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A couple of weeks ago Museums and Public relations department had an away day at the Institute of Making.
Design Challenge, The house of the future. Each team was asked to design and imagine an object/thing from a room in the house of the future.
Teapotty! is a teapot sitting on a servo which takes readings from a magnetometer which is influenced by neodymium magnets in a cup. The magnetometer takes the reading from the north position, plays a bit of something similar to the Tetley Tea tune and then moves to a new position - where the teacup moves to. BlinkM RGB LEDs indicate the new position of the teapot by changing colour based on the teapot's new position from 0-180 degrees. I made some polymorph diffuser covers for them & also added heart confetti to emphasise the feeling of heartwarming happiness a cup of tea can bring :-)
Muonionalusta
The Muonionalusta is a meteorite classified as fine octahedrite, type IVA (Of) which impacted in northern Scandinavia, west of the border between Sweden and Finland, about one million years BCE. The first fragment of the Muonionalusta was found in 1906 near the village of Kitkiöjärvi. Around forty pieces are known today, some being quite large. Other fragments have been found in a 25-by-15-kilometre (15.5 mi × 9.3 mi) area in the Pajala district of Norrbotten County, approximately 140 kilometres (87 mi) north of the Arctic Circle. The meteorite was first described in 1910 by Professor A. G. Högbom, who named it "Muonionalusta", after a nearby place on the Muonio River. It was studied in 1948 by Professor Nils Göran David Malmqvist. The Muonionalusta, probably the oldest known meteorite (4.5653 billion years), marks the first occurrence of stishovite in an iron meteorite.
Description
Studies have shown it to be the oldest discovered meteorite impacting the Earth during the Quaternary Period, about one million years ago. It is quite clearly part of the iron core or mantle of a planetoid, which shattered into many pieces upon its fall on our planet. Since landing on Earth the meteorite has experienced four ice ages. It was unearthed from a glacial moraine in the northern tundra. It has a strongly weathered surface covered with cemented faceted pebbles.
Composition
ew analysis of this strongly shock-metamorphosed iron meteorite has shown a content of 8.4% nickel and trace amounts of rare elements—0.33 ppm gallium, 0.133 ppm germanium and 1.6 ppm iridium. It also contains the minerals chromite, daubréelite, schreibersite, akaganéite and inclusions of troilite. For the first time, analysis has proved the presence of a form of quartz altered by extremely high pressure—stishovite, probably a pseudomorphosis after tridymite. From the article "First discovery of stishovite in an iron meteorite": Stishovite, a high pressure polymorph of SiO2, is an exceptionally rare mineral...and has only been found in association with a few meteorite impact structures.... Clearly, the meteoritic stishovite cannot have formed by isostatic pressure prevailing in the core of the parent asteroid.... One can safely assume then that stishovite formation (in the Muonionalusta meteorite) is connected with an impact event. The glass component might have formed directly as a shock melt....
A 2010 study reported the lead isotope dating in the Muonionalusta meteorite and concluded the stishovite was from an impact event hundreds of millions of years ago: "The presence of stishovite signifies that this meteorite was heavily shocked, possibly during the 0.4 Ga [billion years] old breakup event indicated by cosmic ray exposure...."
To view more of my images, of Rhinoceros, please click "here" ! Click any image to view large!
Rhinoceros, often abbreviated to rhino, is a group of five extant species of odd-toed ungulates in the family Rhinocerotidae. Two of these species are native to Africa and three to Southern Asia. Members of the rhinoceros family are characterized by their large size (they are some of the largest remaining megafauna, with all of the species able to reach one tonne or more in weight); as well as by an herbivorous diet; a thick protective skin, 1.5–5 cm thick, formed from layers of collagen positioned in a lattice structure; relatively small brains for mammals this size (400–600 g); and a large horn. They generally eat leafy material, although their ability to ferment food in their hindgut allows them to subsist on more fibrous plant matter, if necessary. Unlike other perissodactyls, the two African species of rhinoceros lack teeth at the front of their mouths, relying instead on their lips to pluck food. Rhinoceros are killed by humans for their horns, which are bought and sold on the black market, and which are used by some cultures for ornamental or traditional medicinal purposes. East Asia, specifically Vietnam, is the largest market for rhino horns. By weight, rhino horns cost as much as gold on the black market. People grind up the horns and then consume them believing the dust has therapeutic properties. The horns are made of keratin, the same type of protein that makes up hair and fingernails. Both African species and the Sumatran rhinoceros have two horns, while the Indian and Javan rhinoceros have a single horn. The IUCN Red List identifies three of the species as critically endangered. The word rhinoceros is derived through Latin from the Ancient Greek: ῥῑνόκερως, which is composed of ῥῑνο- (rhino-, "nose") and κέρας (keras, "horn"). The plural in English is rhinoceros or rhinoceroses. The collective noun for a group of rhinoceroses is crash or herd. The name has been in use since the 14th century. The family Rhinocerotidae consists of only four extant genera: Ceratotherium (White rhinoceros), Dicerorhinus (Sumatran rhinoceros), Diceros (Black rhinoceros) and Rhinoceros (Indian and Javan rhinoceros). The living species fall into three categories. The two African species, the white rhinoceros and the black rhinoceros, belong to the tribe Dicerotini, which