Angiopteris itoi (W.C. Shieh) J.M. Camus, Proc. Int. Symp. Pterid. (1988) 35. 1988 [1989].

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Synonyms:

Archangiopteris itoi W.C. Shieh, J. Jap. Bot. 45(6): 165, f. 2-3. 1970.

family Marattiaceae 合囊蕨科 リュウビンタイ科

Chinese name: 伊藤氏原始觀音座蓮

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Endemic in Taiwan. Critically endangered species, very rare. Habitat in broadleaf forest (Knapp, 2011).

Distributed in Wulai (烏來) in New Taipei City, and Lianhuachi (or Lianhwachi, 蓮華池) in Nantou county. However, the Lianhuachi population was extinct, and the Wulai population only have about 18 individuals (Hsu et al., 2000).

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An cultivated individual at Yun Hsien Resort, Wulai area, New Taipei City, Taiwan. There is also the place which the native population has been found.

攝於台灣 新北市 烏來區 雲仙樂園。

2013/07/29

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References:

1. Hsu, T.W., S.J. Moore, and T.Y Chiang (2000) Low RAPD polymorphism in Archangiopteris itoi, a rare and endemic fern in Taiwan. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 41: 15-18.

2. Knapp,R. (2011) Ferns and fern allies of Taiwan. KBCC press and Yuan-Liou publishing, Taipei, Taiwan.

3. 郭城孟 (2001) 蕨類圖鑒1基礎常見篇. 遠流出版事業股份有限公司, 台北.

4. Flora of Taiwan, 2nd ed.: tai2.ntu.edu.tw/ebook/ebookpage.php?volume=1&book=Fl....

5. Plants of Taiwan: tai2.ntu.edu.tw/PlantInfo/species-name.php?code=107%20002...

6. Tropicos: www.tropicos.org/Name/50050352

Obsidian in the Pleistocene of Wyoming, USA.

Obsidian is a glassy-textured, extrusive igneous rock. Glassy-textured rocks have no crystals at all. They form by very rapid cooling of lava or by cooling of high-viscosity lava. Most obsidians form by the latter. Obsidian can be felsic, intermediate, mafic, or alkaline in chemistry. Most are felsic to intermediate.

A famous locality in North America is Obsidian Cliff at Yellowstone, Wyoming. It is a Pleistocene-aged lava flow with the chemistry of rhyolite (= a light-colored, felsic, aphanitic, extrusive igneous rock). The cliff itself shows columnar jointing, which formed by cooling and contraction. The rocks principally range from black-colored, aphyric rhyolitic obsidian to partially devitrified rhyolitic obsidian. Lithophysae are sometimes present. Extremely small, microscopic crystals are present - they can be seen in thin sections. Some samples are reported to have small olivine phenocrysts. Small clusters of crystals, composed of plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene, and olivine, are sometimes present.

Many of the whitish-colored spots and bands running through most Obsidian Cliff rock samples are areas of devitrification. Glass is unstable on geologic times scales and it slowly crystallizes. The light-colored spots and bands are now non-glassy. Spotted, partially devitrified obsidian is known by the rockhound term "snowflake obsidian" (see: www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/16561606417). The spots are composed of silica (SiO2), but are not quartz. Rather, they are composed of a polymorph of quartz - cristobalite.

Why does Obsidian Cliff here not look black and glassy? The rocks are weathered, partially devitrified, and considerably lichen-covered. Classic, black, glassy obsidian can be seen in some of the boulders along the road.

Stratigraphy: Roaring Mountain Member, Plateau Rhyolite, Upper Pleistocene, ~59 ka

Locality: Obsidian Cliff, eastern edge of Obsidian Creek Valley, Yellowstone National Park, northwestern Wyoming, USA

----------------------

Age & some lithologic info. from:

Wooton (2010) - Age and Petrogenesis of the Roaring Mountain Rhyolites, Yellowstone Volcanic Field, Wyoming. M.S. thesis. University of Nevada at Las Vegas. 296 pp.

Chairlift @ Lollapalooza 2016, Grant Park, Chicago, IL, on Saturday, July 30, 2016.

Lollapalooza 2016 Setlist:

Look Up

Polymorphing

Amanaemonesia

I Belong in Your Arms

Show U Off

Romeo

Crying In Public

Moth to the Flame

Ch-Ching

Get Real

Another great animal, Mouse, made of Polymorph

Les Sources Occultes 005/999

Un film de Laurent Courau, d'après un scénario de Thierry Ehrmann.

Comédiens : Vigi Lust, Yvan

© Les Amis de l'Esprit de la Salamandre 1999

Entre effroi et merveilles, une zone mouvante aux portes du futur et des enfers...

Les Sources Occultes vous entraînent au coeur d'un univers polymorphe dont les clés et les motifs se révéleront au fur et à mesure des épisodes de cette série de fictions. En attendant un final apocalyptique, au sens premier du terme, qui révélera la structure générale sous la forme d'un long-métrage...

Les Sources Occultes offrent aussi une nouvelle porte d'entrée dans le labyrinthe multidimensionnel de la Demeure du Chaos à celles et ceux qui postulent à notre casting, une occasion unique de pénétrer les arcanes de l'esprit de la Salamandre.

Secrets revealed of the Abode of Chaos (112 pages, adult only) >>>

A "Rat Bastard GM" shirt from the (now defunct?) Treasure Tables and a Christmas present from my buddy Dan.

I would just like to state, I am not a rat bastard GM. I give my players every chance in the world to screw themselves over first.

EXPOSITION

06.09.2017 - 29.10.2017

MAISON EUROPÉENNE DE LA PHOTOGRAPHIE

Anne et Patrick Poirier développent une œuvre polymorphe dans laquelle la photographie occupe, dès leurs débuts en 1967, une place aussi centrale que méconnue, au même titre que la sculpture ou l’installation. Au fil des ans et de leurs expérimentations, ils n’ont cessé de développer un corpus d’œuvres, explorant sans a priori et sans limite les possibilités du médium photographique. Cette exposition, qui réunit près de 200 tirages, en propose la première rétrospective.

5th year vet students show their familiarity with leucocyte cytology!

Les Sources Occultes 004/999

Un film de Laurent Courau, d'après un scénario de Thierry Ehrmann.

Comédiens : Anne-Sophie Farcy et Sydney Ehrmann

Prises de vue : Laurent Courau

Maquillage : Alisha Henry

Montage et post-production : Laurent Courau

Musique : La Science des Fous / Urgence Disk

© Les Amis de l'Esprit de la Salamandre 1999

Entre effroi et merveilles, une zone mouvante aux portes du futur et des enfers...

Les Sources Occultes vous entraînent au coeur d'un univers polymorphe dont les clés et les motifs se révéleront au fur et à mesure des épisodes de cette série de fictions. En attendant un final apocalyptique, au sens premier du terme, qui révélera la structure générale sous la forme d'un long-métrage...

Les Sources Occultes offrent aussi une nouvelle porte d'entrée dans le labyrinthe multidimensionnel de la Demeure du Chaos à celles et ceux qui postulent à notre casting, une occasion unique de pénétrer les arcanes de l'esprit de la Salamandre.

Secrets revealed of the Abode of Chaos (112 pages, adult only) >>>

The 56 Full Sized Morphs Are:

01 Blaze a Trail | 02 Pearly King Morph | 03 The Messenger Morph | 04 The Power of Morphing Communication | 05 Morph Over, There's Room for Two! | 06 Morph into the Piñataverse | 07 Morpheus | 08 Apart Together | 09 London Parklife | 10 On Guard | 11 Mr Create | 12 Morph's Inspirational Dungarees | 13 Cactus Morph | 14 Forget-Me-Not | 15 Gingerbread Morph I 16 Totally Morphomatic! | 17 Dance-off Morph I 18 The Bard I 19 Mondrian Morph | 20 Morph Whizz Kidz Argonaut | 21 It's Raining Morphs! Halleujah! | 22 Messy Morph | 23 I Spy Morph | 24 Astromorph | 25 Make Your Mark | 26 Roll With It | 27 Morph and Friends Explore London | 28 Tartan Trailblazer | 29 London Collage | 30 Peace Love and Morph | 31 Midas Morph | 32 Freedom | 33 Good Vibes | 34 Tiger Morph | 35 Maximus Morpheus Londinium | 36 Chocks Away! | 37 Morph! It's the Wrong Trousers! | 38 Diverse-City | 39 Apples and Pears | 40 Morphlowers Please! | 41 Cyborg Morph | 42 Pride Morph | 43 The London Man | 44 Looking After the Ocean | 45 Rock Star! | 46 Wheelie | 47 Gentlemorph | 48 Polymorphism | 49 Whizz Bang! | 50 Stay Frosty | 51 Mmmmmmmoprh! | 52 Swashbuckler | 53 Morph Target | 54 Canary Morph | 55 Morph the Yeoman Guard | 56 Fish Ahoy!

The 23 Mini Morphs Are:

01 Neville | 02 Messy Morph | 03 Meta-MORPH-osis | 04 Morley the Morph - Ready to Board | 05 Near and Far | 06 Bright Ideas | 07 Creativity Rocks! | 08 Growing Together | 10 Many Hands Make Valence | 11 Mr. Tayo Shnubbub 'The Wellbeing Hero' | 12 Captain Compass I 13 Hands-On & Hands-Up | 14 This is Us | 15 The Adventures of Morph | 16 Our School | 17 Riverside Spirit | 18 Morpheby | 19 GRIT | 20 Happiness is an Inside Job | 21 Growing Together in Learning and in Faith | 22 Look for the Light I 23 Bringing Great Energy and Spirit to Make Things Happen

Picture: Butterfly

Location: Butterflies Garden, Mandai Zoo. SINGAPORE

A butterfly is an insect of the order Lepidoptera. Like all Lepidoptera, butterflies are notable for their unusual life cycle with a larval caterpillar stage, an inactive pupal stage, and a spectacular metamorphosis into a familiar and colourful winged adult form. Most species are day-flying so they regularly attract attention. The diverse patterns formed by their brightly coloured wings and their erratic yet graceful flight have made butterfly watching a fairly popular hobby.

Butterflies comprise the true butterflies (superfamily Papilionoidea), the skippers (Superfamily Hesperioidea) and the moth-butterflies (Superfamily Hedyloidea). Butterflies exhibit polymorphism, mimicry and aposematism. Some are known to migrate over large distances. Some butterflies have evolved symbiotic and parasitic relationships with social insects such as ants. Butterflies are important economically as one of the major agents of pollination. In addition, a number of species are pests, because they can damage domestic crops and trees.

Culturally, butterflies are a popular motif in the visual and literary arts.

Source from Wikipedia: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly

This is most likely Dactylorhiza praetermissa. Which is slightly disappointing, as I think I already took photographs of this subspecies. Back when I took it upon myself to learn the Dutch flora, I skipped ferns, conifers, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae and Orchidaceae. These are not my strong points!

The Flora Leoii changes its mind very regularly. It now does accept var. junialis. The story is very complicated; I will try to explain.

Old Stuff I Wrote (before I read up on the subject)

The Flora Leoii does not accept var. junialis; the way 'special' plants attract splitters annoys me. And I have four better reasons:

---1.) Actual molecular variability within Dactylorhiza turns out to be far greater in areas such as Greece than in NW Europe. Either Greek plants should all be split further, or the NW European variability is in fact taxonomically negligible.

---2.) var. junialis doesn't seem to have a well-defined distinct distribution within the distribution of the entire population.

---3.) The defining characteristic between the two forms is the presence or not of spots on the leaves; however, this characteristic may vary between very pronounced to very marginal; thus one could say intermediate forms occur, which would mean gene flow between populations. Alternatively phenotypic plasticity might come into play.

---4.) Presence of spots on leaves is a rather weak characteristic to use when defining a varietal taxon. Notwithstanding, if just one phenotypic characteristic is being used, the taxonomic rank of forma seems more appropriate than varietas!

