View allAll Photos Tagged proactive
Medical personnel aboard Marine Corps Base Hawaii have been proactive with preparing and applying preventative measures due to COVID-19, Kaneohe Bay Branch Health Clinic, MCBH, March 23, 2020. MCBH has implemented Health Protection Condition Bravo to maintain the readiness and health of base personnel and their families. (U.S. Marine Corps photo by Lance Cpl. Samantha Sanchez)
As part of its ongoing efforts to protect nesting birds, Penn Power has proactively installed new fiberglass crossarms on nearly two dozen utility poles along the Route 18 causeway over the Shenango River Lake in Mercer County.
A throwback to one of our favorite events in memory by the one and only PULP crew in NYC. Artsy Fartsy was a very serious event by very serious people in a very serious place. This is one of many archived photo albums to be released of archived psytrance events in the northeast usa.
Timesphere: A Fractalfest Decompression Oct 24—>
www.facebook.com/events/1543018839259549
Point & shoot photos by Kyle Rober
Pulp presents Artsy/Fartsy (a serious event.)
April 30, 2011
www.facebook.com/events/177054522344268
www.facebook.com/groups/109894165700870
Pulp and friends prrrrresent:
ARTSY/FARTSY - a serious psychedelic event for serious people with serious vibrations, serious music, serious art, serious games, serious workshops, serious vendors, serious Tribal Market, serious yoga, serious costumes, serious humor, and serious.. everything. Seriously.
Costumes are not mandatory, but not wearing one automatically loses you a lot of cool-points. Our goal is "Serious People": Republicans, purists, politicians, brain-surgeons, rocket-scientists, divorce lawyers, meter maids, Green Peace, Noam Chomsky and Napoleon Dynamite.
This is a communal event co-created by participants. If you have the proactive gene and something to share - do tell: artists@eatpulp.com.
This FREE fourteen-hour event will take place at a seriously awesome ( 17,000 sqft ) space in Brooklyn. You'll be looking at the Liberty Lady through large, serious windows. The address will be announced through email and posted here on Friday.
Music from:
-Earthian
-Aaron Fractaltribe
-Izzy
-Guillaume / Horus
-Felipe
-DJ Rheedoo
-Sm0ke
-Psychedelikunz
-Tumi ( Cumba Mela )
-Sebastian Radista
-Fumi
-Mun
-Dan Covan
-4G Network (w/ members of Horizon Wireless and MUN)
Seriously immersive environments by:
-FractalTribe
-NephilNine
-Neuronymphonic Art
-Pulp
and everybody else.
Recycled Kinetic Sculptures by:
-FlopSuey Studios
Art exhibitions by:
Kaliptus
Anibal
www.newarkarts.org/artist_directory/anibal_padilla/padill...
Martin Cash
Art & Fashion Market by Fish With Braids
UV Flourescent T-Shirts by Fyve
Crystals Vending by Paul Philips
Live Art & Vending by Gnomes Grown
www.etsy.com/people/gnomesgrown
Video Art Projections by Myztico
"Tribal Market" will be represented by talented designers with the new spring collection:
(Sol MaLeU, Chihigh, Enki, Xango Shola, Lunara design and more)
www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=110886088970560
Elvish hoodie sweaters from EARTHIA
"Tribal Makeover Station" by Lunara
- a Shamanic Transformational Station, where u can get Tribal Face painting to liberate the soul, some feathers and Sage Bath to complete your Transformational experience
www.facebook.com/pages/LunaRa-design/135275843163231
Live Painting:
-Linda Fernandez
Sacred Corn Blessing Painting
- Martin Cash
- Collyn Gold (body painting)
- Nadia Gallagher
www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100000324061641
-Greg ArtThou: Airbrushing
Improv by Ivan Youngblood
www.facebook.com/spicycupcakes
Chill Space by Salma Jane & Friends (Vibe Squad)
Tribe Jive Station:
Creative Workshops and Movement Playshops:
Workshops and Games:
- Draw What You See workshop by Kaliptus;
- Drawing Game by Alla
- Truth Now - Creative Writing
Movement:
- Chi Kung by Ran Baron;
- Tantra Sensorama Playshop by Patricia Buraschi
- Tai Chi by Unika,
- Intentional Belly Dancing by Anita Boeninger;
- Contact Improv by Jesse Johnson,
- Drum Circle by Srikala;
- Sound Meditation;
- Melody Kierz - Haad Tien-style appreciation workshop
more to come...
Drum Circle:
Srikala Kerel Roach - Drum
Myk tumullo - Percussionist
Duke Mushroom - Percussionist
You: bring your stuff and let's jam
Artist Ashram (participatory art stations for everyone to join in and get creative): artistashram.com/
Healers
Surya (Virginia Vasquez) - multiple dimensional healing (Aloka)
EFT - Michelle
Sima Katz <ms.joycat@gmail.com shiatsu and aroma therapy and setup
Linda Fernandez - mini channelled shamanic energy tune ups/healings as well as intimacy (& relationship) coaching and sex therapy
Work Shop Schedule
1:00am Dafna Meditation
1:00am Draw What You See by Kaliptus
2:00am Melody Kierz Haad Tien-style appreciation workshop
2:00 am Drawing game with Alla
2:00am Tantra Sensorial Playshop with Patricia B.
2:30am Truth Now - Creative Writing
8am DCYoga
MOVEMENT PLAYSHOPS:
11:00 Anita Boeninger" conscious Belly dance
12:15 Ran Baron Qigong
1:00 Tai chi. Unika
1:30 Avran rhythm Basics
2:00 Drumming and percussion for Contact Improv (Srikala K. R. , Myk T., Duke Mushroom)
2:00 - 3am Contact Improv - Sound Meditation - Jesse Johnson
Early Morning Yoga by DC
Healthy food (c/o Green Bus Tour) and snacks as well as non-alcoholic drinks for the truly serious.
Organic Goodness by Charlie & JP of Green Bus Tour & Staten Island Eco-tours
Dinner (10pm-3am) - Pasta, CousCous & Salad ($10 plate / $5 a la carte)
- Whole Wheat Ziti with Marinara Sauce
- CousCous Citrus Salad with Mixed Vegetables
- Mixed Greens w/Lemon Vinaigrette
Breakfast (5am-9am) - Oatmeal & Chai ($5)
- Chai Banana Oatmeal w/Apples & Raisins
- Fresh Hot Chai
Officers tackling serious and organised crime in North Manchester have launched a dedicated multi-agency disruption hub in the district to crackdown on criminal activity in the area.
The hub was launched last month, in partnership with Manchester City Council, as part of ongoing Operation Haemus – formed in November 2019 following an increase in firearm discharges stemming from two main local criminal groups in CheethamHill.
As part of the Haemus hub, a team totalling 17 officers has been formed, consisting of experienced detectives, dedicated safeguarding officers, intelligence officers, and a team of proactive officers who are dedicated to the area in both plain and uniformed patrols.
The team will engage in a range of proactive activities to continue to reduce the prevalence of organised crime in the north of Manchester.
Today (Wednesday 16 December) a team of officers from the Op Haemus team were joined by GMPs Tactical Aid Unit & Tactical Dog Unit in performing an intelligence-led weapon sweep of the area of Mandley Park - on the Salford border.
Any discarded or hidden weapons, firearms or ammunition found in the area during the sweep will be recovered and examined potentially as evidence as part of the 12 ongoing investigations within Op Haemus.
In the first six weeks since the inception of the disruption hub, Op Haemus officers have made a total of 25 arrests, conducted 122 stop searches and have searched 15 houses.
During the same short period, the hub has already seized two viable firearms, large quantities of class A and class B drugs, and seized 13 vehicles.
In conjunction with Manchester City Council, the hub works closely with housing providers, social services, adult services and a number of other agencies in a multi-agency approach to tackle organised crime in North Manchester.
This includes working closely with partners in local authority to provide a range of safeguarding measures and care packages to protect and support vulnerable adults and children at risk of being targeted, coerced and victimised by criminal activity.
Superintendent Rebecca Boyce, of GMP’s North Manchester division, said: “The launch of the disruption hub as part of Operation Haemus is a very welcome introduction for the people of North Manchester, as it’s the latest in a series of proactive measures we’ve employed in recent months to tackle the blight of serious and organised crime in our community.
“It is important that we maximise the resources we have available to us, and we have ensured that we have a dedicated and skilful team working around the clock to disrupt the activity of criminal groups, while protecting the public that we serve.
“We have always been honest and open about the challenges that have presented themselves due to the complexities and developments during this operation, but we are confident that we are making a tangible difference on our streets which can be seen by the recent decrease in firearms activity.
“While disputes between local crime groups generally pose little wider risk to the general public, it is understandable that such incidents cause unease and distress in our communities and we hope that the innocent, honest, and decent people we serve feel reassured by this targeted and increased action we are taking in the district.
“As ever, we continue to urge members of the public to contact police with any information or concerns, knowing that it will be treated with the strictest confidence – we have high-visibility patrols that can be approached, or a dedicated phone number that can be contacted – and Crimestoppers is always available for those who wish to pass on information anonymously.”
Any information relating to Operation Haemus should be passed to police on 0161 8563548 or the independent charity Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111.
You should call 101, the national non-emergency number, to report crime and other concerns that do not require an emergency response.
Always call 999 in an emergency, such as when a crime is in progress, violence is being used or threatened or where there is danger to life.
You can also call anonymously with information about crime to Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111. Crimestoppers is an independent charity who will not want your name, just your information. Your call will not be traced or recorded and you do not have to go to court or give a statement.
You can access many of our services online at www.gmp.police.uk
At the end of December, a team of officers from Greater Manchester Police’s (GMP) City of Manchester Division, were on duty patrolling the Cheetham Hill and Strangeways area, as part of a high visibility, proactive operation to disrupt the sale of counterfeit goods.
At the end of December, a team of officers from Greater Manchester Police’s (GMP) City of Manchester division, were on duty patrolling the Cheetham Hill and Strangeways area, as part of a high visibility, proactive operation to disrupt the sale of counterfeit goods.
Officers were on the streets providing a visible presence in order to deter those who sell counterfeit items from approaching potential customers, they were also engaging with members of the public in the area – handing out leaflets with information on how the sale of counterfeit goods is often associated with organised criminal gangs, as well as educating them on what the dangers can be when you buy these untested and unregulated items.
During the operation, one man was arrested and charged for possession of an offensive weapon and a breach of a court order and another was charged for failing to appear at court.
Inspector William Jennings-Wharton, of GMP’s City of Manchester division, said: “I understand that the low prices of counterfeit goods can lure members of the public into buying them, so part of our tactic in disrupting the sale of fake goods, is to educate the public on what the risks and consequences behind those low prices can be.
“Counterfeit goods can not only have a negative impact on communities as a whole, with their sale linked to funding organised criminal activity as well as attracting more criminality to the area – as our action today demonstrates, but it can also have a personal impact on those who have brought it as these items are often not safety tested and not in-line with industry standards which can have dangerous consequences. That is why this operation marks the start of our ‘#WhatsItReallyWorth?’ initiative which aims to shed light on the risks posed by this type of criminality. We will be continuing to work with partners as part of the initiative, to take action against those involved in the sale of counterfeit goods, as well as working with the community and engaging with those who visit the area.
“If any members of the public have information that may assist us, I urge you to report it online or by using the LiveChat facility at www.gmp.police.uk or by calling 101. Alternatively, contact Crimestoppers anonymously on 0800 555 111."
A total of 120 firearms were taken off the streets of Greater Manchester in the last year as police continue to tackle the use of lethal weapons by organised crime groups.
Between April 2020 and the end of March this year, scores of firearms were seized as a result of proactive operations and planned raids supported by our Serious and Organised Crime Firearms Investigation Team (SOC FIT), who were launched in 2018 dedicated to tackling the use of illegal firearms in Greater Manchester.
The huge haul includes self-loaded pistols, shotguns and imitation firearms held by criminals to be converted into viable weapons including top-venting imitation guns, which GMP has seized 30 converted replicas of since April 2020.
Working alongside the North West Regional Organised Crime Unit (NWROCU), we continue to tackle the conversion and supply of such legal blank-firing firearms into illegal, lethal ones.
Our response includes a proactive operation - codenamed Lyra - which was formed in July 2020 to investigate the supply and possession of such weapons.
Seven people have been arrested so far, and Scott Robinson, 43, from Oldham, was sentenced to a total of five years for possession of a converted imitation firearm in January.
Two further suspects have been charged as part of the operation and await trial later this year accused of conspiracy to supply firearms.
The crackdown has seen discharges in the county reduced from 85 to 71 during the last 12 months - equating to 16%.
One of the most significant district decreases was in Salford (-40%) after the inception of the Operation Naseby disruption hub over a year ago.
The SOC FIT supported a further six boroughs where shootings at least halved in 2020/21, including Wigan (down from nine to two), Bolton (down from five to one) and Tameside (down from four to one).
In Manchester, an increase in recorded discharges saw 10 in the first three months of 2021 in the north of the city alone, which led to a dedicated response between the SOC Firearms team and detectives from the City of Manchester North division.
It included a three-week blitz on organised crime at the end of March where several warrants were executed and 11 arrests were made, yielding three firearms, ammunition, over £150,000 in cash, and 10 kilos of class A and B drugs.
Twenty arrests have been made in total during the offensive, including Jack Modlinsky, 24, of Cheetham Hill, who was jailed for over five-and-a-half years last month when officers found £134,000 in cash, £8,000's worth of cocaine, and a knife during a warrant at his address as part of the action.
There has been just one discharge in the north of the city during the last 10 weeks since our robust response.
Officers continue to work alongside local partners to continue reducing gun crime in the region by targeting and disrupting organised crime activity across Greater Manchester.
Detective Inspector Simon Akker, head of GMP's Serious and Organised Crime Firearms Investigation Team, said: "We've been working relentlessly in SOC FIT to really drive a wedge between organised crime groups and the possession, supply and use of weapons in Greater Manchester, which is one of GMP's top priorities.
"By seizing more firearms than there have been discharges in the last year or so, it shows that we are proactively taking the fight back to organised criminals to stamp out the use of guns on our streets.
"While we can quantify the amount of weapons we've recovered and the decrease in discharges, what we can't count is the amount of incidents that we have prevented as a result of the action we have taken - but I can confidently say we have stopped people getting shot.
"That said, three men lost their lives on the streets of Greater Manchester due to gun crime last year which is three too many and we know that our work must continue to intensify to reduce these incidents further.
"The vast majority of incidents are targeted and are not a threat to the wider public, but that does not reduce the level of fear and anxiety they feel when acts of gun violence occur in their community and we have a duty to ensure that the public remain safe - each of these guns recovered is another potentially lethal incident stopped.
"Our focus remains on taking strong action against those in society who brazenly involve themselves in the use, trade and criminal conversion of firearms in Greater Manchester and we will ensure that those we suspect of having such involvement will face prosecution and be taken from our streets."
Anyone with concerns or information about suspicious activity should report it to police online, if able, at www.gmp.police.uk or via 101. Always call 999 in an emergency.
Details can be passed anonymously to the independent charity Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111.
A machine that has both a slotted shovel-like tool to scoop ballast out of the way so new track ties can easily be slid underneath using its claw-like end.
This photo is from work over the weekend on the west end of the Lake Street branch of the Green Line.
These photos, taken in the area of the Oak Park station (in Oak Park, IL), show workers in three different areas replacing aging track ties (which are the wooden beams that the rails in this area are affixed to) and replacing them with new ones.
The Green Line West track rehabilitation project will provide riders between Harlem/Lake and Laramie on the Green Line a smoother, more reliable commute for years to come.
This project is a proactive effort to avoid the development of future slow zones in the area, which results in reduced reliability and increased travel times. The last major track renewal work along this 2.5-mile stretch of tracks occurred in the 1980s and more than 75 percent of the rail ties are approaching or have exceeded their useful life.
Learn more about the project at transitchicago.com/greenwest
11.01.10.
I am really, really geeking out to all the dates that are simple binary strings. (Strings!). I woke up, and this was all that I wanted to do today. Go to the store, buy a box of sparklers and write 110110 in the night sky.
Today, was just one of those days, it was slight, if not very proactive to say the least. I finished off a wedding album I did for a friend. I set up three jobs for tomorrow. I also managed to drink 5 litres of water, about the same of coffee.
Whilst I was editing about 400 photos, I had two DVD's playing, they are from a website called WWW.THISONEISONUS.ORG. If you like Nine Inch Nails as much as I do, you would of prolly heard about this site, if you aren't a fan, or haven't heard about it... check it out.
Here's the lowdown, basically on the last tour across the states, NIN opened up a creative commons/ free recording policy for the fans. Meaning that if you had a camera, you could of taken it, and what ever equipment you had, you could of taken home a souvenir that wasn't some enlarged unwashable T-shirt. the tour went on, NIN release 3 HD recorded concerts... it was about 400 gig all up, basically so that the fans could piece together their own live concert experience, if they had the equipment to do so. Well as Trent said himself "Nine Inch Nails fans are fucking awesome"... they went one step further, on a night mid last year, NIN play at a small venue in New York, instead of doing their 2.5 hour epic length gigs... They played one album, in its entirety. The Downward Spiral.
