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The latest mural in Łódź: "TIGER" in a "technological" environment, the EC1 building or a code referring to a programming language... Author: Adam Wirski, known as 'Kruk'.
The concept is to refer to the activity of the SESTO company, on whose building it is located - i.e. the production of electronic components for railway substations, as well as other electronic systems used in industry. Łódź, Poland
Laws of Physics
Laws of Nature
Laws of Common Sense
Laws of Man
Laws of Musk
Lords of COBOL
Laws of God
Laws of Beans and Beer
"Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their country." – Charles E. Weller
Media:
* Wikipedia: Filler text
* Stu Phillips and Glen A. Larson: Battlestar Galactica Theme (1978)
* Prometheus of Videos: Empire Strikes Back: Intro to Imperial Fleet & Executor / Arrival At Hoth (1980)
Tualatin Fred Meyer, 11:26 PM.
See also: January 20, 2025, 4:16 PM (2024)
The Macro Mondays theme for this week is "Stitch". Photo of a LabVIEW Logo hat patch. LabVIEW is a graphical programming language created by National Instruments
Todays Macro Monday theme is "In Between" and I thought about the gaps at the back of a fountain pen nib.
I'm pretty computer literate, I can hack my way through all sorts of programming languages and tend to learn software applications fairly painlessly, but I still have a bit of an obsession in writing in fountain pen.
I find it steadies my thought process down and gives me thinking time. I even take great care in finding specific inks to write in.
Ranging from British Racing Green when I want to be patriotic through to my everyday ink that I have imported from Japan just because it writes smoothly and I love the colour.
I also think my pens will make a nice gift for my children when I'm too old to use them. They're my everyday pens so they've seen their share of action but I think if you have something beautifully made then it's to be used not stored and hidden away.
I'm just showing Robbie some neat things on his eMac. I think in this picture I was showing him a bit how to program in this awesome programming language Python (www.python.org). Later that I found perhaps the best text editor in the world. I love it. It's called TextMate and it can do everything (www.macromates.com).
Cuthbert was a big fan of the Korn shell. These days he uses bash.
We're Here: Shells
The Kornshell: Command and Programming Language
by Morris I. Bolsky and David G. Korn
This incredible glass structure sits in front of what was The Sundowner Motel in Albuquerque. The Sundowner was built in 1960 during the heart of Route 66 tourism.
This glass structure casts amazing coloured shadows on the ground. I'd love it in my yard.
This motel was where Bill Gates and Paul Allen lived when they wrote a version of the programming language BASIC for the Altair 8800 computer in 1975. Their company Albuquerque based MITS later moved off to Seattle as they were unable to get funding from banks here in Albuquerque. The rest, as they say, is history.
The Sundowner Motel is now an apartment complex.
Haskell (named after one of my husband's favourite programming languages) is my only boy Pullip (aka, Taeyang), which as you can imagine makes him quite popular with my five girls :D
The poor dear has an extremely small wardrobe though, as it seems the stores here in Canada almost never sell Ken (doll) clothes any more (what happened to the good old days of the 80s and early 90s when nearly every toy and department store was overflowing with Barbie accessories and outfits?). Thus most of the time he remains in some of the pieces of his stock outfit, which he doesn't actually mind too much, as he's something of a proper gentleman with dapper taste in clothes.
A view down the side of one of the open atriums within Bell Works in Holmdel, NJ. Bell Works is the two million-square-foot building formerly known as "Bell Labs," where Bell employees did foundational research that led to discoveries and advancements in transistors, lasers, the Unix operating system, the C programming language, and CCD technologies. Several noble prizes were awarded to the teams who worked here back in the day.
Today, Bell Works is a re-imagined workspace, nicknamed the "Metroburb", featuring floors of private offices that overlook a giant atrium area full of specialty shops, restaurants, a basketball court, both Dental and Medical offices, an indoor virtual driving range, art gallery space, escape rooms, the Axelrod Performing Arts Academy, and the Holmdel branch of the Monmouth County Public Library. They are open to the public from 6:00 AM to Midnight each day, and it's a great place to walk some laps in bad weather in a safe, secure environment.
Panasonic Lumix ZS100 compact digital camera, 9mm (25mm equiv on 35mm), F7, ISO 320, 1/80th second.
I wrote a little program in R (a programming language for statistics) to produce a homemade leaf (for nature enthusiasts in quarantine):
postscript("Homemade_Leaf.ps", width = 10, height = 10)
phi=seq(-pi,pi,pi/200)
### ???
r15=0.25*(1+cos(phi))*(1+cos(5*phi))+0.1*(1+cos(phi))*(1+cos(15*phi))+(1-0.2*cos(phi))*(1+cos(phi))
phi15=phi+0.025*((1+cos(phi))*(-sin(5*phi)-2*sin(15*phi)/5)+(1-cos(phi))*(-sin(phi)))
r15=r15/max(r15)
plot(r15*sin(phi15),r15*cos(phi15),type='l',xlim=c(-1,1),ylim=c(-0.3,1))
MAX=8
for(i in 1:MAX){
ri=r15*i/MAX
lines(ri*sin(phi15),ri*cos(phi15),col='gray')
}
for(j in 1:length(r15)){
vx=rep(0,MAX+1)
vy=rep(0,MAX+1)
for(i in 1:MAX){
rji=r15[j]*i/MAX
vx[i]=rji*sin(phi15[j])
vy[i]=rji*cos(phi15[j])
}
lines(vx,vy,col='darkgreen')
}
dev.off()
The 17th century French polymath, Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), is famous for several reasons. Taught by his father, he was a child prodigy who excelled in mathematics and the science of his day.
Amazingly enough, whilst still in his teens, he developed ideas about calculating machines and over three years produced 50 prototypes. He is rightly considered one of the fathers of mechanical calculators and his findings contributed eventually to the rise of modern computers. In fact one of the early computer programming languages was named after him: Pascal.
His major scientific discoveries, however, related to chemistry, particularly the study of fluids and the clarification of theories about gases under pressure and the vacuum. I can recall first learning about him in high school Chemistry - a Pascal is now a unit of pressure.
His major contributions to mathematics began when he was just 16, both in geometry and probability theory. In fact this latter theory led him to his primary reason for choosing to believe in God (though let me add, this is NOT why he believed in God - more of that in the next picture).
Pascal's Wager is another term that has entered our lexicon. In it Pascal argues that one must stake one's own life on the outcome of a coin toss.
Suppose the following (and I'll use terms current with the theology of his age):
You believe in God AND
{God exists} = Eternal Happiness or Heaven
{God does not exist} = Nothing
You do not believe in God AND
{God exists} = Eternal Damnation or Hell
{God does not exist} = Nothing
Now leaving aside the debate about Hell (in which most people in Pascal's age believed), you can see the conclusion. By staking your life on the fact that God exists you cannot lose the bet. And more than this, you have lived a virtuous life (supposing that you are true to the principles of your faith).
But this rational argument is not why Blaise Pascal believed in God. He also said, "The heart has its reasons which reason cannot tell." So to the next picture...
This model represents the logo of KotlinConf, a conference dedicated to Kotlin programming language.
While the logo as pictured on their homepage certainly has an origami-like appearance, I don’t know if it is based on an actual origami model or only made to look like one. Nonetheless, I was able to devise a way of folding exactly the same shape from a single square of paper (duo colored: blue on one side and orange on the other) without any cutting or glue. It was a fun challenge.
"Treinta y tres, tres tes"
"BINGO!!!!"
A quadtych to all of you :D
Today, studying Programming Languages (Lisp( :D ), Prolog( :@ ) and relative things( :AbsoluteShit: )...)
