Writing Machines
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Schloss Gutenberg (or Burg Gutenberg, both mean Castle Gutenberg) bears no connection to the Gutenberg of printing press fame. The castle was built in the 12th Century.
I find all kind of information about the castle, all of which is different. (I find for example 11th, 12th and 13 th century)
Submitted 12/05/2014
Accepted 06/06/2014
Published:
- rbc.ru (Russian Federation) - 23-Sep-2014
- COFINA MEDIA, S.A - PA (Portugal) 11-Feb-2016
- Ink Publishing (United Kingdom (Great Britain)) 22-Mar-2019
- Stiftung Warentest (Germany) 07-Nov-2019
- NEW ADVENTURES, LDA (Portugal) 25-Mar-2022
- Axel Springer Deutschland GmbH (Germany) 15-Nov-2023
2 more pics of the Cromwell Heritage Precinct; a few of the old buildings are now mini museums with displays and dioramas depicting scenes of days gone by...
One of the Leicester Print Workshop's wonderful old printing presses.
An exceptional art group that have gone from strength to strength and opened their doors to the public for an open weekend recently with hands on taster workshops, artists talks and exhibitions.
Santana ~ Smooth ft. Rob Thomas
presse typographique
Musée de l'Imprimerie et de la Communication graphique
Museum of Printing and Graphic Communication - Lyon - France
American made antique Columbian Printing Press (Side view) displayed in the Payana Car Museum, Srirangapatna, Karnataka.
The original Gaveaux printing press was brought to the mission from France in the early 1840s; between 1842 and 1849 it printed over 30,000 books and tracts, some of the first in Māori. After the mission left Russell in 1850 the press was amongst the belongings redistributed. In 1857 the Waikato Māori asked for the press, which was given to them by Bishop Pompallier. The press was used by the Maori King to print the Māori-language newspaper Te Paki o Matariki. The press remained in Waikato until the 1990s when it was returned to Pompallier by the Māori Queen Te Atairangikaahu.
While the building was originally built for a printery, it also housed a tannery for book-binding.
Wikipedia.
Broadway Tower is a folly on Broadway Hill, near the village of Broadway, in the English county of Worcestershire, at the second-highest point of the Cotswolds (after Cleeve Hill). Broadway Tower's base is 1,024 feet (312 metres) above sea level. The tower itself stands 65 feet (20 metres) high.
The "Saxon" tower was the brainchild of Capability Brown and designed by James Wyatt in 1794 in the form of a castle, and built for Lady Coventry in 1798-99. The tower was built on a "beacon" hill, where beacons were lit on special occasions. Lady Coventry wondered whether a beacon on this hill could be seen from her house in Worcester — about 22 miles (35 km) away — and sponsored the construction of the folly to find out. Indeed, the beacon could be seen clearly.
Over the years, the tower was home to the printing press of Sir Thomas Phillipps, and served as a country retreat for artists including William Morris and Edward Burne-Jones who rented it together in the 1880s. William Morris was so inspired by Broadway Tower and other ancient buildings that he founded the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings in 1877.
Today, the tower is a tourist attraction and the centre of a country park with various exhibitions open to the public at a fee, as well as a gift shop and restaurant. The place is on the Cotswold Way and can be reached by following the Cotswold Way from the A44 road at Fish Hill, or by a steep climb out of Broadway village.
Near the tower is a memorial to the crew of an A.W.38 Whitley bomber that crashed there during a training mission in June 1943.
In the late 1950s, Broadway Tower monitored nuclear fallout in England; an underground ROC Corps bunker was built 50 yards from the Tower. Manned continuously from 1961 and designated as a master post, the bunker was one of the last such Cold War bunkers constructed and, although officially stood down in 1991, the bunker is now one of the few remaining fully equipped facilities in England.
CP 2265, leading local I47, is switching boxcars at the Chicago Tribune Publishing, formerly Daily Herald's Paddock Printing Press in Schaumburg, IL, with a twisted surprise next to it.
SOO 94, a CP owned caboose, rests next to I47, but with a catch. It cannot move from this position due to damage it sustained from something I do not know, but it will not allow it to move. Therefore, even during the day, there is now a free caboose to shoot, even in good light.
Dallas Morning News
Each blue 'box' is a printing press which can print full color both sides of the newsprint paper. The Dallas Morning News has 17 presses. What you don't see is that these presses are 4 stories high. It starts with a roll of paper and the press prints, folds, cuts, and collates all in one continuous process. Basically, raw material goes in, a newspaper comes out. Fascinating....