With so many fans and NIN community members in the one room, all with video cameras... a few illustrious lads set up an FTP dump, where if you had any footage of that gig, you uploaded what you had, and at the other end was a series of people who were stripping, piecing, encoding, time lining, dubbing and editing all the footage from this one very special gig. The result is FUCKING fantastic, this is what the fucking internet is about, it's not only about porn, piracy and maps... it is about people with common artistic interests, pulling their heads together and creating stuff. It is not a clean, processed visual experience... it is a dirty, gritty fan based project. It is honest, it is like being in the pit, in the stalls and behind the mixing desk all in one show.
I suggest, if you like NIN, and if you do, you will prolly love TDS... I really recommend you check that site out.
Even if you don't, check it out, and see how many people put countless hours into making these awesome projects, because for me, even the process makes me exceptionally giddy.
Anyways.
I would like to dedicate this to a lovely girl that I have know for many years, her favorite number is 111 and it is her birthday today, on what is effectively 11.1.10. Happy Birthday Ann.x
11 down, 354 to go.
Lights in the sky!
Twitter: @unkonshus
Proactive Acne Treatment Vending Machine, 9/2014, by Mike Mozart of TheToyChannel and JeepersMedia on YouTube.
we no longer live in or accept being a proactive society, we rather have a reactive society which is guided by emotions and slower progress than a proactive society that can move faster.
Officers tackling serious and organised crime in North Manchester have launched a dedicated multi-agency disruption hub in the district to crackdown on criminal activity in the area.
The hub was launched last month, in partnership with Manchester City Council, as part of ongoing Operation Haemus – formed in November 2019 following an increase in firearm discharges stemming from two main local criminal groups in CheethamHill.
As part of the Haemus hub, a team totalling 17 officers has been formed, consisting of experienced detectives, dedicated safeguarding officers, intelligence officers, and a team of proactive officers who are dedicated to the area in both plain and uniformed patrols.
The team will engage in a range of proactive activities to continue to reduce the prevalence of organised crime in the north of Manchester.
Today (Wednesday 16 December) a team of officers from the Op Haemus team were joined by GMPs Tactical Aid Unit & Tactical Dog Unit in performing an intelligence-led weapon sweep of the area of Mandley Park - on the Salford border.
Any discarded or hidden weapons, firearms or ammunition found in the area during the sweep will be recovered and examined potentially as evidence as part of the 12 ongoing investigations within Op Haemus.
In the first six weeks since the inception of the disruption hub, Op Haemus officers have made a total of 25 arrests, conducted 122 stop searches and have searched 15 houses.
During the same short period, the hub has already seized two viable firearms, large quantities of class A and class B drugs, and seized 13 vehicles.
In conjunction with Manchester City Council, the hub works closely with housing providers, social services, adult services and a number of other agencies in a multi-agency approach to tackle organised crime in North Manchester.
This includes working closely with partners in local authority to provide a range of safeguarding measures and care packages to protect and support vulnerable adults and children at risk of being targeted, coerced and victimised by criminal activity.
Superintendent Rebecca Boyce, of GMP’s North Manchester division, said: “The launch of the disruption hub as part of Operation Haemus is a very welcome introduction for the people of North Manchester, as it’s the latest in a series of proactive measures we’ve employed in recent months to tackle the blight of serious and organised crime in our community.
“It is important that we maximise the resources we have available to us, and we have ensured that we have a dedicated and skilful team working around the clock to disrupt the activity of criminal groups, while protecting the public that we serve.
“We have always been honest and open about the challenges that have presented themselves due to the complexities and developments during this operation, but we are confident that we are making a tangible difference on our streets which can be seen by the recent decrease in firearms activity.
“While disputes between local crime groups generally pose little wider risk to the general public, it is understandable that such incidents cause unease and distress in our communities and we hope that the innocent, honest, and decent people we serve feel reassured by this targeted and increased action we are taking in the district.
“As ever, we continue to urge members of the public to contact police with any information or concerns, knowing that it will be treated with the strictest confidence – we have high-visibility patrols that can be approached, or a dedicated phone number that can be contacted – and Crimestoppers is always available for those who wish to pass on information anonymously.”
Any information relating to Operation Haemus should be passed to police on 0161 8563548 or the independent charity Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111.
You should call 101, the national non-emergency number, to report crime and other concerns that do not require an emergency response.
Always call 999 in an emergency, such as when a crime is in progress, violence is being used or threatened or where there is danger to life.
You can also call anonymously with information about crime to Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111. Crimestoppers is an independent charity who will not want your name, just your information. Your call will not be traced or recorded and you do not have to go to court or give a statement.
You can access many of our services online at www.gmp.police.uk
Officers tackling serious and organised crime in North Manchester have launched a dedicated multi-agency disruption hub in the district to crackdown on criminal activity in the area.
The hub was launched last month, in partnership with Manchester City Council, as part of ongoing Operation Haemus – formed in November 2019 following an increase in firearm discharges stemming from two main local criminal groups in CheethamHill.
As part of the Haemus hub, a team totalling 17 officers has been formed, consisting of experienced detectives, dedicated safeguarding officers, intelligence officers, and a team of proactive officers who are dedicated to the area in both plain and uniformed patrols.
The team will engage in a range of proactive activities to continue to reduce the prevalence of organised crime in the north of Manchester.
Today (Wednesday 16 December) a team of officers from the Op Haemus team were joined by GMPs Tactical Aid Unit & Tactical Dog Unit in performing an intelligence-led weapon sweep of the area of Mandley Park - on the Salford border.
Any discarded or hidden weapons, firearms or ammunition found in the area during the sweep will be recovered and examined potentially as evidence as part of the 12 ongoing investigations within Op Haemus.
In the first six weeks since the inception of the disruption hub, Op Haemus officers have made a total of 25 arrests, conducted 122 stop searches and have searched 15 houses.
During the same short period, the hub has already seized two viable firearms, large quantities of class A and class B drugs, and seized 13 vehicles.
In conjunction with Manchester City Council, the hub works closely with housing providers, social services, adult services and a number of other agencies in a multi-agency approach to tackle organised crime in North Manchester.
This includes working closely with partners in local authority to provide a range of safeguarding measures and care packages to protect and support vulnerable adults and children at risk of being targeted, coerced and victimised by criminal activity.
Superintendent Rebecca Boyce, of GMP’s North Manchester division, said: “The launch of the disruption hub as part of Operation Haemus is a very welcome introduction for the people of North Manchester, as it’s the latest in a series of proactive measures we’ve employed in recent months to tackle the blight of serious and organised crime in our community.
“It is important that we maximise the resources we have available to us, and we have ensured that we have a dedicated and skilful team working around the clock to disrupt the activity of criminal groups, while protecting the public that we serve.
“We have always been honest and open about the challenges that have presented themselves due to the complexities and developments during this operation, but we are confident that we are making a tangible difference on our streets which can be seen by the recent decrease in firearms activity.
“While disputes between local crime groups generally pose little wider risk to the general public, it is understandable that such incidents cause unease and distress in our communities and we hope that the innocent, honest, and decent people we serve feel reassured by this targeted and increased action we are taking in the district.
“As ever, we continue to urge members of the public to contact police with any information or concerns, knowing that it will be treated with the strictest confidence – we have high-visibility patrols that can be approached, or a dedicated phone number that can be contacted – and Crimestoppers is always available for those who wish to pass on information anonymously.”
Any information relating to Operation Haemus should be passed to police on 0161 8563548 or the independent charity Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111.
You should call 101, the national non-emergency number, to report crime and other concerns that do not require an emergency response.
Always call 999 in an emergency, such as when a crime is in progress, violence is being used or threatened or where there is danger to life.
You can also call anonymously with information about crime to Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111. Crimestoppers is an independent charity who will not want your name, just your information. Your call will not be traced or recorded and you do not have to go to court or give a statement.
You can access many of our services online at www.gmp.police.uk
Apple Watch Try on, Washington, DC USA
Published in Apple plus proactive dans la vente de l'Apple Watch | iGeneration
Nestlé Nigeria continues to take a proactive approach to embedding human rights principles within business operations. The bi‑annual MD‑Union Forum is an interactive approach to foster good workplace and industrial relations. Right: Nestlé management meets with union committee members at our newly opened Flowergate factory in Ogun State, Nigeria
Nice to see that we've proactively deployed defensive geese on some major Canadian infrastructure.
ADJ Canada Goose on Museum - Pentax _IMG3754
The South America Project (SAP) is a trans-continental applied research network that proactively endorses the role of design within rapidly transforming geographies of the South American Continent. SAP specifically focuses on how a spatial synthesis best afforded by design can provide alternative physical and experiential identities to the current spatial transformations reshaping the South American Hinterland, in particular fast paced modes of resource extraction and an unprecedented regional integration at a continental scale (primarily through roads, fluvial corridors, and telecommunication networks). Launched by Felipe Correa and Ana María Durán, with the support of the Department of Urban Planning and Design at the Harvard Graduate School of Design, and the David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, the project brings together a broad host of academic insitutions, scholars and designers from diverse fields, in order to create a projective platform that can allow for Architecture and the diverse disciplines affiliated to the constructed environment to actively partake in proposing more comprehensive models of urbanization for South America .
The SAP Network is a multi-disciplinary applied research and design platform that focuses on contemporary urbanisms within the South American continent. The objectives of the network are threefold:
Disciplinary objective
To establish a trans-disciplinary framework that allows the design disciplines to partake in an active manner in the South American regional integration movement through the lenses of architecture, landscape architecture and urbanism.
Continental objective
To bring together a trans-American research platform that can visualize and critically synthesize in spatial terms, the major regional infrastructural corridors currently reorganizing the South American continent.
Procedural objective
Within a spirit of critical cooperation, this network would address in time and through diverse mechanisms (design and research studios, research seminars, digital and analog publications, conferences, seminars, lectures, round table discussions, documentary films, etc.) issues related to the future design of South America as a redefined territorial field of action. The network´s output would be shared with diverse constituencies involved in continental planning (politicians, financial partners, local communities, NGO´s, environmental agencies, engineers, economists, scientists, artists, etc.), in an attempt to allow design to partake in decision making processes and exert a positive impact in the South American territories.
SYMPOSIUM: Hinterland Urbanisms. Participants
Curated by
Felipe Correa. Somatic Collaborative / Harvard University Graduate School of Design
Ana María Durán Calisto, Loeb Fellow'11. Estudio A0 / Universidad Católica del Ecuador
Participants
Solano Benítez. Gabinete de Arquitectura / Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Paraguay
Anita Berrizbeitia. Harvard University Graduate School of Design
Eve Blau. Harvard University Graduate School of Design
Angelo Bucci. SPBR Arquitetos / Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
Luis Callejas. Paisajes Emergentes / Colectivo Archipiélago, Colombia.
Mason White. Lateral Office / University of Toronto.
Tomás Cervilla. Universidad Simón Bolivar, Venezuela
Martín Cobas. Universidad de la República, Uruguay
Marcelo Danza. Agencia-a / Universidad de la República, Uruguay
Alexandre Delijaicov. Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
Gabriel Duarte. CAMPO aud / Design Critic Harvard University Graduate School of Design; Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Eugenio Garcés. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Pablo Gerson. Estudio X, Argentina
Santiago del Hierro. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Ecuador
Michael Hooper. Harvard University Graduate School of Design
Flavio Janches. A:BJ&C architects / Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
Rahul Mehrotra. Rahul Mehrotra Architects / Harvard University Graduate School of Design
Felipe Mesa. Plan: b Arquitectos / Colectivo Archipiélago / Pontificia Bolivariana de Medellín, Colombia
Víctor Muñoz Sanz. Sanz-Serif / Harvard University Graduate School of Design
Otavio Leonidio. Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Rodrigo Pérez de Arce. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Camilo Restrepo. A.T.L.A.S / Colectivo Archipiélago / Pontificia Bolivariana de Medellín, Colombia
Florencia Rodríguez. Revista PLOT, Universidad de Palermo, Argentina
Graciela Schneier-Madanes. University of Arizona / CNRS, Paris, France
Graciela Silvestri. Universidad de La Plata / CONICET, Argentina
Jorge Silvetti. Machado and Silvetti Associates / Harvard University Graduate School of Design
Special constables were out in force on Friday 15 November 2013 to highlight the vital role they play in police operations.
Over 50 special constables from Greater Manchester Police (GMP) assisted throughout the day with various operations across the North Manchester area. They targeted the small groups of people who bring harm to our communities.
There was a large element of proactive work undertaken coupled with high visibility reassurance patrols, especially during the evening.
Special Chief Inspector Michael Walmsley, who coordinated the resources for the day said: "This is a way of highlighting the varied work that special constables undertake within our communities. The additional police resources provided by the special constabulary were utilised for intelligence lead operations and executing warrants.”
The special constabulary are trained volunteers who provide a valuable link between the public and the police, having the same powers, training, uniform and equipment as regular police officers.
Chief Superintendent for North Manchester, Nick Adderley, said: “The commitment and dedication that our specials have to policing is inspirational. Their volunteering provides additional police resources to keep our communities safe.
“Being a special enables individuals to gain hands on experience in dealing with challenging situations, something they may not encounter in any other career.”
There was also a recruitment event at The Arndale Centre running from 10am-6pm where people could find out more information about becoming a special constable in GMP.
Rob Kelly has been a special constable since January 2012. He described his experience: “As a retired Fire-fighter. I needed to keep busy, so what better way than to give something back to the community and serve as a special.
“I really enjoy the variety of jobs we go to, working with great people and good friends and working within a neighbourhood policing team gives you the confidence to go out and help the public."
For more information on becoming a special constable please visit www.gmp.police.uk or email special.constabulary@gmp.police.uk.
To find out more about Greater Manchester Police please visit our website.
You should call 101, the new national non-emergency number, to report crime and other concerns that do not require an emergency response.
Always call 999 in an emergency, such as when a crime is in progress, violence is being used or threatened or where there is danger to life.
You can also call anonymously with information about crime to Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111. Crimestoppers is an independent charity who will not want your name, just your information. Your call will not be traced or recorded and you do not have to go to court or give a statement.
All too often, life gets in the way of being proactive about our health. Men in particular are more likely to skip their preventive care appointments and delay seeking medical care until an issue is severe. According to a report by the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), more than half...
Reasonable Suspicion Training: Helping Managers Fight Workplace Substance Abuse
workexcel.net/non-dot-reasonable-suspicion-training.html
INTRODUCTION
This training program gives you a road map to navigate one of the hardest and most complex challenges you’ll face as a manager: fighting substance abuse in your workplace.
Recognizing the signs of drug or alcohol abuse that trigger your reasonable suspicion--and referring your employee to appropriate testing--grows easier with experience. As you learn ways to handle noncompliant or argumentative employees, you’ll gain tools that will help you manage all kinds of sensitive and potentially uncomfortable situations.
This program presents eight steps you can take to hit the ground running and adopt a proactive, vigilant and supportive role. By acting on your suspicion and confronting employees effectively, you can promote a healthy work environment and prevent individuals from succumbing to addiction.
Confrontations rarely proceed smoothly and happily. Employees may resist at first. But they will ultimately benefit from professional counseling and treatment. What’s more, by stopping an impaired employee from driving a vehicle or operating machinery, you may prevent accidents that cause permanent harm to the worker and others.
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You surely didn’t join the ranks of management to counsel people on their personal use—or overuse—of drugs or alcohol. So it’s natural to turn away from this topic, to ignore warning signs and leave your employees to fight their own private demons.
It’s entirely normal to feel a tinge of anxiety initiating a discussion of this delicate and personal topic. Intervening to address one’s suspected substance abuse can stymie even experienced health care professionals.
You may not detect substance abuse instantly. It may take two or three incidents or separate observations of impairment for you to form a reasonable suspicion.
You can follow Dan - and all his online courses for supervisors here - workexcel.net/dot-supervisor-training.html
The key is to acquire knowledge and gain awareness. If you know what to look for—and you know what to do when you suspect an employee is engaging in abuse of alcohol, street drugs or prescriptions drugs —you can proceed with confidence and provide potentially life-saving support.
SKILL 1: Sharpen Your Observational Powers
Learn to recognize the signs and symptoms of substance abuse so that you can intervene sooner rather than later--for everyone’s good.
Employees who abuse drugs or alcohol rarely ask their supervisor for help. In fact, they almost always try to hide their affliction and put their best face forward at work.
That’s why you must know what to look for in combating this problem. You cannot intervene unless or until you have collected clear evidence that confirms an individual’s impairment. And the best way to gather that evidence is to observe people carefully.
The earliest warning signs involve a downward shift in an individual’s baseline behaviors. A normally social person withdraws from co-workers. A typically upbeat or positive communicator turns quiet and morose. A reliably punctual employee becomes prone to tardiness or even absenteeism.
These indicators of substance abuse are often subtle and sometimes easy to miss. While some workers’ performance will suddenly and dramatically decline—giving you a clear signal that something’s wrong—others may continue to produce adequate results at least at first.
In time, however, the worker may refuse to do assigned tasks or show unusually high levels of confusion when learning new skills or adapting to change. Productivity may also dip as the error rate increases. Inconsistency is another indicator, especially if the individual normally produces a steady output of work at acceptable or higher levels.