Newer Stuff I Wrote:

Changed my mind. Decided to go with the view of this taxon as a separate species in light of the results of the studies 'The Evolution of Dactylorhiza (Orchidaceae) Allotetraploid Complex: Insights from nrDNA sequences and cpDNA PCR-RFLP data' by Devos et al. [2006], 'Allotetraploid Nature of Dactylorhiza praetermissa (Orchidaceae) Confirmed' by Hedrén [1996], 'Patterns of Chloroplast diversity among western European Dactylorhiza species (Orchidaceae)' by Devos et al. [2003], 'Genetic differentiation and postglacial migration of the Dactylorhiza majalis ssp. traunsteineri/lapponica complex into Fennoscandia' by Nordström & Hedrén [2008], and 'Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) reveal details of polyploid evolution in Dactylorhiza (Orchidaceae)' by Hedrén et al. [2001]. Note these papers do not necessarily agree, and must be looked at in chronological order. Also there are more relevant papers (and books) by Bateman, Pillon, Nordström, Hedrén, Ståhlberg, Delforge, Pridgeon, Pedersen, Tyteca and Devos; but the papers listed earlier seem most significant regarding the taxonomy of this complex.

Again changed my mind, decided that there was enough validity in accepting some varieties of praetermissa. Also Mr. Kers points to further differentiating characteristics mentioned in the literature.

Almost changed my mind again, after reading more Hedrén, but, disagree based on Devos, Pillon.

Newer Stuff I'm Writing:

On Origin, History and Infraspecific Variation

About 30,000 years ago, before the last glaciation (the Wi... in the north, the 'Wurm' around the Alps), the distribution ...

-allotetraploidy

-reticulate introgression/asymmetrical hybridization vs. multiple hybridization events?

-Seed-parent (female) was fuchsii s.l.?

-D. saccifera (2n, Medd. sister tax. to fuschii) x. incarnata (Devos et al. [2006], see also Hedrén [2001], Bateman and Denholm [2003], Devos et al. [2003], Nordström [2008])., while D. majalis = D. fuchsii s.str x. D. incarnata.

-treat all allotetraploid taxa as subspecies of D. majalis as suggested by Pedersen et al. (2003).

-has been looked at via plastids (Pillon), cpDNA, nrDNA, chloroplast (Devos) and allozyme variation (Hedrén).

Although these particular orchids are not especially rare in the Netherlands, they are protected by law along with all others. A good reason for this is people like me, who can't tell the difference between species...

The population is said to be decreasing. The population decrease is due to multiple reasons, the most important is said to be habitat loss. In general orchids are well-adapted to low nutrient soils, but compete poorly with taller growing plants in high-nutrient environments. It is quite possible that humans in the past actually greatly helped to increase the populations of many orchids; the practice opening up woodlands, harvesting commons (usually already poor land, for example on sand) for firewood, hay and sillage, and over-grazing sheep on the land for centuries, taking their dung and other products back for use elsewhere, greatly depleted the soil in many areas ('tragedy of the commons'), creating giant new environs for many species of orchids. In one area of the Netherlands this centuries-long soil degradation eventually formed a desert with shifting sand dunes so large they forced villages to move! Now the land use patterns have changed due to affluence and use of chemical fertilizers. All that soya imported from Brazil to feed our vast herds of cattle is re-manufactured into cheese, more cattle and lots and lots of shit. i.e. the nutrients stored in Rainforest becomes Soya becomes Cattle becomes Poo becomes more nutrients. Poo, chemical fertilizer run-off and various other human refuse fertilize the land, and the accumulating organic matter piling up in natural areas is no longer harvested. This is actually what is threatening the native orchids; the re-saturation of the land with nutrients!

Trouwens: Deze orchideeën staan op privé terrein, mocht iemand ze willen opzoeken. Sorry, maar bezoek wordt niet op prijs gesteld.

By The Way: If you are planning to look up these plants, forget it. They are on private property and the owner, and me (I grow stuff here), don't want visitors.

The outer part of a child's bike headset is on the left, surrounded with a Polymorph collar to hold it snuggly in the chair base. It was formed by pushing the soft plastic into the gap between the headset and the hole of the chairbase. This was a rather tricky job. The collar around the top was unintentional (just a bit of excess plastic spread out), but has the advantage of preventing the headset from jamming tight into the base which is slightly conical.

On the right is the fork and handlebar thingy, with the fork cut off.

Les Sources Occultes 003/999

Un film de Laurent Courau, d'après un scénario de Thierry Ehrmann.

Comédienne : Yôko Higashi

Décors : Alisha Henry

Maquillage : Alisha Henry

Lumières : Marquis

Musiques : La Science des Fous - Urgence Disk

© Les Amis de l'Esprit de la Salamandre 1999

Entre effroi et merveilles, une zone mouvante aux portes du futur et des enfers...

Les Sources Occultes vous entraînent au coeur d'un univers polymorphe dont les clés et les motifs se révéleront au fur et à mesure des épisodes de cette série de fictions. En attendant un final apocalyptique, au sens premier du terme, qui révélera la structure générale sous la forme d'un long-métrage...

Les Sources Occultes offrent aussi une nouvelle porte d'entrée dans le labyrinthe multidimensionnel de la Demeure du Chaos à celles et ceux qui postulent à notre casting, une occasion unique de pénétrer les arcanes de l'esprit de la Salamandre.

Secrets revealed of the Abode of Chaos (112 pages, adult only) >>>

Anthodites in a cave in Virginia, USA.

"Cave formations" in caves are technically called speleothem. Most speleothem is composed of travertine, a crystalline-textured chemical sedimentary rock composed of calcite (CaCO3). Travertine forms in most caves and at some springs by precipitation of crystals from water. Travertine speleothem occurs in a wide variety of forms. The most common variety of travertine speleothem is dripstone, which forms by the action of dripping water. The second-most common type of travertine speleothem is flowstone, which forms by precipitation of crystals from relatively thin films of flowing water. Flowstone typically has the appearance of a frozen waterfalls.

Shown above are anthodites, a scarce variety of speleothem that was first described from this very cave - Skyline Caverns in Virginia. Anthodites are radiating clusters of quill-like to slightly vermiform structures. Individual anthodite quills are hollow. Mineral analysis by White (1994) has shown that they are composed of aragonite (CaCO3), which is a polymorph of calcite. Some have recrystallized to calcite. The anthodites of Skyline Caverns were originally in sealed chambers in a mostly-sediment filled cave passage. During tourist trail construction, workers dug out sediments and encountered small chambers having common anthodites. They were subsequently named and described in the literature in 1949. The anthodite-bearing chambers were unusual in having near-vacuum conditions. Upon opening one chamber, a worker's hat was sucked in by the low air pressure.

When pure calcium carbonate, anthodites are white-colored. The yellows and reddish-browns seen above are from iron oxides.

Skyline Caverns is developed in structurally tilted carbonates (mixed dolostones and limestones) of the Rockdale Run Formation (Beekmantown Group, Lower Ordovician).

Locality: Skyline Caverns, Front Royal, central Warren County, northern Virginia, USA

-------------------

Reference cited:

White (1994) - The anthodites from Skyline Caverns, Virginia: the type locality. National Speleological Society Bulletin (Journal of Caves and Karst Studies) 56: 23-26.

Anthodites in a cave in Virginia, USA.

"Cave formations" in caves are technically called speleothem. Most speleothem is composed of travertine, a crystalline-textured chemical sedimentary rock composed of calcite (CaCO3). Travertine forms in most caves and at some springs by precipitation of crystals from water. Travertine speleothem occurs in a wide variety of forms. The most common variety of travertine speleothem is dripstone, which forms by the action of dripping water. The second-most common type of travertine speleothem is flowstone, which forms by precipitation of crystals from relatively thin films of flowing water. Flowstone typically has the appearance of a frozen waterfalls.

Shown above are anthodites, a scarce variety of speleothem that was first described from this very cave - Skyline Caverns in Virginia. Anthodites are radiating clusters of quill-like to slightly vermiform structures. Individual anthodite quills are hollow. Mineral analysis by White (1994) has shown that they are composed of aragonite (CaCO3), which is a polymorph of calcite. Some have recrystallized to calcite. The anthodites of Skyline Caverns were originally in sealed chambers in a mostly-sediment filled cave passage. During tourist trail construction, workers dug out sediments and encountered small chambers having common anthodites. They were subsequently named and described in the literature in 1949. The anthodite-bearing chambers were unusual in having near-vacuum conditions. Upon opening one chamber, a worker's hat was sucked in by the low air pressure.

When pure calcium carbonate, anthodites are white-colored. The yellows and browns seen above are from iron oxides. The slightly green coloration is from algae that grows in tourist trail lighting.

Skyline Caverns is developed in structurally tilted carbonates (mixed dolostones and limestones) of the Rockdale Run Formation (Beekmantown Group, Lower Ordovician).

Locality: Skyline Caverns, Front Royal, central Warren County, northern Virginia, USA

-------------------

Reference cited:

White (1994) - The anthodites from Skyline Caverns, Virginia: the type locality. National Speleological Society Bulletin (Journal of Caves and Karst Studies) 56: 23-26.

(~8.8 centimeters across at its widest)

-----------------------------------

Igneous rocks form by the cooling and crystallization of hot, molten rock (magma and lava). If this happens at or near the land surface, or on the seafloor, they are extrusive igneous rocks. If this happens deep underground, they are intrusive igneous rocks. Most igneous rocks have a crystalline texture, but some are clastic, vesicular, frothy, or glassy.

Obsidian is readily identifiable. It is a glassy-textured, extrusive igneous rock. Obsidian is natural glass - it lacks crystals, and therefore lacks minerals. Obsidian is typically black in color, but most obsidians have a felsic to intermediate chemistry. Felsic igneous rocks are generally light-colored, so a felsic obsidian seems a paradox. Mafic obsidians are scarce, but they are also black and glassy. Obsidian is sometimes referred to "glassy rhyolite".

Obsidian is an uncommon rock, but can be examined at several famous localities in America, such as Obsidian Cliff at the Yellowstone Hotspot (northwestern Wyoming, USA) and Big Obsidian Flow at the Newberry Volcano (central Oregon, USA).

Obsidian is moderately hard and has a conchoidal fracture (smooth and curved fracture surface), with sharp broken edges. Freshly-broken obsidian has the sharpest edges of any material known, natural or man-made (as seen under a scanning electron microscope).

Obsidian forms two ways: 1) very rapid cooling of lava, which prevents the formation of crystals; 2) cooling of high-viscosity lava, which prevents easy movement of atoms to form crystals. An example of obsidian that formed the first way is along the margins of basaltic lava flows at Kilaeua Volcano (Hawaii Hotspot, central Pacific Ocean). The obsidian sample seen here formed the second way.

Obsidian is unstable on geologic time scales - it will slowly convert to material that is not obsidian. A partially-converted obsidian is a distinctive rock called snowflake obsidian. The black portions of the rock seen here are rhyolitic obsidian (glass). The white patches ("snowflakes") are devitrification spots composed of cristobalite (SiO2, a polymorph of quartz).

Locality: unrecorded / undisclosed, but possibly from Twin Peaks, Utah, USA

From the famous Hupe meteorite collection. Purchased on eBay March 4, 2017. 1 oz.

About This World Record Setting Meteorite From The Moon:

Northwest Africa 5000 is the largest meteorite from the ancient Lunar Highlands ever found. Originally weighing in at 25 lbs 6.6 ounces (11,528 grams), it was massive. Although the weight is very impressive, its presence is tremendous.

When trying to portray Northwest Africa 5000, one may be at a loss for words -- it is simply too beautiful to properly describe. It is the most handsome meteorite from the moon ever found -- the contrast is incredible. The matrix looks like a black and white intaglio print of the universe rendered by a spirited yet masterful artist.

This stone contains breccias within breccias, and the preferential orientation of clasts lends a unique 3-D appearance to flat surfaces. Generous amounts of shiny metal are present in almost every piece, adding yet another impressive element to nature’s artwork.

Northwest Africa 5000 is by far the most spectacular meteorite from the Moon, and has become legendary, establishing new benchmarks for excellence!

From the eBay website:

Northwest Africa 5000 is not only from the Moon, it actually takes on the appearance of our nearest celestial neighbor unlike any other lunar meteorite in existence. There can only be one, number one and Northwest Africa 5000 is it.

This celestial masterpiece lay undisturbed for millennia in the world’s largest and hottest desert, the Sahara, until it was liberated by some very fortunate hunters of treasure in July of 2007. After lengthy, emotional and expensive negotiations, it was acquired by The Hupe Planetary Collection in October of the same year.

Northwest Africa 5000

Morocco

Find: July 2007

Achondrite (lunar, feldspathic breccia)

History: Found in July 2007 in southern Morocco and provided to Adam Hupé in October 2007.