If you have time, please watch this video, especially section 3 which shows the presses as they run.
Antique Printing Press by Harrild and Sons, Established in 1809 AD, displayed in the Payana Car Museum, Srirangapatna, Karnataka.
Europe, Belgium, Flanders, Vlaanderen, Gent, Industrie museum, (MIAT), Intertype photosetter (slightly cut from all sides).
Shot in the ‘Industrie museum’ in Gent (formerly known as 'MIAT', a friendly lady at the reception desk told us that the museum went through 3 name changes during the last 7 year). It's probably the leading production technology museum in the Benelux.
Almost a whole floor of the ‘Industrie museum; is reserved for the history of printing technology. And this floor shows a fascinating historic array of pre-press- and print technology.
On display here is something that looks like a giant typewriter. And it kinda is... but in a more fundamental way. A typewriter employs type to allow the user to produce texts. And the ‘fotosetter’, (an 'Intertype Fotosetter'), shown here does the same, but…before doing that it first manufactures the type (the letters) itself. The produced texts (a series of letters) is then moved to the printing press.
The machine was build in the early 60s of the previous century, was very expensive and only 50 were ever produced. The manufacturing of the letters (type) is handled by means of a photographic process. It was a big step-up from the previous generation typesetter (the linotype) which formed lines of type (letters) by melting metal and pouring it in lines of letter molds.
The earliest and most primitive form of typesetting was of course the manual one: an artisan printer was surrounded by a wealth of lead letter fonts in various sizes & thicknesses and formed words and sentences with it by placing them one by one on a page plate. - basically the Gutenberg way (Gutenberg invented movable type round 1445).
Nowadays, letter setting is rendered obsolete thru the use of the (personal) computer and desktop publishing software, almost seamlessly integrated with the printing press.
This is number 54 of the Gent album and 8 of Motorola Moto G5S Plus.
This boy was operating a printing press at the Colonial Days celebration in the Scera Park. This press was producing copies of the Declaration of Independence.
For more of my creative projects, visit my short stories website: 500ironicstories.com
(Hansestadt/Hanseatic Deventer)
Have a look in large.
History
Foundation and development in the Middle Ages
Deventer was probably founded around 768 by the English missionary Lebuinus, who built a wooden church on the east bank of the river IJssel. In January 772 the sack and burning of this church by a Saxon expedition was the cause for the first punitive war waged by Charlemagne to the Saxons, in which, in retribution, the Irminsul (sacred tree) was destroyed. This was not the first human settlement at the location; between 1981 and 2006, remains of a Bronze Age settlement (dated to c.400 CE) were excavated at Colmschate, 4 km east of the current city.
The village of Deventer, already important because of a trading road crossing the river IJssel, was looted and burnt down by the Vikings in 882. It was immediately rebuilt and fortified with an earthen wall (in the street Stenen Wal remains of this wall have been excavated and restored).
Deventer received city rights in 956, after which fortifications were built or replaced by stone walls around the city for defense. Between 1000 and 1500, Deventer grew to be a flourishing trade city because of its harbour on the river IJssel, which was capable of accommodating large ships. The city eventually joined the Hanseatic League.
One of the commodities it traded in, dried haddock and cod from Norway, gave the citizens the nickname they carry to this day: "Deventer Stokvis" In the 15th century, Deventer had a common mint, where coins for the three IJssel cities Deventer, Zwolle, and Kampen were made.
Deventer is the birthplace of Geert Groote and home to his Brethren of the Common Life, a school of religious thought that influenced Thomas a Kempis and Erasmus in later times. Together with Haarlem it was among the first cities to have printing presses, dating back to as early as 1477. From around 1300, it also housed a Latin School, which became internationally renowned, and remained in service in changing forms until 1971. Its most famous pupil was the scholar Desiderius Erasmus, who was born in 1466 and attended the school from 1475 to 1484.
16th–20th century
Between 1500 and 1800, the mass of water flowing through the IJssel decreased, decreasing the importance of Deventer's harbour. The competition with trade centres in Holland, as well as the religious war between 1568 and 1648, brought a decline in the city's economy.
In the 18th century, the iron industry came to Deventer. East of the town, so-called "oer", riversand containing iron, was found as early as 900. From this material, ore was produced and brought to town. The main road of the villages Okkenbroek, Lettele and Schalkhaar is still named Oerdijk (Ore Dyke).