originated in the middle Miocene, about 14.2 million years ago. The species diverged during the early Pliocene (about 5 million years ago). The main difference between black and white rhinos is the shape of their mouths – white rhinos have broad flat lips for grazing, whereas black rhinos have long pointed lips for eating foliage. There are two living Rhinocerotini species, the Indian rhinoceros and the Javan rhinoceros, which diverged from one another about 10 million years ago. The Sumatran rhinoceros is the only surviving representative of the most primitive group, the Dicerorhinini, which emerged in the Miocene (about 20 million years ago). A subspecific hybrid white rhino (Ceratotherium s. simum × C. s. cottoni) was bred at the Dvůr Králové Zoo (Zoological Garden Dvur Kralove nad Labem) in the Czech Republic in 1977. Interspecific hybridisation of black and white rhinoceros has also been confirmed. While the black rhinoceros has 84 chromosomes (diploid number, 2N, per cell), all other rhinoceros species have 82 chromosomes. However, chromosomal polymorphism might lead to varying chromosome counts. For instance, in a study there were three northern white rhinoceroses with 81 chromosomes. There are two subspecies of white rhinoceros: the southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) and the northern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum cottoni). As of 2013, the southern subspecies has a wild population of 20,405 – making them the most abundant rhino subspecies in the world. However, the northern subspecies was critically endangered, with as few as four individuals in the wild; the possibility of complete extinction in the wild having been noted since June 2008. Five are known to be held in captivity, one of which resides at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park. Four born in a zoo in the Czech Republic were transferred to a wildlife refuge in Kenya in December 2009, in an effort to have the animals reproduce and save the subspecies. There is no conclusive explanation of the name white rhinoceros. A popular theory that "white" is a distortion of either the Afrikaans word wyd or the Dutch word wijd (or its other possible spellings whyde, weit, etc.,) meaning wide and referring to the rhino's square lips is not supported by linguistic studies. The white rhino has an immense body and large head, a short neck and broad chest. Females weigh 1,600 kg (4,000 lb) and males 2,400 kg (5,000 lb). the head-and-body length is 3.5–4.6 m (11–15 ft) and a shoulder height of 1.8–2 m (5.9–6.6 ft). On its snout it has two horns. The front horn is larger than the other horn and averages 90 cm (35 in) in length and can reach 150 cm (59 in). The white rhinoceros also has a prominent muscular hump that supports its relatively large head. The colour of this animal can range from yellowish brown to slate grey. Most of its body hair is found on the ear fringes and tail bristles, with the rest distributed rather sparsely over the rest of the body. White rhinos have the distinctive flat broad mouth that is used for grazing.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Neighbor Joining cladogram based on Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) identified between P. syringae pv. actinidiae (PSA) genomes and P. syringae pv. theae.Sequencing reads of nine PSA genomes were aligned against a draft genome of P. syringae pv. theae pathotype strain NCPPB 2598. A neighbor joining tree was built based on 21,494 SNPs so identified. Country and year of isolation are indicated for each strain. Bootstrap values based on 1000 bootstrap replicates are shown above nodes and number of SNPs compared to P. syringae pv. theae are shown underneath branches. Branches with less than 50% bootstrap support were collapsed. In the Japanese/Korean clade three SNPs group PsaKN.2 with PA459 and thus conflict with the branching pattern obtained in the tree. No SNPs conflict with the branching pattern obtained for the Chinese/European clade. A Bayesian tree was also constructed and had the same topology as the neighbor-joining tree.
Aragonite from Morocco.
A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties. At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical. Currently, there are over 6100 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common. Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry. Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.
The carbonate minerals all contain one or more carbonate (CO3-2) anions.
Aragonite has the same chemistry as calcite - it is calcium carbonate (CaCO3). However, aragonite has a different molecular structure - the atoms are packed differently. Different minerals having the same chemical formula are called "polymorphs" (another good example is graphite and diamond - both are carbon, C).
Unlike calcite, aragonite forms crystals in the orthorhombic class. Many aragonite crystals are acicular (needle-like) or pseudohexagonal. The latter is the result of six orthorhombic prisms growing parallel to each other. The sample seen here is a radiating cluster of pseudohexagonal, cyclic-twinned aragonite masses.
Aragonite is slightly harder than calcite, at H=3.5 to 4, occurs in many colors, and easily bubbles in acid. Aragonite is a little bit heavier than calcite, due to closer packing of atoms.
Most modern seashells and coral skeletons are composed of the aragonite. Whitish-colored lime sand beaches in the world are aragonitic. Occasionally, "whitings" are seen in shallow, warm ocean environments. Whitings (cloudy, milky seawater) turn out to have numerous tiny, hair-like needles of aragonite.
In the rock record, aragonitic or aragonite-rich sediments convert to calcite over time. Cenozoic-aged carbonate sedimentary rocks are often aragonitic. Mesozoic- and Paleozoic-aged carbonates are almost always calcitic. Many ancient fossils have had their aragonitic shells dissolved away. Ancient shells that were originally calcitic are often still well preserved.