I hope I'll survive to tomorrow :D
PS: I know there are some cuts of color and things, but this was the intention, not to create a master master piece... ^^
Read the article on opensource.com
Education Reform: Insert your favorite “Wrath of Khan” joke blog title here
Design without debt: Five tools for designers on a budget
Scratch, a programming language for kids
Created by Jessica Duensing for opensource.com
Cobol was one of the first high-level programming languages. Condemned to disappear many years ago, it is still more current than ever. In the USA there is an urgent search by programmers in this language to keep alive the millionaire applications developed in this language, which is not resigned to death.
I love it, it was one of the most powerful and beautiful languages that I knew in my computer profession.
Kotlin is a programming language for the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) which is gaining in popularity. Having used it for some time, I'm quite happy about the results and I held a Kotlin birds-of-a-feather session at the recent Devoxx.PL conference in Kraków, Poland.
Since the logo is quite simple and based on geometric shapes representing just the letter K, I couldn't resist trying to design it in origami. Lacking duo paper with the right colors, I used a three--layer sandwich paper (Tant-tissue-Unryu).
Vote to make this a real LEGO set: bit.ly/3cgHobo
This vignette of Grace Hopper is part of "Women of Computing," a project on the LEGO Ideas contest celebrating six pioneering women in technology.
If this project receives 10,000 votes, you could soon buy one at a LEGO store near you!
A trailblazing computer scientist and rear admiral in the U.S. Navy, Hopper spent more than 40 years shaping the world of computing. One of the first modern programmers, she helped bring computing to the masses in new and fundamental ways. She was a lead programmer on the Mark I, an early general-purpose computer developed at Harvard University. She is credited by many as having invented the first compiler, which translates code into another language. She played a leading role in the development of COBOL, a highly influential programming language using English words that was incorporated into untold business and government applications. And she was a key driver on the Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) I, a general-purpose computer that debuted in the 1950s and revolutionized how businesses worked. A portion of the UNIVAC is depicted in this vignette along with a model of Hopper's desk, which features a backward-running clock, a moth (considered the first literal computer "bug"), a pirate flag, and more. Hopper is holding a coil of wire that she used to publicly demonstrate the concepts of microseconds and nanoseconds.
The full Women of NASA set includes five additional minifigures — of Ada Lovelace, Betty Holberton, Jean Jennings Bartik, Gladys West, and Annie Easley.
To see the full set and to vote, visit: bit.ly/3cgHobo. Thanks for your support!
Donald Knuth, 1974 @ CHM
In this portrait of the artist as a young man, bit by bit he realizes that he is a prisoner, yet keeps a hand in both camps.
From comment stream below: I think art is the emergent beauty of computational complexity. We use a process of simple steps to create a pattern or resonant homology to the computational complexity of nature.
Natural beauty, whether fractal or evolved, it the product of iteration. We immediately recognize such constructs as complex and rich (a intricate shell, a landscape). A blank canvas in a gallery or a silent symphony is not art. The art there is at a higher level of abstraction, art in the process itself. The only reason people pay any attention at all to such things is that they represent a symbolic hack to the institution of art, a banner that we've been punked.
I took this photo to document the setup that I was using while I was working on my senior project in college. It was a little table-top particle physics project, using a detector (just off camera to the right) not built by me. I set up the data acquisition chain in the lab and wrote some software to run it. (Side note: that was implemented in LabView, which I haven’t used since. LabView is an interesting concept that lets you write software graphically, instead of in a traditional programming language. I remember waking up that semester in the middle of trippy dreams involving that programming language.)
Most of the electronics boards here were, I think, basically spare parts that my advisor (the late Prof Ulrich Becker) had brought back from CERN. I think some of it was stuff that had gone bad and thus been tossed. He would take the boards to his lab bench and figure out which solder joint had failed or whatever and fix it. (It may have also just been surplus.)
(For the curious, the bottom rack is a CAMAC crate and the rack above it is a NIM crate.)
The most interesting artifact here is the module on the very top, which isn’t connected to anything in this photo but worked just fine and was used for manual testing. It was a simple pulse counter, old enough that the display used Nixie tubes ( www.youtube.com/watch?v=wXBK__h6MY0 ). Unfortunately I do not have a picture of it powered on. Those Nixie tubes were so cool. The hand lettering in orange paint says “KF GRP”. This was a reference to the Kendall-Friedman Group. Henry Kendall and Jerry Friedman were the MIT part of the MIT-SLAC deep inelastic scattering experiments that discovered the quark structure of the proton in the late 60s and early 70s. Kendall, Friedman, and Richard Taylor won the Nobel Prize for this in 1990. So I always assumed that this was surplus left over from that era, although that is an assumption.
Henry Kendall assisted as an instructor for a small lab component of a class I had as a freshman in the fall of 1998. (Physics majors don’t take a “real” lab class until junior year, but this was some very light introduction to the lab environment that was folded into another class.) I distinctly remember him gently scolding me for showing too many significant digits in my numerical results. It’s a lesson I never forgot! Only a month or two later, he tragically died in a diving accident in Florida. I saw Friedman give a lecture at MIT at some point. I don’t recall if I ever encountered Taylor when I was at SLAC.
This lab was in Building 44 — the MIT Cyclotron building, which has since been demolished. I must have an old film picture of the cyclotron somewhere. I should see if I can find one. (The cyclotron dated to about 1940 but I believe the building was newer [ physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.3058412 ].)
The Atari 400 and Atari 800 were released in 1979. The 800 was the higher-end model and the one I grew up with.
I spent many afternoons and weekends with this machine, typing in BASIC programs from magazines and playing games. BASIC was the first programming language I learned, and I learned it on this machine.
10 PRINT "HELLO WORLD"
20 GOTO 10
Siri-Stroustrup Software Engineer-cat sez:
"Eurekat! I has just invented a new programming language called CAT++
It has classes and objects and also has Inheritance Polymorphism that allows it to create default objects such as Meeces, Fishes and Birdies - Yum Yum!
Wait a minute though - does that mean that I could actually belong to a parent class called Mousie that forces me to inherit the same member functions as a mousie has? HIIIIILPPPPPPP............!
🔹🔸[000t0=Time Language, World Language, and Number Language]🔸🔹
090t 09t0=Pray for a sign. 하나님의 기적을 기도하다.
7t77=Have a nice day. 좋은 하루 보내세요.
070t 1t1=Happy Birthday 생일 축하해요.
01t01=We're friends forever. 우린 영원한 친구다.
02t02=We Go Together. 우리 함께 갑시다.
0005t=0!5=0!0=Summit, Top, Awesome 정상
007t=Nice to meet you.
0010t=Health, Stay healthy 건강하세요.
0015t=User
0009t=0!9=God bless you! 신의 은총이 있기를 바랍니다!
0t0=Amen 아멘
033t=Schedule
044t=Money
055t=Victory
066t=Textbook
0t77=Global
77t7=Meeting
077t=Business
088t=Internet
099t=Computer
1×t=Good luck! 행운을 빌께요!, 잘 되길!
123×t=Call 전화하다
27×t=Honesty, Be honest. 정직, 정직하라.
33×t=Mind
34×t=Cheer up! 힘내요!, 화이팅!
35×t=Best
88×t=App 앱
99×t=Game
82t82=Name Card 명함
88t8=Promise, Appointment 약속, 약속하다.
015t=Family 👪
018t=Friend
0111×t=Dreams Come True. 꿈은 이루어진다.
TIMEnasa
🎼🎼🎼 ✒+.×.÷/=!