By initiating friendly conversations with all your employees on a regular basis, and routinely making eye contact will them, you are more apt to notice when they begin to exhibit uncharacteristically slurred speech, glazed facial expressions or an unsteady gait. Pay special attention to the worker’s eyes and note if they’re bloodshot or glassy—or if the pupils are dilated.
Observe any erosion in the employee’s demeanor or appearance. Clues include a well-kept individual who starts to dress sloppily or exhibits poor hygiene such as unruly hair or body odor. Also watch for highly motivated team players who become sarcastic or emotionally detached.
Watch for calm, composed employees who begin to display frequent mood swings. People prone to substance abuse may provoke verbal conflict or engage in physical tussles with co-workers. Again, the key is observing the extent to which the individual veers from his or her baseline behavior.
Studying the employee’s attendance patterns can help in your assessment. Look for a sudden increase in sick leave or frequent unexplained absences during the workday.
Third parties may also help you develop a reasonable suspicion of substance abuse. If co-workers, consultants or others hint at an individual’s substance abuse or imply that they know of such problems, take such comments seriously and investigate further to seek independent corroboration. Also check whether complaints from colleagues or customers are on the rise involving the employee in question.
None of these signs is conclusive evidence of substance abuse. But taken together, you can increase your awareness so that you’re more attuned to observe red flags as they arise.
Many employers provide training on the signs and symptoms of impairment due to substance abuse. Such training can be mandated by state or federal agencies, depending on the safety-sensitive nature of the business operation.
WARNING: Substance abusers are 10 times more likely to miss work and 3.6 times more likely to contribute to an on-the-job accident than non-abusers. They are also five times more likely to file a workers’ compensation claim and 33 percent less productive.
TIP: Develop a simple checklist that you can use to detect patterns of possible substance abuse among your employees. Divide it into categories such as appearance, work performance and personality. Use the information above to create your own reminder to sharpen your observational skills.
IT’S TRUE: More than 70 percent of substance abusers hold jobs. Among workers age 18-34, one in four used drugs in the past year and one worker in three knows of drug sales in the workplace, according to the American Council for Drug Education.
TRUE OR FALSE: You will notice the same patterns of behavior regardless of whether someone has been using alcohol or illegal drugs.
[ANSWER: FALSE. Marijuana users may have bloodshot or glassy eyes and a nagging cough. Cocaine users may demonstrate excessive energy and enthusiasm when they first experiment with the drug, but show wild mood swings and paranoia as their drug use intensifies. Alcohol abusers are especially prone to morning-after hangovers.]
SKILL 2: Take a Proactive Role
Intervene as soon as you suspect a substance abuse problem. Resist the urge to assume it’s fine to wait it out--or that it’s not your business.
Most supervisors dread the possibility that their employees might be abusing drugs or alcohol. And it’s not just because they’re concerned for their workers’ health and well being.
The issue of reasonable suspicion raises many problems for supervisors. They may not feel comfortable intervening in such a potentially explosive situation, especially if they prefer to avoid confrontation. They may also worry that they are straying outside the bounds of their normal job responsibilities by “getting personal” with their employees and their self-destructive behaviors.
Assessing employees’ level of impairment from possible substance abuse is fraught with gray areas. By its very nature, suspicion is often murky. There’s no clear-cut way to know when your concern for a worker’s appearance, behavior or performance translates into the need to take action.
It’s far easier to make excuses not to act. You might convince yourself that you lack sufficient evidence to support a reasonable suspicion claim--or that you should not cross the line into intruding upon an individual’s private life.
You might also fear the embarrassment of making a mistake by wrongfully accusing an employee. And if you’re confused about how to proceed--or anxious about the repercussions that your actions can have on the rest of your team--you may conclude that it’s best to keep quiet.
However, by ignoring warning signs, willfully downplaying them or refusing to acknowledge them, you risk allowing a dangerous situation to escalate. An employee’s health can and probably will decline over time, triggering serious long-term crises that can adversely affect the individual’s co-workers, friends and family.
Such non-action can also pave the way for more on-the-job accidents or near-accidents. It can also set the stage for workplace violence that can erupt when substance abusers do not get proper treatment and support.
To prevent such harmful outcomes, you must overcome your reservations about getting involved. Be proactive and strive for early intervention, even if it diverts you from more enjoyable tasks and creates temporary conflict between you and your employee.
You’ll feel more comfortable playing a proactive role if you passionately support your employer’s stated intent to promote a drug-free environment. Become familiar with your organizational policies that govern how supervisors can determine reasonable suspicion of an employee’s substance abuse. Review all written procedures that are meant to safeguard both employees and customers—and encourage discussion of these procedures in management meetings.
At the same time, make sure that your employer’s desire to fight substance abuse through well-crafted policies and procedures does not breed complacency. Some supervisors fail to act in accordance with these guidelines when facing a qualifying event. Ongoing training and positive reinforcement of the need for vigilance can contribute to a more proactive mindset among the management ranks.
If your employer lacks a clear, comprehensive, written policy forbidding drug and alcohol use at work, assemble a team of managers (including a human-resources representative) to develop such a policy. It should specify why your workplace must remain drug- and alcohol-free, describe prohibited behaviors (so that there’s no confusion or ambiguity about what’s permissible) and outline varying degrees of punishment for violators.
WARNING: Substance abusers are about one-third less productive than non-abusers, so ignoring the problem can impact your bottom line.
TIP: At staff meetings, reinforce to employees the details of your organization’s substance abuse policy and the types of help available for individuals battling this problem. Distribute material with EAP contact information and other resources such as treatment programs, 24-hour phone hotlines and other community programs.
IT’S TRUE: Drug- and alcohol-related problems cost companies more than $100 billion a year in lost productivity, accidents, absenteeism, increased healthcare costs and workers’ comp claims, according to the National Mental Health Association.
TRUE OR FALSE: As part of your proactive role as a supervisor, you should know how to diagnose drug- or alcohol-related conditions and provide one-on-one counseling to employees who suffer from these problems.
[ANSWER: FALSE. Your job is NOT to diagnose substance abuse problems; instead, it is to refer employees to the proper resources so that they get professional help.
The work will help prevent electrical service disruptions by discouraging ospreys from nesting on utility poles.
James Marshall "Jimi" Hendrix (born Johnny Allen Hendrix; November 27, 1942 – September 18, 1970) was an American guitarist, songwriter and singer. Although his mainstream career spanned only four years, he is widely regarded as the greatest and one of the most influential electric guitarists in the history of popular music, and one of the most celebrated musicians of the 20th century. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame describes him as "arguably the greatest instrumentalist in the history of rock music."
Born in Seattle, Washington, Hendrix began playing guitar at age 15. In 1961, he enlisted in the US Army, but was discharged the following year. Soon afterward, he moved to Clarksville, then Nashville, Tennessee, and began playing gigs on the chitlin' circuit, earning a place in the Isley Brothers' backing band and later with Little Richard, with whom he continued to work through mid-1965. He then played with Curtis Knight and the Squires before moving to England in late 1966 after bassist Chas Chandler of the Animals became his manager. Within months, Hendrix had earned three UK top ten hits with the Jimi Hendrix Experience: "Hey Joe", "Purple Haze", and "The Wind Cries Mary". He achieved fame in the US after his performance at the Monterey Pop Festival in 1967, and in 1968 his third and final studio album, Electric Ladyland, reached number one in the US. The double LP was Hendrix's most commercially successful release and his first and only number one album. The world's highest-paid performer, he headlined the Woodstock Festival in 1969 and the Isle of Wight Festival in 1970 before his accidental death in London from barbiturate-related asphyxia in September 1970.
Hendrix was inspired by American rock and roll and electric blues. He favored overdriven amplifiers with high volume and gain, and was instrumental in popularizing the previously undesirable sounds caused by guitar amplifier feedback. He was also one of the first guitarists to make extensive use of tone-altering effects units in mainstream rock, such as fuzz distortion, Octavia, wah-wah, and Uni-Vibe. He was the first musician to use stereophonic phasing effects in recordings. Holly George-Warren of Rolling Stone commented: "Hendrix pioneered the use of the instrument as an electronic sound source. Players before him had experimented with feedback and distortion, but Hendrix turned those effects and others into a controlled, fluid vocabulary every bit as personal as the blues with which he began."
Hendrix was the recipient of several music awards during his lifetime and posthumously. In 1967, readers of Melody Maker voted him the Pop Musician of the Year and in 1968, Billboard named him the Artist of the Year and Rolling Stone declared him the Performer of the Year. Disc and Music Echo honored him with the World Top Musician of 1969 and in 1970, Guitar Player named him the Rock Guitarist of the Year. The Jimi Hendrix Experience was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992 and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005. Rolling Stone ranked the band's three studio albums, Are You Experienced (1967), Axis: Bold as Love (1967), and Electric Ladyland (1968), among the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time", and they ranked Hendrix as the greatest guitarist and the sixth-greatest artist of all time. Hendrix was named the greatest guitarist of all time by Rolling Stone in 2023.
Graffiti (plural; singular graffiti or graffito, the latter rarely used except in archeology) is art that is written, painted or drawn on a wall or other surface, usually without permission and within public view. Graffiti ranges from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and has existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, and the Roman Empire (see also mural).
Graffiti is a controversial subject. In most countries, marking or painting property without permission is considered by property owners and civic authorities as defacement and vandalism, which is a punishable crime, citing the use of graffiti by street gangs to mark territory or to serve as an indicator of gang-related activities. Graffiti has become visualized as a growing urban "problem" for many cities in industrialized nations, spreading from the New York City subway system and Philadelphia in the early 1970s to the rest of the United States and Europe and other world regions
"Graffiti" (usually both singular and plural) and the rare singular form "graffito" are from the Italian word graffiato ("scratched"). The term "graffiti" is used in art history for works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface. A related term is "sgraffito", which involves scratching through one layer of pigment to reveal another beneath it. This technique was primarily used by potters who would glaze their wares and then scratch a design into them. In ancient times graffiti were carved on walls with a sharp object, although sometimes chalk or coal were used. The word originates from Greek γράφειν—graphein—meaning "to write".
The term graffiti originally referred to the inscriptions, figure drawings, and such, found on the walls of ancient sepulchres or ruins, as in the Catacombs of Rome or at Pompeii. Historically, these writings were not considered vanadlism, which today is considered part of the definition of graffiti.
The only known source of the Safaitic language, an ancient form of Arabic, is from graffiti: inscriptions scratched on to the surface of rocks and boulders in the predominantly basalt desert of southern Syria, eastern Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia. Safaitic dates from the first century BC to the fourth century AD.
Some of the oldest cave paintings in the world are 40,000 year old ones found in Australia. The oldest written graffiti was found in ancient Rome around 2500 years ago. Most graffiti from the time was boasts about sexual experiences Graffiti in Ancient Rome was a form of communication, and was not considered vandalism.
Ancient tourists visiting the 5th-century citadel at Sigiriya in Sri Lanka write their names and commentary over the "mirror wall", adding up to over 1800 individual graffiti produced there between the 6th and 18th centuries. Most of the graffiti refer to the frescoes of semi-nude females found there. One reads:
Wet with cool dew drops
fragrant with perfume from the flowers
came the gentle breeze
jasmine and water lily
dance in the spring sunshine
side-long glances
of the golden-hued ladies
stab into my thoughts
heaven itself cannot take my mind
as it has been captivated by one lass
among the five hundred I have seen here.
Among the ancient political graffiti examples were Arab satirist poems. Yazid al-Himyari, an Umayyad Arab and Persian poet, was most known for writing his political poetry on the walls between Sajistan and Basra, manifesting a strong hatred towards the Umayyad regime and its walis, and people used to read and circulate them very widely.
Graffiti, known as Tacherons, were frequently scratched on Romanesque Scandinavian church walls. When Renaissance artists such as Pinturicchio, Raphael, Michelangelo, Ghirlandaio, or Filippino Lippi descended into the ruins of Nero's Domus Aurea, they carved or painted their names and returned to initiate the grottesche style of decoration.
There are also examples of graffiti occurring in American history, such as Independence Rock, a national landmark along the Oregon Trail.
Later, French soldiers carved their names on monuments during the Napoleonic campaign of Egypt in the 1790s. Lord Byron's survives on one of the columns of the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion in Attica, Greece.
The oldest known example of graffiti "monikers" found on traincars created by hobos and railworkers since the late 1800s. The Bozo Texino monikers were documented by filmmaker Bill Daniel in his 2005 film, Who is Bozo Texino?.
In World War II, an inscription on a wall at the fortress of Verdun was seen as an illustration of the US response twice in a generation to the wrongs of the Old World:
During World War II and for decades after, the phrase "Kilroy was here" with an accompanying illustration was widespread throughout the world, due to its use by American troops and ultimately filtering into American popular culture. Shortly after the death of Charlie Parker (nicknamed "Yardbird" or "Bird"), graffiti began appearing around New York with the words "Bird Lives".
Modern graffiti art has its origins with young people in 1960s and 70s in New York City and Philadelphia. Tags were the first form of stylised contemporary graffiti. Eventually, throw-ups and pieces evolved with the desire to create larger art. Writers used spray paint and other kind of materials to leave tags or to create images on the sides subway trains. and eventually moved into the city after the NYC metro began to buy new trains and paint over graffiti.
While the art had many advocates and appreciators—including the cultural critic Norman Mailer—others, including New York City mayor Ed Koch, considered it to be defacement of public property, and saw it as a form of public blight. The ‘taggers’ called what they did ‘writing’—though an important 1974 essay by Mailer referred to it using the term ‘graffiti.’
Contemporary graffiti style has been heavily influenced by hip hop culture and the myriad international styles derived from Philadelphia and New York City Subway graffiti; however, there are many other traditions of notable graffiti in the twentieth century. Graffiti have long appeared on building walls, in latrines, railroad boxcars, subways, and bridges.
An early graffito outside of New York or Philadelphia was the inscription in London reading "Clapton is God" in reference to the guitarist Eric Clapton. Creating the cult of the guitar hero, the phrase was spray-painted by an admirer on a wall in an Islington, north London in the autumn of 1967. The graffito was captured in a photograph, in which a dog is urinating on the wall.
Films like Style Wars in the 80s depicting famous writers such as Skeme, Dondi, MinOne, and ZEPHYR reinforced graffiti's role within New York's emerging hip-hop culture. Although many officers of the New York City Police Department found this film to be controversial, Style Wars is still recognized as the most prolific film representation of what was going on within the young hip hop culture of the early 1980s. Fab 5 Freddy and Futura 2000 took hip hop graffiti to Paris and London as part of the New York City Rap Tour in 1983
Commercialization and entrance into mainstream pop culture
Main article: Commercial graffiti
With the popularity and legitimization of graffiti has come a level of commercialization. In 2001, computer giant IBM launched an advertising campaign in Chicago and San Francisco which involved people spray painting on sidewalks a peace symbol, a heart, and a penguin (Linux mascot), to represent "Peace, Love, and Linux." IBM paid Chicago and San Francisco collectively US$120,000 for punitive damages and clean-up costs.
In 2005, a similar ad campaign was launched by Sony and executed by its advertising agency in New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and Miami, to market its handheld PSP gaming system. In this campaign, taking notice of the legal problems of the IBM campaign, Sony paid building owners for the rights to paint on their buildings "a collection of dizzy-eyed urban kids playing with the PSP as if it were a skateboard, a paddle, or a rocking horse".
Tristan Manco wrote that Brazil "boasts a unique and particularly rich, graffiti scene ... [earning] it an international reputation as the place to go for artistic inspiration". Graffiti "flourishes in every conceivable space in Brazil's cities". Artistic parallels "are often drawn between the energy of São Paulo today and 1970s New York". The "sprawling metropolis", of São Paulo has "become the new shrine to graffiti"; Manco alludes to "poverty and unemployment ... [and] the epic struggles and conditions of the country's marginalised peoples", and to "Brazil's chronic poverty", as the main engines that "have fuelled a vibrant graffiti culture". In world terms, Brazil has "one of the most uneven distributions of income. Laws and taxes change frequently". Such factors, Manco argues, contribute to a very fluid society, riven with those economic divisions and social tensions that underpin and feed the "folkloric vandalism and an urban sport for the disenfranchised", that is South American graffiti art.
Prominent Brazilian writers include Os Gêmeos, Boleta, Nunca, Nina, Speto, Tikka, and T.Freak. Their artistic success and involvement in commercial design ventures has highlighted divisions within the Brazilian graffiti community between adherents of the cruder transgressive form of pichação and the more conventionally artistic values of the practitioners of grafite.
Graffiti in the Middle East has emerged slowly, with taggers operating in Egypt, Lebanon, the Gulf countries like Bahrain or the United Arab Emirates, Israel, and in Iran. The major Iranian newspaper Hamshahri has published two articles on illegal writers in the city with photographic coverage of Iranian artist A1one's works on Tehran walls. Tokyo-based design magazine, PingMag, has interviewed A1one and featured photographs of his work. The Israeli West Bank barrier has become a site for graffiti, reminiscent in this sense of the Berlin Wall. Many writers in Israel come from other places around the globe, such as JUIF from Los Angeles and DEVIONE from London. The religious reference "נ נח נחמ נחמן מאומן" ("Na Nach Nachma Nachman Meuman") is commonly seen in graffiti around Israel.