In the 19th century, Deventer became an industrial town. Bicycles (Burgers), carpets (Koninklijke Deventer Tapijtfabriek), tins and cans for food and drinks (Thomassen & Drijver), cigars (Horst & Maas en Bijdendijk & Ten Hove), foundry and heavy machinery (Nering Bögel), and textiles (Ankersmit) were produced until the mid to late 20th century. Some of these industries are still thriving today, such as beds and accessories (Auping) and publishing (Wolters-Kluwer, now with headquarters in Amsterdam)
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deventer
Hanseatic League
The Hanseatic League (also known as the Hanse or Hansa; Low German: Hanse, Dudesche Hanse, Latin: Hansa, Hansa Teutonica or Liga Hanseatica) was a commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and their market towns that dominated trade along the coast of Northern Europe. It stretched from the Baltic to the North Sea and inland during the Late Middle Ages and early modern period (c. 13th to 17th centuries).
The League was created to protect economic interests and diplomatic privileges in the cities and countries and along the trade routes the merchants visited. The Hanseatic cities had their own legal system and furnished their own armies for mutual protection and aid. Despite this, the organization was not a city-state, nor can it be called a confederation of city-states; only a very small number of the cities within the league enjoyed autonomy and liberties comparable to those of a free imperial city.[1]
The legacy of the Hansa is remembered today in several names, for example the German airline Lufthansa (i.e., "Air Hansa"), F.C. Hansa Rostock, the Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, in the Netherlands, the Hansa Brewery in Bergen, the Hansabank in Baltic states (now known as Swedbank) and the Hanse Sail in Rostock. DDG Hansa was a major German shipping company from 1881 until its bankruptcy in 1980.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_League
[[The Saint Lebuïnuskerk (St. Lebuin's Church) in Gothic style, with remarkable ceiling paintings and a beautiful organ. Its tower can be climbed in summer.]]
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Hanse
Hanse (ahd. hansa ‚Gruppe, Gefolge, Schar‘) – auch Deutsche Hanse oder Düdesche Hanse, lateinisch Hansa Teutonica – ist die Bezeichnung für die zwischen Mitte des 12. Jahrhunderts und Mitte des 17. Jahrhunderts bestehenden Vereinigungen niederdeutscher Kaufleute, deren Ziel die Sicherheit der Überfahrt und die Vertretung gemeinsamer wirtschaftlicher Interessen besonders im Ausland war. Die Hanse war nicht nur auf wirtschaftlichem, sondern auch auf politischem und kulturellem Gebiet ein wichtiger Faktor.
Eine Entwicklung von der „Kaufmannshanse“ zu einer „Städtehanse“ lässt sich spätestens Mitte des 14. Jahrhunderts mit erstmaligen nahezu gesamthansischen Tagfahrten (Hansetagen) festmachen, in denen sich die Hansestädte zusammenschlossen und die Interessen der niederdeutschen Kaufleute vertraten. Die genaue Abgrenzung zwischen „Kaufmannshanse“ und „Städtehanse“ ist jedoch umstritten.
Die Farben der Hanse (weiß und rot) finden sich heute noch in den Stadtwappen vieler Hansestädte. In den Zeiten ihrer größten Ausdehnung waren beinahe 300 See- und Binnenstädte des nördlichen Europas in der Städtehanse zusammengeschlossen. Eine wichtige Grundlage dieser Verbindungen war die Entwicklung des Transportwesens, insbesondere zur See, weshalb die Kogge zum Symbol für die Hanse wurde.
„Hanse“ oder „Hänse“ nannten sich auch andere Kaufmannsverbünde bis nach Österreich, unabhängig von der „großen“ norddeutschen Hanse. Bei ihnen handelte es sich in der Regel nicht um politische Bünde zwischen Städten und Territorien, sondern um Bruderschaften, denen einzelne Händler beitraten. Oft waren solche Bünde auf einen bestimmten Jahrmarkt ausgerichtet und übernahmen während dessen Dauer wirtschaftliche Kontrollfunktionen, wie sie in größeren Städten von den Zünften durchgeführt wurden.