※※※ (×=Multiplication sign)
🔸🔹🔸
000t0=Time Language, AI Language, Common Language, Computer Language, Digital Language, Future Language, Global Language, ICT Language, International Language, Internet Language, IoT Language, Link Language, Number Language, Program Language, SNS Language, Thinking Language, TNS Language, Universal Language, and World Language
🔸🔹🔸
We're introducing Time Language all over the world. Time Language is the world's language consisting of numbers that anyone in the world can easily use. Time Language frees us from foreign languages. Now, there is no need for interpretation and translation. Time Language is pronounced in the language of each country and the meaning is the same. [000t0=Time Language, Copyright 1974. T.H. Kwon All Rights Reserved.] Looking forward to our interactions. Thank you. Huibok Choe, Ph.D.
🎓 Business Administration [Ph.D., MBA]
💼 CMO at TIMEnasa
🔊 030t 2t6 16×t 0t000
최희복 경영학박사
🔸🔹[000t0 Service Site]🔹🔸
● www.facebook.com/TIMEnasaGroup
● www.facebook.com/huibokchoe.3
● www.facebook.com/huibok.choe.311
● www.linkedin.com/in/huibok-choe-ph-d-cmo-649298a7/
● www.linkedin.com/pub/th-kwon/105/106/105
● www.pinterest.com/Timelanguage
● www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100005183118164
● www.facebook.com/huibok.choe.39
● www.flickr.com/photos/136914266@N05/
••• You should google 000t0. •••
🌏 TIMEnasa Creations(Books & Works) 🌏
1. TIMEnasa 🌐
2. 000t0=Time Language / World Language / Number Language 🌍
Copyright 1974. T.H. Kwon All Rights Reserved.
3. Nti2000=IoT / Metaverse / Smart City / Smart Systems 🌎
Copyright 1978. T.H. Kwon All Rights Reserved.
4. Number Money=Digital Currency / Virtual Currency / Cryptocurrency 💰
Copyright 1969. T.H. Kwon All Rights Reserved.
5. PocketBox=Smartphone / Copyright of the App 📱
Copyright 1978. T.H. Kwon All Rights Reserved.
6. M+W=People Language 📖
7. ~ 14. TIME theory 📕
15. etc. 📡
🔊 Don't use without the permission of the copyright holder.
ㅡ Copyright holder, Author : T.H. Kwon
■ TIMEnasa
□ TIMELANGUAGE Inc.
□ TIMEmilk Inc.
□ TIMEnasa university Inc.
■ TIMEnasa Site
See more animation on YouTube:
www.youtube.com/channel/UCF0N-j_mh3itYwSgtyG83Ag
These drawings are done by using some java script programing language and simple mathematics. Twisting and turn one line at a time to draw geometrical shape like these.
#geometric #math #mathematics #programming #Javascript #canvas #art #mandala #drawing #structure #flower #topology #shapes #shapemorph #animation #spirals #fractals #trigonometry #sides #lines #flower #kaleidoscope #spirals #followforfollow #ff #follow #art #follow4follow #roschach
Eric is an iOS Software Engineer in San Francisco. After being acquired by Capital One, he likes to spend his days at work hanging out with Samuel L. Jackson and asking everyone "What's in your wallet?". Lately his main focus has been with Swift and gaining a deeper knowledge of programming languages at the core.
Outside iOS, his interests are tinkering with hardware (Raspberry Pi and Arduino), gaming, exploring San Francisco, and regretting endless Netflix marathons. You can find Eric on Twitter or his personal site.
Children and teens have an opportunity to explore programming using the Finch robots and the Scratch programming language. The maze was too tough to master in a single 90-minute session, so the 1st-place trophy will be reserved for next time. (But everyone got some leftover easter candy as a consolation prize.)
This project is made possible by a grant from the U.S. Institute of Museum and Library Services and Texas State Library and Archives Commission (2016).
No, no the programming language but the roller coaster in Efteling... soaring just above us while we were having a waffle...
Title: In October 1979, eleven students, mainly newly arrived Vietnamese refugees enrolled in a special language course at Fanshawe College, toured various schools and public functions in St. Thomas. Here, Alderman Peter Laing greeted the group on Talbot Street across from city hall. Currently, the Hamad family, refugees from Syria, have been settling into their new life in St. Thomas since February 17th. The family is being privately sponsored by First United Church.
Creator(s): St. Thomas Times-Journal
Bygone Days Publication Date: March 1, 2016
Original Publication Date: October 19, 1979
Reference No.: C9 Sh4 B6 F9 4
Credit: Elgin County Archives, St. Thomas Times-Journal fonds
Image source:
www.flickr.com/photos/striatic/928762
www.flickr.com/photos/editor/2590568234
Read the article on opensource.com
Can programming language names be trademarks?
Created by Meredith Atwater for opensource.com
Also known as "pulling," the Czochralski process is also used to grow single silicon crystals that are cut and used as silicon wafers (which seemed appropriate, given this is meant as a gift to a creator of a programming language). This is a more time-consuming, expensive process than the verneuil (flame fusion) process commonly used to create lab-created gem rough, is of higher quality, and allows for larger finished stones.
The gem was cut from red corundum (which is what a ruby is -- any other color of corundum is a sapphire).
I need to stop ordering books from Amazon starting from this Monday (I ordered one over the weekend). I've managed to sort most of them out today and limited them to three shelves. Top shelf - mostly used and want to read, middle shelf - read most of them and might want to read again, bottom shelf - reference only. Oh the sad life of a geek!
Happy Day of the Programmer (the 256th day of the year).
This is the book I associate most with my becoming a programmer.
Lego is a line of plastic construction toys manufactured by the Lego Group, a privately held company based in Billund, Denmark. Lego consists of variously colored interlocking plastic bricks made of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene that accompany an array of gears, figurines called minifigures, and various other parts. Its pieces can be assembled and connected in many ways to construct objects, including vehicles, buildings, and working robots. Anything constructed can be taken apart again, and the pieces reused to make new things.
The Lego Group began manufacturing the interlocking toy bricks in 1949. Moulding is done in Denmark, Hungary, Mexico, and China. Brick decorations and packaging are done at plants in the former three countries and in the Czech Republic. Annual production of the bricks averages approximately 36 billion, or about 1140 elements per second.
Films, games competitions, and eight Legoland amusement parks have been developed under the brand. One of Europe's biggest companies, Lego is the largest toy manufacturer in the world by sales. As of July 2015, 600 billion Lego parts had been produced.
History
The Lego Group began in the workshop of Ole Kirk Christiansen (1891–1958), a carpenter from Billund, Denmark, who began making wooden toys in 1932. In 1934, his company came to be called "Lego", derived from the Danish phrase leg godt which means "play well". In 1947, Lego expanded to begin producing plastic toys. In 1949 the business began producing, among other new products, an early version of the now familiar interlocking bricks, calling them "Automatic Binding Bricks". These bricks were based on the Kiddicraft Self-Locking Bricks, invented by Hilary Page in 1939 and patented in the United Kingdom in 1940 before being displayed at the 1947 Earl's Court Toy Fair. Lego had received a sample of the Kiddicraft bricks from the supplier of an injection-molding machine that it purchased. The bricks, originally manufactured from cellulose acetate, were a development of the traditional stackable wooden blocks of the time.
The Lego Group's motto, "only the best is good enough" (Danish: det bedste er ikke for godt, literally "the best isn't excessively good") was created in 1936. Christiansen created the motto, still used today, to encourage his employees never to skimp on quality, a value he believed in strongly. By 1951, plastic toys accounted for half of the company's output, even though the Danish trade magazine Legetøjs-Tidende ("Toy Times"), visiting the Lego factory in Billund in the early 1950s, wrote that plastic would never be able to replace traditional wooden toys. Although a common sentiment, Lego toys seem to have become a significant exception to the dislike of plastic in children's toys, due in part to the high standards set by Ole Kirk.