Graffiti has played an important role within the street art scene in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), especially following the events of the Arab Spring of 2011 or the Sudanese Revolution of 2018/19. Graffiti is a tool of expression in the context of conflict in the region, allowing people to raise their voices politically and socially. Famous street artist Banksy has had an important effect in the street art scene in the MENA area, especially in Palestine where some of his works are located in the West Bank barrier and Bethlehem.
There are also a large number of graffiti influences in Southeast Asian countries that mostly come from modern Western culture, such as Malaysia, where graffiti have long been a common sight in Malaysia's capital city, Kuala Lumpur. Since 2010, the country has begun hosting a street festival to encourage all generations and people from all walks of life to enjoy and encourage Malaysian street culture.
The modern-day graffitists can be found with an arsenal of various materials that allow for a successful production of a piece. This includes such techniques as scribing. However, spray paint in aerosol cans is the number one medium for graffiti. From this commodity comes different styles, technique, and abilities to form master works of graffiti. Spray paint can be found at hardware and art stores and comes in virtually every color.
Stencil graffiti is created by cutting out shapes and designs in a stiff material (such as cardboard or subject folders) to form an overall design or image. The stencil is then placed on the "canvas" gently and with quick, easy strokes of the aerosol can, the image begins to appear on the intended surface.
Some of the first examples were created in 1981 by artists Blek le Rat in Paris, in 1982 by Jef Aerosol in Tours (France); by 1985 stencils had appeared in other cities including New York City, Sydney, and Melbourne, where they were documented by American photographer Charles Gatewood and Australian photographer Rennie Ellis
Tagging is the practice of someone spray-painting "their name, initial or logo onto a public surface" in a handstyle unique to the writer. Tags were the first form of modern graffiti.
Modern graffiti art often incorporates additional arts and technologies. For example, Graffiti Research Lab has encouraged the use of projected images and magnetic light-emitting diodes (throwies) as new media for graffitists. yarnbombing is another recent form of graffiti. Yarnbombers occasionally target previous graffiti for modification, which had been avoided among the majority of graffitists.
Theories on the use of graffiti by avant-garde artists have a history dating back at least to the Asger Jorn, who in 1962 painting declared in a graffiti-like gesture "the avant-garde won't give up"
Many contemporary analysts and even art critics have begun to see artistic value in some graffiti and to recognize it as a form of public art. According to many art researchers, particularly in the Netherlands and in Los Angeles, that type of public art is, in fact an effective tool of social emancipation or, in the achievement of a political goal
In times of conflict, such murals have offered a means of communication and self-expression for members of these socially, ethnically, or racially divided communities, and have proven themselves as effective tools in establishing dialog and thus, of addressing cleavages in the long run. The Berlin Wall was also extensively covered by graffiti reflecting social pressures relating to the oppressive Soviet rule over the GDR.
Many artists involved with graffiti are also concerned with the similar activity of stenciling. Essentially, this entails stenciling a print of one or more colors using spray-paint. Recognized while exhibiting and publishing several of her coloured stencils and paintings portraying the Sri Lankan Civil War and urban Britain in the early 2000s, graffitists Mathangi Arulpragasam, aka M.I.A., has also become known for integrating her imagery of political violence into her music videos for singles "Galang" and "Bucky Done Gun", and her cover art. Stickers of her artwork also often appear around places such as London in Brick Lane, stuck to lamp posts and street signs, she having become a muse for other graffitists and painters worldwide in cities including Seville.
Graffitist believes that art should be on display for everyone in the public eye or in plain sight, not hidden away in a museum or a gallery. Art should color the streets, not the inside of some building. Graffiti is a form of art that cannot be owned or bought. It does not last forever, it is temporary, yet one of a kind. It is a form of self promotion for the artist that can be displayed anywhere form sidewalks, roofs, subways, building wall, etc. Art to them is for everyone and should be showed to everyone for free.
Graffiti is a way of communicating and a way of expressing what one feels in the moment. It is both art and a functional thing that can warn people of something or inform people of something. However, graffiti is to some people a form of art, but to some a form of vandalism. And many graffitists choose to protect their identities and remain anonymous or to hinder prosecution.
With the commercialization of graffiti (and hip hop in general), in most cases, even with legally painted "graffiti" art, graffitists tend to choose anonymity. This may be attributed to various reasons or a combination of reasons. Graffiti still remains the one of four hip hop elements that is not considered "performance art" despite the image of the "singing and dancing star" that sells hip hop culture to the mainstream. Being a graphic form of art, it might also be said that many graffitists still fall in the category of the introverted archetypal artist.
Banksy is one of the world's most notorious and popular street artists who continues to remain faceless in today's society. He is known for his political, anti-war stencil art mainly in Bristol, England, but his work may be seen anywhere from Los Angeles to Palestine. In the UK, Banksy is the most recognizable icon for this cultural artistic movement and keeps his identity a secret to avoid arrest. Much of Banksy's artwork may be seen around the streets of London and surrounding suburbs, although he has painted pictures throughout the world, including the Middle East, where he has painted on Israel's controversial West Bank barrier with satirical images of life on the other side. One depicted a hole in the wall with an idyllic beach, while another shows a mountain landscape on the other side. A number of exhibitions also have taken place since 2000, and recent works of art have fetched vast sums of money. Banksy's art is a prime example of the classic controversy: vandalism vs. art. Art supporters endorse his work distributed in urban areas as pieces of art and some councils, such as Bristol and Islington, have officially protected them, while officials of other areas have deemed his work to be vandalism and have removed it.
Pixnit is another artist who chooses to keep her identity from the general public. Her work focuses on beauty and design aspects of graffiti as opposed to Banksy's anti-government shock value. Her paintings are often of flower designs above shops and stores in her local urban area of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some store owners endorse her work and encourage others to do similar work as well. "One of the pieces was left up above Steve's Kitchen, because it looks pretty awesome"- Erin Scott, the manager of New England Comics in Allston, Massachusetts.
Graffiti artists may become offended if photographs of their art are published in a commercial context without their permission. In March 2020, the Finnish graffiti artist Psyke expressed his displeasure at the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat publishing a photograph of a Peugeot 208 in an article about new cars, with his graffiti prominently shown on the background. The artist claims he does not want his art being used in commercial context, not even if he were to receive compensation.
Territorial graffiti marks urban neighborhoods with tags and logos to differentiate certain groups from others. These images are meant to show outsiders a stern look at whose turf is whose. The subject matter of gang-related graffiti consists of cryptic symbols and initials strictly fashioned with unique calligraphies. Gang members use graffiti to designate membership throughout the gang, to differentiate rivals and associates and, most commonly, to mark borders which are both territorial and ideological.
Graffiti has been used as a means of advertising both legally and illegally. Bronx-based TATS CRU has made a name for themselves doing legal advertising campaigns for companies such as Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Toyota, and MTV. In the UK, Covent Garden's Boxfresh used stencil images of a Zapatista revolutionary in the hopes that cross referencing would promote their store.
Smirnoff hired artists to use reverse graffiti (the use of high pressure hoses to clean dirty surfaces to leave a clean image in the surrounding dirt) to increase awareness of their product.
Graffiti often has a reputation as part of a subculture that rebels against authority, although the considerations of the practitioners often diverge and can relate to a wide range of attitudes. It can express a political practice and can form just one tool in an array of resistance techniques. One early example includes the anarcho-punk band Crass, who conducted a campaign of stenciling anti-war, anarchist, feminist, and anti-consumerist messages throughout the London Underground system during the late 1970s and early 1980s. In Amsterdam graffiti was a major part of the punk scene. The city was covered with names such as "De Zoot", "Vendex", and "Dr Rat". To document the graffiti a punk magazine was started that was called Gallery Anus. So when hip hop came to Europe in the early 1980s there was already a vibrant graffiti culture.
The student protests and general strike of May 1968 saw Paris bedecked in revolutionary, anarchistic, and situationist slogans such as L'ennui est contre-révolutionnaire ("Boredom is counterrevolutionary") and Lisez moins, vivez plus ("Read less, live more"). While not exhaustive, the graffiti gave a sense of the 'millenarian' and rebellious spirit, tempered with a good deal of verbal wit, of the strikers.
I think graffiti writing is a way of defining what our generation is like. Excuse the French, we're not a bunch of p---- artists. Traditionally artists have been considered soft and mellow people, a little bit kooky. Maybe we're a little bit more like pirates that way. We defend our territory, whatever space we steal to paint on, we defend it fiercely.
The developments of graffiti art which took place in art galleries and colleges as well as "on the street" or "underground", contributed to the resurfacing in the 1990s of a far more overtly politicized art form in the subvertising, culture jamming, or tactical media movements. These movements or styles tend to classify the artists by their relationship to their social and economic contexts, since, in most countries, graffiti art remains illegal in many forms except when using non-permanent paint. Since the 1990s with the rise of Street Art, a growing number of artists are switching to non-permanent paints and non-traditional forms of painting.
Contemporary practitioners, accordingly, have varied and often conflicting practices. Some individuals, such as Alexander Brener, have used the medium to politicize other art forms, and have used the prison sentences enforced on them as a means of further protest. The practices of anonymous groups and individuals also vary widely, and practitioners by no means always agree with each other's practices. For example, the anti-capitalist art group the Space Hijackers did a piece in 2004 about the contradiction between the capitalistic elements of Banksy and his use of political imagery.
Berlin human rights activist Irmela Mensah-Schramm has received global media attention and numerous awards for her 35-year campaign of effacing neo-Nazi and other right-wing extremist graffiti throughout Germany, often by altering hate speech in humorous ways.
In Serbian capital, Belgrade, the graffiti depicting a uniformed former general of Serb army and war criminal, convicted at ICTY for war crimes and crimes against humanity, including genocide and ethnic cleansing in Bosnian War, Ratko Mladić, appeared in a military salute alongside the words "General, thank to your mother". Aleks Eror, Berlin-based journalist, explains how "veneration of historical and wartime figures" through street art is not a new phenomenon in the region of former Yugoslavia, and that "in most cases is firmly focused on the future, rather than retelling the past". Eror is not only analyst pointing to danger of such an expressions for the region's future. In a long expose on the subject of Bosnian genocide denial, at Balkan Diskurs magazine and multimedia platform website, Kristina Gadže and Taylor Whitsell referred to these experiences as a young generations' "cultural heritage", in which young are being exposed to celebration and affirmation of war-criminals as part of their "formal education" and "inheritance".
There are numerous examples of genocide denial through celebration and affirmation of war criminals throughout the region of Western Balkans inhabited by Serbs using this form of artistic expression. Several more of these graffiti are found in Serbian capital, and many more across Serbia and Bosnian and Herzegovinian administrative entity, Republika Srpska, which is the ethnic Serbian majority enclave. Critics point that Serbia as a state, is willing to defend the mural of convicted war criminal, and have no intention to react on cases of genocide denial, noting that Interior Minister of Serbia, Aleksandar Vulin decision to ban any gathering with an intent to remove the mural, with the deployment of riot police, sends the message of "tacit endorsement". Consequently, on 9 November 2021, Serbian heavy police in riot gear, with graffiti creators and their supporters, blocked the access to the mural to prevent human rights groups and other activists to paint over it and mark the International Day Against Fascism and Antisemitism in that way, and even arrested two civic activist for throwing eggs at the graffiti.
Graffiti may also be used as an offensive expression. This form of graffiti may be difficult to identify, as it is mostly removed by the local authority (as councils which have adopted strategies of criminalization also strive to remove graffiti quickly). Therefore, existing racist graffiti is mostly more subtle and at first sight, not easily recognized as "racist". It can then be understood only if one knows the relevant "local code" (social, historical, political, temporal, and spatial), which is seen as heteroglot and thus a 'unique set of conditions' in a cultural context.
A spatial code for example, could be that there is a certain youth group in an area that is engaging heavily in racist activities. So, for residents (knowing the local code), a graffiti containing only the name or abbreviation of this gang already is a racist expression, reminding the offended people of their gang activities. Also a graffiti is in most cases, the herald of more serious criminal activity to come. A person who does not know these gang activities would not be able to recognize the meaning of this graffiti. Also if a tag of this youth group or gang is placed on a building occupied by asylum seekers, for example, its racist character is even stronger.
By making the graffiti less explicit (as adapted to social and legal constraints), these drawings are less likely to be removed, but do not lose their threatening and offensive character.
Elsewhere, activists in Russia have used painted caricatures of local officials with their mouths as potholes, to show their anger about the poor state of the roads. In Manchester, England, a graffitists painted obscene images around potholes, which often resulted in them being repaired within 48 hours.
In the early 1980s, the first art galleries to show graffitists to the public were Fashion Moda in the Bronx, Now Gallery and Fun Gallery, both in the East Village, Manhattan.
A 2006 exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum displayed graffiti as an art form that began in New York's outer boroughs and reached great heights in the early 1980s with the work of Crash, Lee, Daze, Keith Haring, and Jean-Michel Basquiat. It displayed 22 works by New York graffitists, including Crash, Daze, and Lady Pink. In an article about the exhibition in the magazine Time Out, curator Charlotta Kotik said that she hoped the exhibition would cause viewers to rethink their assumptions about graffiti.
From the 1970s onwards, Burhan Doğançay photographed urban walls all over the world; these he then archived for use as sources of inspiration for his painterly works. The project today known as "Walls of the World" grew beyond even his own expectations and comprises about 30,000 individual images. It spans a period of 40 years across five continents and 114 countries. In 1982, photographs from this project comprised a one-man exhibition titled "Les murs murmurent, ils crient, ils chantent ..." (The walls whisper, shout and sing ...) at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris.
In Australia, art historians have judged some local graffiti of sufficient creative merit to rank them firmly within the arts. Oxford University Press's art history text Australian Painting 1788–2000 concludes with a long discussion of graffiti's key place within contemporary visual culture, including the work of several Australian practitioners.
Between March and April 2009, 150 artists exhibited 300 pieces of graffiti at the Grand Palais in Paris.
Spray paint has many negative environmental effects. The paint contains toxic chemicals, and the can uses volatile hydrocarbon gases to spray the paint onto a surface.
Volatile organic compound (VOC) leads to ground level ozone formation and most of graffiti related emissions are VOCs. A 2010 paper estimates 4,862 tons of VOCs were released in the United States in activities related to graffiti.
In China, Mao Zedong in the 1920s used revolutionary slogans and paintings in public places to galvanize the country's communist movement.
Based on different national conditions, many people believe that China's attitude towards Graffiti is fierce, but in fact, according to Lance Crayon in his film Spray Paint Beijing: Graffiti in the Capital of China, Graffiti is generally accepted in Beijing, with artists not seeing much police interference. Political and religiously sensitive graffiti, however, is not allowed.
In Hong Kong, Tsang Tsou Choi was known as the King of Kowloon for his calligraphy graffiti over many years, in which he claimed ownership of the area. Now some of his work is preserved officially.
In Taiwan, the government has made some concessions to graffitists. Since 2005 they have been allowed to freely display their work along some sections of riverside retaining walls in designated "Graffiti Zones". From 2007, Taipei's department of cultural affairs also began permitting graffiti on fences around major public construction sites. Department head Yong-ping Lee (李永萍) stated, "We will promote graffiti starting with the public sector, and then later in the private sector too. It's our goal to beautify the city with graffiti". The government later helped organize a graffiti contest in Ximending, a popular shopping district. graffitists caught working outside of these designated areas still face fines up to NT$6,000 under a department of environmental protection regulation. However, Taiwanese authorities can be relatively lenient, one veteran police officer stating anonymously, "Unless someone complains about vandalism, we won't get involved. We don't go after it proactively."
In 1993, after several expensive cars in Singapore were spray-painted, the police arrested a student from the Singapore American School, Michael P. Fay, questioned him, and subsequently charged him with vandalism. Fay pleaded guilty to vandalizing a car in addition to stealing road signs. Under the 1966 Vandalism Act of Singapore, originally passed to curb the spread of communist graffiti in Singapore, the court sentenced him to four months in jail, a fine of S$3,500 (US$2,233), and a caning. The New York Times ran several editorials and op-eds that condemned the punishment and called on the American public to flood the Singaporean embassy with protests. Although the Singapore government received many calls for clemency, Fay's caning took place in Singapore on 5 May 1994. Fay had originally received a sentence of six strokes of the cane, but the presiding president of Singapore, Ong Teng Cheong, agreed to reduce his caning sentence to four lashes.
In South Korea, Park Jung-soo was fined two million South Korean won by the Seoul Central District Court for spray-painting a rat on posters of the G-20 Summit a few days before the event in November 2011. Park alleged that the initial in "G-20" sounds like the Korean word for "rat", but Korean government prosecutors alleged that Park was making a derogatory statement about the president of South Korea, Lee Myung-bak, the host of the summit. This case led to public outcry and debate on the lack of government tolerance and in support of freedom of expression. The court ruled that the painting, "an ominous creature like a rat" amounts to "an organized criminal activity" and upheld the fine while denying the prosecution's request for imprisonment for Park.
In Europe, community cleaning squads have responded to graffiti, in some cases with reckless abandon, as when in 1992 in France a local Scout group, attempting to remove modern graffiti, damaged two prehistoric paintings of bison in the Cave of Mayrière supérieure near the French village of Bruniquel in Tarn-et-Garonne, earning them the 1992 Ig Nobel Prize in archeology.