Locality: Tazouta, southeast of Sefrou & southeast of Fez, Middle Atlas Mountains, northern Morocco
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Photo gallery of aragonite:
The 56 Full Sized Morphs Are:
01 Blaze a Trail | 02 Pearly King Morph | 03 The Messenger Morph | 04 The Power of Morphing Communication | 05 Morph Over, There's Room for Two! | 06 Morph into the Piñataverse | 07 Morpheus | 08 Apart Together | 09 London Parklife | 10 On Guard | 11 Mr Create | 12 Morph's Inspirational Dungarees | 13 Cactus Morph | 14 Forget-Me-Not | 15 Gingerbread Morph I 16 Totally Morphomatic! | 17 Dance-off Morph I 18 The Bard I 19 Mondrian Morph | 20 Morph Whizz Kidz Argonaut | 21 It's Raining Morphs! Halleujah! | 22 Messy Morph | 23 I Spy Morph | 24 Astromorph | 25 Make Your Mark | 26 Roll With It | 27 Morph and Friends Explore London | 28 Tartan Trailblazer | 29 London Collage | 30 Peace Love and Morph | 31 Midas Morph | 32 Freedom | 33 Good Vibes | 34 Tiger Morph | 35 Maximus Morpheus Londinium | 36 Chocks Away! | 37 Morph! It's the Wrong Trousers! | 38 Diverse-City | 39 Apples and Pears | 40 Morphlowers Please! | 41 Cyborg Morph | 42 Pride Morph | 43 The London Man | 44 Looking After the Ocean | 45 Rock Star! | 46 Wheelie | 47 Gentlemorph | 48 Polymorphism | 49 Whizz Bang! | 50 Stay Frosty | 51 Mmmmmmmoprh! | 52 Swashbuckler | 53 Morph Target | 54 Canary Morph | 55 Morph the Yeoman Guard | 56 Fish Ahoy!
The 23 Mini Morphs Are:
01 Neville | 02 Messy Morph | 03 Meta-MORPH-osis | 04 Morley the Morph - Ready to Board | 05 Near and Far | 06 Bright Ideas | 07 Creativity Rocks! | 08 Growing Together | 10 Many Hands Make Valence | 11 Mr. Tayo Shnubbub 'The Wellbeing Hero' | 12 Captain Compass I 13 Hands-On & Hands-Up | 14 This is Us | 15 The Adventures of Morph | 16 Our School | 17 Riverside Spirit | 18 Morpheby | 19 GRIT | 20 Happiness is an Inside Job | 21 Growing Together in Learning and in Faith | 22 Look for the Light I 23 Bringing Great Energy and Spirit to Make Things Happen
C'est un lézard de forme élancée, espèce extrêmement polymorphe, avec une variabilité extraordinaire de l'écaillure, une coloration très variable, brun, gris ou même verdâtre. La face ventrale est claire, jaune, bleu ou rougeâtre. La gorge est mouchetée de noir. Le mâle mesure 20 cm, exceptionnellement 25 cm, la femelle 18 cm. On ne peut pas déterminer son sexe tant qu'il n'a pas atteint la maturité. La queue de ce lézard casse facilement (autotomie), lui permettant ainsi d'échapper à des prédateurs. En effet, l'extrémité « perdue » continue à s'agiter ce qui constitue un leurre vis-à-vis de l'attaquant. Une queue de remplacement repousse progressivement mais elle est dépourvue d'écailles, et elle est uniformément gris sombre. Parfois elle peut repousser double. On peut observer ce lézard toute l'année dans le sud de la France.
I decided what my Teapotty! needed was some RGB LED heart indicators to show when and where Teapotty had moved over 180 degrees, so I added some BlinkMs (addressable RGB LEDs), some more code and then made some polymorph hearts.
Teapotty! is a teapot sitting on a servo which takes readings from a magnetometer which is influenced by neodymium magnets in a cup. The magnetometer takes the reading from the north position, plays a bit of something similar to the Tetley Tea tune and then moves to a new position - where the teacup moves to.
Teapotty! is an interactive electronic teapot I've constructed for the Chi-TEK tea party event & exhibition of tech teapots at the V&A in Sept 11.
Der Große Mormone (Papilio memnon) gehört innerhalb der Familie der Ritterfalter (Papilionidae) zur Gattung Papilio. Im Englischen wird der Große Mormone great mormon genannt.
Der Große Mormone erreicht eine Spannweite von etwa 120,0 bis 150,0 Millimeter. Die Weibchen sind sehr polymorph und viele von ihnen imitieren einen ungenießbaren Schmetterling. Bei dem Weibchen sind die oberen Flügel schwärzlich gefärbt und mit zahlreichen gräulich-aschefarbenen Längsstrahlen markiert. Des Weiteren weist jeder von ihnen einen großen dreieckigen blutroten oder ockerfarbenen bis gelblichen Fleck an der Basis auf. Im Bereich der unteren Flügel zeigt sich mit einer weißen Färbung eng eingefaßter Hinterrand. Ferner zeigt sich ein breites weißes Band und eine Reihe von eiförmigen oder abgerundeten tief-schwarzen Flecken. Der Körper des Weibchens selbst ist schwarz und der Prothorax ist mit mehreren weißen Punkten markiert. Das Männchen ist gänzlich ohne basale rote Flecken und die dunkle Grundfarbe ist eine grünliche Reflexion. Die oberen Flügel weisen einen roten oder ockerfarbenen Fleck an der Basis der unteren Seite auf. Ferner zeigben sich im unteren Bereich der Flügel vier kleine rote Flecken, sonst die unteren Flügel vorne tiefschwarz und hinten aschgrau. Die aschgrauen Partien sind mit zwei Reihen von tiefschwarzen abgerundeten Flecken besetzt und im Bereich des Analwinkels zeigen sich kreisförmige gelbe Flecken.