The home of the Chicago Tribune was the Freedom Center. It was a huge distribution and printing press for the newspaper. It was demolished to built the new Chicago Bally's casino. It was an amazing building to explore and take photos. I'll be posting also many photos before the demolition soon
Origins
Although there are no historical records that deal directly with the founding of Venice,[10] tradition and the available evidence have led several historians to agree that the original population of Venice consisted of refugees from Roman cities near Venice such as Padua, Aquileia, Treviso, Altino and Concordia (modern Portogruaro) and from the undefended countryside, who were fleeing successive waves of Germanic and Hun invasions.[11] Some late Roman sources reveal the existence of fishermen on the islands in the original marshy lagoons. They were referred to as incolae lacunae ("lagoon dwellers"). The traditional founding is identified with the dedication of the first church, that of San Giacomo at the islet of Rialto (Rivoalto, "High Shore"), which is said to have been at the stroke of noon on 25 March 421.[12][13]
The last and most enduring immigration into the north of the Italian peninsula was that of the Lombards in 568, leaving the Eastern Roman Empire a small strip of coast in the current Veneto, including Venice. The Roman/Byzantine territory was organized as the Exarchate of Ravenna, administered from that ancient port and overseen by a viceroy (the Exarch) appointed by the Emperor in Constantinople, but Ravenna and Venice were connected only by sea routes and with the Venetians' isolated position came increasing autonomy. New ports were built, including those at Malamocco and Torcello in the Venetian lagoon. The tribuni maiores, the earliest central standing governing committee of the islands in the Lagoon, dated from c. 568.[14]
The traditional first doge of Venice, Paolo Lucio Anafesto, was actually Exarch Paul, and his successor, Marcello Tegalliano, Paul's magister militum (General; literally, "Master of Soldiers.") In 726 the soldiers and citizens of the Exarchate rose in a rebellion over the iconoclastic controversy at the urging of Pope Gregory II. The Exarch was murdered and many officials put to flight in the chaos. At about this time, the people of the lagoon elected their own leader for the first time, although the relationship of this ascent to the uprisings is not clear. Ursus would become the first of 117 "doges" (doge is the Venetian dialect development of the Latin dux ("leader"); the corresponding word in English is duke, in standard Italian duce.) Whatever his original views, Ursus supported Emperor Leo's successful military expedition to recover Ravenna, sending both men and ships. In recognition, Venice was "granted numerous privileges and concessions" and Ursus, who had personally taken the field, was confirmed by Leo as dux[15] and given the added title of hypatus (Greek for "Consul".)[16]
In 751, the Lombard King Aistulf conquered most of the Exarchate of Ravenna, leaving Venice a lonely and increasingly autonomous Byzantine outpost. During this period, the seat of the local Byzantine governor (the "duke/dux", later "doge"), was situated in Malamocco. Settlement on the islands in the lagoon probably increased in correspondence with the Lombard conquest of other Byzantine territories as refugees sought asylum in the lagoon city. In 775/776, the episcopal seat of Olivolo (Helipolis) was created. During the reign of duke Agnello Particiaco (811–827), the ducal seat was moved from Malamocco to the highly protected Rialto, the current location of Venice. The monastery of St. Zachary and the first ducal palace and basilica of St. Mark, as well as a walled defense (civitatis murus) between Olivolo and Rialto, were subsequently built here. Winged lions, which may be seen throughout Venice, are a symbol for St. Mark.
Charlemagne sought to subdue the city to his own rule. He ordered the Pope to expel the Venetians from the Pentapolis along the Adriatic coast,[17] and Charlemagne's own son Pepin of Italy, king of the Lombards under the authority of his father, embarked on a siege of Venice itself. This, however, proved a costly failure. The siege lasted six months, with Pepin's army ravaged by the diseases of the local swamps and eventually forced to withdraw. A few months later, Pepin himself died, apparently as a result of a disease contracted there. In the aftermath, an agreement between Charlemagne and Nicephorus in 814 recognized Venice as Byzantine territory and granted the city trading rights along the Adriatic coast.
In 828, the new city's prestige was raised by the acquisition of the claimed relics of St. Mark the Evangelist from Alexandria, which were placed in the new basilica. The patriarchal seat was also moved to Rialto. As the community continued to develop and as Byzantine power waned, it led to the growth of autonomy and eventual independence.[18]
Expansion
Piazza San Marco in Venice, with St Mark's Campanile and Basilica in the background
These Horses of Saint Mark are a replica of the Triumphal Quadriga captured in Constantinople in 1204 and carried to Venice as a trophy.
From the 9th to the 12th century, Venice developed into a city state (an Italian thalassocracy or Repubblica Marinara, the other three being Genoa, Pisa, and Amalfi). Its strategic position at the head of the Adriatic made Venetian naval and commercial power almost invulnerable. With the elimination of pirates along the Dalmatian coast, the city became a flourishing trade center between Western Europe and the rest of the world (especially the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic world).
