common, 1634). The Boston area's many colleges and universities make it an international center of higher education, including law, medicine, engineering, and business, and the city is considered to be a world leader in innovation and entrepreneurship, with nearly 2,000 start-ups. Boston's economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, and government activities. Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States; businesses and institutions rank among the top in the country for environmental sustainability and investment. The city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings.
[Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston]
An actor dressed in 17th Century clothes explains life in Plymouth Colony, here in a replica of an English village meeting house at Plimouth-Paxton Museums, Plymouth, Massachusetts.
The last few of the interior of St Mary's. At first glance this window in the north wall looks very plain, which it is except for two pieces of presumably medieval red glass inserts at the top. Once the terrible desecration of the puritans began smashing up church and cathedral statues and stained-glass windows across the land, one wonders whether some local communities didn't remove it before they came, preserving it for future generations, or at least saving pieces of glass. I'm guessing that would have been a dangerous thing to do - a clear sign of 'popery'.
Boston, officially the City of Boston, is the capital and most populous city in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. The city serves as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It has an area of 48.4 sq mi (125 km2) and a population of 675,647 as of the 2020 census, making it the third-largest city in the Northeast after New York City and Philadelphia. The Greater Boston metropolitan statistical area, including and surrounding the city, is the largest in New England and eleventh-largest in the country.
Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers. The city was named after Boston, Lincolnshire, England. During the American Revolution, Boston was home to several events that proved central to the revolution and subsequent Revolutionary War, including the Boston Massacre (1770), the Boston Tea Party (1773), Paul Revere's Midnight Ride (1775), the Battle of Bunker Hill (1775), and the Siege of Boston (1775–1776). Following American independence from Great Britain, the city continued to play an important role as a port, manufacturing hub, and center for education and culture.
The city expanded significantly beyond the original peninsula by filling in land and annexing neighboring towns. It now attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year. Boston's many firsts include the United States' first public park (Boston Common, 1634), the first public school (Boston Latin School, 1635), and the first subway system (Tremont Street subway, 1897).
Since the nation's founding, Boston has been a national leader in higher education and research. Boston University and Northeastern University are both located within the city, with Boston College located in nearby Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts. Two of the world's most prestigious and consistently highly ranked universities, Harvard University (the nation's oldest university) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, are both located in neighboring Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Boston has emerged as the largest biotechnology hub in the world. The city is also a national leader in scientific research, law, medicine, engineering, and business. With nearly 5,000 startup companies, the city is considered a global pioneer in innovation and entrepreneurship, and more recently in artificial intelligence. Boston's economy also includes finance, professional and business services, information technology, and government activities. Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States. Furthermore, Boston's businesses and institutions rank among the top in the country overall for environmental sustainability and new investment.
Credit for the data above is given to the following website:
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This statue commemorates the story of 17th century puritan women and families that were arrested as separatists. These separatists have large historical significance and the statue represents Boston (Lincolnshires) part in the role of the Pilgrims. When installed the statue was part of the 400 anniversary of the formation of Boston, Massachusetts.
I'll be posting a colour version of this shot in my Boston gallery on Smugmug. kdp450.smugmug.com
A colonist puritan woman and her Westie going home after harvesting the garden with a basket full of fruits and vegetables for Thanksgiving Dinner.
Prompt: in the style of Beatrix Potter illustration a colonial pilgrim woman and Westie on Thanksgiving --ar 10:8 --v 5.1
Midjourney and Photoshop
Samuel Stone was a C17 Puritan Minister & with Thomas Hooker, established Hartford, Connecticut.
Samuel Stone was born in Fore Street on the site of present day Baroosh. He has baptised at All Saints Church on 21st Feb 1602. He attended the newly established Hale Free Grammar School in 1617 as one of its first pupils.
At 18 years old Samuel Stone left to go to Emmanuel College Cambridge to study Theology. He graduated in 1627 with both a BA and a MA. At Cambridge Samuel Stone meet Thomas Hooker. They both fell out with the established church and become non conformists and in 1633 opted to travel to the New World on a ship called the Griffin arriving at Newtown, now Cambridge, Massachusetts.
In 1635 Hooker and Stone transferred as preacher and teacher with 120 founders of the community to an Indian settlement in the Connecticut River Valley. In 1637 the town was renamed “Hartford” after Stone’s birthplace. Samuel Stone died in Hartford in 1663.
The statue of Samuel Stone located between Millbridge and Hertford Theatre was erected to celebrate the Millennium by Keith Marshall, the proprietor of the long establish Hertford furniture business in Fore Street, after visiting Hartford, Connecticut. The statue was designed by Henry Tebbutt from Hertfordshire University in 1999.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston
Boston, officially the City of Boston, is the capital and largest city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the Northeastern United States. The city boundaries encompass an area of about 48.4 sq mi (125 km2) and a population of 675,647 as of 2020. The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston, a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) home to 4,941,632 people as of 2020, ranking as the eleventh-largest MSA in the country. A broader combined statistical area (CSA), generally corresponding to the commuting area and including Worcester, Massachusetts and Providence, Rhode Island, is home to approximately 8.2 million people, making it the seventh-most populous in the United States.