Physical characteristics: A single, large cuboidal stone (11.528 kg) with approximate dimensions 27 cm × 24 cm × 20 cm. One side (which appears to have been embedded downward in light brown mud) has preserved regmaglypts and is partially covered by translucent, pale greenish fusion crust with fine contraction cracks.

Abundant large beige to white, coarse-grained clasts up to 8 cm across (some of which have been eroded out on exterior surfaces of the stone, likely by eolian sand blasting) and sparse black, vitreous clasts up to 2 cm across (containing irregular small white inclusions) are set in a dark gray to black, partially glassy breccia matrix.

One partially eroded clast exposed on an exterior surface contains both the coarse grained beige lithology and the more resistant black, vitreous lithology in sharp contact.

Petrography: (A. Irving and S. Kuehner, UWS) Almost monomict fragmental breccia dominated by Mg-suite olivine gabbro clasts consisting predominantly of coarse-grained (0.5-2 mm) calcic plagioclase, pigeonite (some with fine exsolution lamellae), and olivine with accessory merrillite, Mg-bearing ilmenite, Ti-bearing chromite, baddeleyite, rare zirconolite, silica polymorph, K-feldspar, kamacite, and troilite.

Some gabbro clasts have shock injection veins composed mostly of glass containing myriad fine troilite blebs and engulfed mineral fragments. Black, vitreous impact melt clasts consist of sporadic, small angular fragments (apparently surviving relics) of gabbro and related mineral phases in a very fine grained, non-vesicular, ophitic-textured matrix of pigeonite laths (up to 20 microns long × 2 microns wide) and interstitial plagioclase with tiny spherical grains of kamacite, irregular grains of schreibersite and rare troilite.

Geochemistry: Gabbro clasts: plagioclase (An96.1-98.0Or<0.1), pigeonite (Fs32.0-64.5Wo6.7-13.1; FeO/MnO = 51.1-62.0), olivine in different clasts range from Fa23.9-24.2, Fa40.4 to Fa58.8 (with FeO/MnO = 81-100), chromite [(Cr/(Cr + Al) = 0.737, Mg/(Mg + Fe) = 0.231, TiO2 = 5.9 wt%], ilmenite (4.1 wt% MgO). Bulk composition: (R. Korotev, WUSL) INAA of 6 subsamples gave mean values of 5.3 wt% FeO and 0.4 ppm Th.

Classification: Achondrite (lunar, feldspathic breccia). Specimens: A total of 40.2 g of sample, two polished mounts and one large polished thin section are on deposit at UWS. AHupé hold the main mass.

Submitted by: A. Irving, UWS.

Sulphur crystals in a fumarole, or steam vent. The sulphur and other minerals were deposited by condensation of volcanic gasses. These crystals are the monoclinic polymorph of the element. Sulphur Works area. Lassen Volcanic National Park. Shasta Co., Calif.

When we look at the Moon with the naked eye, we see the bright lunar highlands and the dark lunar maria. These vast basaltic plains result from volcanic activity. The broad dark areas of the Moon were referred to as mare (Latin for “sea”) by Galileo who first peered at the Moon with his primitive telescope and thought they were covered in water. In fact, these regions are indeed seas: the basaltic plains are seas of lava. They are less reflective than the lunar highlands, making them appear dark to the naked eye. These “dark” parts of the Moon make up only a small fraction of lunar meteorites.

One of only 30 lunar mare basalt meteorites, NEA 039 was found in Libya in 2023, and my ownership of it is now recorded in the Met Bull: "This very fresh specimen has an ophitic igneous texture and is composed of stubby prismatic grains of zoned olivine and pigeonite (mean grainsize ~0.5 mm) and maskelynite laths (up to 1 mm long) together with accessory blade-like ilmenite, chromite, troilite, fayalite and silica polymorph. Shock pockets composed of 'swirly-textured' glass"

This is the end-cut of a single stone find. 535g. Backside below. It's the third largest on Earth, and Tony Irving described it as "extremely fresh" unlike the other large ones.

Nomada sp. - 49°09´22.3´´ N 7°51´17.4´´ E

cf. flava / fulvicornis / ferruginata / marshamella / leucophthalma /

Scheitelkamm

(deep molecular analysis appreciated as published: - Dettai, A., and J. N. Volff. 2006. Morphological Characters from the Genome: SINE Insertion Polymorphism and Phylogenies, p. 45-75. In D.-H. Lankenau and J. N. Volff (ed.), Transposable Elements and Genome Dynamics, vol. 4. Springer, Heidelberg.)

Funddatum /Collection Date:

30.4.2017

Fundort /Location:

Busenberg, Bärenbrunnerhof, Pfalz / Palatinate Forest

49°09´22.3´´ N 7°51´17.4´´ E

~300m über NN

Sammlungsnummer / collection code:

Lkn8f

Geschlecht / Sex:

male

Geschlecht / Sex:

Männchen / male

Wendeglied der Antenne eingezogen im Scapus / pedicellus retracted within scapus.

Größe des Exemplars / Size of specimen

~ 8,4 mm

Merkmale / Morphologic features:

Fühler oben dunkel, unten gelb, Scapus oben schwarz.

keine roten Male auf Thorax oder Scutum und Scutellum!

Orbiten im unteren Gesicht, innen bis auf Höhe der Fühler reichend. /

Yellow / white markings of the lower face extending halfway up the inner eye margins and attaining the level of the antennal insertions (fig. 40 Falk).

Bemerkungen / Notices:

auf Taraxacum / visiting Taraxacum flower

Zusammen mit Andrena cineraria & Andrena gravida / together with Andrena cineraria & Andrena gravida

Bestimmungsreferenz / Reference of determination:

1. Schmiedeknecht, O. 1930. Hymenopteren Mitteleuropas.

2. Amiet, F., M. Herrmann, A. Müller, and R. NEU-MEYER. 2007. Fauna Helvetica 20, Apidae 5. Schweizerische Entomologische Gesellschaft.

3. Falk, S., and R. Lewington. 2015. Field Guide to the Bees of Great Britain and Ireland. Bloomsbury.

4. Westrich, P. 2019. Die Wildbienen Deutschlands, 2nd ed. Eugen Ulmer KG, Stuttgart.

5. www.flickr.com/photos/63075200@N07/collections/7215763693...

Fotoinformation / Photo-Information:

Kamera: Canon EOS 750D; APS-C sensor

Objektiv: Canon MPE65mm

Blende: 2,8

Belichtungszeit: 1/15s

Beleuchtung: 4 Ikea LEDs

ISO: 100

Qualität der Serienfotos: jpg

Flash: no

Dateiformat jpg/tif

Beschnitt in % (Breite und Höhe): 0%

Vergrößerung lt. Objektiv: 5x

Brackating: Cognisys sled

Anzahl der Schritte: 56

Länge der Schritte: 50µm

Arbeitsabstand: ca. 10 cm

Stacking-Software: Helicon Focus 7 / Method C (Pyramid)

(Photo by Dirk Lankenau )

Obsidian in the Pleistocene of Wyoming, USA.

Obsidian is a glassy-textured, extrusive igneous rock. Glassy-textured rocks have no crystals at all. They form by very rapid cooling of lava or by cooling of high-viscosity lava. Most obsidians form by the latter. Obsidian can be felsic, intermediate, mafic, or alkaline in chemistry. Most are felsic to intermediate.

A famous locality in North America is Obsidian Cliff at Yellowstone, Wyoming. It is a Pleistocene-aged lava flow with the chemistry of rhyolite (= a light-colored, felsic, aphanitic, extrusive igneous rock). The cliff itself shows columnar jointing. The rocks principally range from aphyric rhyolitic obsidian to partially devitrified rhyolitic obsidian. Lithophysae are sometimes present. Extremely small, microscopic crystals are present - they can be seen in thin sections. Some samples are reported to have small olivine phenocrysts. Small clusters of crystals, composed of plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene, and olivine, are sometimes present.

Many of the whitish-colored spots and bands running through most Obsidian Cliff rock samples are areas of devitrification. Glass is unstable on geologic times scales and it slowly crystallizes. The light-colored spots and bands are now non-glassy. Spotted, partially devitrified obsidian is known by the rockhound term "snowflake obsidian" (see: www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/16561606417). The spots are composed of silica (SiO2), but are not quartz. Rather, they are composed of a polymorph of quartz - cristobalite.

Stratigraphy: Roaring Mountain Member, Plateau Rhyolite, Upper Pleistocene, ~59 ka

Locality: loose boulder near the base of Obsidian Cliff, Yellowstone National Park, northwestern Wyoming, USA

----------------------

Age & some lithologic info. from:

Wooton (2010) - Age and Petrogenesis of the Roaring Mountain Rhyolites, Yellowstone Volcanic Field, Wyoming. M.S. thesis. University of Nevada at Las Vegas. 296 pp.

Size approx 15mm.

Superdomain: Neomura

Domain: Eukaryota

(unranked): Unikonta

(unranked): Obazoa

(unranked): Opisthokonta

(unranked) Holozoa

(unranked) Filozoa

Kingdom: Animalia

Subkingdom: Eumetazoa

Clade: Bilateria

Clade: Nephrozoa

(unranked): Protostomia

Superphylum: Ecdysozoa

(unranked): Panarthropoda

(unranked): Tactopoda

Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum: Crustacea

Class: Malacostraca

Subclass: Eumalacostraca

Superorder: Peracarida

Order: Isopoda

Suborder: Oniscidea

Family: Porcellionidae

Genus: Porcellio

Species: P. laevis

Alchemilla glaucescens Wallr., syn.: Alchemilla hybrida L.

A Lady's-mantle, DE.:Filz Frauenmantel, Weichhaar Frauenmantel

Slo.:puhasta plahtica

Dat.: May 3. 2014

Lat.: 46°21'37.68"N Long.: 13°42'9.34"E

Code: Bot_795/2014_DSC0765

Habitat: former pasture with some scattered trees, old overgrown scree slope, slightly southeast inclined; calcareous ground; dry, nutrients poor, shallow soil layer, among low grasses and mosses; partly sunny, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 600 m (1.970 feet),alpine phytogeographical region.

Substratum: soil.

Place: Lower Trenta valley, between villages Soča and Trenta, right bank of river Soča, near Trenta 2b cottage, East Julian Alps, Posočje, Slovenia EC.

Comment: The genus Alchemilla is, along with the genera Hieracium and, may be also, Rubus, probably the most difficult of all in terms of correct species determination. Nobody really knows how many species it comprises. Some estimate the total number to be about 250. Amateur or semiprofessional botanical books usually 'skip' this problem by describing two or three species or groups (aggregates) only. This, of cause, makes field determination almost hopeless for a botanical amateur. But also in standard botanical works like Ref.: (1), (2), (3) and, for my country, Ref.: (4) authors treat this genus widely differently. To illustrate this, look at the number of species and/or aggregates of this genus described in these works. In Ref.:(1), for example, describing in total about 4.500 plants on over 2.600 printed pages only 12 species and/or aggregates are treated, while, on the other side, over 120 species are described in Ref.:(2) for Austria territory only. The reasons for extreme polymorphism in this genus, causing these ambiguities, are frequent hybrids along with obligate apogam (nonsexual) propagation, resulting in countless morphologically different and stable hybrids. Also insufficient knowledge about the distribution of all these individual 'species' contributes its part to the confusion. So, in spite the fact that I am trying to do my best, don't believe too much in my determinations in this genus.

Description: the whole plant, including inner and outer calyx with flower base, flower stalks, main stalk, ground leaf stalks and leaves (upper and lower side and edges) are densely hairy (lower side denser). Hairs shiny, pilose to villous mostly oriented off and up the stalks. Larger leaves have diameter 3-3.5(4) cm (in May). Flower stalks are up to 10 (15) cm tall. Many plants were present among low grasses and mosses.

Ref.:

(1) D. Aeschimann, K. Lauber, D.M. Moser, J.P. Theurillat, Flora Alpina, Vol. 1., Haupt (2004), p 786.

(2) M.A. Fischer, W. Adler, K. Oswald, Exkursionsflora Österreich Liechtenstein, Südtirol, LO Landesmuseen, Linz, Austria (2005), p 501.

(3) Rothmaler 3, Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, 11. Aufl., Elsevier, Spectrum (2007), p 242.

(4) A. Martinči et all., Mala Flora Slovenije, Tehnična Založba Slovenije (2007) (in Slovene), p 262.