The Republic of Venice seized a number of places on the eastern shores of the Adriatic before 1200, mostly for commercial reasons, because pirates based there were a menace to trade. The Doge already carried the titles of Duke of Dalmatia and Duke of Istria. Later mainland possessions, which extended across Lake Garda as far west as the Adda River, were known as the "Terraferma", and were acquired partly as a buffer against belligerent neighbours, partly to guarantee Alpine trade routes, and partly to ensure the supply of mainland wheat, on which the city depended. In building its maritime commercial empire, the Republic dominated the trade in salt,[19] acquired control of most of the islands in the Aegean, including Cyprus and Crete, and became a major power-broker in the Near East. By the standards of the time, Venice's stewardship of its mainland territories was relatively enlightened and the citizens of such towns as Bergamo, Brescia and Verona rallied to the defence of Venetian sovereignty when it was threatened by invaders.
Venice remained closely associated with Constantinople, being twice granted trading privileges in the Eastern Roman Empire, through the so-called Golden Bulls or 'chrysobulls' in return for aiding the Eastern Empire to resist Norman and Turkish incursions. In the first chrysobull, Venice acknowledged its homage to the Empire but not in the second, reflecting the decline of Byzantium and the rise of Venice's power.[20][21]
Venice became an imperial power following the Fourth Crusade, which, having veered off course, culminated in 1204 by capturing and sacking Constantinople and establishing the Latin Empire. As a result of this conquest, considerable Byzantine plunder was brought back to Venice. This plunder included the gilt bronze horses from the Hippodrome of Constantinople, which were originally placed above the entrance to St Mark's cathedral in Venice, although the originals have been replaced with replicas and are now stored within the basilica. Following the fall of Constantinople, the former Roman Empire was partitioned among the Latin crusaders and the Venetians. Venice subsequently carved out a sphere of influence in the Mediterranean known as the Duchy of the Archipelago, and captured Crete.[22]
The seizure of Constantinople would ultimately prove as decisive a factor in ending the Byzantine Empire as the loss of the Anatolian themes after Manzikert. Although the Byzantines recovered control of the ravaged city a half century later, the Byzantine Empire was terminally weakened, and existed as a ghost of its old self until Sultan Mehmet The Conqueror took the city in 1453.
View of San Giorgio Maggiore Island from St. Mark's Campanile
Situated on the Adriatic Sea, Venice always traded extensively with the Byzantine Empire and the Muslim world. By the late 13th century, Venice was the most prosperous city in all of Europe. At the peak of its power and wealth, it had 36,000 sailors operating 3,300 ships, dominating Mediterranean commerce. During this time, Venice's leading families vied with each other to build the grandest palaces and support the work of the greatest and most talented artists. The city was governed by the Great Council, which was made up of members of the noble families of Venice. The Great Council appointed all public officials and elected a Senate of 200 to 300 individuals. Since this group was too large for efficient administration, a Council of Ten (also called the Ducal Council or the Signoria), controlled much of the administration of the city. One member of the great council was elected "Doge", or duke, the ceremonial head of the city, who normally held the title until his death.
The Venetian governmental structure was similar in some ways to the republican system of ancient Rome, with an elected chief executive (the Doge), a senate-like assembly of nobles, and a mass of citizens with limited political power, who originally had the power to grant or withhold their approval of each newly elected Doge. Church and various private properties were tied to military service, although there was no knight tenure within the city itself. The Cavalieri di San Marco was the only order of chivalry ever instituted in Venice, and no citizen could accept or join a foreign order without the government's consent. Venice remained a republic throughout its independent period, and politics and the military were kept separate, except when on occasion the Doge personally headed the military. War was regarded as a continuation of commerce by other means (hence, the city's early production of large numbers of mercenaries for service elsewhere, and later its reliance on foreign mercenaries when the ruling class was preoccupied with commerce).
Francesco Guardi, The Grand Canal, 1760 (Art Institute of Chicago)
The chief executive was the Doge, who theoretically held his elective office for life. In practice, several Doges were forced by pressure from their oligarchical peers to resign the office and retire into monastic seclusion when they were felt to have been discredited by perceived political failure.
Although the people of Venice generally remained orthodox Roman Catholics, the state of Venice was notable for its freedom from religious fanaticism and it enacted not a single execution for religious heresy during the Counter-Reformation. This apparent lack of zeal contributed to Venice's frequent conflicts with the Papacy. In this context, the writings of the Anglican Divine, William Bedell, are particularly illuminating. Venice was threatened with the interdict on a number of occasions and twice suffered its imposition. The second, most famous, occasion was in 1606, by order of Pope Paul V.
Venetian ambassadors sent home still-extant secret reports of the politics and rumours of European courts, providing fascinating information to modern historians.