By 1954, Christiansen's son, Godtfred, had become the junior managing director of the Lego Group. It was his conversation with an overseas buyer that led to the idea of a toy system. Godtfred saw the immense potential in Lego bricks to become a system for creative play, but the bricks still had some problems from a technical standpoint: Their locking ability was still limited, and they were not yet versatile. In 1958, the modern brick design was developed; it took five years to find the right material for it, ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) polymer. A patent application for the modern Lego brick design was filed in Denmark on 28 January 1958 and in various other countries in the subsequent few years.
The Lego Group's Duplo product line was introduced in 1969 and is a range of blocks whose lengths measure twice the width, height, and depth of standard Lego blocks and are aimed towards younger children. In 1978, Lego produced the first minifigures, which have since become a staple in most sets.
In May 2011, Space Shuttle Endeavour mission STS-134 brought 13 Lego kits to the International Space Station, where astronauts built models to see how they would react in microgravity, as a part of the Lego Bricks in Space program. In May 2013, the largest model ever created, made of over 5 million bricks, was displayed in New York City; a one-to-one scale model of a Star Wars X-wing fighter. Other record breakers include a 34-metre (112 ft) tower and a 4 km (2.5 mi) railway.
In February 2015, marketing consulting company Brand Finance ranked Lego as the "world's most powerful brand", overtaking Ferrari.
Lego bricks have acquired a reputation for causing extreme pain when stepped on.
Design
Lego pieces of all varieties constitute a universal system. Despite variations in the design and the purposes of individual pieces over the years, each remains compatible in some way with existing pieces. Lego bricks from 1958 still interlock with those made presently, and Lego sets for young children are compatible with those made for teenagers. Six bricks of 2 × 4 studs can be combined in 915,103,765 ways.
Each piece must be manufactured to an exacting degree of precision. When two pieces are engaged, they must fit firmly, yet be easily disassembled. The machines that manufacture Lego bricks have tolerances as small as 10 micrometres.
Primary concept and development work for the toy takes place at the Billund headquarters, where the company employs approximately 120 designers. The company also has smaller design offices in the UK, Spain, Germany, and Japan which are tasked with developing products aimed specifically at their respective national markets. The average development period for a new product is around twelve months, split into three stages. The first is to identify market trends and developments, including contact by the designers directly with the market; some are stationed in toy shops close to holidays, while others interview children. The second stage is the design and development of the product based on the results of the first stage. As of September 2008 the design teams use 3D modelling software to generate CAD drawings from initial design sketches. The designs are then prototyped using an in-house stereolithography machine. These prototypes are presented to the entire project team for comment and testing by parents and children during the "validation" process. Designs may then be altered in accordance with the results from the focus groups. Virtual models of completed Lego products are built concurrently with the writing of the user instructions. Completed CAD models are also used in the wider organisation for marketing and packaging.
Lego Digital Designer is an official piece of Lego software for Mac OS X and Windows which allows users to create their own digital Lego designs. The program once allowed customers to order custom designs with a service to ship physical models from Digital Designer to consumers; the service ended in 2012.
Manufacturing
Since 1963, Lego pieces have been manufactured from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). As of September 2008, Lego engineers use the NX CAD/CAM/CAE PLM software suite to model the elements. The software allows the parts to be optimised by way of mould flow and stress analysis. Prototype moulds are sometimes built before the design is committed to mass production. The ABS plastic is heated to 232 °C (450 °F) until it reaches a dough-like consistency. It is then injected into the moulds using forces of between 25 and 150 tonnes and takes approximately 15 seconds to cool. The moulds are permitted a tolerance of up to twenty micrometres to ensure the bricks remain connected. Human inspectors check the output of the moulds to eliminate significant variations in colour or thickness. According to the Lego Group, about eighteen bricks out of every million fail to meet the standard required.
Lego factories recycle all but about 1 percent of their plastic waste from the manufacturing process. If the plastic cannot be re-used in Lego bricks, it is processed and sold on to industries that can make use of it. Lego, in 2018, set a self-imposed 2030 deadline to find a more eco-friendly alternative to the ABS plastic.
Manufacturing of Lego bricks occurs at several locations around the world. Moulding is done in Billund, Denmark; Nyíregyháza, Hungary; Monterrey, Mexico; and most recently in Jiaxing, China. Brick decorations and packaging are done at plants in the former three countries and in Kladno in the Czech Republic. The Lego Group estimates that in five decades it has produced 400 billion Lego blocks. Annual production of the bricks averages approximately 36 billion, or about 1140 elements per second. According to an article in BusinessWeek in 2006, Lego could also be considered the world's number-one tyre manufacturer; the factory produces about 306 million small rubber tyres a year. The claim was reiterated in 2012.
In December 2012, the BBC's More or Less radio program asked the Open University's engineering department to determine "how many Lego bricks, stacked one on top of the other, it would take for the weight to destroy the bottom brick?" Using a hydraulic testing machine, members of the department determined the average maximum force a 2×2 Lego brick can stand is 4,240 newtons. Since an average 2×2 Lego brick has a mass of 1.152 grams (0.0406 oz), according to their calculations it would take a stack of 375,000 bricks to cause the bottom brick to collapse, which represents a stack 3,591 metres (11,781 ft) in height.
Private tests have shown several thousand assembly-disassembly cycles before the bricks begin to wear out, although Lego tests show fewer cycles.
In 2018, Lego announced that it will be using bio-derived polyethylene to make its botanical elements (parts such as leaves, bushes and trees). The New York Times reported the company's footprint that year was "about a million tons of carbon dioxide each year" and that it was investing about 1 billion kroner and hiring 100 people to work on changes. The paper reported that Lego's researchers "have already experimented with around 200 alternatives." In 2020, Lego announced that it would cease packaging its products in single-use plastic bags and would instead be using recyclable paper bags. In 2021, the company said it would aim to produce its bricks without using crude oil, by using recycled polyethylene terephthalate bottles, but in 2023 it reversed this decision, having found that this did not reduce its carbon dioxide emissions.
Set themes
Since the 1950s, the Lego Group has released thousands of sets with a variety of themes, including space, pirates, trains, (European) castle, dinosaurs, undersea exploration, and wild west, as well as wholly original themes like Bionicle and Hero Factory. Some of the classic themes that continue to the present day include Lego City (a line of sets depicting city life introduced in 1973) and Lego Technic (a line aimed at emulating complex machinery, introduced in 1977).
Over the years, the company has licensed themes from numerous cartoon and film franchises and some from video games. These include Batman, Indiana Jones, Pirates of the Caribbean, Harry Potter, Star Wars, Marvel, and Minecraft. Although some of these themes, Lego Star Wars and Lego Indiana Jones, had highly successful sales, the company expressed in 2015 a desire to rely more upon their own characters and classic themes and less upon such licensed themes. Some sets include references to other themes such as a Bionicle mask in one of the Harry Potter sets. Discontinued sets may become a collectable and command value on the black market.
For the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Lego released a special Team GB Minifigures series exclusively in the United Kingdom to mark the opening of the games. For the 2016 Summer Olympics and 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro, Lego released a kit with the Olympic and Paralympic mascots Vinicius and Tom.
One of the largest commercially produced Lego sets was a minifig-scaled edition of the Star Wars Millennium Falcon. Designed by Jens Kronvold Fredericksen, it was released in 2007 and contained 5,195 pieces. It was surpassed by a 5,922-piece Taj Mahal. A redesigned Millennium Falcon retook the top spot in 2017 with 7,541 pieces. Since then, the Millennium Falcon has been superseded by the Lego Art World Map at 11,695 pieces, the Lego Titanic at 9,090 pieces, and the Lego Architect Colosseum at 9,036 pieces.