Der Große Mormone besucht gerne Blumen wie Weihnachtssterne (Euphorbia pulcherrima), Jasminum, Wandelröschen (Lantana), Blumenrohr (Canna) und Salbei (Salvia).
Angiopteris itoi (W.C. Shieh) J.M. Camus, Proc. Int. Symp. Pterid. (1988) 35. 1988 [1989].
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Synonyms:
Archangiopteris itoi W.C. Shieh, J. Jap. Bot. 45(6): 165, f. 2-3. 1970.
family Marattiaceae 合囊蕨科 リュウビンタイ科
Chinese name: 伊藤氏原始觀音座蓮
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Endemic in Taiwan. Critically endangered species, very rare. Habitat in broadleaf forest (Knapp, 2011).
Distributed in Wulai (烏來) in New Taipei City, and Lianhuachi (or Lianhwachi, 蓮華池) in Nantou county. However, the Lianhuachi population was extinct, and the Wulai population only have about 18 individuals (Hsu et al., 2000).
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An cultivated individual at Yun Hsien Resort, Wulai area, New Taipei City, Taiwan. There is also the place which the native population has been found.
攝於台灣 新北市 烏來區 雲仙樂園。
2013/07/29
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References:
1. Hsu, T.W., S.J. Moore, and T.Y Chiang (2000) Low RAPD polymorphism in Archangiopteris itoi, a rare and endemic fern in Taiwan. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 41: 15-18.
2. Knapp,R. (2011) Ferns and fern allies of Taiwan. KBCC press and Yuan-Liou publishing, Taipei, Taiwan.
3. 郭城孟 (2001) 蕨類圖鑒1基礎常見篇. 遠流出版事業股份有限公司, 台北.
4. Flora of Taiwan, 2nd ed.: tai2.ntu.edu.tw/ebook/ebookpage.php?volume=1&book=Fl....
5. Plants of Taiwan: tai2.ntu.edu.tw/PlantInfo/species-name.php?code=107%20002...
6. Tropicos: www.tropicos.org/Name/50050352
A couple of weeks ago Museums and Public relations department had an away day at the Institute of Making.
Pewter casting with cuttlefish.
We just set up our new Raman and Mark's already underway analyzing samples.
It's optimized design enables high throughput for fast imaging of samples. Detailed chemical images from a sample’s Raman spectrum can provide information on individual chemical components, polymorphs and variations in crystallinity.
Aragonite helictites from Austria. (Wayne State University collection, Detroit, Michigan, USA)
A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties. At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical. Currently, there are over 6100 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common. Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry. Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.
The carbonate minerals all contain one or more carbonate (CO3-2) anions.
Aragonite has the same chemistry as calcite - it is calcium carbonate (CaCO3). However, aragonite has a different molecular structure - the atoms are packed differently. Different minerals having the same chemical formula are called "polymorphs" (another good example is graphite and diamond - both are carbon, C).
Unlike calcite, aragonite forms crystals in the orthorhombic class. Many aragonite crystals are acicular (needle-like) or pseudohexagonal. The latter is the result of six orthorhombic prisms growing parallel to each other. The sample seen here is a radiating cluster of pseudohexagonal, cyclic-twinned aragonite masses.
Aragonite is slightly harder than calcite, at H=3.5 to 4, occurs in many colors, and easily bubbles in acid. Aragonite is a little bit more dense than calcite, due to closer packing of atoms.
Most modern seashells and coral skeletons are composed of the aragonite. Whitish-colored lime sand beaches in the world are aragonitic. Occasionally, "whitings" are seen in shallow, warm ocean environments. Whitings (cloudy, milky seawater) turn out to have numerous tiny, hair-like needles of aragonite.
In the rock record, aragonitic or aragonite-rich sediments convert to calcite over time. Cenozoic-aged carbonate sedimentary rocks are often aragonitic. Mesozoic- and Paleozoic-aged carbonates are almost always calcitic. Many ancient fossils have had their aragonitic shells dissolved away. Ancient shells that were originally calcitic are often still well preserved.
The specimen seen here consists of twisted aragonite masses called helictites, a type of speleothem ("cave formation"). Such aragonitic helictites are sometimes referred to using the silly and non-informative nickname "flos ferri".
Locality: unrecorded / undisclosed site at or near the town of Eisenerz, northern Styria, central Austria
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Photo gallery of aragonite:
A butterfly is any of several groups of mainly day-flying insects of the order Lepidoptera, the butterflies and moths. Like other holometabolous insects, butterflies' life cycle consists of four parts, egg, larva, pupa and adult. Most species are diurnal. Butterflies have large, often brightly coloured wings, and conspicuous, fluttering flight. Butterflies comprise the true butterflies (superfamily Papilionoidea), the skippers (superfamily Hesperioidea) and the moth-butterflies (superfamily Hedyloidea). All the many other families within the Lepidoptera are referred to as moths.