The newly invented German printing press spread rapidly throughout Europe in the 15th century, and Venice was quick to adopt it. By 1482, Venice was the printing capital of the world, and the leading printer was Aldus Manutius, who invented the concept of paperback books that could be carried in a saddlebag. His Aldine Editions included translations of nearly all the known Greek manuscripts of the era.[23]
Decline
The Grand Canal in Venice
Venice's long decline started in the 15th century, when it first made an unsuccessful attempt to hold Thessalonica against the Ottomans (1423–1430). It also sent ships to help defend Constantinople against the besieging Turks (1453). After Constantinople fell to Sultan Mehmet II he declared war on Venice. The war lasted thirty years and cost Venice much of its eastern Mediterranean possessions. Next, Christopher Columbus discovered the New World. Then Portugal found a sea route to India, destroying Venice's land route monopoly. France, England and the Dutch Republic followed them. Venice's oared galleys were at a disadvantage when it came to traversing the great oceans, and therefore Venice was left behind in the race for colonies.
The Black Death devastated Venice in 1348 and once again between 1575 and 1577.[24] In three years the plague killed some 50,000 people.[25] In 1630, the plague killed a third of Venice's 150,000 citizens.[26] Venice began to lose its position as a center of international trade during the later part of the Renaissance as Portugal became Europe's principal intermediary in the trade with the East, striking at the very foundation of Venice's great wealth, while France and Spain fought for hegemony over Italy in the Italian Wars, marginalising its political influence. However, the Venetian empire was a major exporter of agricultural products and, until the mid-18th century, a significant manufacturing center.
Modern age[edit source | editbeta]
A map of the sestiere of San Marco
The Republic lost independence when Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Venice on 12 May 1797 during the First Coalition. The French conqueror brought to an end the most fascinating century of its history: during the 18th century, Venice became perhaps the most elegant and refined city in Europe, greatly influencing art, architecture and literature. Napoleon was seen as something of a liberator by the city's Jewish population, although it can be argued they had lived with fewer restrictions in Venice. He removed the gates of the Ghetto and ended the restrictions on when and where Jews could live and travel in the city.
Venice became Austrian territory when Napoleon signed the Treaty of Campo Formio on 12 October 1797. The Austrians took control of the city on 18 January 1798. It was taken from Austria by the Treaty of Pressburg in 1805 and became part of Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy, but was returned to Austria following Napoleon's defeat in 1814, when it became part of the Austrian-held Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia. In 1848–1849, a revolt briefly reestablished the Venetian Republic under Daniele Manin. In 1866, following the Third Italian War of Independence, Venice, along with the rest of the Veneto, became part of the newly created Kingdom of Italy.
During the Second World War, the historic city was largely free from attack, the only aggressive effort of note being Operation Bowler, a successful Royal Air Force precision strike on the German naval operations there in March 1945. The targets were destroyed with virtually no architectural damage done the city itself.[27] However the industrial areas in Mestre and Marghera and the railway lines to Padua, Trieste and Trento were repeatedly bombed.[28] On 29 April 1945, New Zealand troops under Freyberg reached Venice and relieved the city and the mainland, which were already in partisan hands.[29]
Subsidence[edit source | editbeta]
Further information: Acqua alta
Acqua alta or high water in Venice.
Venice and surroundings in false colour, from Terra. The picture is oriented with North at the top.
Foundations
The buildings of Venice are constructed on closely spaced wooden piles. Most of these piles are still intact after centuries of submersion. The foundations rest on the piles, and buildings of brick or stone sit above these footings. The piles penetrate a softer layer of sand and mud until they reach a much harder layer of compressed clay.
Submerged by water, in oxygen-poor conditions, wood does not decay as rapidly as on the surface.
Most of these piles were made from trunks of alder trees,[30] a wood noted for its water resistance.[31] The alder came from the westernmost part of today's Slovenia (resulting in the barren land of the Kras region), in two regions of Croatia, Lika and Gorski kotar (resulting in the barren slopes of Velebit) and south of Montenegro.[citation needed] Leonid Grigoriev has stated that Russian larch was imported to build some of Venice's foundations.[32] Larch is also used in the production of Venice turpentine.[33]
History[edit source | editbeta]
The city is often threatened by flood tides pushing in from the Adriatic between autumn and early spring. Six hundred years ago, Venetians protected themselves from land-based attacks by diverting all the major rivers flowing into the lagoon and thus preventing sediment from filling the area around the city. This created an ever-deeper lagoon environment.