In 2022, Lego introduced its Eiffel Tower. The set consists of 10,000 parts and reaches a height of 149 cm, which makes it the tallest set and tower but the second in number of parts after the World Map.
Robotics themes
Main articles: Lego Mindstorms, Lego Mindstorms NXT, Lego Mindstorms NXT 2.0, and Lego Mindstorms EV3
The company also initiated a robotics line of toys called 'Mindstorms' in 1999, and has continued to expand and update this range ever since. The roots of the product originate from a programmable brick developed at the MIT Media Lab, and the name is taken from a paper by Seymour Papert, a computer scientist and educator who developed the educational theory of constructionism, and whose research was at times funded by the Lego Group.
The programmable Lego brick which is at the heart of these robotics sets has undergone several updates and redesigns, with the latest being called the 'EV3' brick, being sold under the name of Lego Mindstorms EV3. The set includes sensors that detect touch, light, sound and ultrasonic waves, with several others being sold separately, including an RFID reader.
The intelligent brick can be programmed using official software available for Windows and Mac computers, and is downloaded onto the brick via Bluetooth or a USB cable. There are also several unofficial programs and compatible programming languages that have been made to work with the brick, and many books have been written to support this community.
There are several robotics competitions which use the Lego robotics sets. The earliest is Botball, a national U.S. middle- and high-school competition stemming from the MIT 6.270 Lego robotics tournament. Other Lego robotics competitions include FIRST LEGO League Discover for children ages 4–6, FIRST LEGO League Explore for students ages 6–9 and FIRST Lego League Challenge for students ages 9–16 (age 9–14 in the United States, Canada, and Mexico). These programs offer real-world engineering challenges to participants. FIRST LEGO League Challenge uses LEGO-based robots to complete tasks, FIRST LEGO League Explore participants build models out of Lego elements, and FIRST LEGO League Discover participants use Duplo. In its 2019–2020 season, there were 38,609 FIRST LEGO League Challenge teams and 21,703 FIRST LEGO League Explore teams around the world. The international RoboCup Junior football competition involves extensive use of Lego Mindstorms equipment which is often pushed to its extreme limits.
The capabilities of the Mindstorms range have now been harnessed for use in Iko Creative Prosthetic System, a prosthetic limbs system designed for children. Designs for these Lego prosthetics allow everything from mechanical diggers to laser-firing spaceships to be screwed on to the end of a child's limb. Iko is the work of the Chicago-based Colombian designer Carlos Arturo Torres, and is a modular system that allows children to customise their own prosthetics with the ease of clicking together plastic bricks. Designed with Lego's Future Lab, the Danish toy company's experimental research department, and Cirec, a Colombian foundation for physical rehabilitation, the modular prosthetic incorporates myoelectric sensors that register the activity of the muscle in the stump and send a signal to control movement in the attachment. A processing unit in the body of the prosthetic contains an engine compatible with Lego Mindstorms, the company's robotics line, which lets the wearer build an extensive range of customised, programmable limbs.
In popular culture
Lego's popularity is demonstrated by its wide representation and usage in many cultural works, including books, films, and art. It has even been used in the classroom as a teaching tool. In the US, Lego Education North America is a joint venture between Pitsco, Inc. and the educational division of the Lego Group.
In 1998, Lego bricks were one of the original inductees into the National Toy Hall of Fame at The Strong in Rochester, New York.
"Lego" is commonly used as a mass noun ("some Lego") or, in American English, as a countable noun with plural "Legos", to refer to the bricks themselves, but as is common for trademarks, Lego group insists on the name being used as an adjective when referring to a product (as in "LEGO bricks").
There is no predefined agenda; instead attendees collaboratively create one during the first evening of the event.
Right now, I am listening to a discussion of entropy and the mathematics of time by Lee Smolin, Jaron Lanier and Neal Stephenson…
So many cool but concurrent sessions… I’m open to your votes on which ones to attend…
Saturday, August 4th
09:30
1.The Next Big Programming Language
2.Open Science 2.0
3.Digital Data Libraries
4.Citizen Science - Where Next?
5.Future of Healthcare
6.Visual Garage - We'll Fix Your Graphs and Visuals
7.Quantum Computing - What, Why, How
8.Synthesizing Life
10:30
1.Efficient Inverse Control: Through the Users Not the Resources
2.Clinical Problems in Neuroscience / Towards Practical Cognitive Augmentation / Towards Practical Cognitive Augmentataion
3.How to Build Intelligent Machines
4.Why aren't there more Scientists on the Covers of Magazines
5.Future of Human Space Flight and Ocean Exploration
6.Science and Art
7.3D Video Applications: How to Publish Science in Video
8.The Nature of Time and Mathematics
9.Alternate terms of Science Education
10.Future History of Biology
11.Human Cell and Regeneration Map or is it worth building a cellular resolution database for the whole human body?
11:30
1.3D Printing / Robot Printing / Food Printing / Printer Printing
2.Just When You Thought It Was Safe to Teach Evolution
3.Sequencing the Genome: Implications, Ethics, Goals
4.Are Patents Preventing Innovation?
5.Tricoder is Finally Here
6.Ethical Implications of the Information Society
7.Reversible Computation and Its Connections to Quantum Interpretations
8.Mapping Science and Other Big Networks
9.A Magician Looks at the Irrational and Pseudo-Science
10.Listening to the World: Voices from the Blue Deep
14:00
1.Collecting More Data Faster Can Make an Organization Dumber
2.Skepticism and Critical Thinking in an Age of Marvels
3.Computable Data/Mathematics
4.$100 Laptop Demo
5.Where Are the Aliens?
6.The Selfish Scientist
7.Evolutionary Robotics
8.Buildings, Energy Use and Behavior Change - Can the Built Environment be an Interface?
9.Why a Mouse?: Multi-touch, Physical and Social Interfaces for Manipulating Data
10.Scientific Communication in 2030
11.Universe or Multiverse?
12.Reuse of Sewage to Grow Food and Provide Sanitation
13.Is Collaborative Policy Making Possible? (think wikipedia, government simulation games)
14.Viral Chatter
15:00
1.Freebase Demo
2.Biodiversity on the Web: Science Publishing
3.Prioritizing the World's Problems
4.Display of Greater than 2D Data or Lots of 2D Data All at Once
5.E-Science Beyond Infrastructure
6.Implantable Devices and Microchips for Healthcare / Diver Assistance Devices
7.Using Evolution for Design and Discovery
8.Stem Cells (a.k.a. How to Get Scientists to Care about Web 2.0
9.Machine Reading & Understanding Science
10.Science & Fundamentalism
11.Biological Data & Research / Open Source Biomedical Research for Neglected Diseases
12.My Daughter's DNA: Hacking Your Genome / Towards a Data Wiki
13.Network-Centric Biomedicine
14.Squishy Magnets, Talking Paper and Disapearing Ink: How can inventables.com open its doors to kids for free.
16:00
1.Give us your Data! Google's effort to archive and distribute the world's scientifcic datasets.
2.Personal Impact Factor: Measuring Scientific Contributions Outside the Literature
3.Kids, Science, Math & Rational Thought
4.Micro-UAVs
5.Machine Learning in the Natural Sciences
6.Hunch Engines
17:00
1.Data Mining the Sky
2.All-Fluidic Computing
3.Science vs. Capitalism: Utopian Effots in the Overshoot Century
4.Dinosaurs and Ancient Sarahans
5.The Paperless Home
6.Provenance Analytics: Illuminating Science Trails and the Future of Scientific Publications
20:00
1.Piracy, Murder and a Media Revolution
2.Engineering Living Instruments
3.Nanohype: The volumnious vacuous vapid world where only size matters.