Butterflies exhibit polymorphism, mimicry and aposematism. Some, like the Monarch, will migrate over long distances. Some butterflies have evolved symbiotic and parasitic relationships with social insects such as ants. Butterflies are important economically as agents of pollination. The caterpillars of some butterflies eat harmful insects. A few species are pests because in their larval stages they can damage domestic crops or trees. Culturally, butterflies are a popular motif in the visual and literary arts.
Phylogenetic analysis of human and bovine derived Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.
Neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis isolates derived from animal and bovine hosts. The ovine derived isolate CLIJ361 was omitted from this analysis due to its significant genetic divergence from the other isolates.
Melanistic jaguars are informally known as black panthers, but (as with all forms of polymorphism) they do not form a separate species
A melanistic jaguar is a color morph which occurs at about 6% frequency in populations.
Color morphism occurs in the species. A near-black melanistic form occurs regularly. Jaguars with melanism appear entirely black, although their spots are still visible on close examination.
The black morph is less common than the spotted form but, at about six percent of the population, it is several orders of magnitude above the mutation rate. Hence, it is being supported by selection.
On Origin, History and Infraspecific Variation;
This species was formed at least before 30,000 years ago, during the last glaciation (called the 'Weichselian' in northern Europe or the 'Würm' around the Alps), while cro-magnons were still hunting cave bears and hyenas and making sweet love to the last Neanderthals in Europe. It is an allotetraploid (4n), a hybrid which has mutated to have double the amount of chromosomes. Its original seed parent (the 'mother') was D. saccifera, a diploid (2n), the original pollen parent ('dad') was D. incarnata, also a diploid (2n). Dactylorhiza species hybridize quite often, in northwestern Europe, a swarm of similar allotetraploid species exist, all which share a similar original cross. Most of the allotetraploids are fuschii x. incarnata, or maculata x. incarnata (these are usually classed as subspecies under D. majalis); maculata is itself an old autotetraploid of fuschii. D. praetermissa is the only saccifera x. incarnata, but saccifera is itself very closely related to fuschii, a southern sister group with a more Mediterranean distribution, so the praetermissa plants are extremely similar to the majalis group.
But the story gets much more complicated than this due to two factors: multiple hybridization and introgression.
Many of these allotetraploids probably arose a number of times, in multiple hybridisation events, with subsequent populations perhaps later ad-mixing to varying degrees in different localities. This would mean that the varying species in the majalis complex are largely artificial; based on shared sets of particular phenotypic or ecological characteristics, but with local populations each potentially having a divergent genetic history.
For example, British praetermissa seem to share a great deal of genetics with local forms of fuschii....
Swedish
Belgian
But the story gets even more complicated than that. These allotetraploids also readily hybridize with each other and their original parent species; and these hybrids can back-cross or hybridize again with other members of the complex (i.e. 4n x. 2n = 3n --> 3n x. 4n --> 4n, for example), thus there is some gene-flow between species, so that particular genotypes get more represented in a particular genepool than the original hybrid would warrant. This is called 'introgression'. This gene-flow is not completely equivalent in Dactylorhiza, but is in fact often directional; 'asymmetrical'.
For example, most hybrids always have fuschii/maculata (fuschii s.l.) as seed-parent; and there seems to be is a higher proportion of of gene-flow from incarnata into fuschii s.l.
reticulate introgression/asymmetrical hybridization vs. multiple hybridization
Both processes bring new genetic material into the various allotetraploid lineages.
relatively common vs. quite rare.
The reason why I now think the variety junialis has taxonomic validity is because of the asymmetrical introgression and/or multiple hybridization events; these evolutionary processes mean that the species can better be seen as a complex of local variants, with taxonomical value (need to call 'em something) and conservation signifigance. For example, Nordic populations of allotetraploids of the majalis complex contain haplotypes derived from but no longer present in their parent populations, hence retaining genetic diversity any new polyploid hybrid could no longer regain; thus different Dutch varieties of praetermissa could indeed be significantly divergent from each other and their original parent populations. Not only that, study has also shown that in Estonia and Sweden varieties have specific ecological niches and plant associations; where varieties grow together, the ranges of micro-habitats and conditions become more narrow. This is a clear sign of ongoing speciation.
Note that another isolation mechanism producing reproductive isolation or barriers to gene-flow is divergent flowering times in the different varieties, in the Netherlands junialis flowers a week later than the nominate type.
millions of seeds, pre-glacial hybrid, a mistake occurred during meiosis;
-reticulate introgression/asymmetrical hybridization vs. multiple hybridization events?
-Seed-parent (female) was fuchsii s.l.?
-D. saccifera (2n, Medd. sister tax. to fuschii) x. incarnata (Devos et al. [2006], see also Hedrén [2001], Bateman and Denholm [2003], Devos et al. [2003], Nordström [2008])., while D. majalis = D. fuchsii s.str x. D. incarnata.
-treat all allotetraploid taxa as subspecies of D. majalis as suggested by Pedersen et al. (2003).
-has been looked at via plastids (Pillon), cpDNA, nrDNA, chloroplast (Devos) and allozyme variation (Hedrén).