Boston is one of the nation's oldest municipalities, founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name. During the American Revolution and the nation's founding, Boston was the location of several key events, including the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the hanging of Paul Revere's lantern signal in Old North Church, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the siege of Boston. Following American independence from Great Britain, the city continued to play an important role as a port, manufacturing hub, and center for American education and culture. The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year. Boston's many firsts include the United States' first public park (Boston Common, 1634), the first public school (Boston Latin School, 1635), the first subway system (Tremont Street subway, 1897), and the first large public library (Boston Public Library, 1848).
In the 21st century, Boston has emerged as a global leader in higher education and academic research. Greater Boston's many colleges and universities include Harvard University and MIT, both located in suburban Cambridge and both routinely included among the world's most highly ranked universities. The city is also a national leader in scientific research, law, medicine, engineering, and business. With nearly 5,000 startup companies, the city is considered a global pioneer in innovation and entrepreneurship. Boston's economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, and government activities. Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States. Boston businesses and institutions rank among the top in the country for environmental sustainability and new investment.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_State_House
The Massachusetts State House, also known as the Massachusetts Statehouse or the New State House, is the state capitol and seat of government for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, located in the Beacon Hill neighborhood of Boston. The building houses the Massachusetts General Court (state legislature) and the offices of the Governor of Massachusetts. The building, designed by architect Charles Bulfinch, was completed in January 1798 at a cost of $133,333 (more than five times the budget), and has repeatedly been enlarged since. It is one of the oldest state capitols in current use. It is considered a masterpiece of Federal architecture and among Bulfinch's finest works, and was designated a National Historic Landmark for its architectural significance.
Additional Foreign Language Tags:
(United States) "الولايات المتحدة" "Vereinigte Staaten" "アメリカ" "美国" "미국" "Estados Unidos" "États-Unis"
(Massachusetts) "ماساتشوستس" "麻萨诸塞州" "मैसाचुसेट्स" "マサチューセッツ" "매사추세츠 주" "Массачусетс"
(Boston) "بوسطن" "波士顿" "बोस्टन" "ボストン" "보스턴" "Бостон"
Slaves, Puritans and Poisoned Wheat
Popular history has tried to find pat answers to the causes of the Massachusetts witch trials of 1692. Convenient myths point an accusing finger at the severe and unforgiving Puritans. Others point to a dark-skinned Caribbean slave who supposedly brought witchcraft to Massachusetts from Barbados, or hallucinogenic microbes in the wheat causing the girls of the village to convulse and appear bewitched. In fact, these explanations have little basis in reality. Tituba and her husband, John Indian, black slaves from the Caribbean had no central role in the trials. There is no mention in any of the historical records of Tituba dancing in the woods with the girls, or practicing witchcraft.
While the Puritan religion makes an easy target for blame, most of the ministers of the day signed petitions declaring the innocence of the accused. In general, they were against the tactics of the Salem Judges.
There was even a theory that blamed the seizures of the girls on a microbial infection of the local wheat. In fact, the erratic behavior and gyrations of the accusers was carefully choreographed. This was not random, pathological movement caused by infected food.
There is no easy, convenient and neat explanation. The tragic events in Essex County, Massachusetts were initiated by ill-behaved girls who accused for sport. The court made a tragic situation worse. The accused, presumed guilty by the judges, were tortured until they pleaded guilty, accused others and were set free. If they pleaded innocent, they were executed. One man refused to plead at all and was tortured to death over a three day period. With these judicial tactics it is easy to understand why the number of accused increased dramatically over a short period of time.
What makes tragedies like this all the more tragic is that we do not always learn by our mistakes. How many “witch trials” have there been since 1692 and who have been the accused?
Dr. Len Radin
See our video on theatre etiquette at: youtu.be/lRwFj7aQZyo
Presented at
Drury High School
North Adams, Massachusetts
Plough and Harrow.
Built in circa 1850’s the Plough and Harrow Pub has had an interesting past which extends back as far as 1880 when it gained attention and opposition from publicans and puritans.
From the Dover Express and East Kent Intelligencer, 3 September, 1880. Price 1d.
APPLICATION
Mr. Mowll, solicitor, of Dover, said he was instructed by Messrs. Gardner and Co. Brewers of Ash, to ask permission of the Magistrates to pull down the public-house at Tilmanstone known as the "Plough and Harrow," and erect a new one in its stead. It was at present only a beer-house, and he had therefore to apply to the Bench to grant them a license to sell spirits.
Mr. Edward W. Fry, surveyor and architect, said he had prepared the public plans produced of the house which was proposed to be built, the erection of which would cost £700.
In answer to Mr. D'Aeth, Mr. Gardener (a member of the firm) stated that if the house were fully licensed a new tenant would be found to attend to the business solely, and not go out to work as the present one did. If a spirit license was granted it would not interfere with any other house in the district. There were no fully licensed houses along the main road from the "Coach and Horses" at Eastry to the "Royal Oak," Whitfield, a distance of between six or seven miles.
Mr. Minter, of Folkestone, appeared on behalf of the owner and occupier of the "Three Ravens" public-house, Tilmanstone, to oppose the application on the ground that additional accommodation was not required.
George Atwood, landlord of the public-house mentioned, deposed that the "Three Ravens Inn" was five minutes walk from the house proposed to be erected. He believed the population of the parish had decreased of late, and did not consider that the traffic had increased.
The application was refused.
Today has survived all attempts at opposition and the Plough and Harrow Pub at Tilmanstone had undergone a massive transformation which has reinvigorated the old pub into a stylish place to stop and indulge in a pint.
Tilmanstone, Kent, UK.