In 1604, to defray the cost of flood relief, Venice introduced what could be considered the first example of a 'stamp tax'. When the revenue fell short of expectations in 1608, Venice introduced paper with the superscription 'AQ' and imprinted instructions, which was to be used for 'letters to officials'. At first, this was to be a temporary tax, but it remained in effect until the fall of the Republic in 1797. Shortly after the introduction of the tax, Spain produced similar paper for general taxation purposes, and the practice spread to other countries.
During the 20th century, when many artesian wells were sunk into the periphery of the lagoon to draw water for local industry, Venice began to subside. It was realised that extraction of water from the aquifer was the cause. The sinking has slowed markedly since artesian wells were banned in the 1960s. However, the city is still threatened by more frequent low-level floods (called Acqua alta, "high water") that creep to a height of several centimetres over its quays, regularly following certain tides. In many old houses, the former staircases used to unload goods are now flooded, rendering the former ground floor uninhabitable.
Some recent studies have suggested that the city is no longer sinking,[34][35] but this is not yet certain; therefore, a state of alert has not been revoked. In May 2003, the Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi inaugurated the MOSE project (Modulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico), an experimental model for evaluating the performance of hollow floatable gates; the idea is to fix a series of 78 hollow pontoons to the sea bed across the three entrances to the lagoon. When tides are predicted to rise above 110 centimetres, the pontoons will be filled with air, causing them to float and block the incoming water from the Adriatic Sea. This engineering work is due to be completed by 2014.[36]
Geography
Sestieri of Venice:
Cannaregio
Castello
Dorsoduro
San Marco
San Polo
Santa Croce
The historical city is divided into six areas or "sestiere" (while the whole comune (municipality) is divided into 6 boroughs of which one is composed of all 6 sestiere). These are Cannaregio, San Polo, Dorsoduro (including the Giudecca and Isola Sacca Fisola), Santa Croce, San Marco (including San Giorgio Maggiore) and Castello (including San Pietro di Castello and Sant'Elena). Each sestiere was administered by a procurator and his staff. Nowadays each sestiere is a statistic and historical area without any degree of autonomy.
These districts consist of parishes – initially seventy in 1033, but reduced under Napoleon and now numbering just thirty-eight. These parishes predate the sestieri, which were created in about 1170.
Other islands of the Venetian Lagoon do not form part of any of the sestieri, having historically enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy.
Each sestiere has its own house numbering system. Each house has a unique number in the district, from one to several thousand, generally numbered from one corner of the area to another, but not usually in a readily understandable manner.
Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification, Venice has a Humid subtropical climate (Cfa), with cool winters and very warm summers. The 24-hour average in January is 2.5 °C (36.5 °F), and for July this figure is 22.7 °C (72.9 °F). Precipitation is spread relatively evenly throughout the year, and averages 801 millimetres (31.5 in).
Wynkyn de Worde, Alsatian printer, was William Caxton's assistant, and in about 1500 he was the first printer to set up shop in Fleet Street, which became for centuries the world's most famous centre of printing. He was not just a craftsman because his place in history is that of the first publisher to popularise the products of the printing press. His output was huge, with more then 700 known works over a period of forty years. He produced a great variety of books: children's books, short histories, poetry, romances, instructions for pilgrims, marriage, household practice and animal husbandry. He laid the foundations for commercial publishing in Britain. This is a revised third edition, with a new introduction by Lotte Hellinga and Mary Erler, and a detailed chronological bibliography of his works.
Museo del Oro, San Jose de Costa Rica
Cilindro con relieve utilizado para imprimir guardas sobre telas y sobre el propio cuerpo por las culturas originarias de Centro América...
This Chanfler and Price press was used to print the first edition of the Western Slope Criterion in Olathe, CO in 1905. Doesn't say if subsequent issues used this or another press. They were called snappers because they snapped shut and people had to be careful to not get their hands caught between the plates.
Pioneer Town Museum, Cedaredge, CO
A printing press.
The Brotherhood began printing about 1745. They printed books, pamphlets and single sheets for the community and for outside customers until about 1792. They made their own paper and ink and bound books in leather and paper covers.
This was so labor intensive, having to put every word together, letter by letter, by hand......printing one page at a time......and on top of it all, the letters were backwards.