Nomada sp. - 49°09´22.3´´ N 7°51´17.4´´ E

cf. flava / fulvicornis / ferruginata / marshamella / leucophthalma /

(deep molecular analysis appreciated as published: - Dettai, A., and J. N. Volff. 2006. Morphological Characters from the Genome: SINE Insertion Polymorphism and Phylogenies, p. 45-75. In D.-H. Lankenau and J. N. Volff (ed.), Transposable Elements and Genome Dynamics, vol. 4. Springer, Heidelberg.)

Funddatum /Collection Date:

30.4.2017

Fundort /Location:

Busenberg, Bärenbrunnerhof, Pfalz / Palatinate Forest

49°09´22.3´´ N 7°51´17.4´´ E

~300m über NN

Sammlungsnummer / collection code:

Lkn8f

Geschlecht / Sex:

Männchen / male

Wendeglied der Antenne eingezogen im Scapus / pedicellus retracted within scapus.

Größe des Exemplars / Size of specimen

~ 8,4 mm

Merkmale / Morphologic features:

Fühler oben dunkel, unten gelb, Scapus oben schwarz.

keine roten Male auf Thorax oder Scutum und Scutellum!

Orbiten im unteren Gesicht, innen bis auf Höhe der Fühler reichend. /

Yellow / white markings of the lower face extending halfway up the inner eye margins and attaining the level of the antennal insertions (fig. 40 Falk).

Bemerkungen / Notices:

auf Taraxacum / visiting Taraxacum flower

Zusammen mit Andrena cineraria & Andrena gravida / together with Andrena cineraria & Andrena gravida

Bestimmungsreferenz / Reference of determination:

1. Schmiedeknecht, O. 1930. Hymenopteren Mitteleuropas.

2. Amiet, F., M. Herrmann, A. Müller, and R. NEU-MEYER. 2007. Fauna Helvetica 20, Apidae 5. Schweizerische Entomologische Gesellschaft.

3. Falk, S., and R. Lewington. 2015. Field Guide to the Bees of Great Britain and Ireland. Bloomsbury.

4. Westrich, P. 2019. Die Wildbienen Deutschlands, 2nd ed. Eugen Ulmer KG, Stuttgart.

5. www.flickr.com/photos/63075200@N07/collections/7215763693...

Fotoinformation / Photo-Information:

Kamera: Canon EOS 750D; APS-C sensor

Objektiv: Canon MPE65mm

Blende: 2,8

Belichtungszeit: 1/30s

Beleuchtung: 4 Ikea LEDs

ISO: 100

Qualität der Serienfotos: jpg

Flash: no

Dateiformat jpg/tif

Beschnitt in % (Breite und Höhe): 0%

Vergrößerung lt. Objektiv: 1x

Brackating: Cognisys sled

Anzahl der Schritte: 191

Länge der Schritte: 50µm

Arbeitsabstand: ca. 10 cm

Stacking-Software: Helicon Focus 7 / Method C (Pyramid)

(Photo by Dirk Lankenau )

The 56 Full Sized Morphs Are:

01 Blaze a Trail | 02 Pearly King Morph | 03 The Messenger Morph | 04 The Power of Morphing Communication | 05 Morph Over, There's Room for Two! | 06 Morph into the Piñataverse | 07 Morpheus | 08 Apart Together | 09 London Parklife | 10 On Guard | 11 Mr Create | 12 Morph's Inspirational Dungarees | 13 Cactus Morph | 14 Forget-Me-Not | 15 Gingerbread Morph I 16 Totally Morphomatic! | 17 Dance-off Morph I 18 The Bard I 19 Mondrian Morph | 20 Morph Whizz Kidz Argonaut | 21 It's Raining Morphs! Halleujah! | 22 Messy Morph | 23 I Spy Morph | 24 Astromorph | 25 Make Your Mark | 26 Roll With It | 27 Morph and Friends Explore London | 28 Tartan Trailblazer | 29 London Collage | 30 Peace Love and Morph | 31 Midas Morph | 32 Freedom | 33 Good Vibes | 34 Tiger Morph | 35 Maximus Morpheus Londinium | 36 Chocks Away! | 37 Morph! It's the Wrong Trousers! | 38 Diverse-City | 39 Apples and Pears | 40 Morphlowers Please! | 41 Cyborg Morph | 42 Pride Morph | 43 The London Man | 44 Looking After the Ocean | 45 Rock Star! | 46 Wheelie | 47 Gentlemorph | 48 Polymorphism | 49 Whizz Bang! | 50 Stay Frosty | 51 Mmmmmmmoprh! | 52 Swashbuckler | 53 Morph Target | 54 Canary Morph | 55 Morph the Yeoman Guard | 56 Fish Ahoy!

The 23 Mini Morphs Are:

01 Neville | 02 Messy Morph | 03 Meta-MORPH-osis | 04 Morley the Morph - Ready to Board | 05 Near and Far | 06 Bright Ideas | 07 Creativity Rocks! | 08 Growing Together | 10 Many Hands Make Valence | 11 Mr. Tayo Shnubbub 'The Wellbeing Hero' | 12 Captain Compass I 13 Hands-On & Hands-Up | 14 This is Us | 15 The Adventures of Morph | 16 Our School | 17 Riverside Spirit | 18 Morpheby | 19 GRIT | 20 Happiness is an Inside Job | 21 Growing Together in Learning and in Faith | 22 Look for the Light I 23 Bringing Great Energy and Spirit to Make Things Happen

Beija-flor Tesoura (Eupetomena macroura) - Swallow-tailed-Hummingbird

A text In English:

The Swallow-tailed Hummingbird, so called from its forked tail, is one of the largest hummingbirds in cities and gardens, but it also occurs in gallery forests, bushy pastures and edges of woods or coppices. It is green, except for the blue head and upper breast, turning to iridescent purple according to the direction of light; it has dark wings and a heavy black bill. The tail is dark blue with the external feathers longer than central ones. It is very aggressive and attacks other hummingbirds that dare to visit flowers in certain trees. Where the flowers are available for many months, the individual is fiercely territorial, but generally needs to search soon for other flowering plants. It flies to catch small insets on or under leaves in the gallery forests or woodlands. The female builds a small cup-shaped nest saddled on a branch, not far from the main trunk in the shade of leaves. Perched on favorite branches, the male can utter long but low chirps. Once in a while, it interrupts these singing sessions to feed, and flies back for more song or to clean the plumage. They occur from the Guianas and Amazon River to Paraguay and southeastern Peru. They can get along with partially deforested zones, but may disappear with intensive agriculture and with the development of treeless cities.

Um texto em Português:

Beija-flor Tesoura (Eupetomena macroura), fotografado em Brasília-DF, Brasil.

Eupetomena macroura (Gmelin, 1788): tesoura; swallow-tailed hummingbird c.

Destaca-se das espécies estudadas pelo maior porte e pela cauda comprida e bifurcada, o que lhe valeu o nome popular. Como é comum entre os beija-flores, é uma espécie agressiva que disputa com outras o seu território e fontes de alimento.

Nidificação: o ninho, em forma de tigela, é assentado numa forquilha de arbusto ou árvores, a cerca de 2 a 3 m do solo. O material utilizado na construção é composto por fibras vegetais incluindo painas, musgos e liquens, aderidos externamente com teias de aranhas.

Hábitat: capoeiras, cerrados, borda de matas e jardins.

Tamanho: 17,0 cm

A SEGUIR UM TEXTO ENCONTRADO E REPRODUZIDO DO ENDEREÇO nationalgeographic.abril.uol.com.br/ng/edicoes/83/reporta... DA NATIONAL GEOGRAFIC:

Prodígios da micro-engenharia, os beija-flores são os campeões dos pesos-leves entre as aves

Uma faísca safira, um frêmito de asas, e o minúsculo pássaro - ou seria um inseto? - some como miragem fugaz. Reaparece instantes depois, agora num ângulo melhor. É pássaro mesmo, um dervixe do tamanho do meu polegar com asas que batem 80 vertiginosas vezes por segundo, produzindo um zumbido quase inaudível. As penas da cauda, à guisa de leme, delicadamente direcionam o vôo em três direções. Ele fita a trombeta de uma vistosa flor alaranjada e do bico fino como agulha projeta uma língua delgada feito linha. Um raio de Sol ricocheteia de suas penas iridescentes. A cor refletida deslumbra como uma pedra preciosa contra uma janela ensolarada. Não admira que os beija-flores sejam tão queridos e que tanta gente já tenha tropeçado ao tentar descrevê-los. Nem mesmo circunspectos cientistas resistem a termos como "belo", "magnífico", "exótico".

Surpresa maior é o fato de o aparentemente frágil beija-flor ser uma das mais resistentes criaturas do reino animal. Cerca de 330 espécies prosperam em ambientes diversos, muitos deles brutais: do Alasca à Argentina, do deserto do Arizona à costa de Nova Scotia, da Amazônia à linha nevada acima dos 4,5 mil metros nos Andes (misteriosamente, essas aves só são encontradas no Novo Mundo).

"Eles vivem no limite do que é possível aos vertebrados, e com maestria", diz Karl Schuchmann, ornitólogo do Instituto Zoológico Alexander Koenig e do Fundo Brehm, na Alemanha. Schuchmann ouviu falar de um beija-flor que viveu 17 anos em cativeiro. "Imagine a resistência de um organismo de 5 ou 6 gramas para viver tanto tempo!", diz ele espantado. Em média, o minúsculo coração de um beija-flor bate cerca de 500 vezes por minuto (em repouso!). Assim, o desse pequeno cativo teria batido meio bilhão de vezes, quase o dobro do total de uma pessoa de 70 anos.

Mas esses passarinhos são duráveis apenas em vida. Quando morrem, seus ossos delicados e ocos quase nunca se fossilizam. Daí o assombro causado pela recente descoberta de um amontoado de fósseis de aves que talvez inclua um beija-flor ancestral de 30 milhões de anos. Como os beija-flores modernos, os espécimes fósseis tinham o bico longo e fino e os ossos superiores das asas mais curtos, terminando em uma saliência arredondada que talvez lhes permitisse fazer a rotação na articulação do ombro e parar no ar.

A outra surpresa foi o local do achado: no sul da Alemanha, longe do território dos beija-flores atuais. Para alguns cientistas, essa descoberta mostra que já existiram beija-flores fora das Américas, mas se extinguiram. Ou quem sabe os fósseis não fossem de beija-flor. Os céticos, entre eles Schuchmann, afirmam que muitas vezes, ao longo da evolução, outros grupos de aves adquiriram características semelhantes às do beija-flor. Os verdadeiros beija-flores, diz Schuchmann, evoluíram nas florestas do leste do Brasil, onde competiam com insetos pelo néctar das flores.

"O Brasil foi o laboratório do protótipo", diz o ornitólogo. "E o modelo funcionou." O beija-flor tornou-se a obra-prima da microengenharia da natureza. Aperfeiçoou sua habilidade de parar no ar há dezenas de milhões de anos para competir por parte das flores do Novo Mundo.

"Eles são uma ponte entre o mundo das aves e o dos insetos", diz Doug Altshuler, da Universidade da Califórnia em Riverside. Altshuler, que estuda o vôo dos beija-flores, examinou os movimentos das asas do pássaro. Observou que, nele, os impulsos elétricos propulsores dos músculos das asas lembram mais os dos insetos que os das aves. Talvez por isso o beija-flor produza tanta energia por batida de asas: mais, por unidade de massa, que qualquer outro vertebrado. Altshuler também analisou os trajetos neurais do beija-flor, que funcionam com a mesma vertiginosa velocidade encontrada nas aves mais ágeis, como seu primo mais próximo, o andorinhão. "São incríveis; uns pequenos Frankesteins", compara.

Certamente eles sabem intimidar: grama por grama, talvez sejam os maiores confrontadores da natureza. "O vocabulário do beija-flor deve ser 100% composto de palavrões", graceja Sheri Williamson, naturalista do Southeastern Arizona Bird Observatory. A agressão do beija-flor nasce de ferozes instintos territoriais moldados à necessidade de sugar néctar a cada poucos minutos. Os beija-flores competem desafiando e ameaçando uns aos outros. Postam-se face a face no ar, rodopiam, mergulham na direção da grama e voam de ré, em danças de dominância que terminam tão subitamente quanto começam.