Synonymy:
* Orchis praetermissa Druce (1914) (Basionym)
* Orchis incarnata var. integrata E.G. Camus ex Fourcy (1891)
* Orchis wirtgenii Höppner (1916)
* Orchis praetermissa var. macrantha Sipkes (1921)
! * Orchis latifolia var. junialis Verm. (1933)
! * Orchis pardalina Pugsley (1934)
* Dactylorchis praetermissa (Druce) Verm. (1947)
* Dactylorhiza wirtgenii (Höppner) Soó (1962)
* Dactylorhiza praetermissa ssp. integrata (E.G. Camus ex Fourcy) Soó (1962)
! * Dactylorhiza majalis var. junialis (Verm.) Senghas (1968)
! * Dactylorhiza praetermissa var. junialis (Verm.) Senghas (1968)
* Dactylorhiza majalis ssp. praetermissa (Druce) D.M. Moore & Soó (1978)
* Dactylorhiza incarnata ssp. praetermissa (Druce) H. Sund. (1980)
* Dactylorhiza majalis var. praetermissa (Druce) R.M. Bateman & Denholm (1983)
! * Dactylorhiza majalis var. macrantha (Sipkes) R.M. Bateman & Denholm (1983)
* Dactylorhiza integrata (E.G. Camus ex Fourcy) Aver. (1984)
! * Dactylorhiza pardalina (Pugsley) Aver. (1986)
! * Dactylorhiza praetermissa var. maculosa D. Tyteca & Gathoye (1990)
* Dactylorhiza praetermissa var. integrata (E.G. Camus ex Fourcy) D.Tyteca & Gathoye (1993)
! * Dactylorhiza praetermissa f. junialis (Verm.) P.D.Sell (1996)
Name Usage: Kew [2003], Flora Belg., Huekels [2005], PLANTS, Flora Ireland [], Tropicos, FNA, Canada
References:
Note these papers do not necessarily agree, and must be looked at in chronological order.
'The Evolution of Dactylorhiza (Orchidaceae) Allotetraploid Complex: Insights from nrDNA sequences and cpDNA PCR-RFLP data' by Devos et al. [2006],
'Allotetraploid Nature of Dactylorhiza praetermissa (Orchidaceae) Confirmed' by Hedrén [1996],
'Patterns of Chloroplast diversity among western European Dactylorhiza species (Orchidaceae)' by Devos et al. [2003],
'Genetic differentiation and postglacial migration of the Dactylorhiza majalis ssp. traunsteineri/lapponica complex into Fennoscandia' by Nordström & Hedrén [2008],
'Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) reveal details of polyploid evolution in Dactylorhiza (Orchidaceae)' by Hedrén et al. [2001].
Also there are more relevant papers (and books) by Bateman, Pillon, Nordström, Hedrén, Ståhlberg, Delforge, Pridgeon, Pedersen, Tyteca and Devos
A couple of weeks ago Museums and Public relations department had an away day at the Institute of Making.
Zoe taking about the Materials Library.
LAT:Medicago polymorpha
NO:Snegleskolm var.
ENG:Toothed medick
SP:Carretón
DE:Schneckenklee
Sted/Place:Bel Air, Estepona, Malaga
Dato/Date:03 2010
Str/Size:15-50 cm (Ofte krypende eller hengende)
Blomstring/Flowering:Januar-april (1-4)
Habitat:Gressletter, urbane strøk, hager, balkongkasser
Man trenger ikke gå lenger enn til balkongkassen for å finne denne lille varianten av gule erteblomster. Den kan bli et ganske gjenstridig ugress i blomsterkrukker og terrassekasser. Røttene sitter godt festet til jorden og mange har også sikkert fått følt de piggete fruktene som fester seg til klær. Men for de som har feriehus og ikke noe tilsyn så er denne en dekorativ plante allerede tidlig på våren. Blomstene er knøttesmå gule og tiriltungeaktige. Bladene er brede tynne og spadeformede med små pigger eller hår ytterst.
Shortcuts to All 20 Morphs:-
01. Green Fingers (Laura-Kate Draws) | 02. The Starry Night (Glen Brooks) | 03. Timeless (Roy Meats) | 04. Meandering Morph (RP Roberts) | 05. Mr Create (Jenny Leonard) | 06. Not So Handy Man (Lei-Mai LeMaow) | 07. Morpheus (Jodie Silverman) | 08. Morph and Friends (Jessica Perrin) | 09. Metamorphosis (Donna Newman) | 10. Polymorphism (Sue Gutherie) | 11. Morph in the Jungle (Amanda Quellin) | 12. Astromorph (Megan Heather Smith-Evans) | 13. Tiger Morph (Sandra Russell) | 14. Mighty Morph (Steve Johnson) |15. Wildermorph (Jina Gelder) | 16. Flora (Lisa Kirkbride) | 17. Tesselate (Jim Edwards) | 18. Fish Ahoy (Ali Elly Design) | 19. A Taste of What's to Come (Emily Ward) | 20. Morph-Code (Glen Brooks)
The 56 Full Sized Morphs Are:
01 Blaze a Trail | 02 Pearly King Morph | 03 The Messenger Morph | 04 The Power of Morphing Communication | 05 Morph Over, There's Room for Two! | 06 Morph into the Piñataverse | 07 Morpheus | 08 Apart Together | 09 London Parklife | 10 On Guard | 11 Mr Create | 12 Morph's Inspirational Dungarees | 13 Cactus Morph | 14 Forget-Me-Not | 15 Gingerbread Morph I 16 Totally Morphomatic! | 17 Dance-off Morph I 18 The Bard I 19 Mondrian Morph | 20 Morph Whizz Kidz Argonaut | 21 It's Raining Morphs! Halleujah! | 22 Messy Morph | 23 I Spy Morph | 24 Astromorph | 25 Make Your Mark | 26 Roll With It | 27 Morph and Friends Explore London | 28 Tartan Trailblazer | 29 London Collage | 30 Peace Love and Morph | 31 Midas Morph | 32 Freedom | 33 Good Vibes | 34 Tiger Morph | 35 Maximus Morpheus Londinium | 36 Chocks Away! | 37 Morph! It's the Wrong Trousers! | 38 Diverse-City | 39 Apples and Pears | 40 Morphlowers Please! | 41 Cyborg Morph | 42 Pride Morph | 43 The London Man | 44 Looking After the Ocean | 45 Rock Star! | 46 Wheelie | 47 Gentlemorph | 48 Polymorphism | 49 Whizz Bang! | 50 Stay Frosty | 51 Mmmmmmmoprh! | 52 Swashbuckler | 53 Morph Target | 54 Canary Morph | 55 Morph the Yeoman Guard | 56 Fish Ahoy!