Sunday, August 5th
09:30
1.Golem: Data Mining for Materials (and Non-Programmers): sketching information systems Andrew Walkingshaw / Searching the Edges of the Web
2.Novel Biofuels
3.Genome Voyeurism – Let's poke through Jim Watson's genome
4.Would You Upload?
5.Reforming Patent Systems
6.How to Celebrate Darwin in 2009
7.Innovation is Not Pointless...But It's So 20th Century
10:30
1.Large Scale Molecular Simulation
2.Tree of Life: Fractal Data Problem
3.Planetary Defense Against Asteroids
4.The Automation of Science and the Technological Singularity
11:30
1.Science on the Stage
2.Human Microbiome
3.Out Future Lies in Space
4.Climate Crisis vs. Environmental Justice
Back to school. After all these years, now I really want to learn the C programming language. A good book, new powerful hardware, and we can start.
I use Atmel Studio 7.0, the STK600 programmer tool, PicoScope 2205, Logicport analyser with 32 channels @ 500MHz, and the low cost MikroElecronika Xmega board with a lot of I/O's. The chip used is the ATXmega128A1U. I've 2 boards now, one for tests and one for a future application. I've to read over the 1500 pages of information and data sheets. The first program run now with just 8 leds. Next step is the LCD display with 4x20 chars.
I am now 73 years old but this is a real challenge!
Freshly compiled OTHELLO.C
Once upon a time in prehistoric days of personal computing, Robert Halstead of MIT wrote a game of Othello in C programming language. In late 1978, Leor Zolman really wanted to play that game on his micro but couldn't, he had to write a C compiler first. The compiler he wrote became known as BDS C -- one of the most widely known and influential C compilers of the 8-bit era.
In the fall of 2007 I really wanted to run a few old games and demos for an awesome but mostly forgotten computer called Vector-06C and, disappointed by the state of existing software emulators, created my own hardware implementation. Reverse engineered without a complete circuit diagram, with scarce documentation, tested by software written for the original computer it has fancy graphics and it plays music. But I find its role as a historical link the most fascinating.
Recreated in 2008 for want of a demo, using a compiler written in 1979 for want of an Othello game, running the game from mid-70's on a 21st century FPGA, here it is. Looking not very impressive but with a kind heart, this is an entirely free and open source project. It utilizes approximately 30% of EP2C20 FPGA on Altera DE1 development board, fully recreating a 8080-based computer that was popular in the former Soviet Union in late 80's to mid-90's. It's worth noting that unlike many other Soviet-era designs this computer was truly original, borrowing very little from any other computer of the time.
Other projects created for, or ported to the DE1 kit include at least a couple of ZX Spectrum clones, FPGApple: an Apple ][ recreation, Minimig: the Amiga clone, One-Chip MSX, and new projects keep emerging.
vector06cc project URL: code.google.com/p/vector06cc/
Writing a book here: open.spotify.com/show/3mMrq70ofFvPputOjQIiGU?si=kwclM6f8Q...
www.google.com/search?q=brecht+corbeel
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#visionary #illustration #2danimation #digitalpainting #conceptart #characterdesign #visualdevelopment #conceptdesign #characterartist #photoshop #environmentdesign #story #storytelling #movie #gaming #industry #Photo #Photography #work #talk #3d #cg #blender #brechtcorbeel #psyberspace #psyberverse #Xrystal #Aescermonium #rapthraeXeum #Xomplex #Xaethreal #Xrapthreum
Lego is a line of plastic construction toys manufactured by the Lego Group, a privately held company based in Billund, Denmark. Lego consists of variously colored interlocking plastic bricks made of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene that accompany an array of gears, figurines called minifigures, and various other parts. Its pieces can be assembled and connected in many ways to construct objects, including vehicles, buildings, and working robots. Anything constructed can be taken apart again, and the pieces reused to make new things.
The Lego Group began manufacturing the interlocking toy bricks in 1949. Moulding is done in Denmark, Hungary, Mexico, and China. Brick decorations and packaging are done at plants in the former three countries and in the Czech Republic. Annual production of the bricks averages approximately 36 billion, or about 1140 elements per second.
Films, games competitions, and eight Legoland amusement parks have been developed under the brand. One of Europe's biggest companies, Lego is the largest toy manufacturer in the world by sales. As of July 2015, 600 billion Lego parts had been produced.
History
The Lego Group began in the workshop of Ole Kirk Christiansen (1891–1958), a carpenter from Billund, Denmark, who began making wooden toys in 1932. In 1934, his company came to be called "Lego", derived from the Danish phrase leg godt which means "play well". In 1947, Lego expanded to begin producing plastic toys. In 1949 the business began producing, among other new products, an early version of the now familiar interlocking bricks, calling them "Automatic Binding Bricks". These bricks were based on the Kiddicraft Self-Locking Bricks, invented by Hilary Page in 1939 and patented in the United Kingdom in 1940 before being displayed at the 1947 Earl's Court Toy Fair. Lego had received a sample of the Kiddicraft bricks from the supplier of an injection-molding machine that it purchased. The bricks, originally manufactured from cellulose acetate, were a development of the traditional stackable wooden blocks of the time.
The Lego Group's motto, "only the best is good enough" (Danish: det bedste er ikke for godt, literally "the best isn't excessively good") was created in 1936. Christiansen created the motto, still used today, to encourage his employees never to skimp on quality, a value he believed in strongly. By 1951, plastic toys accounted for half of the company's output, even though the Danish trade magazine Legetøjs-Tidende ("Toy Times"), visiting the Lego factory in Billund in the early 1950s, wrote that plastic would never be able to replace traditional wooden toys. Although a common sentiment, Lego toys seem to have become a significant exception to the dislike of plastic in children's toys, due in part to the high standards set by Ole Kirk.
By 1954, Christiansen's son, Godtfred, had become the junior managing director of the Lego Group. It was his conversation with an overseas buyer that led to the idea of a toy system. Godtfred saw the immense potential in Lego bricks to become a system for creative play, but the bricks still had some problems from a technical standpoint: Their locking ability was still limited, and they were not yet versatile. In 1958, the modern brick design was developed; it took five years to find the right material for it, ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) polymer. A patent application for the modern Lego brick design was filed in Denmark on 28 January 1958 and in various other countries in the subsequent few years.
The Lego Group's Duplo product line was introduced in 1969 and is a range of blocks whose lengths measure twice the width, height, and depth of standard Lego blocks and are aimed towards younger children. In 1978, Lego produced the first minifigures, which have since become a staple in most sets.
In May 2011, Space Shuttle Endeavour mission STS-134 brought 13 Lego kits to the International Space Station, where astronauts built models to see how they would react in microgravity, as a part of the Lego Bricks in Space program. In May 2013, the largest model ever created, made of over 5 million bricks, was displayed in New York City; a one-to-one scale model of a Star Wars X-wing fighter. Other record breakers include a 34-metre (112 ft) tower and a 4 km (2.5 mi) railway.
In February 2015, marketing consulting company Brand Finance ranked Lego as the "world's most powerful brand", overtaking Ferrari.
Lego bricks have acquired a reputation for causing extreme pain when stepped on.
Design
Lego pieces of all varieties constitute a universal system. Despite variations in the design and the purposes of individual pieces over the years, each remains compatible in some way with existing pieces. Lego bricks from 1958 still interlock with those made presently, and Lego sets for young children are compatible with those made for teenagers. Six bricks of 2 × 4 studs can be combined in 915,103,765 ways.