In September 2006, the European Parliament directed the European Commission to create urban environment policies to prevent and eliminate dirt, litter, graffiti, animal excrement, and excessive noise from domestic and vehicular music systems in European cities, along with other concerns over urban life.
In Budapest, Hungary, both a city-backed movement called I Love Budapest and a special police division tackle the problem, including the provision of approved areas.
The Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 became Britain's latest anti-graffiti legislation. In August 2004, the Keep Britain Tidy campaign issued a press release calling for zero tolerance of graffiti and supporting proposals such as issuing "on the spot" fines to graffiti offenders and banning the sale of aerosol paint to anyone under the age of 16. The press release also condemned the use of graffiti images in advertising and in music videos, arguing that real-world experience of graffiti stood far removed from its often-portrayed "cool" or "edgy'" image.
To back the campaign, 123 Members of Parliament (MPs) (including then Prime Minister Tony Blair), signed a charter which stated: "Graffiti is not art, it's crime. On behalf of my constituents, I will do all I can to rid our community of this problem."
In the UK, city councils have the power to take action against the owner of any property that has been defaced under the Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (as amended by the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005) or, in certain cases, the Highways Act. This is often used against owners of property that are complacent in allowing protective boards to be defaced so long as the property is not damaged.
In July 2008, a conspiracy charge was used to convict graffitists for the first time. After a three-month police surveillance operation, nine members of the DPM crew were convicted of conspiracy to commit criminal damage costing at least £1 million. Five of them received prison sentences, ranging from eighteen months to two years. The unprecedented scale of the investigation and the severity of the sentences rekindled public debate over whether graffiti should be considered art or crime.
Some councils, like those of Stroud and Loerrach, provide approved areas in the town where graffitists can showcase their talents, including underpasses, car parks, and walls that might otherwise prove a target for the "spray and run".
Graffiti Tunnel, University of Sydney at Camperdown (2009)
In an effort to reduce vandalism, many cities in Australia have designated walls or areas exclusively for use by graffitists. One early example is the "Graffiti Tunnel" located at the Camperdown Campus of the University of Sydney, which is available for use by any student at the university to tag, advertise, poster, and paint. Advocates of this idea suggest that this discourages petty vandalism yet encourages artists to take their time and produce great art, without worry of being caught or arrested for vandalism or trespassing.[108][109] Others disagree with this approach, arguing that the presence of legal graffiti walls does not demonstrably reduce illegal graffiti elsewhere. Some local government areas throughout Australia have introduced "anti-graffiti squads", who clean graffiti in the area, and such crews as BCW (Buffers Can't Win) have taken steps to keep one step ahead of local graffiti cleaners.
Many state governments have banned the sale or possession of spray paint to those under the age of 18 (age of majority). However, a number of local governments in Victoria have taken steps to recognize the cultural heritage value of some examples of graffiti, such as prominent political graffiti. Tough new graffiti laws have been introduced in Australia with fines of up to A$26,000 and two years in prison.
Melbourne is a prominent graffiti city of Australia with many of its lanes being tourist attractions, such as Hosier Lane in particular, a popular destination for photographers, wedding photography, and backdrops for corporate print advertising. The Lonely Planet travel guide cites Melbourne's street as a major attraction. All forms of graffiti, including sticker art, poster, stencil art, and wheatpasting, can be found in many places throughout the city. Prominent street art precincts include; Fitzroy, Collingwood, Northcote, Brunswick, St. Kilda, and the CBD, where stencil and sticker art is prominent. As one moves farther away from the city, mostly along suburban train lines, graffiti tags become more prominent. Many international artists such as Banksy have left their work in Melbourne and in early 2008 a perspex screen was installed to prevent a Banksy stencil art piece from being destroyed, it has survived since 2003 through the respect of local street artists avoiding posting over it, although it has recently had paint tipped over it.
In February 2008 Helen Clark, the New Zealand prime minister at that time, announced a government crackdown on tagging and other forms of graffiti vandalism, describing it as a destructive crime representing an invasion of public and private property. New legislation subsequently adopted included a ban on the sale of paint spray cans to persons under 18 and increases in maximum fines for the offence from NZ$200 to NZ$2,000 or extended community service. The issue of tagging become a widely debated one following an incident in Auckland during January 2008 in which a middle-aged property owner stabbed one of two teenage taggers to death and was subsequently convicted of manslaughter.
Graffiti databases have increased in the past decade because they allow vandalism incidents to be fully documented against an offender and help the police and prosecution charge and prosecute offenders for multiple counts of vandalism. They also provide law enforcement the ability to rapidly search for an offender's moniker or tag in a simple, effective, and comprehensive way. These systems can also help track costs of damage to a city to help allocate an anti-graffiti budget. The theory is that when an offender is caught putting up graffiti, they are not just charged with one count of vandalism; they can be held accountable for all the other damage for which they are responsible. This has two main benefits for law enforcement. One, it sends a signal to the offenders that their vandalism is being tracked. Two, a city can seek restitution from offenders for all the damage that they have committed, not merely a single incident. These systems give law enforcement personnel real-time, street-level intelligence that allows them not only to focus on the worst graffiti offenders and their damage, but also to monitor potential gang violence that is associated with the graffiti.
Many restrictions of civil gang injunctions are designed to help address and protect the physical environment and limit graffiti. Provisions of gang injunctions include things such as restricting the possession of marker pens, spray paint cans, or other sharp objects capable of defacing private or public property; spray painting, or marking with marker pens, scratching, applying stickers, or otherwise applying graffiti on any public or private property, including, but not limited to the street, alley, residences, block walls, and fences, vehicles or any other real or personal property. Some injunctions contain wording that restricts damaging or vandalizing both public and private property, including but not limited to any vehicle, light fixture, door, fence, wall, gate, window, building, street sign, utility box, telephone box, tree, or power pole.
To help address many of these issues, many local jurisdictions have set up graffiti abatement hotlines, where citizens can call in and report vandalism and have it removed. San Diego's hotline receives more than 5,000 calls per year, in addition to reporting the graffiti, callers can learn more about prevention. One of the complaints about these hotlines is the response time; there is often a lag time between a property owner calling about the graffiti and its removal. The length of delay should be a consideration for any jurisdiction planning on operating a hotline. Local jurisdictions must convince the callers that their complaint of vandalism will be a priority and cleaned off right away. If the jurisdiction does not have the resources to respond to complaints in a timely manner, the value of the hotline diminishes. Crews must be able to respond to individual service calls made to the graffiti hotline as well as focus on cleanup near schools, parks, and major intersections and transit routes to have the biggest impact. Some cities offer a reward for information leading to the arrest and prosecution of suspects for tagging or graffiti related vandalism. The amount of the reward is based on the information provided, and the action taken.
When police obtain search warrants in connection with a vandalism investigation, they are often seeking judicial approval to look for items such as cans of spray paint and nozzles from other kinds of aerosol sprays; etching tools, or other sharp or pointed objects, which could be used to etch or scratch glass and other hard surfaces; permanent marking pens, markers, or paint sticks; evidence of membership or affiliation with any gang or tagging crew; paraphernalia including any reference to "(tagger's name)"; any drawings, writing, objects, or graffiti depicting taggers' names, initials, logos, monikers, slogans, or any mention of tagging crew membership; and any newspaper clippings relating to graffiti crime.
I'm surprised HTI haven't been more proactive with this casting and offered it to other companies for promotional work just like the old Matchbox equivalent back in the 80's or at least made it available in other colours rather than the blue and red which its been given. In a sea of horrendous generics this still stands out as being one of their most realistic models and still astounds me why its never been available as a single, its certainly cheap enough to be! One of VERY many bought from Wilkinsons over the years. Mint and boxed.
© All rights reserved. Please don't use this image on websites, blogs or other media without my explicit permission.
www.darckr.com/username.php?username=10334788@N02
15.nov.09 - 441 / 80 / 281 / 5 galleries
THE SIGNS OF NOVEMBER On A ROSE ~fresh yout from the camera...just a thank you to all my dear flickr friends !
Why Leaves Really Fall Off Trees
by Robert Krulwich, October 30, 2009
You think you know why leaves fall off trees. Well, you're wrong. It's not the wind. It's not the cold. It's because trees use "scissors" to cut their leaves off.
We call this season the "fall" because all around us right now (if you live near leaf-dropping trees in a temporal zone), leaves are turning yellow and looking a little dry and crusty. So when a stiff breeze comes along, those leaves seem to "fall" off, thus justifying the name "fall."
Sounds reasonable, no?
But the truth is much more interesting.
According to Peter Raven, president of the Missouri Botanical Garden and a renowned botanist, the wind doesn't gently pull leaves off trees. Trees are more proactive than that. They throw their leaves off. Instead of calling this season "The Fall," if trees could talk they'd call this the "Get Off Me" season.
Here's why....
www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=114288700
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The PIC16C66 based board connected to the GPS module and to the guts of a Nokia 5110 by the FBUS connectors on the bottom of the phone (it was just soldered directly to the connectors on the bottom of the phone). The cut yellow wire to the left was soldered to the power button on the front of the phone. The other yellow wire next to the orange is a + trigger input and the orange is a - trigger input. To the right the grey wire is ground, black is main +12V power and brown is a switched +12V from the vehicles ignition.
The 9.2V Nicad battery pack is connected through two solder pads on the end cap of the steel housing that need to be joined by soldering a wire across to activate the battery backup.
The GPS module is a Navman Jupiter 12, part no. TU35-D410-041. Datasheet available here. As it has a simple 4800,N,8,1 serial output and supports NMEA I am planning to repurpose this by connecting it to an Arduino.
Special constables were out in force on Friday 15 November 2013 to highlight the vital role they play in police operations.
Over 50 special constables from Greater Manchester Police (GMP) assisted throughout the day with various operations across the North Manchester area. They targeted the small groups of people who bring harm to our communities.
There was a large element of proactive work undertaken coupled with high visibility reassurance patrols, especially during the evening.
Special Chief Inspector Michael Walmsley, who coordinated the resources for the day said: "This is a way of highlighting the varied work that special constables undertake within our communities. The additional police resources provided by the special constabulary were utilised for intelligence lead operations and executing warrants.”
The special constabulary are trained volunteers who provide a valuable link between the public and the police, having the same powers, training, uniform and equipment as regular police officers.
Chief Superintendent for North Manchester, Nick Adderley, said: “The commitment and dedication that our specials have to policing is inspirational. Their volunteering provides additional police resources to keep our communities safe.
“Being a special enables individuals to gain hands on experience in dealing with challenging situations, something they may not encounter in any other career.”
There was also a recruitment event at The Arndale Centre running from 10am-6pm where people could find out more information about becoming a special constable in GMP.
Rob Kelly has been a special constable since January 2012. He described his experience: “As a retired Fire-fighter. I needed to keep busy, so what better way than to give something back to the community and serve as a special.
“I really enjoy the variety of jobs we go to, working with great people and good friends and working within a neighbourhood policing team gives you the confidence to go out and help the public."
For more information on becoming a special constable please visit www.gmp.police.uk or email special.constabulary@gmp.police.uk.
To find out more about Greater Manchester Police please visit our website.
You should call 101, the new national non-emergency number, to report crime and other concerns that do not require an emergency response.
Always call 999 in an emergency, such as when a crime is in progress, violence is being used or threatened or where there is danger to life.
You can also call anonymously with information about crime to Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111. Crimestoppers is an independent charity who will not want your name, just your information. Your call will not be traced or recorded and you do not have to go to court or give a statement.
At the end of December, a team of officers from Greater Manchester Police’s (GMP) City of Manchester Division, were on duty patrolling the Cheetham Hill and Strangeways area, as part of a high visibility, proactive operation to disrupt the sale of counterfeit goods.
At the end of December, a team of officers from Greater Manchester Police’s (GMP) City of Manchester division, were on duty patrolling the Cheetham Hill and Strangeways area, as part of a high visibility, proactive operation to disrupt the sale of counterfeit goods.
Officers were on the streets providing a visible presence in order to deter those who sell counterfeit items from approaching potential customers, they were also engaging with members of the public in the area – handing out leaflets with information on how the sale of counterfeit goods is often associated with organised criminal gangs, as well as educating them on what the dangers can be when you buy these untested and unregulated items.
During the operation, one man was arrested and charged for possession of an offensive weapon and a breach of a court order and another was charged for failing to appear at court.
Inspector William Jennings-Wharton, of GMP’s City of Manchester division, said: “I understand that the low prices of counterfeit goods can lure members of the public into buying them, so part of our tactic in disrupting the sale of fake goods, is to educate the public on what the risks and consequences behind those low prices can be.
“Counterfeit goods can not only have a negative impact on communities as a whole, with their sale linked to funding organised criminal activity as well as attracting more criminality to the area – as our action today demonstrates, but it can also have a personal impact on those who have brought it as these items are often not safety tested and not in-line with industry standards which can have dangerous consequences. That is why this operation marks the start of our ‘#WhatsItReallyWorth?’ initiative which aims to shed light on the risks posed by this type of criminality. We will be continuing to work with partners as part of the initiative, to take action against those involved in the sale of counterfeit goods, as well as working with the community and engaging with those who visit the area.
“If any members of the public have information that may assist us, I urge you to report it online or by using the LiveChat facility at www.gmp.police.uk or by calling 101. Alternatively, contact Crimestoppers anonymously on 0800 555 111."
A total of 30 arrests were made and cash, drugs and vehicles were seized in Tameside as part of GMP's force-wide initiative, Operation Avro.
Dozens of raids were carried out, thousands of pounds of goods were seized and 30 suspects were arrested on suspicion of a range of offences following a blitz on crime in the district yesterday (17 February 2022).
Almost 200 officers from across the force were involved in the operation - maximising resources from across our districts and specialist units - and flooded the city with a surge of activity, including warrants, arrests, community engagement, traffic enforcement, and crime-prevention advice along with partners including Tameside Council. Weapon sweeps, high visibility patrols, multi-agency checks on premises' and businesses and vehicles were seized as part of the widespread effort to take proactive action on crime in the district.
Tameside is the fifth district to hold Operation Avro - following Salford, Trafford, Manchester and Stockport.
A number of warrants were carried out in Hyde, Droylsden, Dunkinfield and Ashton including addresses in Booth Close, Stalybridge, where three men were arrested on suspicion of drugs offences and cannabis plants were found.
At an address on Market Street, Droylsden, a man was arrested on suspicion of section 18 assault and theft of a motor vehicle after a suspected stolen vehicle with keys was located and seized.
Multi-agency teams also carried out vehicle safety checks, taxi and private hire vehicle safety checks, scrap metal and waste carrier compliance checks and visited licensed premises across the borough. Partners from HMRC carried out the checks on taxis and six were found to have failed due to defects - being ordered to fix them before being allowed to carry passengers.
At nine of the 10 off licence and convenience stories visited by Tameside Council's licensing team, suspected illegal tobacco was found and seized.
On Mottram Road in Stalybridge, a traffic operation led to 82 speeding offences being recorded, along with 26 traffic offences reported, five vehicle seizures and two arrests.
Chief Superintendent Rob Cousen, from GMP's Tameside district's commander, said: "This action is more than a one-off - it's all part of the new era GMP is now in where we're arresting more criminals, seizing more assets and deploying more officers into our neighbourhoods.
"We're absolutely determined to make Tameside the safest place possible to live, work and visit and Operation Avro is just one of the steps we're taking to ensure this happens.
"This day of action has led to some impressive results thanks to the work of our officers and partners across the district and we will continue to crack down on those causing the most harm to our communities by bringing those responsible to justice.
"I'd like to reassure the communities in Tameside that we will listen to your concerns and act on them - anyone with any information or concerns can get in touch with local officers."
Tameside Council Executive Leader Cllr Brenda Warrington said: “The day of action supports our wider, ongoing multi-agency work - as part of Operation Safer Tameside - to take a robust, partnership approach to tackling issues of concern in our local community.
"We are determined to make our communities feel safe and protected and it’s great to once again see such positive results and feedback.”
You should call 101, the national non-emergency number, to report crime and other concerns that do not require an emergency response.
Always call 999 in an emergency, such as when a crime is in progress, violence is being used or threatened or where there is danger to life.
You can also call anonymously with information about crime to Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111. Crimestoppers is an independent charity who will not want your name, just your information. Your call will not be traced or recorded and you do not have to go to court or give a statement.
You can access many of our services online at www.gmp.police.uk
Officers tackling serious and organised crime in North Manchester have launched a dedicated multi-agency disruption hub in the district to crackdown on criminal activity in the area.
The hub was launched last month, in partnership with Manchester City Council, as part of ongoing Operation Haemus – formed in November 2019 following an increase in firearm discharges stemming from two main local criminal groups in CheethamHill.
As part of the Haemus hub, a team totalling 17 officers has been formed, consisting of experienced detectives, dedicated safeguarding officers, intelligence officers, and a team of proactive officers who are dedicated to the area in both plain and uniformed patrols.
The team will engage in a range of proactive activities to continue to reduce the prevalence of organised crime in the north of Manchester.
Today (Wednesday 16 December) a team of officers from the Op Haemus team were joined by GMPs Tactical Aid Unit & Tactical Dog Unit in performing an intelligence-led weapon sweep of the area of Mandley Park - on the Salford border.