O melhor lugar para vermos tais batalhas é nas montanhas, especialmente no Equador, em que ricos ecossistemas se apresentam em suas várias altitudes. Sheri supõe que o sentido norte-sul das cordilheiras americanas também crie rotas favoráveis à migração para onde haja constante suprimento de flores. O que contrasta, diz ela, com as barreiras naturais que se estendem de leste a oeste na África, como o Saara e o Mediterrâneo.

Algumas espécies de beija-flor, porém, adaptaram-se a atravessar vastidões planas, onde o alimento é escasso. Antes de sua intrépida migração da primavera para os Estados Unidos e o Canadá, os beija-flores-de-garganta-vermelha reúnem-se no México e empanturram-se de insetos e néctar. Armazenam gordura e duplicam de peso em uma semana. Em seguida, atravessam o golfo do México, voando 800 quilômetros sem escalas por 20 horas, até a costa distante.

A região próxima à linha do equador é um reino de beija-flores. Quem sai do aeroporto de Quito, no Equador, pode ser logo saudado por um cintilante beija-flor-violeta, com pintura de guerra de manchas púrpura iridescentes nos lados da face. A leste da cidade, nas cabeceiras da bacia Amazônica, o beija-flor-bico-de-espada esvoaça na mata portando o bico mais longo de todas as aves em proporção a seu tamanho: mais de metade do comprimento total do animal. Nas encostas do Cotopaxi, um vulcão ao sul de Quito, o beija-flor-do-chimborazo foi avistado acima dos 4,5 mil metros. Ali ele passa a noite entorpecido em cavernas, pois desacelera seu ritmo metabólico o suficiente para não morrer de fome antes de amanhecer. Mais tarde, aquecido pelo Sol, ele recomeça a se alimentar.

"Quem estuda beija-flores fica irremediavelmente enfeitiçado", diz Sheri Williamson. "São criaturinhas sedutoras. Tentei resistir, mas agora tenho sangue de beija-flor correndo nas veias."

Canon EOS Digital D50

Text, in english, from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Trumpet tree" redirects here. This term is occasionally used for the Shield-leaved Pumpwood (Cecropia peltata).

Tabebuia

Flowering Araguaney or ipê-amarelo (Tabebuia chrysantha) in central Brazil

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae

(unranked): Angiosperms

(unranked): Eudicots

(unranked): Asterids

Order: Lamiales

Family: Bignoniaceae

Tribe: Tecomeae

Genus: Tabebuia

Gomez

Species

Nearly 100.

Tabebuia is a neotropical genus of about 100 species in the tribe Tecomeae of the family Bignoniaceae. The species range from northern Mexico and the Antilles south to northern Argentina and central Venezuela, including the Caribbean islands of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti) and Cuba. Well-known common names include Ipê, Poui, trumpet trees and pau d'arco.

They are large shrubs and trees growing to 5 to 50 m (16 to 160 ft.) tall depending on the species; many species are dry-season deciduous but some are evergreen. The leaves are opposite pairs, complex or palmately compound with 3–7 leaflets.

Tabebuia is a notable flowering tree. The flowers are 3 to 11 cm (1 to 4 in.) wide and are produced in dense clusters. They present a cupular calyx campanulate to tubular, truncate, bilabiate or 5-lobed. Corolla colors vary between species ranging from white, light pink, yellow, lavender, magenta, or red. The outside texture of the flower tube is either glabrous or pubescentThe fruit is a dehiscent pod, 10 to 50 cm (4 to 20 in.) long, containing numerous—in some species winged—seeds. These pods often remain on the tree through dry season until the beginning of the rainy.

Species in this genus are important as timber trees. The wood is used for furniture, decking, and other outdoor uses. It is increasingly popular as a decking material due to its insect resistance and durability. By 2007, FSC-certified ipê wood had become readily available on the market, although certificates are occasionally forged.

Tabebuia is widely used as ornamental tree in the tropics in landscaping gardens, public squares, and boulevards due to its impressive and colorful flowering. Many flowers appear on still leafless stems at the end of the dry season, making the floral display more conspicuous. They are useful as honey plants for bees, and are popular with certain hummingbirds. Naturalist Madhaviah Krishnan on the other hand once famously took offense at ipé grown in India, where it is not native.

Lapacho teaThe bark of several species has medical properties. The bark is dried, shredded, and then boiled making a bitter or sour-tasting brownish-colored tea. Tea from the inner bark of Pink Ipê (T. impetiginosa) is known as Lapacho or Taheebo. Its main active principles are lapachol, quercetin, and other flavonoids. It is also available in pill form. The herbal remedy is typically used during flu and cold season and for easing smoker's cough. It apparently works as expectorant, by promoting the lungs to cough up and free deeply embedded mucus and contaminants. However, lapachol is rather toxic and therefore a more topical use e.g. as antibiotic or pesticide may be advisable. Other species with significant folk medical use are T. alba and Yellow Lapacho (T. serratifolia)

Tabebuia heteropoda, T. incana, and other species are occasionally used as an additive to the entheogenic drink Ayahuasca.

Mycosphaerella tabebuiae, a plant pathogenic sac fungus, was first discovered on an ipê tree.

Tabebuia alba

Tabebuia anafensis

Tabebuia arimaoensis

Tabebuia aurea – Caribbean Trumpet Tree

Tabebuia bilbergii

Tabebuia bibracteolata

Tabebuia cassinoides

Tabebuia chrysantha – Araguaney, Yellow Ipê, tajibo (Bolivia), ipê-amarelo (Brazil), cañaguate (N Colombia)

Tabebuia chrysotricha – Golden Trumpet Tree

Tabebuia donnell-smithii Rose – Gold Tree, "Prima Vera", Cortez blanco (El Salvador), San Juan (Honduras), palo blanco (Guatemala),duranga (Mexico)

A native of Mexico and Central Americas, considered one of the most colorful of all Central American trees. The leaves are deciduous. Masses of golden-yellow flowers cover the crown after the leaves are shed.

Tabebuia dubia

Tabebuia ecuadorensis

Tabebuia elongata

Tabebuia furfuracea

Tabebuia geminiflora Rizz. & Mattos

Tabebuia guayacan (Seem.) Hemsl.

Tabebuia haemantha

Tabebuia heptaphylla (Vell.) Toledo – tajy

Tabebuia heterophylla – roble prieto

Tabebuia heteropoda

Tabebuia hypoleuca

Tabebuia impetiginosa – Pink Ipê, Pink Lapacho, ipê-cavatã, ipê-comum, ipê-reto, ipê-rosa, ipê-roxo-damata, pau d'arco-roxo, peúva, piúva (Brazil), lapacho negro (Spanish); not "brazilwood"

Tabebuia incana

Tabebuia jackiana

Tabebuia lapacho – lapacho amarillo

Tabebuia orinocensis A.H. Gentry[verification needed]

Tabebuia ochracea

Tabebuia oligolepis

Tabebuia pallida – Cuban Pink Trumpet Tree

Tabebuia platyantha

Tabebuia polymorpha

Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC.[verification needed] (= T. pentaphylla (L.) Hemsley) – Pink Poui, Pink Tecoma, apama, apamate, matilisguate

A popular street tree in tropical cities because of its multi-annular masses of light pink to purple flowers and modest size. The roots are not especially destructive for roads and sidewalks. It is the national tree of El Salvador and the state tree of Cojedes, Venezuela

Tabebuia roseo-alba – White Ipê, ipê-branco (Brazil), lapacho blanco

Tabebuia serratifolia – Yellow Lapacho, Yellow Poui, ipê-roxo (Brazil)

Tabebuia shaferi

Tabebuia striata

Tabebuia subtilis Sprague & Sandwith

Tabebuia umbellata

Tabebuia vellosoi Toledo

Ipê-do-cerrado

Texto, em português, da Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.

Ipê-do-cerrado

Classificação científica

Reino: Plantae

Divisão: Magnoliophyta

Classe: Magnoliopsida

Subclasse: Asteridae

Ordem: Lamiales

Família: Bignoniaceae

Género: Tabebuia

Espécie: T. ochracea

Nome binomial

Tabebuia ochracea

(Cham.) Standl. 1832

Sinónimos

Bignonia tomentosa Pav. ex DC.

Handroanthus ochraceus (Cham.) Mattos

Tabebuia chrysantha (Jacq.) G. Nicholson

Tabebuia hypodictyon A. DC.) Standl.

Tabebuia neochrysantha A.H. Gentry

Tabebuia ochracea subsp. heteropoda (A. DC.) A.H. Gentry

Tabebuia ochracea subsp. neochrysantha (A.H. Gentry) A.H. Gentry

Tecoma campinae Kraenzl.

ecoma grandiceps Kraenzl.

Tecoma hassleri Sprague

Tecoma hemmendorffiana Kraenzl.

Tecoma heteropoda A. DC.

Tecoma hypodictyon A. DC.

Tecoma ochracea Cham.

Ipê-do-cerrado é um dos nomes populares da Tabebuia ochracea (Cham.) Standl. 1832, nativa do cerrado brasileiro, no estados de Amazonas, Pará, Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Pernambuco, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo e Paraná.

Está na lista de espécies ameaçadas do estado de São Paulo, onde é encontrda também no domínio da Mata Atlântica[1].

Ocorre também na Argentina, Paraguai, Bolívia, Equador, Peru, Venezuela, Guiana, El Salvador, Guatemala e Panamá[2].

Há uma espécie homônima descrita por A.H. Gentry em 1992.

Outros nomes populares: ipê-amarelo, ipê-cascudo, ipê-do-campo, ipê-pardo, pau-d'arco-do-campo, piúva, tarumã.

Características

Altura de 6 a 14 m. Tronco tortuso com até 50 cm de diâmetro. Folhas pilosas em ambas as faces, mais na inferior, que é mais clara.

Planta decídua, heliófita, xerófita, nativa do cerrado em solos bem drenados.

Floresce de julho a setembro. Os frutos amadurecem de setembro a outubro.

FloresProduz grande quantidade de sementes leves, aladas com pequenas reservas, e que perdem a viabilidade em menos de 90 dias após coleta. A sua conservação vem sendo estudada em termos de determinação da condição ideal de armazenamento, e tem demonstrado a importância de se conhecer o comportamento da espécie quando armazenada com diferentes teores de umidade inicial, e a umidade de equilíbrio crítica para a espécie (KANO; MÁRQUEZ & KAGEYAMA, 1978). As levíssimas sementes aladas da espécie não necessitam de quebra de dormência. Podem apenas ser expostas ao sol por cerca de 6 horas e semeadas diretamente nos saquinhos. A germinação ocorre após 30 dias e de 80%. As sementes são ortodoxas e há aproximadamente 72 000 sementes em cada quilo.

O desenvolvimento da planta é rápido.

Como outros ipês, a madeira é usada em tacos, assoalhos, e em dormentes e postes. Presta-se também para peças torneadas e instrumento musicais.

Tabebuia alba (Ipê-Amarelo)

Texto, em português, produzido pela Acadêmica Giovana Beatriz Theodoro Marto

Supervisão e orientação do Prof. Luiz Ernesto George Barrichelo e do Eng. Paulo Henrique Müller

Atualizado em 10/07/2006

O ipê amarelo é a árvore brasileira mais conhecida, a mais cultivada e, sem dúvida nenhuma, a mais bela. É na verdade um complexo de nove ou dez espécies com características mais ou menos semelhantes, com flores brancas, amarelas ou roxas. Não há região do país onde não exista pelo menos uma espécie dele, porém a existência do ipê em habitat natural nos dias atuais é rara entre a maioria das espécies (LORENZI,2000).

A espécie Tabebuia alba, nativa do Brasil, é uma das espécies do gênero Tabebuia que possui “Ipê Amarelo” como nome popular. O nome alba provém de albus (branco em latim) e é devido ao tomento branco dos ramos e folhas novas.

As árvores desta espécie proporcionam um belo espetáculo com sua bela floração na arborização de ruas em algumas cidades brasileiras. São lindas árvores que embelezam e promovem um colorido no final do inverno. Existe uma crença popular de que quando o ipê-amarelo floresce não vão ocorrer mais geadas. Infelizmente, a espécie é considerada vulnerável quanto à ameaça de extinção.

A Tabebuia alba, natural do semi-árido alagoano está adaptada a todas as regiões fisiográficas, levando o governo, por meio do Decreto nº 6239, a transformar a espécie como a árvore símbolo do estado, estando, pois sob a sua tutela, não mais podendo ser suprimida de seus habitats naturais.