Each piece must be manufactured to an exacting degree of precision. When two pieces are engaged, they must fit firmly, yet be easily disassembled. The machines that manufacture Lego bricks have tolerances as small as 10 micrometres.
Primary concept and development work for the toy takes place at the Billund headquarters, where the company employs approximately 120 designers. The company also has smaller design offices in the UK, Spain, Germany, and Japan which are tasked with developing products aimed specifically at their respective national markets. The average development period for a new product is around twelve months, split into three stages. The first is to identify market trends and developments, including contact by the designers directly with the market; some are stationed in toy shops close to holidays, while others interview children. The second stage is the design and development of the product based on the results of the first stage. As of September 2008 the design teams use 3D modelling software to generate CAD drawings from initial design sketches. The designs are then prototyped using an in-house stereolithography machine. These prototypes are presented to the entire project team for comment and testing by parents and children during the "validation" process. Designs may then be altered in accordance with the results from the focus groups. Virtual models of completed Lego products are built concurrently with the writing of the user instructions. Completed CAD models are also used in the wider organisation for marketing and packaging.
Lego Digital Designer is an official piece of Lego software for Mac OS X and Windows which allows users to create their own digital Lego designs. The program once allowed customers to order custom designs with a service to ship physical models from Digital Designer to consumers; the service ended in 2012.
Manufacturing
Since 1963, Lego pieces have been manufactured from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). As of September 2008, Lego engineers use the NX CAD/CAM/CAE PLM software suite to model the elements. The software allows the parts to be optimised by way of mould flow and stress analysis. Prototype moulds are sometimes built before the design is committed to mass production. The ABS plastic is heated to 232 °C (450 °F) until it reaches a dough-like consistency. It is then injected into the moulds using forces of between 25 and 150 tonnes and takes approximately 15 seconds to cool. The moulds are permitted a tolerance of up to twenty micrometres to ensure the bricks remain connected. Human inspectors check the output of the moulds to eliminate significant variations in colour or thickness. According to the Lego Group, about eighteen bricks out of every million fail to meet the standard required.
Lego factories recycle all but about 1 percent of their plastic waste from the manufacturing process. If the plastic cannot be re-used in Lego bricks, it is processed and sold on to industries that can make use of it. Lego, in 2018, set a self-imposed 2030 deadline to find a more eco-friendly alternative to the ABS plastic.
Manufacturing of Lego bricks occurs at several locations around the world. Moulding is done in Billund, Denmark; Nyíregyháza, Hungary; Monterrey, Mexico; and most recently in Jiaxing, China. Brick decorations and packaging are done at plants in the former three countries and in Kladno in the Czech Republic. The Lego Group estimates that in five decades it has produced 400 billion Lego blocks. Annual production of the bricks averages approximately 36 billion, or about 1140 elements per second. According to an article in BusinessWeek in 2006, Lego could also be considered the world's number-one tyre manufacturer; the factory produces about 306 million small rubber tyres a year. The claim was reiterated in 2012.
In December 2012, the BBC's More or Less radio program asked the Open University's engineering department to determine "how many Lego bricks, stacked one on top of the other, it would take for the weight to destroy the bottom brick?" Using a hydraulic testing machine, members of the department determined the average maximum force a 2×2 Lego brick can stand is 4,240 newtons. Since an average 2×2 Lego brick has a mass of 1.152 grams (0.0406 oz), according to their calculations it would take a stack of 375,000 bricks to cause the bottom brick to collapse, which represents a stack 3,591 metres (11,781 ft) in height.
Private tests have shown several thousand assembly-disassembly cycles before the bricks begin to wear out, although Lego tests show fewer cycles.
In 2018, Lego announced that it will be using bio-derived polyethylene to make its botanical elements (parts such as leaves, bushes and trees). The New York Times reported the company's footprint that year was "about a million tons of carbon dioxide each year" and that it was investing about 1 billion kroner and hiring 100 people to work on changes. The paper reported that Lego's researchers "have already experimented with around 200 alternatives." In 2020, Lego announced that it would cease packaging its products in single-use plastic bags and would instead be using recyclable paper bags. In 2021, the company said it would aim to produce its bricks without using crude oil, by using recycled polyethylene terephthalate bottles, but in 2023 it reversed this decision, having found that this did not reduce its carbon dioxide emissions.
Set themes
Since the 1950s, the Lego Group has released thousands of sets with a variety of themes, including space, pirates, trains, (European) castle, dinosaurs, undersea exploration, and wild west, as well as wholly original themes like Bionicle and Hero Factory. Some of the classic themes that continue to the present day include Lego City (a line of sets depicting city life introduced in 1973) and Lego Technic (a line aimed at emulating complex machinery, introduced in 1977).
Over the years, the company has licensed themes from numerous cartoon and film franchises and some from video games. These include Batman, Indiana Jones, Pirates of the Caribbean, Harry Potter, Star Wars, Marvel, and Minecraft. Although some of these themes, Lego Star Wars and Lego Indiana Jones, had highly successful sales, the company expressed in 2015 a desire to rely more upon their own characters and classic themes and less upon such licensed themes. Some sets include references to other themes such as a Bionicle mask in one of the Harry Potter sets. Discontinued sets may become a collectable and command value on the black market.
For the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Lego released a special Team GB Minifigures series exclusively in the United Kingdom to mark the opening of the games. For the 2016 Summer Olympics and 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro, Lego released a kit with the Olympic and Paralympic mascots Vinicius and Tom.
One of the largest commercially produced Lego sets was a minifig-scaled edition of the Star Wars Millennium Falcon. Designed by Jens Kronvold Fredericksen, it was released in 2007 and contained 5,195 pieces. It was surpassed by a 5,922-piece Taj Mahal. A redesigned Millennium Falcon retook the top spot in 2017 with 7,541 pieces. Since then, the Millennium Falcon has been superseded by the Lego Art World Map at 11,695 pieces, the Lego Titanic at 9,090 pieces, and the Lego Architect Colosseum at 9,036 pieces.
In 2022, Lego introduced its Eiffel Tower. The set consists of 10,000 parts and reaches a height of 149 cm, which makes it the tallest set and tower but the second in number of parts after the World Map.
Robotics themes
Main articles: Lego Mindstorms, Lego Mindstorms NXT, Lego Mindstorms NXT 2.0, and Lego Mindstorms EV3
The company also initiated a robotics line of toys called 'Mindstorms' in 1999, and has continued to expand and update this range ever since. The roots of the product originate from a programmable brick developed at the MIT Media Lab, and the name is taken from a paper by Seymour Papert, a computer scientist and educator who developed the educational theory of constructionism, and whose research was at times funded by the Lego Group.
The programmable Lego brick which is at the heart of these robotics sets has undergone several updates and redesigns, with the latest being called the 'EV3' brick, being sold under the name of Lego Mindstorms EV3. The set includes sensors that detect touch, light, sound and ultrasonic waves, with several others being sold separately, including an RFID reader.
The intelligent brick can be programmed using official software available for Windows and Mac computers, and is downloaded onto the brick via Bluetooth or a USB cable. There are also several unofficial programs and compatible programming languages that have been made to work with the brick, and many books have been written to support this community.
There are several robotics competitions which use the Lego robotics sets. The earliest is Botball, a national U.S. middle- and high-school competition stemming from the MIT 6.270 Lego robotics tournament. Other Lego robotics competitions include FIRST LEGO League Discover for children ages 4–6, FIRST LEGO League Explore for students ages 6–9 and FIRST Lego League Challenge for students ages 9–16 (age 9–14 in the United States, Canada, and Mexico). These programs offer real-world engineering challenges to participants. FIRST LEGO League Challenge uses LEGO-based robots to complete tasks, FIRST LEGO League Explore participants build models out of Lego elements, and FIRST LEGO League Discover participants use Duplo. In its 2019–2020 season, there were 38,609 FIRST LEGO League Challenge teams and 21,703 FIRST LEGO League Explore teams around the world. The international RoboCup Junior football competition involves extensive use of Lego Mindstorms equipment which is often pushed to its extreme limits.