Any discarded or hidden weapons, firearms or ammunition found in the area during the sweep will be recovered and examined potentially as evidence as part of the 12 ongoing investigations within Op Haemus.
In the first six weeks since the inception of the disruption hub, Op Haemus officers have made a total of 25 arrests, conducted 122 stop searches and have searched 15 houses.
During the same short period, the hub has already seized two viable firearms, large quantities of class A and class B drugs, and seized 13 vehicles.
In conjunction with Manchester City Council, the hub works closely with housing providers, social services, adult services and a number of other agencies in a multi-agency approach to tackle organised crime in North Manchester.
This includes working closely with partners in local authority to provide a range of safeguarding measures and care packages to protect and support vulnerable adults and children at risk of being targeted, coerced and victimised by criminal activity.
Superintendent Rebecca Boyce, of GMP’s North Manchester division, said: “The launch of the disruption hub as part of Operation Haemus is a very welcome introduction for the people of North Manchester, as it’s the latest in a series of proactive measures we’ve employed in recent months to tackle the blight of serious and organised crime in our community.
“It is important that we maximise the resources we have available to us, and we have ensured that we have a dedicated and skilful team working around the clock to disrupt the activity of criminal groups, while protecting the public that we serve.
“We have always been honest and open about the challenges that have presented themselves due to the complexities and developments during this operation, but we are confident that we are making a tangible difference on our streets which can be seen by the recent decrease in firearms activity.
“While disputes between local crime groups generally pose little wider risk to the general public, it is understandable that such incidents cause unease and distress in our communities and we hope that the innocent, honest, and decent people we serve feel reassured by this targeted and increased action we are taking in the district.
“As ever, we continue to urge members of the public to contact police with any information or concerns, knowing that it will be treated with the strictest confidence – we have high-visibility patrols that can be approached, or a dedicated phone number that can be contacted – and Crimestoppers is always available for those who wish to pass on information anonymously.”
Any information relating to Operation Haemus should be passed to police on 0161 8563548 or the independent charity Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111.
You should call 101, the national non-emergency number, to report crime and other concerns that do not require an emergency response.
Always call 999 in an emergency, such as when a crime is in progress, violence is being used or threatened or where there is danger to life.
You can also call anonymously with information about crime to Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111. Crimestoppers is an independent charity who will not want your name, just your information. Your call will not be traced or recorded and you do not have to go to court or give a statement.
You can access many of our services online at www.gmp.police.uk
Proactive apologies for the horrid quality -- these are always cool birds to sight albeit extremely distant. Crane Creek Estuary.
Special constables were out in force on Friday 15 November 2013 to highlight the vital role they play in police operations.
Over 50 special constables from Greater Manchester Police (GMP) assisted throughout the day with various operations across the North Manchester area. They targeted the small groups of people who bring harm to our communities.
There was a large element of proactive work undertaken coupled with high visibility reassurance patrols, especially during the evening.
Special Chief Inspector Michael Walmsley, who coordinated the resources for the day said: "This is a way of highlighting the varied work that special constables undertake within our communities. The additional police resources provided by the special constabulary were utilised for intelligence lead operations and executing warrants.”
The special constabulary are trained volunteers who provide a valuable link between the public and the police, having the same powers, training, uniform and equipment as regular police officers.
Chief Superintendent for North Manchester, Nick Adderley, said: “The commitment and dedication that our specials have to policing is inspirational. Their volunteering provides additional police resources to keep our communities safe.
“Being a special enables individuals to gain hands on experience in dealing with challenging situations, something they may not encounter in any other career.”
There was also a recruitment event at The Arndale Centre running from 10am-6pm where people could find out more information about becoming a special constable in GMP.
Rob Kelly has been a special constable since January 2012. He described his experience: “As a retired Fire-fighter. I needed to keep busy, so what better way than to give something back to the community and serve as a special.
“I really enjoy the variety of jobs we go to, working with great people and good friends and working within a neighbourhood policing team gives you the confidence to go out and help the public."
For more information on becoming a special constable please visit www.gmp.police.uk or email special.constabulary@gmp.police.uk.
To find out more about Greater Manchester Police please visit our website.
You should call 101, the new national non-emergency number, to report crime and other concerns that do not require an emergency response.
Always call 999 in an emergency, such as when a crime is in progress, violence is being used or threatened or where there is danger to life.
You can also call anonymously with information about crime to Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111. Crimestoppers is an independent charity who will not want your name, just your information. Your call will not be traced or recorded and you do not have to go to court or give a statement.
Free Lunch for 5000 In Campaign Against Food Waste
Feeding the 5000 event – Trafalgar Square, London
12 noon - 2.00 pm on Friday 18th November 2011
Five thousand members of the public are invited to a free hot lunch in Trafalgar Square on Friday 18 November between 12 noon and 2.00pm. All food made entirely from ingredients that would otherwise have been wasted, such as fresh but cosmetically imperfect fruit and vegetables. Feeding the 5000 is organised by Tristram Stuart, pictured preparing food for cooking.
Feeding the 5000 will highlight how easy it is to reduce the unimaginable levels of food waste in the UK and internationally, and how governments, businesses and individuals can help. The event is run by the Feeding the 5000 team, in partnership with FareShare, FoodCycle, Love Food Hate Waste, Friends of the Earth and supported by the Mayor of London.
In just two hours, charities, volunteers, and the Mayor of London Boris Johnson, will serve a free lunch to 5000 members of the public. The menu will include curry made from ‘mis-shapen’ and wonky vegetables, and a range of cooked dishes prepared live by well known chefs, including Thomasina Miers, Valentine Warner and Arthur Potts Dawson.
The public will be invited to take part in the ‘surplus apple’ pressing and to drink the free juice - with the chance to feed the apple remnants to live pigs in Trafalgar Square, as well as helping to sort through wonky vegetables for delivery to charities. Speakers at the event include the Bishop of London and Rosie Boycott, Chair of London Food.
The event urges the public to sign the Feeding the 5000 pledge calling for action from governments, retailers and food businesses: ‘I pledge to reduce my food waste and I want businesses to do the same’. Those unable to attend the event will be able to pledge through the Feeding the 5000 website (www.feeding5k.org ). Around 80 percent of consumers [1] [1]want businesses to tackle food waste: this offers an opportunity for businesses to respond to the challenge in proactive, positive ways.
Food businesses, restaurants and retailers are invited to sign the Business Pledge, agreeing to the principles of the ‘Food Waste Pyramid’, a new online guidance tool developed by the Feeding the 5000 partnership to help food businesses avoid waste according to a step by step process.
Feeding the 5000 is organised by Tristram Stuart, author of Waste: Uncovering the Global Food Scandal (Penguin, 2009), whose campaigning on food waste won him this year’s international environmental award, The Sophie Prize (www.sofieprisen.no ).
If the universe is a blue bottle
I would like my red dust and I wandering shadows
Injection bottle sweet until
Drink with me years of people
如果 宇宙是個透藍的瓶子
我願將我的紅塵 及我流浪的影子
注入瓶內溫存 直到
將與我共飲歲月的人出現
Tabira Cliff proactive in time, from left to right for mabolasishan, maliyawenlushan, Ma Lijia Nanshan
塔比拉斷崖前攝來時路,由左至右為馬博拉斯山,馬利亞文路山,馬利嘉南山
todai-ji temple, nara
Construction story:
In 743, Emperor Shōmu issued a law in which he stated that the people should proactively be involved into the making of the new Buddha to protect themselves. He believed Buddha's power could help the people. Gyōki, with his pupils, have travelled provinces asking for donations. According to records kept by Tōdai-ji, more than 2,600,000 people in total helped construct the Great Buddha and its Hall. The 16 m (52 ft) high statue (i.e., the great buddha/daibutsu) was built through eight castings over three years, the head and neck being cast together as a separate shell 12 feet high. After having met multiple casualties as fires and earthquakes... the Buddha was finally completed in 751. A year later, in 752, the eye-opening ceremony was held with an attendance of 10,000 people to celebrate the completion of the Buddha. The Indian priest Bodhisena performed the eye-opening for Emperor Shōmu.
In 754, ordination was given by Ganjin, who arrived in Japan after overcoming hardships over 12 years and 6 attempts of crossing the sea from China, to Empress Kōken, former Emperor Shōmu and others. In spite of Emperor Shōmu's original wish, however, having consumed most of Japan's bronze production for several years the country was left almost bankrupt. (Wikipedia)
Special constables were out in force on Friday 15 November 2013 to highlight the vital role they play in police operations.
Over 50 special constables from Greater Manchester Police (GMP) assisted throughout the day with various operations across the North Manchester area. They targeted the small groups of people who bring harm to our communities.
There was a large element of proactive work undertaken coupled with high visibility reassurance patrols, especially during the evening.
Special Chief Inspector Michael Walmsley, who coordinated the resources for the day said: "This is a way of highlighting the varied work that special constables undertake within our communities. The additional police resources provided by the special constabulary were utilised for intelligence lead operations and executing warrants.”
The special constabulary are trained volunteers who provide a valuable link between the public and the police, having the same powers, training, uniform and equipment as regular police officers.
Chief Superintendent for North Manchester, Nick Adderley, said: “The commitment and dedication that our specials have to policing is inspirational. Their volunteering provides additional police resources to keep our communities safe.
“Being a special enables individuals to gain hands on experience in dealing with challenging situations, something they may not encounter in any other career.”
There was also a recruitment event at The Arndale Centre running from 10am-6pm where people could find out more information about becoming a special constable in GMP.
Rob Kelly has been a special constable since January 2012. He described his experience: “As a retired Fire-fighter. I needed to keep busy, so what better way than to give something back to the community and serve as a special.
“I really enjoy the variety of jobs we go to, working with great people and good friends and working within a neighbourhood policing team gives you the confidence to go out and help the public."
For more information on becoming a special constable please visit www.gmp.police.uk or email special.constabulary@gmp.police.uk.
To find out more about Greater Manchester Police please visit our website.
You should call 101, the new national non-emergency number, to report crime and other concerns that do not require an emergency response.
Always call 999 in an emergency, such as when a crime is in progress, violence is being used or threatened or where there is danger to life.
You can also call anonymously with information about crime to Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111. Crimestoppers is an independent charity who will not want your name, just your information. Your call will not be traced or recorded and you do not have to go to court or give a statement.
Graffiti (plural; singular graffiti or graffito, the latter rarely used except in archeology) is art that is written, painted or drawn on a wall or other surface, usually without permission and within public view. Graffiti ranges from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and has existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, and the Roman Empire (see also mural).
Graffiti is a controversial subject. In most countries, marking or painting property without permission is considered by property owners and civic authorities as defacement and vandalism, which is a punishable crime, citing the use of graffiti by street gangs to mark territory or to serve as an indicator of gang-related activities. Graffiti has become visualized as a growing urban "problem" for many cities in industrialized nations, spreading from the New York City subway system and Philadelphia in the early 1970s to the rest of the United States and Europe and other world regions
"Graffiti" (usually both singular and plural) and the rare singular form "graffito" are from the Italian word graffiato ("scratched"). The term "graffiti" is used in art history for works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface. A related term is "sgraffito", which involves scratching through one layer of pigment to reveal another beneath it. This technique was primarily used by potters who would glaze their wares and then scratch a design into them. In ancient times graffiti were carved on walls with a sharp object, although sometimes chalk or coal were used. The word originates from Greek γράφειν—graphein—meaning "to write".
The term graffiti originally referred to the inscriptions, figure drawings, and such, found on the walls of ancient sepulchres or ruins, as in the Catacombs of Rome or at Pompeii. Historically, these writings were not considered vanadlism, which today is considered part of the definition of graffiti.
The only known source of the Safaitic language, an ancient form of Arabic, is from graffiti: inscriptions scratched on to the surface of rocks and boulders in the predominantly basalt desert of southern Syria, eastern Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia. Safaitic dates from the first century BC to the fourth century AD.
Some of the oldest cave paintings in the world are 40,000 year old ones found in Australia. The oldest written graffiti was found in ancient Rome around 2500 years ago. Most graffiti from the time was boasts about sexual experiences Graffiti in Ancient Rome was a form of communication, and was not considered vandalism.
Ancient tourists visiting the 5th-century citadel at Sigiriya in Sri Lanka write their names and commentary over the "mirror wall", adding up to over 1800 individual graffiti produced there between the 6th and 18th centuries. Most of the graffiti refer to the frescoes of semi-nude females found there. One reads:
Wet with cool dew drops
fragrant with perfume from the flowers
came the gentle breeze
jasmine and water lily
dance in the spring sunshine
side-long glances
of the golden-hued ladies
stab into my thoughts
heaven itself cannot take my mind
as it has been captivated by one lass
among the five hundred I have seen here.
Among the ancient political graffiti examples were Arab satirist poems. Yazid al-Himyari, an Umayyad Arab and Persian poet, was most known for writing his political poetry on the walls between Sajistan and Basra, manifesting a strong hatred towards the Umayyad regime and its walis, and people used to read and circulate them very widely.
Graffiti, known as Tacherons, were frequently scratched on Romanesque Scandinavian church walls. When Renaissance artists such as Pinturicchio, Raphael, Michelangelo, Ghirlandaio, or Filippino Lippi descended into the ruins of Nero's Domus Aurea, they carved or painted their names and returned to initiate the grottesche style of decoration.
There are also examples of graffiti occurring in American history, such as Independence Rock, a national landmark along the Oregon Trail.
Later, French soldiers carved their names on monuments during the Napoleonic campaign of Egypt in the 1790s. Lord Byron's survives on one of the columns of the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion in Attica, Greece.
The oldest known example of graffiti "monikers" found on traincars created by hobos and railworkers since the late 1800s. The Bozo Texino monikers were documented by filmmaker Bill Daniel in his 2005 film, Who is Bozo Texino?.
In World War II, an inscription on a wall at the fortress of Verdun was seen as an illustration of the US response twice in a generation to the wrongs of the Old World:
During World War II and for decades after, the phrase "Kilroy was here" with an accompanying illustration was widespread throughout the world, due to its use by American troops and ultimately filtering into American popular culture. Shortly after the death of Charlie Parker (nicknamed "Yardbird" or "Bird"), graffiti began appearing around New York with the words "Bird Lives".
Modern graffiti art has its origins with young people in 1960s and 70s in New York City and Philadelphia. Tags were the first form of stylised contemporary graffiti. Eventually, throw-ups and pieces evolved with the desire to create larger art. Writers used spray paint and other kind of materials to leave tags or to create images on the sides subway trains. and eventually moved into the city after the NYC metro began to buy new trains and paint over graffiti.
While the art had many advocates and appreciators—including the cultural critic Norman Mailer—others, including New York City mayor Ed Koch, considered it to be defacement of public property, and saw it as a form of public blight. The ‘taggers’ called what they did ‘writing’—though an important 1974 essay by Mailer referred to it using the term ‘graffiti.’
Contemporary graffiti style has been heavily influenced by hip hop culture and the myriad international styles derived from Philadelphia and New York City Subway graffiti; however, there are many other traditions of notable graffiti in the twentieth century. Graffiti have long appeared on building walls, in latrines, railroad boxcars, subways, and bridges.
An early graffito outside of New York or Philadelphia was the inscription in London reading "Clapton is God" in reference to the guitarist Eric Clapton. Creating the cult of the guitar hero, the phrase was spray-painted by an admirer on a wall in an Islington, north London in the autumn of 1967. The graffito was captured in a photograph, in which a dog is urinating on the wall.
Films like Style Wars in the 80s depicting famous writers such as Skeme, Dondi, MinOne, and ZEPHYR reinforced graffiti's role within New York's emerging hip-hop culture. Although many officers of the New York City Police Department found this film to be controversial, Style Wars is still recognized as the most prolific film representation of what was going on within the young hip hop culture of the early 1980s. Fab 5 Freddy and Futura 2000 took hip hop graffiti to Paris and London as part of the New York City Rap Tour in 1983
Commercialization and entrance into mainstream pop culture
Main article: Commercial graffiti
With the popularity and legitimization of graffiti has come a level of commercialization. In 2001, computer giant IBM launched an advertising campaign in Chicago and San Francisco which involved people spray painting on sidewalks a peace symbol, a heart, and a penguin (Linux mascot), to represent "Peace, Love, and Linux." IBM paid Chicago and San Francisco collectively US$120,000 for punitive damages and clean-up costs.
In 2005, a similar ad campaign was launched by Sony and executed by its advertising agency in New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and Miami, to market its handheld PSP gaming system. In this campaign, taking notice of the legal problems of the IBM campaign, Sony paid building owners for the rights to paint on their buildings "a collection of dizzy-eyed urban kids playing with the PSP as if it were a skateboard, a paddle, or a rocking horse".
Tristan Manco wrote that Brazil "boasts a unique and particularly rich, graffiti scene ... [earning] it an international reputation as the place to go for artistic inspiration". Graffiti "flourishes in every conceivable space in Brazil's cities". Artistic parallels "are often drawn between the energy of São Paulo today and 1970s New York". The "sprawling metropolis", of São Paulo has "become the new shrine to graffiti"; Manco alludes to "poverty and unemployment ... [and] the epic struggles and conditions of the country's marginalised peoples", and to "Brazil's chronic poverty", as the main engines that "have fuelled a vibrant graffiti culture". In world terms, Brazil has "one of the most uneven distributions of income. Laws and taxes change frequently". Such factors, Manco argues, contribute to a very fluid society, riven with those economic divisions and social tensions that underpin and feed the "folkloric vandalism and an urban sport for the disenfranchised", that is South American graffiti art.