The 23 Mini Morphs Are:
01 Neville | 02 Messy Morph | 03 Meta-MORPH-osis | 04 Morley the Morph - Ready to Board | 05 Near and Far | 06 Bright Ideas | 07 Creativity Rocks! | 08 Growing Together | 10 Many Hands Make Valence | 11 Mr. Tayo Shnubbub 'The Wellbeing Hero' | 12 Captain Compass I 13 Hands-On & Hands-Up | 14 This is Us | 15 The Adventures of Morph | 16 Our School | 17 Riverside Spirit | 18 Morpheby | 19 GRIT | 20 Happiness is an Inside Job | 21 Growing Together in Learning and in Faith | 22 Look for the Light I 23 Bringing Great Energy and Spirit to Make Things Happen
Location: Butterflies Garden, Mandai Zoo. SINGAPORE
A butterfly is an insect of the order Lepidoptera. Like all Lepidoptera, butterflies are notable for their unusual life cycle with a larval caterpillar stage, an inactive pupal stage, and a spectacular metamorphosis into a familiar and colourful winged adult form. Most species are day-flying so they regularly attract attention. The diverse patterns formed by their brightly coloured wings and their erratic yet graceful flight have made butterfly watching a fairly popular hobby.
Butterflies comprise the true butterflies (superfamily Papilionoidea), the skippers (Superfamily Hesperioidea) and the moth-butterflies (Superfamily Hedyloidea). Butterflies exhibit polymorphism, mimicry and aposematism. Some are known to migrate over large distances. Some butterflies have evolved symbiotic and parasitic relationships with social insects such as ants. Butterflies are important economically as one of the major agents of pollination. In addition, a number of species are pests, because they can damage domestic crops and trees.
Culturally, butterflies are a popular motif in the visual and literary arts.
Source from Wikipedia: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly
Shortcuts to All 20 Morphs:-
01. Green Fingers (Laura-Kate Draws) | 02. The Starry Night (Glen Brooks) | 03. Timeless (Roy Meats) | 04. Meandering Morph (RP Roberts) | 05. Mr Create (Jenny Leonard) | 06. Not So Handy Man (Lei-Mai LeMaow) | 07. Morpheus (Jodie Silverman) | 08. Morph and Friends (Jessica Perrin) | 09. Metamorphosis (Donna Newman) | 10. Polymorphism (Sue Gutherie) | 11. Morph in the Jungle (Amanda Quellin) | 12. Astromorph (Megan Heather Smith-Evans) | 13. Tiger Morph (Sandra Russell) | 14. Mighty Morph (Steve Johnson) |15. Wildermorph (Jina Gelder) | 16. Flora (Lisa Kirkbride) | 17. Tesselate (Jim Edwards) | 18. Fish Ahoy (Ali Elly Design) | 19. A Taste of What's to Come (Emily Ward) | 20. Morph-Code (Glen Brooks)
"Turkey tail" marcasite from Wisconsin, USA.
A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties. At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical. Currently, there are over 6000 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common. Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry. Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.
The sulfide minerals contain one or more sulfide anions (S-2). The sulfides are usually considered together with the arsenide minerals, the sulfarsenide minerals, and the telluride minerals. Many sulfides are economically significant, as they occur commonly in ores. The metals that combine with S-2 are mainly Fe, Cu, Ni, Ag, etc. Most sulfides have a metallic luster, are moderately soft, and are noticeably heavy for their size. These minerals will not form in the presence of free oxygen. Under an oxygen-rich atmosphere, sulfide minerals tend to chemically weather to various oxide and hydroxide minerals.
Marcasite is an iron sulfide mineral, FeS2, which is the same chemical formula as pyrite. Different minerals having the same chemical formula are called polymorphs. Other examples of polymorphs are graphite-diamond (both C) and calcite-aragonite (both CaCO3). Pyrite and marcasite both have a metallic luster, a brassy gold color, and a dark gray to black streak. They both lack cleavage, and they have the same hardness (H = 6 to 6.5). Marcasite tends to have a paler brass color than pyrite. Some marcasites are almost silvery-colored.