Taxonomia

Família: Bignoniaceae

Espécie: Tabebuia Alba (Chamiso) Sandwith

Sinonímia botânica: Handroanthus albus (Chamiso) Mattos; Tecoma alba Chamisso

Outros nomes vulgares: ipê-amarelo, ipê, aipê, ipê-branco, ipê-mamono, ipê-mandioca, ipê-ouro, ipê-pardo, ipê-vacariano, ipê-tabaco, ipê-do-cerrado, ipê-dourado, ipê-da-serra, ipezeiro, pau-d’arco-amarelo, taipoca.

Aspectos Ecológicos

O ipê-amarelo é uma espécie heliófita (Planta adaptada ao crescimento em ambiente aberto ou exposto à luz direta) e decídua (que perde as folhas em determinada época do ano). Pertence ao grupo das espécies secundárias iniciais (DURIGAN & NOGUEIRA, 1990).

Abrange a Floresta Pluvial da Mata Atlântica e da Floresta Latifoliada Semidecídua, ocorrendo principalmente no interior da Floresta Primária Densa. É característica de sub-bosques dos pinhais, onde há regeneração regular.

Informações Botânicas

Morfologia

As árvores de Tabebuia alba possuem cerca de 30 metros de altura. O tronco é reto ou levemente tortuoso, com fuste de 5 a 8 m de altura. A casca externa é grisáceo-grossa, possuindo fissuras longitudinais esparas e profundas. A coloração desta é cinza-rosa intenso, com camadas fibrosas, muito resistentes e finas, porém bem distintas.

Com ramos grossos, tortuosos e compridos, o ipê-amarelo possui copa alongada e alargada na base. As raízes de sustentação e absorção são vigorosas e profundas.

As folhas, deciduais, são opostas, digitadas e compostas. A face superior destas folhas é verde-escura, e, a face inferior, acinzentada, sendo ambas as faces tomentosas. Os pecíolos das folhas medem de 2,5 a 10 cm de comprimento. Os folíolos, geralmente, apresentam-se em número de 5 a 7, possuindo de 7 a 18 cm de comprimento por 2 a 6 cm de largura. Quando jovem estes folíolos são densamente pilosos em ambas as faces. O ápice destes é pontiagudo, com base arredondada e margem serreada.

As flores, grandes e lanceoladas, são de coloração amarelo-ouro. Possuem em média 8X15 cm.

Quanto aos frutos, estes possuem forma de cápsula bivalvar e são secos e deiscentes. Do tipo síliqua, lembram uma vagem. Medem de 15 a 30 cm de comprimento por 1,5 a 2,5 cm de largura. As valvas são finamente tomentosas com pêlos ramificados. Possuem grande quantidade de sementes.

As sementes são membranáceas brilhantes e esbranquiçadas, de coloração marrom. Possuem de 2 a 3 cm de comprimento por 7 a 9 mm de largura e são aladas.

Reprodução

A espécie é caducifólia e a queda das folhas coincide com o período de floração. A floração inicia-se no final de agosto, podendo ocorrer alguma variação devido a fenômenos climáticos. Como a espécie floresce no final do inverno é influenciada pela intensidade do mesmo. Quanto mais frio e seco for o inverno, maior será a intensidade da florada do ipê amarelo.

As flores por sua exuberância, atraem abelhas e pássaros, principalmente beija-flores que são importantes agentes polinizadores. Segundo CARVALHO (2003), a espécie possui como vetor de polinização a abelha mamangava (Bombus morio).

As sementes são dispersas pelo vento.

A planta é hermafrodita, e frutifica nos meses de setembro, outubro, novembro, dezembro, janeiro e fevereiro, dependendo da sua localização. Em cultivo, a espécie inicia o processo reprodutivo após o terceiro ano.

Ocorrência Natural

Ocorre naturalmente na Floresta Estaciobal Semidecicual, Floresta de Araucária e no Cerrado.

Segundo o IBGE, a Tabebuia alba (Cham.) Sandw. é uma árvore do Cerrado, Cerradão e Mata Seca. Apresentando-se nos campos secos (savana gramíneo-lenhosa), próximo às escarpas.

Clima

Segundo a classificação de Köppen, o ipê-amarelo abrange locais de clima tropical (Aw), subtropical úmido (Cfa), sutropical de altitude (Cwa e Cwb) e temperado.

A T.alba pode tolerar até 81 geadas em um ano. Ocorre em locais onde a temperatura média anual varia de 14,4ºC como mínimo e 22,4ºC como máximo.

Solo

A espécie prefere solos úmidos, com drenagem lenta e geralmente não muito ondulados (LONGHI, 1995).

Aparece em terras de boa à média fertilidade, em solos profundos ou rasos, nas matas e raramente cerradões (NOGUEIRA, 1977).

Pragas e Doenças

De acordo com CARVALHO (2003), possui como praga a espécie de coleópteros Cydianerus bohemani da família Curculionoideae e um outro coleóptero da família Chrysomellidae. Apesar da constatação de elevados índices populacionais do primeiro, os danos ocasionados até o momento são leves. Nas praças e ruas de Curitiba - PR, 31% das árvores foram atacadas pela Cochonilha Ceroplastes grandis.

ZIDKO (2002), ao estudar no município de Piracicaba a associação de coleópteros em espécies arbóreas, verificou a presença de insetos adultos da espécie Sitophilus linearis da família de coleópteros, Curculionidae, em estruturas reprodutivas. Os insetos adultos da espécie emergiram das vagens do ipê, danificando as sementes desta espécie nativa.

ANDRADE (1928) assinalou diversas espécies de Cerambycidae atacando essências florestais vivas, como ingazeiro, cinamomo, cangerana, cedro, caixeta, jacarandá, araribá, jatobá, entre outras como o ipê amarelo.

A Madeira

A Tabebuia alba produz madeira de grande durabilidade e resistência ao apodrecimento (LONGHI,1995).

MANIERI (1970) caracteriza o cerne desta espécie como de cor pardo-havana-claro, pardo-havan-escuro, ou pardo-acastanhado, com reflexos esverdeados. A superfície da madeira é irregularmente lustrosa, lisa ao tato, possuindo textura media e grã-direita.

Com densidade entre 0,90 e 1,15 grama por centímetro cúbico, a madeira é muito dura (LORENZI, 1992), apresentando grande dificuldade ao serrar.

A madeira possui cheiro e gosto distintos. Segundo LORENZI (1992), o cheiro característico é devido à presença da substância lapachol, ou ipeína.

Usos da Madeira

Sendo pesada, com cerne escuro, adquire grande valor comercial na marcenaria e carpintaria. Também é utilizada para fabricação de dormentes, moirões, pontes, postes, eixos de roda, varais de carroça, moendas de cana, etc.

Produtos Não-Madeireiros

A entrecasca do ipê-amarelo possui propriedades terapêuticas como adstringente, usada no tratamento de garganta e estomatites. É também usada como diurético.

O ipê-amarelo possui flores melíferas e que maduras podem ser utilizadas na alimentação humana.

Outros Usos

É comumente utilizada em paisagismo de parques e jardins pela beleza e porte. Além disso, é muito utilizada na arborização urbana.

Segundo MOREIRA & SOUZA (1987), o ipê-amarelo costuma povoar as beiras dos rios sendo, portanto, indicado para recomposição de matas ciliares. MARTINS (1986), também cita a espécie para recomposição de matas ciliares da Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, abrangendo alguns municípios das regiões Norte, Noroeste e parte do Oeste do Estado do Paraná.

Aspectos Silviculturais

Possui a tendência a crescer reto e sem bifurcações quando plantado em reflorestamento misto, pois é espécie monopodial. A desrrama se faz muito bem e a cicatrização é boa. Sendo assim, dificilmente encopa quando nova, a não ser que seja plantado em parques e jardins.

Ao ser utilizada em arborização urbana, o ipê amarelo requer podas de condução com freqüência mediana.

Espécie heliófila apresenta a pleno sol ramificação cimosa, registrando-se assim dicotomia para gema apical. Deve ser preconizada, para seu melhor aproveitamento madeireiro, podas de formação usuais (INQUE et al., 1983).

Produção de Mudas

A propagação deve realizada através de enxertia.

Os frutos devem ser coletados antes da dispersão, para evitar a perda de sementes. Após a coleta as sementes são postas em ambiente ventilado e a extração é feita manualmente. As sementes do ipê amarelo são ortodoxas, mantendo a viabilidade natural por até 3 meses em sala e por até 9 meses em vidro fechado, em câmara fria.

A condução das mudas deve ser feita a pleno sol. A muda atinge cerca de 30 cm em 9 meses, apresentando tolerância ao sol 3 semanas após a germinação.

Sementes

Os ipês, espécies do gênero Tabebuia, produzem uma grande quantidade de sementes leves, aladas com pequenas reservas, e que perdem a viabilidade em poucos dias após a sua coleta. A sua conservação vem sendo estudada em termos de determinação da condição ideal de armazenamento, e tem demonstrado a importância de se conhecer o comportamento da espécie quando armazenada com diferentes teores de umidade inicial, e a umidade de equilíbrio crítica para a espécie (KANO; MÁRQUEZ & KAGEYAMA, 1978).

As levíssimas sementes aladas da espécie não necessitam de quebra de dormência. Podem apenas ser expostas ao sol por cerca de 6 horas e semeadas diretamente nos saquinhos. A quebra natural leva cerca de 3 meses e a quebra na câmara leva 9 meses. A germinação ocorre após 30 dias e de 80%.

As sementes são ortodoxas e há aproximadamente 87000 sementes em cada quilo.

Preço da Madeira no Mercado

O preço médio do metro cúbico de pranchas de ipê no Estado do Pará cotado em Julho e Agosto de 2005 foi de R$1.200,00 o preço mínimo, R$ 1509,35 o médio e R$ 2.000,00 o preço máximo (CEPEA,2005).

© 03/11/2009 - Le Palais de Tokyo est un bâtiment consacré à l'art moderne et contemporain (nom d'origine : "Palais des Musées d'art moderne")

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Oeuvre de Tony Matelli, Fuck It, Free yourself!, 2009. Acier, Email vitrifié, peinture pour porcelaine - En 1984, Serge Gainsbourg brûle un billet de 500 francs en direct à la télévision française. En 2009, Tony Matelli se livre au même exercice. Son oeuvre Fuck It, Free yourself ! dépasse largement la simple provocation. Déposés sur une boîte, des billets de 500 euros flambent mais ne se consument pas. Cette flamme évoque tour à tour la célébration et la destruction. Gravées sur des plaques d’émail de porcelaine, les devises figées semblent alimenter le feu : cette liquidité de marché comme un charbon contemporain. Tony Matelli fait commerce des illusions, excelle dans l’art métaphorique et la production de sens. Il manipule des éléments concrets identifiables et les plonge dans un état transitoire : à la fois fixes et polymorphes, ses oeuvres ne manquent jamais de surprendre. Les objets quotidiens transfigurés de Tony Matelli interrogent simultanément les aspirations individuelles et les promesses sociales. L’argent rappelle ici les propos du philosophe Gilles Deleuze : « Il n’y a que du désir et du social. Rien d’autre. » (Extrait du dossier de presse du Palais de Tokyo)

Graphite-pyroxene-scapolite skarn from New York State, USA. (4.9 centimeters across at its widest)

This is a polymineralic, coaresely-crystalline textured, contact metamorphic rock - a skarn. It occurs in the contact zone between a limestone and a pegmatitic granite. Three minerals are present: 1) dark green-colored augite pyroxene; 2) whitish-gray colored meionite scapolite; and 3) silvery-gray graphite.

Meionite scapolite is a feldspathoid mineral, Ca4Al6Si6O24CO3 - calcium aluminosilicate-carbonate. It fluoresces a dull red color under ultraviolet light (UV light; black light).

Graphite is carbon (C), which is one of two widespread polymorphs of carbon (the other is diamond). This rock comes from a graphite mine in New York State - graphite occurs there are relatively rich "veins" along the contact metamorphic zone between the limestone and the granite. The graphite content of the rock shown here is too low to be a graphite ore. Graphite has a silvery-gray color and streak, a metallic luster, a greasy feel, and a hardness of 1 (it is very soft).

This sample is consistent with the "pyroxene contact rock with graphite" of Alling (1917).

Age: Proterozoic ?