Prominent Brazilian writers include Os Gêmeos, Boleta, Nunca, Nina, Speto, Tikka, and T.Freak. Their artistic success and involvement in commercial design ventures has highlighted divisions within the Brazilian graffiti community between adherents of the cruder transgressive form of pichação and the more conventionally artistic values of the practitioners of grafite.
Graffiti in the Middle East has emerged slowly, with taggers operating in Egypt, Lebanon, the Gulf countries like Bahrain or the United Arab Emirates, Israel, and in Iran. The major Iranian newspaper Hamshahri has published two articles on illegal writers in the city with photographic coverage of Iranian artist A1one's works on Tehran walls. Tokyo-based design magazine, PingMag, has interviewed A1one and featured photographs of his work. The Israeli West Bank barrier has become a site for graffiti, reminiscent in this sense of the Berlin Wall. Many writers in Israel come from other places around the globe, such as JUIF from Los Angeles and DEVIONE from London. The religious reference "נ נח נחמ נחמן מאומן" ("Na Nach Nachma Nachman Meuman") is commonly seen in graffiti around Israel.
Graffiti has played an important role within the street art scene in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), especially following the events of the Arab Spring of 2011 or the Sudanese Revolution of 2018/19. Graffiti is a tool of expression in the context of conflict in the region, allowing people to raise their voices politically and socially. Famous street artist Banksy has had an important effect in the street art scene in the MENA area, especially in Palestine where some of his works are located in the West Bank barrier and Bethlehem.
There are also a large number of graffiti influences in Southeast Asian countries that mostly come from modern Western culture, such as Malaysia, where graffiti have long been a common sight in Malaysia's capital city, Kuala Lumpur. Since 2010, the country has begun hosting a street festival to encourage all generations and people from all walks of life to enjoy and encourage Malaysian street culture.
The modern-day graffitists can be found with an arsenal of various materials that allow for a successful production of a piece. This includes such techniques as scribing. However, spray paint in aerosol cans is the number one medium for graffiti. From this commodity comes different styles, technique, and abilities to form master works of graffiti. Spray paint can be found at hardware and art stores and comes in virtually every color.
Stencil graffiti is created by cutting out shapes and designs in a stiff material (such as cardboard or subject folders) to form an overall design or image. The stencil is then placed on the "canvas" gently and with quick, easy strokes of the aerosol can, the image begins to appear on the intended surface.
Some of the first examples were created in 1981 by artists Blek le Rat in Paris, in 1982 by Jef Aerosol in Tours (France); by 1985 stencils had appeared in other cities including New York City, Sydney, and Melbourne, where they were documented by American photographer Charles Gatewood and Australian photographer Rennie Ellis
Tagging is the practice of someone spray-painting "their name, initial or logo onto a public surface" in a handstyle unique to the writer. Tags were the first form of modern graffiti.
Modern graffiti art often incorporates additional arts and technologies. For example, Graffiti Research Lab has encouraged the use of projected images and magnetic light-emitting diodes (throwies) as new media for graffitists. yarnbombing is another recent form of graffiti. Yarnbombers occasionally target previous graffiti for modification, which had been avoided among the majority of graffitists.
Theories on the use of graffiti by avant-garde artists have a history dating back at least to the Asger Jorn, who in 1962 painting declared in a graffiti-like gesture "the avant-garde won't give up"
Many contemporary analysts and even art critics have begun to see artistic value in some graffiti and to recognize it as a form of public art. According to many art researchers, particularly in the Netherlands and in Los Angeles, that type of public art is, in fact an effective tool of social emancipation or, in the achievement of a political goal
In times of conflict, such murals have offered a means of communication and self-expression for members of these socially, ethnically, or racially divided communities, and have proven themselves as effective tools in establishing dialog and thus, of addressing cleavages in the long run. The Berlin Wall was also extensively covered by graffiti reflecting social pressures relating to the oppressive Soviet rule over the GDR.
Many artists involved with graffiti are also concerned with the similar activity of stenciling. Essentially, this entails stenciling a print of one or more colors using spray-paint. Recognized while exhibiting and publishing several of her coloured stencils and paintings portraying the Sri Lankan Civil War and urban Britain in the early 2000s, graffitists Mathangi Arulpragasam, aka M.I.A., has also become known for integrating her imagery of political violence into her music videos for singles "Galang" and "Bucky Done Gun", and her cover art. Stickers of her artwork also often appear around places such as London in Brick Lane, stuck to lamp posts and street signs, she having become a muse for other graffitists and painters worldwide in cities including Seville.
Graffitist believes that art should be on display for everyone in the public eye or in plain sight, not hidden away in a museum or a gallery. Art should color the streets, not the inside of some building. Graffiti is a form of art that cannot be owned or bought. It does not last forever, it is temporary, yet one of a kind. It is a form of self promotion for the artist that can be displayed anywhere form sidewalks, roofs, subways, building wall, etc. Art to them is for everyone and should be showed to everyone for free.
Graffiti is a way of communicating and a way of expressing what one feels in the moment. It is both art and a functional thing that can warn people of something or inform people of something. However, graffiti is to some people a form of art, but to some a form of vandalism. And many graffitists choose to protect their identities and remain anonymous or to hinder prosecution.
With the commercialization of graffiti (and hip hop in general), in most cases, even with legally painted "graffiti" art, graffitists tend to choose anonymity. This may be attributed to various reasons or a combination of reasons. Graffiti still remains the one of four hip hop elements that is not considered "performance art" despite the image of the "singing and dancing star" that sells hip hop culture to the mainstream. Being a graphic form of art, it might also be said that many graffitists still fall in the category of the introverted archetypal artist.
Banksy is one of the world's most notorious and popular street artists who continues to remain faceless in today's society. He is known for his political, anti-war stencil art mainly in Bristol, England, but his work may be seen anywhere from Los Angeles to Palestine. In the UK, Banksy is the most recognizable icon for this cultural artistic movement and keeps his identity a secret to avoid arrest. Much of Banksy's artwork may be seen around the streets of London and surrounding suburbs, although he has painted pictures throughout the world, including the Middle East, where he has painted on Israel's controversial West Bank barrier with satirical images of life on the other side. One depicted a hole in the wall with an idyllic beach, while another shows a mountain landscape on the other side. A number of exhibitions also have taken place since 2000, and recent works of art have fetched vast sums of money. Banksy's art is a prime example of the classic controversy: vandalism vs. art. Art supporters endorse his work distributed in urban areas as pieces of art and some councils, such as Bristol and Islington, have officially protected them, while officials of other areas have deemed his work to be vandalism and have removed it.
Pixnit is another artist who chooses to keep her identity from the general public. Her work focuses on beauty and design aspects of graffiti as opposed to Banksy's anti-government shock value. Her paintings are often of flower designs above shops and stores in her local urban area of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some store owners endorse her work and encourage others to do similar work as well. "One of the pieces was left up above Steve's Kitchen, because it looks pretty awesome"- Erin Scott, the manager of New England Comics in Allston, Massachusetts.
Graffiti artists may become offended if photographs of their art are published in a commercial context without their permission. In March 2020, the Finnish graffiti artist Psyke expressed his displeasure at the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat publishing a photograph of a Peugeot 208 in an article about new cars, with his graffiti prominently shown on the background. The artist claims he does not want his art being used in commercial context, not even if he were to receive compensation.
Territorial graffiti marks urban neighborhoods with tags and logos to differentiate certain groups from others. These images are meant to show outsiders a stern look at whose turf is whose. The subject matter of gang-related graffiti consists of cryptic symbols and initials strictly fashioned with unique calligraphies. Gang members use graffiti to designate membership throughout the gang, to differentiate rivals and associates and, most commonly, to mark borders which are both territorial and ideological.
Graffiti has been used as a means of advertising both legally and illegally. Bronx-based TATS CRU has made a name for themselves doing legal advertising campaigns for companies such as Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Toyota, and MTV. In the UK, Covent Garden's Boxfresh used stencil images of a Zapatista revolutionary in the hopes that cross referencing would promote their store.
Smirnoff hired artists to use reverse graffiti (the use of high pressure hoses to clean dirty surfaces to leave a clean image in the surrounding dirt) to increase awareness of their product.
Graffiti often has a reputation as part of a subculture that rebels against authority, although the considerations of the practitioners often diverge and can relate to a wide range of attitudes. It can express a political practice and can form just one tool in an array of resistance techniques. One early example includes the anarcho-punk band Crass, who conducted a campaign of stenciling anti-war, anarchist, feminist, and anti-consumerist messages throughout the London Underground system during the late 1970s and early 1980s. In Amsterdam graffiti was a major part of the punk scene. The city was covered with names such as "De Zoot", "Vendex", and "Dr Rat". To document the graffiti a punk magazine was started that was called Gallery Anus. So when hip hop came to Europe in the early 1980s there was already a vibrant graffiti culture.
The student protests and general strike of May 1968 saw Paris bedecked in revolutionary, anarchistic, and situationist slogans such as L'ennui est contre-révolutionnaire ("Boredom is counterrevolutionary") and Lisez moins, vivez plus ("Read less, live more"). While not exhaustive, the graffiti gave a sense of the 'millenarian' and rebellious spirit, tempered with a good deal of verbal wit, of the strikers.
I think graffiti writing is a way of defining what our generation is like. Excuse the French, we're not a bunch of p---- artists. Traditionally artists have been considered soft and mellow people, a little bit kooky. Maybe we're a little bit more like pirates that way. We defend our territory, whatever space we steal to paint on, we defend it fiercely.
The developments of graffiti art which took place in art galleries and colleges as well as "on the street" or "underground", contributed to the resurfacing in the 1990s of a far more overtly politicized art form in the subvertising, culture jamming, or tactical media movements. These movements or styles tend to classify the artists by their relationship to their social and economic contexts, since, in most countries, graffiti art remains illegal in many forms except when using non-permanent paint. Since the 1990s with the rise of Street Art, a growing number of artists are switching to non-permanent paints and non-traditional forms of painting.
Contemporary practitioners, accordingly, have varied and often conflicting practices. Some individuals, such as Alexander Brener, have used the medium to politicize other art forms, and have used the prison sentences enforced on them as a means of further protest. The practices of anonymous groups and individuals also vary widely, and practitioners by no means always agree with each other's practices. For example, the anti-capitalist art group the Space Hijackers did a piece in 2004 about the contradiction between the capitalistic elements of Banksy and his use of political imagery.
Berlin human rights activist Irmela Mensah-Schramm has received global media attention and numerous awards for her 35-year campaign of effacing neo-Nazi and other right-wing extremist graffiti throughout Germany, often by altering hate speech in humorous ways.
In Serbian capital, Belgrade, the graffiti depicting a uniformed former general of Serb army and war criminal, convicted at ICTY for war crimes and crimes against humanity, including genocide and ethnic cleansing in Bosnian War, Ratko Mladić, appeared in a military salute alongside the words "General, thank to your mother". Aleks Eror, Berlin-based journalist, explains how "veneration of historical and wartime figures" through street art is not a new phenomenon in the region of former Yugoslavia, and that "in most cases is firmly focused on the future, rather than retelling the past". Eror is not only analyst pointing to danger of such an expressions for the region's future. In a long expose on the subject of Bosnian genocide denial, at Balkan Diskurs magazine and multimedia platform website, Kristina Gadže and Taylor Whitsell referred to these experiences as a young generations' "cultural heritage", in which young are being exposed to celebration and affirmation of war-criminals as part of their "formal education" and "inheritance".
There are numerous examples of genocide denial through celebration and affirmation of war criminals throughout the region of Western Balkans inhabited by Serbs using this form of artistic expression. Several more of these graffiti are found in Serbian capital, and many more across Serbia and Bosnian and Herzegovinian administrative entity, Republika Srpska, which is the ethnic Serbian majority enclave. Critics point that Serbia as a state, is willing to defend the mural of convicted war criminal, and have no intention to react on cases of genocide denial, noting that Interior Minister of Serbia, Aleksandar Vulin decision to ban any gathering with an intent to remove the mural, with the deployment of riot police, sends the message of "tacit endorsement". Consequently, on 9 November 2021, Serbian heavy police in riot gear, with graffiti creators and their supporters, blocked the access to the mural to prevent human rights groups and other activists to paint over it and mark the International Day Against Fascism and Antisemitism in that way, and even arrested two civic activist for throwing eggs at the graffiti.
Graffiti may also be used as an offensive expression. This form of graffiti may be difficult to identify, as it is mostly removed by the local authority (as councils which have adopted strategies of criminalization also strive to remove graffiti quickly). Therefore, existing racist graffiti is mostly more subtle and at first sight, not easily recognized as "racist". It can then be understood only if one knows the relevant "local code" (social, historical, political, temporal, and spatial), which is seen as heteroglot and thus a 'unique set of conditions' in a cultural context.
A spatial code for example, could be that there is a certain youth group in an area that is engaging heavily in racist activities. So, for residents (knowing the local code), a graffiti containing only the name or abbreviation of this gang already is a racist expression, reminding the offended people of their gang activities. Also a graffiti is in most cases, the herald of more serious criminal activity to come. A person who does not know these gang activities would not be able to recognize the meaning of this graffiti. Also if a tag of this youth group or gang is placed on a building occupied by asylum seekers, for example, its racist character is even stronger.
By making the graffiti less explicit (as adapted to social and legal constraints), these drawings are less likely to be removed, but do not lose their threatening and offensive character.
Elsewhere, activists in Russia have used painted caricatures of local officials with their mouths as potholes, to show their anger about the poor state of the roads. In Manchester, England, a graffitists painted obscene images around potholes, which often resulted in them being repaired within 48 hours.
In the early 1980s, the first art galleries to show graffitists to the public were Fashion Moda in the Bronx, Now Gallery and Fun Gallery, both in the East Village, Manhattan.
A 2006 exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum displayed graffiti as an art form that began in New York's outer boroughs and reached great heights in the early 1980s with the work of Crash, Lee, Daze, Keith Haring, and Jean-Michel Basquiat. It displayed 22 works by New York graffitists, including Crash, Daze, and Lady Pink. In an article about the exhibition in the magazine Time Out, curator Charlotta Kotik said that she hoped the exhibition would cause viewers to rethink their assumptions about graffiti.
From the 1970s onwards, Burhan Doğançay photographed urban walls all over the world; these he then archived for use as sources of inspiration for his painterly works. The project today known as "Walls of the World" grew beyond even his own expectations and comprises about 30,000 individual images. It spans a period of 40 years across five continents and 114 countries. In 1982, photographs from this project comprised a one-man exhibition titled "Les murs murmurent, ils crient, ils chantent ..." (The walls whisper, shout and sing ...) at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris.
In Australia, art historians have judged some local graffiti of sufficient creative merit to rank them firmly within the arts. Oxford University Press's art history text Australian Painting 1788–2000 concludes with a long discussion of graffiti's key place within contemporary visual culture, including the work of several Australian practitioners.
Between March and April 2009, 150 artists exhibited 300 pieces of graffiti at the Grand Palais in Paris.
Spray paint has many negative environmental effects. The paint contains toxic chemicals, and the can uses volatile hydrocarbon gases to spray the paint onto a surface.
Volatile organic compound (VOC) leads to ground level ozone formation and most of graffiti related emissions are VOCs. A 2010 paper estimates 4,862 tons of VOCs were released in the United States in activities related to graffiti.
In China, Mao Zedong in the 1920s used revolutionary slogans and paintings in public places to galvanize the country's communist movement.
Based on different national conditions, many people believe that China's attitude towards Graffiti is fierce, but in fact, according to Lance Crayon in his film Spray Paint Beijing: Graffiti in the Capital of China, Graffiti is generally accepted in Beijing, with artists not seeing much police interference. Political and religiously sensitive graffiti, however, is not allowed.
In Hong Kong, Tsang Tsou Choi was known as the King of Kowloon for his calligraphy graffiti over many years, in which he claimed ownership of the area. Now some of his work is preserved officially.
In Taiwan, the government has made some concessions to graffitists. Since 2005 they have been allowed to freely display their work along some sections of riverside retaining walls in designated "Graffiti Zones". From 2007, Taipei's department of cultural affairs also began permitting graffiti on fences around major public construction sites. Department head Yong-ping Lee (李永萍) stated, "We will promote graffiti starting with the public sector, and then later in the private sector too. It's our goal to beautify the city with graffiti". The government later helped organize a graffiti contest in Ximending, a popular shopping district. graffitists caught working outside of these designated areas still face fines up to NT$6,000 under a department of environmental protection regulation. However, Taiwanese authorities can be relatively lenient, one veteran police officer stating anonymously, "Unless someone complains about vandalism, we won't get involved. We don't go after it proactively."