The capabilities of the Mindstorms range have now been harnessed for use in Iko Creative Prosthetic System, a prosthetic limbs system designed for children. Designs for these Lego prosthetics allow everything from mechanical diggers to laser-firing spaceships to be screwed on to the end of a child's limb. Iko is the work of the Chicago-based Colombian designer Carlos Arturo Torres, and is a modular system that allows children to customise their own prosthetics with the ease of clicking together plastic bricks. Designed with Lego's Future Lab, the Danish toy company's experimental research department, and Cirec, a Colombian foundation for physical rehabilitation, the modular prosthetic incorporates myoelectric sensors that register the activity of the muscle in the stump and send a signal to control movement in the attachment. A processing unit in the body of the prosthetic contains an engine compatible with Lego Mindstorms, the company's robotics line, which lets the wearer build an extensive range of customised, programmable limbs.
In popular culture
Lego's popularity is demonstrated by its wide representation and usage in many cultural works, including books, films, and art. It has even been used in the classroom as a teaching tool. In the US, Lego Education North America is a joint venture between Pitsco, Inc. and the educational division of the Lego Group.
In 1998, Lego bricks were one of the original inductees into the National Toy Hall of Fame at The Strong in Rochester, New York.
"Lego" is commonly used as a mass noun ("some Lego") or, in American English, as a countable noun with plural "Legos", to refer to the bricks themselves, but as is common for trademarks, Lego group insists on the name being used as an adjective when referring to a product (as in "LEGO bricks").
Programming language share of sell through, per Neilsen Bookscan, from January 2003 through mid-June 2005.
🔹🔸[000t0=Time Language, World Language, and Number Language]🔸🔹
🙋 00t=Hi. / Hello. / How are you?
☞ 001t=Good morning.
☜ 002t=Good afternoon.
☜ 003t=Good evening.
☜ 004t=Good night.
☞ 005t=Good bye.
ㅡ👫ㅡ👵ㅡㅡ👪ㅡ💝ㅡㅡ👫~
🙋 Time Language Basic
↔ 010t=Love
↔ 020t=Thank you
↔ 030t=Welcome
↔ 040t=Congratulations
↔ 050t=Beautiful
↔ 060t=Wonderful
↔ 070t=Happy
↔ 080t=Bless
↔ 090t=Pray
TIMEnasa
🎼🎼🎼 ✒+.×.÷/=!
※※※ (×=Multiplication sign)
🔸🔹🔸
000t0=Time Language, AI Language, Common Language, Computer Language, Digital Language, Future Language, Global Language, ICT Language, International Language, Internet Language, IoT Language, Link Language, Number Language, Program Language, SNS Language, Thinking Language, TNS Language, Universal Language, and World Language
🔸🔹🔸
We're introducing Time Language all over the world. Time Language is the world's language consisting of numbers that anyone in the world can easily use. Time Language frees us from foreign languages. Now, there is no need for interpretation and translation. Time Language is pronounced in the language of each country and the meaning is the same. [000t0=Time Language, Copyright 1974. T.H. Kwon All Rights Reserved.] Looking forward to our interactions. Thank you. Huibok Choe, Ph.D., MBA, and CMO
🎓 Ph.D. in Business Administration
💼 CMO at TIMEnasa
최희복 경영학박사
🔸🔹[000t0 Service Site]🔹🔸
● www.facebook.com/TIMEnasaGroup
● www.facebook.com/huibokchoe.3
● www.facebook.com/huibok.choe.311
● www.linkedin.com/in/huibok-choe-ph-d-cmo-649298a7/
● www.linkedin.com/pub/th-kwon/105/106/105
● www.pinterest.com/Timelanguage
● www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100005183118164
● www.facebook.com/huibok.choe.39
● www.flickr.com/photos/136914266@N05/
••• You should google 000t0. •••
🔸🔹[The World's First Smartphone, PocketBox=Smartphone, App]🔹🔸
■ The smartphone infringed the copyright of the PocketBox.
■ I've created a PocketBox inspired by looking at the ceiling in 1978.
■ PocketBox is a creation work composed of application as well as a book composed of operating system.
■ By ignoring the copyright protection of Pocket Box works and by recklessly infringing on Author’s works, many smartphone and smart device related companies(manufacturers as well as other developers and users) have indulged in illegal use of PocketBox works without obtaining the author's permission.
☆ Do not infringe PocketBox Copyright.
☆ Do not use the same work similar to PocketBox.
☆ If you want to use it, use it after you pay a royalty.
ㅡ Copyright 1978. T.H. Kwon All Rights Reserved.
🌏 TIMEnasa Creations [Books & Works] 🌏
1. TIMEnasa 🌐
2. 000t0=Time Language, World Language, and Number Language 🌍
Copyright 1974. T.H. Kwon All Rights Reserved.
3. Nti2000=IoT, Metaverse, Smart City, and Smart Systems 🌎
Copyright 1978. T.H. Kwon All Rights Reserved.
4. Number Money=Cryptocurrency, Digital Currency, and Virtual Currency 💰
Copyright 1969. T.H. Kwon All Rights Reserved.
5. PocketBox=The World's First Smartphone, Copyright of the App 📱
Copyright 1978. T.H. Kwon All Rights Reserved.
6. M+W=People Language 📖
7. ~ 14. TIME theory 📕
15. etc. 📡
🔊 Don't use without the permission of the copyright holder.
ㅡ Copyright holder, Author : T.H. Kwon
■ TIMEnasa
□ TIMELANGUAGE Inc.
□ TIMEmilk Inc.
□ TIMEnasa university Inc.
■ TIMEnasa Site
A network graph showing the connections of programming languages based on influence relations retrieved from Freebase. See an interactive version at exploring-data.com/vis/programming-languages-influence-ne...
Prints of this graph can be ordered as posters and other products from Teespring, Redbubble and Zazzle via the links below:
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Work Rules! is good, but man, I'll never work at Google after reading that. Not that they'd hire me, but still.
The Go Programming Language is a nice book. Richie was probably a better co-author for Kernighan. Or perhaps C is just nicer.
The book Generative Design describes the creation of images by using codes. An image is not created manually, but instead by translating a visual idea into a set of rules and then implementing it in a programming language. Such a program can not only create a single image but also design complete visual worlds when parameters are changed.
We, the authors, want this book to provide a solid foundation for the use of this process. The book section “Basic Principles” illustrates generative techniques in relation to four foundation areas of design: color, shape, typography, and image. The designer’s repertoire is further expanded in the section “Complex Methods” by combining a number of principles on the basis of six larger-scaled examples. In this section you will also find explanations of advanced techniques.
In addition to providing codes, this website is intended as a forum for communication between users of the book and the authors. Let us know by commenting if something does not work; of course, we are also glad to hear if you enjoyed something in particular. In the gallery section we encourage a lively exchange of information concerning your enhanced programs and pictures. Among the links you will find all the projects discussed in the book as well as the references.
Generative Design
Visualize, Program, and Create with Processing
Hartmut Bohnacker, Benedikt Groß, Julia Laub, Claudius Lazzeroni editor
English-language edition
472 pages with more than 1,000 colored illustrations
Includes international best practice examples,
foundations, and programming codes, and samples
Hardcover 8 x 11 3/16 inches
Published by Princeton Architectural Press
ISBN 978-1-61689-077-3