Locality: unrecorded pit/working at Chilson Hill Mines (= Lead Hill Mines), likely from the southern or southeastern sides of Lead Hill (Chilson Hill), north of Chilson Brook, ~2.75 air miles east-southeast of the town of Chilson & ~2.75 air miles west-northwest of the town of Ticonderoga, southeastern Essex County, eastern Adirondack Mountains, northeastern New York State, USA

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Lead Hill Mines references:

Alling (1917) - Lead Hill. pp. 23-31 in The Adirondack graphite deposits. New York State Museum Bulletin 199.

Lauf & Pasto (1983) - Graphite from the Lead Hill Mine, Ticonderoga, New York. Mineralogical Record 14: 25-30.

A shimmery stone with unusual properties, kyanite can become the sparkle in a necklace or the spark plug in an engine. This aluminum silicate is a polymorph with andalusite and sillimanite, meaning it shares the same chemistry but a different crystal structure with these other minerals. Kyanite is commonly a deep blue, similar to sapphire, and for this reason is named from the Greek word kyanos for "dark blue." The stone also appears in green and black, and more rarely, yellow, white or gray. The color is not always uniform; it can be blotchy or streaky. The crystals are transparent to translucent, and are found in long blades or columns. Kyanite forms during regional metamorphism under elevated temperatures and pressures, in rocks such as gneiss and schist. It is also found in kimberlites — unusual intrusive rocks that contain diamonds. While most minerals have just one hardness, kyanite has a range of 4.5-6.5; the hardness varies depending on which way the stone is scratched (because kyanite's crystals are so long and thin). This gemstone has perfect cleavage lengthwise and good cleavage in a second direction. Therefore, kyanite is characterized by its blue color, differing hardnesses, perfect cleavage and bladed crystal form. Kyanite is seldom faceted due to difficulties in cutting and remains an unusual collector's gem.

Little historical information is available on kyanite, but it has been mined around the world for at least a century. At one time, French jewelers extensively used the name sappare when referring to kyanite; this was the result of an error by a mineralogist from Geneva. The mineralogist H.B. Saussure Jr. reportedly misread a label attached to a specimen thought to be sapphire. Despite recognition of the mistake, the name "sappare" became widespread, and that name is still occasionally heard when referring to kyanite. In addition to jewelry, kyanite is widely used for industrial applications, especially in the manufacture of spark plugs, electrical insulators and heat-resistant ceramic (to reduce shrinkage as it expands). Considered to be very powerful energetically and metaphysically, kyanite has been called "the tripping stone." It is a stone of channeling, altered states, vivid dreams, dream recall and visualizations, and is said to give protection during these states. Believed to bring loyalty, honesty and tranquility, kyanite is also attributed with diminishing anger and confusion. Notable occurrences of this stone exist in Brazil, the U.S.A. (North Carolina and Georgia), Switzerland, Russia, Serbia, India, Kenya, Myanmar and Australia. (via www.rings-things.com)

[order] Cuculiformes | [family] Cuculidae | [latin] Cuculus canorus | [UK] Cuckoo | [FR] Coucou gris | [DE] Kuckuck | [ES] Cuco Europeo | [IT] Cuculo eurasiatico | [NL] Koekoek | [IRL] Cuach

Measurements

spanwidth min.: 54 cm

spanwidth max.: 60 cm

size min.: 32 cm

size max.: 36 cm

Breeding

incubation min.: 11 days

incubation max.: 12 days

fledging min.: 17 days

fledging max.: 17 days

broods 15

eggs min.: 1

eggs max.: 25

Status: Widespread summer visitor to Ireland from April to August.

Conservation Concern: Green-listed in Ireland. The European population is currently evaluated as secure.

Identification: Despite its obvious song, relatively infrequently seen. In flight, can be mistaken for a bird of prey such as Sparrowhawk, but has rapid wingbeats below the horizontal plane - ie. the wings are not raised above the body. Adult male Cuckoos are a uniform grey on the head, neck, back, wings and tail. The underparts are white with black barring. Adult females can appear in one of two forms. The so-called grey-morph resembles the adult male plumage, but has throat and breast barred black and white with yellowish wash. The rufous-morph has the grey replaced by rufous, with strong black barring on the wings, back and tail. Juvenile Cuckoos resemble the female rufous-morph, but are darker brown above.

Similar Species: Sparrowhawk

Call: The song is probably one of the most recognisable and well-known of all Irish bird species. The male gives a distinctive “wuck-oo”, which is occasionally doubled “wuck-uck-ooo”. The female has a distinctive bubbling “pupupupu”. The song period is late April to late June.

Diet: Mainly caterpillars and other insects.

Breeding: Widespread in Ireland, favouring open areas which hold their main Irish host species – Meadow Pipit. Has a remarkable breeding biology unlike any other Irish breeding species.

Wintering: Cuckoos winter in central and southern Africa.

To minimise the chance of being recognised and thus attacked by the birds they are trying to parasitize, female cuckoos have evolved different guises.

The common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) lays its eggs in the nests of other birds. On hatching, the young cuckoo ejects the host's eggs and chicks from the nest, so the hosts end up raising a cuckoo chick rather than a brood of their own. To fight back, reed warblers (a common host across Europe) have a first line of defence: they attack, or ‘mob’, the female cuckoo, which reduces the chance that their nest is parasitized.

To deter the warbler from attacking, the colouring of the grey cuckoo mimics sparrow hawks, a common predator of reed warblers. However, other females are bright rufous (brownish-red). The presence of alternate colour morphs in the same species is rare in birds, but frequent among the females of parasitic cuckoo species. The new research shows that this is another cuckoo trick: cuckoos combat reed warbler mobbing by coming in different guises.

In the study, the researchers manipulated local frequencies of the more common grey colour cuckoo and the less common (in the United Kingdom) rufous colour cuckoo by placing models of the birds at neighbouring nests. They then recorded how the experience of watching their neighbours mob changed reed warbler responses to both cuckoos and a sparrow hawk at their own nest.

They found that reed warblers increased their mobbing, but only to the cuckoo morph that their neighbours had mobbed. Therefore, as one cuckoo morph increases in frequency, local host populations will become alerted specifically to that morph. This means the alternate morph will be more likely to slip past host defences and lay undetected. This is the first time that ‘social learning’ has been documented in the evolution of mimicry as well as the evolution of different observable characteristics - such as colour - in the same species (called polymorphism).

From the University of Cambridge “When mimicry becomes less effective, evolving to look completely different can be a successful trick. Our research shows that individuals assess disguises not only from personal experience, but also by observing others. However, because their learning is so specific, this social learning then selects for alternative cuckoo disguises and the arms race continues.”.

“It’s well known that cuckoos have evolved various egg types which mimic those of their hosts in order to combat rejection. This research shows that cuckoos have also evolved alternate female morphs to sneak through the hosts' defenses. This explains why many species which use mimicry, such as the cuckoo, evolve different guises.”

Chairlift @ Lollapalooza 2016, Grant Park, Chicago, IL, on Saturday, July 30, 2016.

Lollapalooza 2016 Setlist:

Look Up

Polymorphing

Amanaemonesia

I Belong in Your Arms

Show U Off

Romeo

Crying In Public

Moth to the Flame

Ch-Ching

Get Real

Les Sources Occultes 005/999

Un film de Laurent Courau, d'après un scénario de Thierry Ehrmann.

Comédiens : Vigi Lust, Yvan

© Les Amis de l'Esprit de la Salamandre 1999

Entre effroi et merveilles, une zone mouvante aux portes du futur et des enfers...

Les Sources Occultes vous entraînent au coeur d'un univers polymorphe dont les clés et les motifs se révéleront au fur et à mesure des épisodes de cette série de fictions. En attendant un final apocalyptique, au sens premier du terme, qui révélera la structure générale sous la forme d'un long-métrage...

Les Sources Occultes offrent aussi une nouvelle porte d'entrée dans le labyrinthe multidimensionnel de la Demeure du Chaos à celles et ceux qui postulent à notre casting, une occasion unique de pénétrer les arcanes de l'esprit de la Salamandre.

Secrets revealed of the Abode of Chaos (112 pages, adult only) >>>

Les Sources Occultes 003/999

Un film de Laurent Courau, d'après un scénario de Thierry Ehrmann.

Comédienne : Yôko Higashi

Décors : Alisha Henry

Maquillage : Alisha Henry

Lumières : Marquis

Musiques : La Science des Fous - Urgence Disk

© Les Amis de l'Esprit de la Salamandre 1999

Entre effroi et merveilles, une zone mouvante aux portes du futur et des enfers...

Les Sources Occultes vous entraînent au coeur d'un univers polymorphe dont les clés et les motifs se révéleront au fur et à mesure des épisodes de cette série de fictions. En attendant un final apocalyptique, au sens premier du terme, qui révélera la structure générale sous la forme d'un long-métrage...

Les Sources Occultes offrent aussi une nouvelle porte d'entrée dans le labyrinthe multidimensionnel de la Demeure du Chaos à celles et ceux qui postulent à notre casting, une occasion unique de pénétrer les arcanes de l'esprit de la Salamandre.

Secrets revealed of the Abode of Chaos (112 pages, adult only) >>>

Les Sources Occultes 003/999

Un film de Laurent Courau, d'après un scénario de Thierry Ehrmann.

Comédienne : Yôko Higashi

Décors : Alisha Henry

Maquillage : Alisha Henry

Lumières : Marquis

Musiques : La Science des Fous - Urgence Disk

© Les Amis de l'Esprit de la Salamandre 1999

Entre effroi et merveilles, une zone mouvante aux portes du futur et des enfers...

Les Sources Occultes vous entraînent au coeur d'un univers polymorphe dont les clés et les motifs se révéleront au fur et à mesure des épisodes de cette série de fictions. En attendant un final apocalyptique, au sens premier du terme, qui révélera la structure générale sous la forme d'un long-métrage...

Les Sources Occultes offrent aussi une nouvelle porte d'entrée dans le labyrinthe multidimensionnel de la Demeure du Chaos à celles et ceux qui postulent à notre casting, une occasion unique de pénétrer les arcanes de l'esprit de la Salamandre.

Secrets revealed of the Abode of Chaos (112 pages, adult only) >>>

Les Sources Occultes 004/999

Un film de Laurent Courau, d'après un scénario de Thierry Ehrmann.

Comédiens : Anne-Sophie Farcy et Sydney Ehrmann

Prises de vue : Laurent Courau

Maquillage : Alisha Henry

Montage et post-production : Laurent Courau

Musique : La Science des Fous / Urgence Disk

© Les Amis de l'Esprit de la Salamandre 1999

Entre effroi et merveilles, une zone mouvante aux portes du futur et des enfers...

Les Sources Occultes vous entraînent au coeur d'un univers polymorphe dont les clés et les motifs se révéleront au fur et à mesure des épisodes de cette série de fictions. En attendant un final apocalyptique, au sens premier du terme, qui révélera la structure générale sous la forme d'un long-métrage...

Les Sources Occultes offrent aussi une nouvelle porte d'entrée dans le labyrinthe multidimensionnel de la Demeure du Chaos à celles et ceux qui postulent à notre casting, une occasion unique de pénétrer les arcanes de l'esprit de la Salamandre.

Secrets revealed of the Abode of Chaos (112 pages, adult only) >>>

Gujba

Carbonaceous chondrites CBa

Nigeria

Fall: 1984

TKW: 100 kg / OBJ: 0,06 g

Gujba is a bencubbinite (carbonaceous chondrite). At 6:30 in the evening, a bright fireball approaching from the west was seen and heard by local residents. The cone-shaped mass that landed in a corn field near the village of Bogga Dingare in Yobe, Nigeria, was estimated to have weighed ~100 kg, but most of the mass was broken up into small pieces and dispersed.

To date, Gujba is the only witnessed bencubbinite fall.

Bencubbinites are unusual stony-iron meteorites composed of roughly equal amounts of Fe, Ni metal and ferromagnesian silicates. Gujba is classified as a bencubbinite (CBa); meteorites in the CBa group are primitive, metal-rich chondrites. The bencubbinites represent some of the most fascinating meteorites, recording evidence of violent planetary-sized impacts, and containing some of the most primitive solar system materials. Their primitive characteristics make the CBa chondrites valuable recorders of early nebular processes.

Gujba is a primitive, polymict, chondritic breccia, the first fall of the bencubbinite group. It contains 0.4–8 mm-diameter, rounded, metallic globules (~41 vol%) and 0.8–15 mm-diameter silicate globules (~20 vol%), cemented together by a dark-colored, silicate-rich, impact-melt matrix composed of mm-sized fragments of both silicate and metal globules (~39 vol%).