From the February 19th, 1897 publication of The Navy and Army Illustrated, a remarkable photo by J. Thompson of a military field print shop. The following copy accompanied the photo: "The above is a capital illustration of a regimental printing press, as used by the Irish Royal Rifles. As will be seen by a glance at the picture, it contains all the necessary requisites for printing, with none of the drawbacks usually pertaining to that industry. The surroundings differ somewhat from the usual run of "Printing Offices," by which high-sounding title the little tent in which it stands is named. In a good many regiments a monthly newspaper is published, and it is chiefly for this purpose that these printing presses are used in the army. This paper, as a rule, gives the result of regimental football or cricket matches, as well as reports of theatricals, dances, suppers, notices of promotions in the regiment, or medals earned, a record of the marches,with the various stopping places, and official regimental notices. The possession of a press by the 1st Royal Irish Rifles gives evidence of the up-to-date, go-ahead spirit which prevails in the corps."
At the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York City, one of their stained glass windows is dedicated to Communication, and has images of Gutenberg and the printing press, the invention of the telegraph, etc. On the bottom of the window is an image of Jack Benny with his wife Mary Livingston. He is playing his violin, standing in front of a microphone, to represent the world wide reach of radio.
It was hard to take the picture because of the angle, the detail, and the light but I love the idea of Jack Benny in stained glass. Amen...
The celebrated printing press of Derge Parkhang is a magnificent four-storey building with original frescoes that were blackened by smoke during the wanton destruction of the 1960s as was the Chinese Cultural revolution (gratuitously cruel), but recently restored with painstaking care. Beyond the portico, there is an inner courtyard, giving access to the temple on the ground level, the printing works on the second and third levels, and the rooftop chapels on the fourth level. The temple, known as the Chodzokhang, contains original exquisite images of (L-R): the three emanations of Manjughosa, namely: Sakya Pandita, flanked by Tsongkhapa and Longchen Rabjampa: along with Four-armed Avalokiteshvara, Amitabha, Shakyamuni, Padmasambhava, Manjughosa, Tara, Pelpung Situ Chokyi Jungne, and King Tenpa Tsering. Upstairs, is the precious collection of xylograph blocks, including the Derge editions of Kangyur, Tangyur, Nyingma Gyudbum and other works, which are constantly in demand throughout the towns, villages and monasteries of Tibet. www.footprinttravelguides.com/c/2848/tibet/&Action=pr...
The town of Derge is famous for its three-storey printing house, or parkhang, built in 1729, where Kangyur, a collection of Buddhist scriptures and Tengyur, a collection of commentaries, are still printed from wooden blocks. It was established during the reign of Derge king Tenpa Tsering. The printing house, run by monks, continues to use its ancient techniques and uses no electricity. The roof is used for drying the printed sheets.
It has been estimated that the 217,000 blocks stored at Derge comprise 70% of the Tibetan literary heritage. Derge knows all.
The town also contains several historic Tibetan monasteries, notably the Gongchen Monastery.
Spaceship Earth.
"In the mid fifteenth-century, Johannes Gutenberg invented the movable type printing press. His new device now makes information available to the masses. In the background of this scene we see pressmen sorting paper and setting type while in the foreground, Gutenberg examines a page from the bible he is currently printing. This sheet is an exact replica from the Gutenberg Bible on display at the Huntington Library in San Marino, California".
land.allears.net/blogs/jackspence/2010/01/spaceship_earth...
Each blue box is a printing press which can print full color both sides of the newsprint paper. The Dallas Morning News has 17 presses, I think. What you don't see is that these presses are 4 stories high. It starts with a roll of paper and the press prints, folds, and collates all in one continuous process. Basically, raw material goes in, a newspaper comes out. Fascinating....
If you have time, please watch this video, especially section 3 which shows the presses as they run.
It seems like these days everyone is getting their photos of the UP job working the Chicago Tribune Freedom Center printing press before it is torn down and replaced by the new casino. I thought I would add a few of my own.
In this view the UP engine is heading out on the Tribune spur after dropping off a single boxcar load of newsprint on a hazy Friday morning. It previously pulled out the empties. Above is the Ohio/Ontario Feeder Ramp. The massive, grey building in the background on the right is the former Montgomery Ward catalog building which was served by the Milwaukee Road's C&E Line.
I caught it heading south along the Kennedy Expressway near Lawrence Avenue around 10:30 this morning on its way to the Tribune if anyone else wants to catch it. It goes down there M-W-F. Blommer did not see any action and the train later went down the Cragin Line to work Alpha Baking.
Newspaper production, BTW, will come out of the former and recently closed Milwaukee Journal Sentinel printing press in West Milwaukee which Tribune parent Alden purchased earlier this year, once the Freedom Center is shut down. Print copies of the Tribune and other papers it produces under contract for the Sun-Times, Wall Street Journal, and New York Times will then be trucked down in the mornings to the Chicago area for distribution.