In 1993, after several expensive cars in Singapore were spray-painted, the police arrested a student from the Singapore American School, Michael P. Fay, questioned him, and subsequently charged him with vandalism. Fay pleaded guilty to vandalizing a car in addition to stealing road signs. Under the 1966 Vandalism Act of Singapore, originally passed to curb the spread of communist graffiti in Singapore, the court sentenced him to four months in jail, a fine of S$3,500 (US$2,233), and a caning. The New York Times ran several editorials and op-eds that condemned the punishment and called on the American public to flood the Singaporean embassy with protests. Although the Singapore government received many calls for clemency, Fay's caning took place in Singapore on 5 May 1994. Fay had originally received a sentence of six strokes of the cane, but the presiding president of Singapore, Ong Teng Cheong, agreed to reduce his caning sentence to four lashes.
In South Korea, Park Jung-soo was fined two million South Korean won by the Seoul Central District Court for spray-painting a rat on posters of the G-20 Summit a few days before the event in November 2011. Park alleged that the initial in "G-20" sounds like the Korean word for "rat", but Korean government prosecutors alleged that Park was making a derogatory statement about the president of South Korea, Lee Myung-bak, the host of the summit. This case led to public outcry and debate on the lack of government tolerance and in support of freedom of expression. The court ruled that the painting, "an ominous creature like a rat" amounts to "an organized criminal activity" and upheld the fine while denying the prosecution's request for imprisonment for Park.
In Europe, community cleaning squads have responded to graffiti, in some cases with reckless abandon, as when in 1992 in France a local Scout group, attempting to remove modern graffiti, damaged two prehistoric paintings of bison in the Cave of Mayrière supérieure near the French village of Bruniquel in Tarn-et-Garonne, earning them the 1992 Ig Nobel Prize in archeology.
In September 2006, the European Parliament directed the European Commission to create urban environment policies to prevent and eliminate dirt, litter, graffiti, animal excrement, and excessive noise from domestic and vehicular music systems in European cities, along with other concerns over urban life.
In Budapest, Hungary, both a city-backed movement called I Love Budapest and a special police division tackle the problem, including the provision of approved areas.
The Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 became Britain's latest anti-graffiti legislation. In August 2004, the Keep Britain Tidy campaign issued a press release calling for zero tolerance of graffiti and supporting proposals such as issuing "on the spot" fines to graffiti offenders and banning the sale of aerosol paint to anyone under the age of 16. The press release also condemned the use of graffiti images in advertising and in music videos, arguing that real-world experience of graffiti stood far removed from its often-portrayed "cool" or "edgy'" image.
To back the campaign, 123 Members of Parliament (MPs) (including then Prime Minister Tony Blair), signed a charter which stated: "Graffiti is not art, it's crime. On behalf of my constituents, I will do all I can to rid our community of this problem."
In the UK, city councils have the power to take action against the owner of any property that has been defaced under the Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (as amended by the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005) or, in certain cases, the Highways Act. This is often used against owners of property that are complacent in allowing protective boards to be defaced so long as the property is not damaged.
In July 2008, a conspiracy charge was used to convict graffitists for the first time. After a three-month police surveillance operation, nine members of the DPM crew were convicted of conspiracy to commit criminal damage costing at least £1 million. Five of them received prison sentences, ranging from eighteen months to two years. The unprecedented scale of the investigation and the severity of the sentences rekindled public debate over whether graffiti should be considered art or crime.
Some councils, like those of Stroud and Loerrach, provide approved areas in the town where graffitists can showcase their talents, including underpasses, car parks, and walls that might otherwise prove a target for the "spray and run".
Graffiti Tunnel, University of Sydney at Camperdown (2009)
In an effort to reduce vandalism, many cities in Australia have designated walls or areas exclusively for use by graffitists. One early example is the "Graffiti Tunnel" located at the Camperdown Campus of the University of Sydney, which is available for use by any student at the university to tag, advertise, poster, and paint. Advocates of this idea suggest that this discourages petty vandalism yet encourages artists to take their time and produce great art, without worry of being caught or arrested for vandalism or trespassing.[108][109] Others disagree with this approach, arguing that the presence of legal graffiti walls does not demonstrably reduce illegal graffiti elsewhere. Some local government areas throughout Australia have introduced "anti-graffiti squads", who clean graffiti in the area, and such crews as BCW (Buffers Can't Win) have taken steps to keep one step ahead of local graffiti cleaners.
Many state governments have banned the sale or possession of spray paint to those under the age of 18 (age of majority). However, a number of local governments in Victoria have taken steps to recognize the cultural heritage value of some examples of graffiti, such as prominent political graffiti. Tough new graffiti laws have been introduced in Australia with fines of up to A$26,000 and two years in prison.
Melbourne is a prominent graffiti city of Australia with many of its lanes being tourist attractions, such as Hosier Lane in particular, a popular destination for photographers, wedding photography, and backdrops for corporate print advertising. The Lonely Planet travel guide cites Melbourne's street as a major attraction. All forms of graffiti, including sticker art, poster, stencil art, and wheatpasting, can be found in many places throughout the city. Prominent street art precincts include; Fitzroy, Collingwood, Northcote, Brunswick, St. Kilda, and the CBD, where stencil and sticker art is prominent. As one moves farther away from the city, mostly along suburban train lines, graffiti tags become more prominent. Many international artists such as Banksy have left their work in Melbourne and in early 2008 a perspex screen was installed to prevent a Banksy stencil art piece from being destroyed, it has survived since 2003 through the respect of local street artists avoiding posting over it, although it has recently had paint tipped over it.
In February 2008 Helen Clark, the New Zealand prime minister at that time, announced a government crackdown on tagging and other forms of graffiti vandalism, describing it as a destructive crime representing an invasion of public and private property. New legislation subsequently adopted included a ban on the sale of paint spray cans to persons under 18 and increases in maximum fines for the offence from NZ$200 to NZ$2,000 or extended community service. The issue of tagging become a widely debated one following an incident in Auckland during January 2008 in which a middle-aged property owner stabbed one of two teenage taggers to death and was subsequently convicted of manslaughter.
Graffiti databases have increased in the past decade because they allow vandalism incidents to be fully documented against an offender and help the police and prosecution charge and prosecute offenders for multiple counts of vandalism. They also provide law enforcement the ability to rapidly search for an offender's moniker or tag in a simple, effective, and comprehensive way. These systems can also help track costs of damage to a city to help allocate an anti-graffiti budget. The theory is that when an offender is caught putting up graffiti, they are not just charged with one count of vandalism; they can be held accountable for all the other damage for which they are responsible. This has two main benefits for law enforcement. One, it sends a signal to the offenders that their vandalism is being tracked. Two, a city can seek restitution from offenders for all the damage that they have committed, not merely a single incident. These systems give law enforcement personnel real-time, street-level intelligence that allows them not only to focus on the worst graffiti offenders and their damage, but also to monitor potential gang violence that is associated with the graffiti.
Many restrictions of civil gang injunctions are designed to help address and protect the physical environment and limit graffiti. Provisions of gang injunctions include things such as restricting the possession of marker pens, spray paint cans, or other sharp objects capable of defacing private or public property; spray painting, or marking with marker pens, scratching, applying stickers, or otherwise applying graffiti on any public or private property, including, but not limited to the street, alley, residences, block walls, and fences, vehicles or any other real or personal property. Some injunctions contain wording that restricts damaging or vandalizing both public and private property, including but not limited to any vehicle, light fixture, door, fence, wall, gate, window, building, street sign, utility box, telephone box, tree, or power pole.
To help address many of these issues, many local jurisdictions have set up graffiti abatement hotlines, where citizens can call in and report vandalism and have it removed. San Diego's hotline receives more than 5,000 calls per year, in addition to reporting the graffiti, callers can learn more about prevention. One of the complaints about these hotlines is the response time; there is often a lag time between a property owner calling about the graffiti and its removal. The length of delay should be a consideration for any jurisdiction planning on operating a hotline. Local jurisdictions must convince the callers that their complaint of vandalism will be a priority and cleaned off right away. If the jurisdiction does not have the resources to respond to complaints in a timely manner, the value of the hotline diminishes. Crews must be able to respond to individual service calls made to the graffiti hotline as well as focus on cleanup near schools, parks, and major intersections and transit routes to have the biggest impact. Some cities offer a reward for information leading to the arrest and prosecution of suspects for tagging or graffiti related vandalism. The amount of the reward is based on the information provided, and the action taken.
When police obtain search warrants in connection with a vandalism investigation, they are often seeking judicial approval to look for items such as cans of spray paint and nozzles from other kinds of aerosol sprays; etching tools, or other sharp or pointed objects, which could be used to etch or scratch glass and other hard surfaces; permanent marking pens, markers, or paint sticks; evidence of membership or affiliation with any gang or tagging crew; paraphernalia including any reference to "(tagger's name)"; any drawings, writing, objects, or graffiti depicting taggers' names, initials, logos, monikers, slogans, or any mention of tagging crew membership; and any newspaper clippings relating to graffiti crime.
The 12C is a sports car with rear-wheel drive layout with a longitudinally-placed mid-engine. The 12C features a double wishbone and hydraulic suspension, the latter referred to as the ProActive Chassis Control. The car uses rack-and-pinion and electric power steering. The standard front brakes of the car feature a four-piston fixed calliper configuration, paired with a two-piece front rotor. The 12C uses a 3.8-litre twin-turbocharged V8 engine codenamed "M838T", which was produced by Ricardo PLC in West Sussex, England. It produces a power output of 453 kilowatts (616 PS) at 7,500 revolutions per minute (rpm) and a torque output of 601 newton-metres (443 lb⋅ft) at 3,000 rpm, sufficient to give the car a 0–97 km/h (0–60 mph) acceleration time of 3.1 seconds and a maximum speed of 333 km/h (207 mph).
The 12C Spider is a convertible version of the MP4-12C with a retractable hardtop. Because the coupe was designed from the outset with a convertible version in mind, no additional strengthening was needed for the Spider and it weighs only 40 kg (88 lb) more than the coupe. McLaren has worked to keep the Spider's top speed 204 mph (328 km/h) close to the coupé's 207 mph (333 km/h) top speed and up to 196 mph (315 km/h) is possible roof down. Meanwhile, the dihedral doors of the coupé are retained
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Saturday, August 10th, 2013
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Here’s an article from a recent issue of the Street Roots newspaper:
"Keeping watch over Vista Bridge
by Sue Zalokar | 15 Aug 2013
A group of volunteers patrol the scenic structure to prevent others from jumping to their deaths
The Vista Bridge, that beautiful, arching structure in Goose Hollow, is in the news today less for its beauty and historic status than the scores of people who have used the scenic perch to end their lives. In the past six months alone, five people jumped to their deaths from its heights, the most recent witnessed by a volunteer working to try to detour people from committing suicide.
This month, the City of Portland is hoping to end that streak with a temporary, 9-foot mesh barrier at a cost of $236,000. (Because the bridge is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, no permanent change can be made to the bridge’s appearance without formal approval.)
If you visit the Vista Bridge between now and then for one last unobstructed view, you will find inspirational chalk messages written along the concrete guardrail: “It always helps to hug a cat” and “Turn pain into beauty.” There is a bucket of chalk there so you can add your own inspirations.
You will also find the Friends of the Vista Bridge.
The volunteer group, founded by Bonnie and Kenneth Kahn, are patrolling the bridge regularly – especially in the late night and early morning hours – in an attempt to intervene in any more potential suicides onto Southwest Jefferson Street below. The couple started the organization in March, with Oregon Partnership Lines for Life as their fiscal sponsor.
For the past eight years, the couple have operated a business out of the building on Jefferson Street, adjacent to the place where four deaths have happened this year. From that space, Bonnie’s husband Kenneth has witnessed eight deaths. I met Bonnie Kahn at her office under the Vista Bridge to talk about the effects of suicide on the community.
S.Z.: Aside from the obvious, is there something that prompted you and Ken to become proactive in your efforts to stop people from jumping off the Vista bridge?
B.K.: We started the group because people are jumping off the bridge and they have been since 1925. I was working with a man named Frank, in my work as a life skills coach. He was a Grand Ronde tribal elder who had lived under that bridge for many years. He said to me once, “You can’t believe what I’ve seen.” He was making reference, in part, to the deaths that he had witnessed from people jumping off the Vista Bridge.
One day, about two years ago, someone jumped off the bridge, and my husband said, “Don’t look.” I didn’t want to see that. But the very fact that there was someone who had just jumped to his death in the street in front of our offices, I couldn’t take that. I just felt that something had to be done.
I called a friend at the Examiner and he came over and did a story. That sort of opened the door. When the media started talking about it, then other people started talking about it.
It all came back to my friend Frank. I thought about how these deaths impacted everyone — including people who live under the bridge.
We started the Friends of the Vista Bridge because no one would talk about the impact of these deaths and we wanted to raise awareness.
S.Z.: There were 13 suicides from the Vista Bridge in the last decade, then this year there have been five suicides since January.
B.K.: There is a lot of debate on that point. The bridge has always had the name “Suicide Bridge.”
Unfortunately, if you search for “places to commit suicide in the world,” there is a Wikipedia page that ranks the Vista Bridge as the number twelve spot to commit suicide in North America.
S.Z.: There is some debate over the temporary barrier that is going up on the Vista Bridge in mid-August.
B.K.: When we formed friends of the Vista Bridge, our intent was to create a barrier that would be architecturally appropriate to go up on the bridge. Then Steve Novick announced that we would get a barrier in August. Right now, it will be a temporary fix, which I’m thankful for.
S.Z.: The temporary barrier is being fabricated right now. How long do you anticipate until it is erected?
B.K.: We have a volunteer patrol scheduled through Aug. 24 right now. The barrier is supposed to be up Aug. 15. To be safe, we extended the patrol schedule a week beyond that, but if it seems that it will be later than that then we will organize more volunteers.
There is still the problem of people jumping — most recently a man jumped on July 16th. We realized that we needed a fix before the barrier. We worked with Oregon Partnership Lines for Life. They do a Safe Talk program, that trains volunteers to connect people with resources, if they need it. We try to have patrols up on the bridge 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
S.Z.: So have your volunteers had an interaction with someone who is contemplating suicide?
B.K.: So far all of us have talked to people who have been distraught. Three of us have been on the bridge and talked to a person who said they had been contemplating it. We have been patrolling for one week.
We are really just there to let people talk and to listen. We have a resource sheet that we offer.
If it’s an emergency situation, 911 is contacted.
S.Z.: I wonder if the four suicides and the media attention that the Vista Bridge is getting right now draws people out in a way?
B.K.: Media does not cause suicide. People have been jumping off this bridge since 1925.
I’d love to see the patrols continue onto all of the bridges in Portland, specifically the Fremont Bridge.
S.Z.: There are a number of objections to the barrier, the obstruction of the view from the Vista Bridge is one.
B.K.: Then work with us to build something architecturally appropriate. We love the bridge as much as anybody else, but we need to have it so that it’s safe. There are a lot of really lonely people that feel isolated and alone. To have that human contact, can be life changing.
S.Z.: Another criticism is that people will find another way to end their lives.
B.K.: They might. They might also go up there and see the barrier and think about it. But something that is historic and has been listed as one of the top places in North America to commit suicide, will no longer be available.
Typically, they say that if a person goes somewhere to kill themselves and there is something there to stop them, 93 percent will never go through with it. That’s incredible.
S.Z.: Another big objection on the project is that the money needs to be invested in mental health services.
B.K.: Take those 17 people who have died since 2004, then add all of those lives of the people who witness or are affected by the suicide and the emergency services, and TriMet stops and the train stops and think how much that impacts the whole city. Think about how much that costs. Is that $236,000 really that much?
S.Z.: Jumping off the Vista Bridge affects so many people, not just the friends and family.
B.K.: When you think about the impact, a person jumps. The MAX train stops, the driver and all of the people on the train see the body and are traumatized. Then all of the pedestrians and cars that come by, even if the drivers of those cars don’t actually see the body, they are all traumatized. And the people who are living under bridges, what about them? ... When I’m here late at night, I see many people looking for shelter. There are often people who sleep in the veranda of our building. ... People don’t think about that.
People who witness that are impacted. They hold it inside. And maybe they have a drug or alcohol problem.
S.Z.: Or mental health issues of their own.
B.K.: Absolutely. Everybody here has been affected. One of the business owners down the street, and people who have worked for him, have witnessed actual jumpers.
Think about that. Some people who witness a suicide suffer from post traumatic stress syndrome. One person was so traumatized that he couldn’t work. He just shut down.
Many family members and friends come here, too. They want to know, “Where did they land?” They all have their processes and how they deal with it. It is really heavy.
S.Z.: We’re talking about millions of dollars to build a permanent architecturally appropriate barrier.
B.K.: We’ve heard $2.5 - $3 million. We can think of a million reasons to not have this temporary barrier. If you don’t like it, then work as a group to get this moving so that we can get something architecturally appropriate in place. Don’t be a person not doing anything, not talking about it. Get up. Stand up and do something. We don’t have to be adversarial. We can be friends. We can be a community working together. That’s what Portland is about. Stand up, speak out and do something. Talking with other people, it saves lives."
– news.streetroots.org/2013/08/15/keeping-watch-over-vista-...
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Klaus Fröhlich verantwortet Technologie und Produkte beim Autobauer BMW.
Klaus Fröhlich is responsible for the development of new technology and products at car manufacturer BMW.
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