How does one visually distinguish marcasite from pyrite? Apart from color, marcasite crystals are typically plates, or sharp & pointed, and marcasite tends to twin, resulting in cockscomb masses (www.mindat.org/photo-408969.html). Marcasite also more readily breaks down into whitish powder (FeSO4).
Pyrite can convert to marcasite naturally, and vice versa. Pyrite concretions may have preserved needle-shaped crystals of marcasite, but the marcasite is gone. X-ray analysis may be needed to determine which polymorph is present.
Locality: Vulcan Materials quarry, Racine, far-southeastern Wisconsin, USA
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Photo gallery of marcasite:
Dans le cadre de son exposition « Prototypes du Grand Napotakeu (2) » présentée au Cube jusqu’au 22 juillet, Jérôme Lefdup propose une sélection de ses vidéos réalisées au cours des trente dernières années. Ces vidéos sont autant des témoignages des phénomènes étranges observables dans Le Grand Napotakeu, mais aussi une ode à une de ses créatures les plus représentatives et déjà présente dans certaines pièces de son exposition au Cube : la Glute (et ses cousines Polyglutes, Multiglutes, Métaglutes, etc.).
La projection est suivie par la présentation et la mise en vente du tirage de tête (10 exemplaires) du livre en 5 volumes « Le Grand Napotakeu ». Les visiteurs munis de lecteur de QR-Codes pourront commander sur place les volumes de leur choix.
Une collation amicale après la projection vous convaincra que « les Glutes, c’est super ».
Cheira-me que este coleóptero pertence à espécie Mylabris quadripunctata mas não tenho a certeza. Em Gilmonde apareceram às dezenas. Ontem vi um a escavar uma toca mas não percebi qual o motivo e na net não fala nada sobre a biologia desta espécie. No meu guia-de-campo fala da espécie Mylabris polymorpha como sendo parasita de ovos de gafanhotos.
PS: está confirmado que é M. quadripunctata.
Camponotus lateralis
Cette espèce se rencontre autour du bassin méditerranéen.
Camponotus lateralis est une fourmi de petite taille (3 à 7 mm pour les ouvrières ; 10 mm pour la reine). Elle présente un développement lent qui est de 3 mois du stade d'œuf au stade d'ouvrière. C'est une espèce dite polymorphe et monogyne. La parade nuptiale s'étend de début avril à fin mai, les reines peuvent s'accoupler avec une dizaine de mâles. La plupart d'entre elles ne survivent pas (gobées par des oiseaux...). Les survivantes (environ deux pour mille) se débarrassent de leurs ailes en les arrachant, puis pondent leurs premiers œufs qui ne serviront qu'à des fins nutritives. Les premiers " vrais " œufs sont blancs nacrés et sont peu nourris. Les reines se retrouvent sous des branches ou des pierres après leur essaimage.
Camponotus lateralis a le thorax et la tête rouge légèrement transparents. Bien nourrie, son abdomen est gonflé et présente quelques rayures (surtout avec le lait). Elle porte 11 segments au bout de ses antennes. La reine possède un abdomen bien ovale et bombé quand elle est prête à pondre.
Il n'existe pas de castes chez Camponotus lateralis mais leur polymorphisme permet de distinguer :
les ouvrières qui travaillent à la survie de la colonie en servant de nourrices, de chasseuses, de ramasseuses... ;
les médias qui sont de "super" ouvrières, plus grandes, et parfois amenées à faire la guerre ;
les majors qui sont nés pour faire la guerre mais qui peuvent également chasser ou ramasser de la nourriture ;
les mâles qui ne vivent que pour s'accoupler. Ils ont des yeux spécialement adaptés pour repérer les reines. Ils meurent après l'accouplement ;
les reines qui pourront donner naissance à une nouvelle colonie. Comme les mâles, elles sont ailées avant l'accouplement mais s'en distinguent par leur taille plus grosse.
Camponotus lateralis n'est pas dangereuse autant par ses armes spéciales que par son nombre. Elle ne possède pas de dare au bout de son abdomen et ses mandibules ne sont pas très puissantes. De plus, ce n'est pas une espèce de grande taille.
Camponotus lateralis est dite à fondation indépendante, ce qui signifie que la reine fonde elle-même sa propre colonie. La reine n'est donc plus alimentée pendant plusieurs mois mais elle fait des ouvrières avant l'hivernage. Les fourmilières de camponotus lateralis détenues en captivité avoisinent les 600 ouvrières.
Camponotus lateralis hiverne (hiberne) pendant à peu près 5 mois de début novembre à fin mars lorsque la température descend sous les 10 à 15 °C. Hiverner lui est impératif pour reprendre des forces.
Camponotus lateralis essaime d'avril à août. Généralement, les individus sexués sortent toutes et tous ensemble du nid pour aller se reproduire ce qui évite trop de pertes. Malheureusement, les princesses et les mâles sont incapables de se défendre contre les insectes hostiles et les oiseaux et la plupart meurent. Quand elle atterrit, la princesse devenue reine se cache rapidement pendant toute une année, et pendant cette année, elle ne mange que ses ailes désormais inutiles jusqu'à la première ouvrière. Habituellement, les premières soldates naissent après la naissance d'une cinquantaine d'ouvrières.
Source Wikipedia