Metal globules can contain up to ~1 vol% troilite, which is positively correlated with the abundance of volatile siderophile elements. Fractionation of siderophile elements in Gujba was controlled by volatility rather than by oxidation/sulfidation processes or magmatic crystallization (Krot et al., 2002). Siderophile element correlations are inconsistent with a nebular condensation model. It is generally assumed that a protoplanetary impact gave rise to a vapor cloud with high enough partial pressures to generate a metal-enriched gas. The metal globules then condensed as liquids from this gas and were sorted by size and density, thereby establishing the high metal/silicate ratio of the group. The CB group reflects a sequence of increasingly lighter Fe isotopes from Gujba through HaH 237 to Isheyevo (Zipfel and Weyer, 2006). This wide Fe isotopic range provides further evidence of a formation within an impact vapor plume rather than in a nebula setting. See the HaH 237 page for a more detailed scenario of the CB group formation process ascertained by Fedkin et al. (2015) through kinetic condensation modeling.

In a nm-scale study of Gujba, a two-phase (kamacite and taenite) metal particle was observed comprising ~30 individual grains that demonstrate a reheating episode occurred at temperatures of ~675°C (Goldstein et al, 2011). It is estimated that a subsequent cooling to ~550°C occurred within a time period of a month. A similar metal particle having a similar thermal history was found in the CBb bencubbinite HaH 237. Through 3-D mapping of Gujba at a µm scale, at least five types of metal particles of differing Ni content (~5 to ~8.2 wt%) and sulfide content were identified (Berlin et al., 2013). These metal particles are consistent with an origin in an impact plume, followed by accretion to a secondary parent body, where they experienced impact-associated secondary heating. Based on their examination of sulfide phases embedded in metal grains within the Gujba and Weatherford CBa meteorites, and through comparisons of Fe–S–Cr phase diagrams, Srinivasan et al. (2013) concluded that both the reheating of these sulfide phases and the injection of silicate melt into metal and silicate host components were likely concurrent with this impact.

Hydrocode modeling employing a homogeneous nucleation theory demonstrates that the very high densities and temperatures that would lead to the formation of mm- to cm-sized metal globules are consistent with an impact vapor plume origin rather than a nebular origin (Anic et al., 2005). A high velocity collision is most likely to produce those conditions conducive to producing the particle size that exists in Gujba. An alternative model has been described whereby the metal was melted to form globules, while S and volatile siderophiles were subsequently evaporated out. The metal globules have varying Ni contents and exhibit quench textures (Rubin et al., 2003), and since no diffusion has occurred among globules in contact with each other, it can be inferred that they were accreted at cold temperatures after being isolated from the hot condensation region.

The silicate globules in Gujba exhibit skeletal olivine textures, contain no FeNi-metal or troilite, and have low concentrations of volatile elements, features indicative of quenching from a molten state; i.e., condensation from a hot, impact-generated vapor plume (Krot et al., 2004). CAIs have been found in some bencubbinites including HaH 237, QUE 94411, and Gujba, as well as the transitional member Isheyevo; however, since their O-isotopic values plot along the CCAM line instead of the CR trend line, they represent solar nebula material rather than condensates from the impact vapor plume (Fedkin et al., 2015).

Raman spectra have identified the first carbonaceous chondrite occurrence of several high pressure phases within barred olivine fragments and the matrix components of Gujba; these include majorite garnet, majorite-pyrope solid solution, and wadsleyite, along with minor grossular-pyrope solid solution and coesite (Weisberg and Kimura, 2010). These high pressure phases formed either from solid-state transformation of pyroxene or crystallization from an impact melt during a heterogeneous, planetesimal wide impact shock event reaching minimum pressures of ~19 GPa and temperatures of ~2000°C. The investigators argue that these high pressure phases are inconsistent with the subsequent formation of chondrules within an impact plume since at such high temperatures these phases would be rapidly back-transformed to their low temperature polymorphs. Moreover, the measured cooling rates of chondrules (ave. 100K/hr) are much too slow than that at which shock veins with high pressure polymorphs would survive (~1000K/hr). Therefore, they determined that the barred chondrules and metal in CB chondrites were formed prior to the impact event that produced the high pressure polymorphs.

The bencubbinites constitute a small group having similar oxygen and nitrogen isotopic compositions as well as similar petrologic characteristics. They have highly reduced silicates, bulk metal abundances of 60–70 vol%, Cr-bearing troilite, metal with near solar Ni/Co ratios, and similar elemental abundances. Among chondrite groups, the bencubbinites show a significant enrichment of 15N, with Gujba having an intermediate content within the group. The bencubbinites have been divided into two petrologic subgroups, CBa and CBb, representing those with cm-sized metal and silicate globules, and those with mm-sized globules, respectively. Further information on the formation of bencubbinites can be found on the Bencubbin, Isheyevo, and NWA 1814 pages.

Based on the U–Pb isotopic chronometer using the Shallowater standard (at that time corrected to 4.5613 [±0.0008] b.y. by Connelly et al., 2012), the chondrules in Gujba (CBa) and HaH 237 (CBb) were calculated to have formed simultaneously 4.56168 (±0.00051) b.y. ago; this age reflects a more recent formation event in comparison to other chondrite groups. Employing the corrected I–Xe data from Gilmour et al. (2009) for Gujba and that from Pravdivtseva et al. (2014) for HaH 237, respective closure ages of 4.5632 (±0.0013) b.y. and 4.56101 (±0.00087) b.y. were obtained. The age difference between these CBa and CBb chondrules was attributed to possible heterogeneity of the I-isotopic compositions in the two meteorites' respective formation regions within the impact vapor-melt plume (Bollard et al., 2015). Furthermore, other chronometers have provided ages consistent with those cited above, with a Hf–W age anchored to CAIs of 4.5622 (±0.0024) b.y., and a Mn–Cr age anchored to D'Orbigny of 4.5633 (±0.001) b.y. (Bollard et al., 2015). In their high-precision study of four Gujba chondrules, Bollard et al. (2015) derived a weighted average age of 4.56249 (±0.00021) b.y.; this equates to 4.8 (±0.3) m.y. after CAIs, or 1.2 (±0.6) m.y. after the formation of the youngest known nebular chondrule. Subsequent to this, high precision isotopic studies involving HaH 237 were conducted by Pravdivtseva et al. (2015, 2016), which led them to suggest a refinement in the absolute I–Xe age for the Shallowater standard of 4.5624 (±0.0002) b.y. Based on this new refinement, the age of HaH 237 relative to Shallowater was ascertained to be 4.5621 (±0.0003) m.y., which is consistent with the U-corrected Pb–Pb age determined for Gujba chondrules by Bollard et al. (2015) above, as well as that determined for HaH 237 silicates by Krot et al. (2005) of 4.5619 (±0.0009) b.y. All of these ages attest to a relatively late formation of the CB-group chondrites from a vapor-melt plume following a catastrophic impact between two planetary embryos.

The CRE age of Gujba (26 ±7 m.y.) is identical within uncertainties to that of Bencubbin (27.3 m.y.), and both have similar noble gas concentrations (also similar in some respects to the enstatite chondrites; Nakashima and Nagao, 2009), which attests to a common ejection event on their parent body. However, while the metal and silicate globules in Gujba are mostly complete, undistorted spheres, those in Bencubbin and Weatherford are fragmented and distorted. Gujba and other CB chondrites exhibit multiple characteristics that are consistent with a severe shock subsequent to its formation, including melting, brecciation, and deformation. The presence of certain high-pressure phases in Gujba—majorite and wadsleyite, produced by the conversion of low-Ca pyroxene and olivine, respectively—attests to the occurrence of a significant shock event of ~19 GPa at 2000°C (Weisberg and Kimura, 2004) consistent with a shock stage of S2. As in Bencubbin, shock-associated structures identified in Gujba include stishovite, amorphous to poorly graphitized carbon, ordered graphite, rounded to euhedral diamonds, nanodiamond clumps, and rare bucky-diamonds, along with carbonaceous nanoglobules (Garvie et al., 2011).

The CB, CH, and CR chondrites constitute the CR clan, comprising groups which likely formed in the same isotopic reservoir under similar conditions in the solar nebula; current evidence argues for an origin of the metal-rich carbonaceous chondrites in a common collision between planetary embryos (Krot et al., 2009). The Gujba specimen pictured above is an 18.1 g polished slice sectioned from a 282 g fragment that was originally purchased in 2000 in Gidan Wire, Nigeria. See also a most spectacular 81.05 g full slice of this special bencubbinite, courtesy of the Stephan Kambach collection, which exhibits the finest details of both metallic and silicate chondrules. A beautiful high-resolution exterior view of Gujba, courtesy of Paul Swartz (Meteorite Picture of the Day, 1 Oct 2014), can be seen here. The photo below shows an awesome 2,365 g end piece, part of the Jay Piatek Collection, that was sectioned from a 3,440 g complete Gujba mass.

JML00842

Panéole zoné de noir

Récolté en 2006 par J. Labrecque

Basides courtement clavées, à 4 stérigmates, bouclées à la base, 21,5- 26,5 x 8-10,5 µm, 24 x 9,4 µm en moyenne

Spores citriformes à rhombiques, lisses, à paroi épaissie, avec pore germinatif centré, brun rougeâtre, 8-10 x 5,5-7 µm, 9 x 6 µm en moyenne, Q moyen 1,5

Cheilocystides assez abondantes, polymorphes, lagéniformes irrégulières latéralement, piriformes, fusoïdes sinueuses, bouclées à la base, à paroi mince, 12-34,5 x 7,1-10,5 µm, 23,5 x 9 µm en moyenne

Pleurocystides absentes

Caulocystides abondantes, en courtes palissades ou en faisceaux, polymorphes, 17-58,5 x 6-11 µm

Trame lamellaire parallèle, formée d’hyphes bouclées, à paroi mince

Pileipellis en épithélium, formé de cellules piriformes à subglobuleuses, ± longuement pédicellées, à paroi mince, 23-38 x 16,4-32,4 µm, 31 x 24,5 µm en moyenne

Boucles présentes à tous les niveaux

Révision des travaux (microscopie): R. Labbé

Étude microscopique et microphotographie: J. Labrecque

Identification en 2006 (P. subbalteatus): J. Labrecque et R. Labbé

Identification en 2020 (P. atrobalteatus): Y. Lamoureux

Macroscopie:

www.flickr.com/photos/19369983@N06/2112891549/

Les Sources Occultes 003/999

Un film de Laurent Courau, d'après un scénario de Thierry Ehrmann.

Comédienne : Yôko Higashi

Décors : Alisha Henry

Maquillage : Alisha Henry

Lumières : Marquis

Musiques : La Science des Fous - Urgence Disk

© Les Amis de l'Esprit de la Salamandre 1999

Entre effroi et merveilles, une zone mouvante aux portes du futur et des enfers...

Les Sources Occultes vous entraînent au coeur d'un univers polymorphe dont les clés et les motifs se révéleront au fur et à mesure des épisodes de cette série de fictions. En attendant un final apocalyptique, au sens premier du terme, qui révélera la structure générale sous la forme d'un long-métrage...

Les Sources Occultes offrent aussi une nouvelle porte d'entrée dans le labyrinthe multidimensionnel de la Demeure du Chaos à celles et ceux qui postulent à notre casting, une occasion unique de pénétrer les arcanes de l'esprit de la Salamandre.

Secrets revealed of the Abode of Chaos (112 pages, adult only) >>>

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_anemone

Anthodites in a cave in Virginia, USA.

"Cave formations" in caves are technically called speleothem. Most speleothem is composed of travertine, a crystalline-textured chemical sedimentary rock composed of calcite (CaCO3). Travertine forms in most caves and at some springs by precipitation of crystals from water. Travertine speleothem occurs in a wide variety of forms. The most common variety of travertine speleothem is dripstone, which forms by the action of dripping water. The second-most common type of travertine speleothem is flowstone, which forms by precipitation of crystals from relatively thin films of flowing water. Flowstone typically has the appearance of a frozen waterfalls.

Shown above are anthodites, a scarce variety of speleothem that was first described from this very cave - Skyline Caverns in Virginia. Anthodites are radiating clusters of quill-like to slightly vermiform structures. Individual anthodite quills are hollow. Mineral analysis by White (1994) has shown that they are composed of aragonite (CaCO3), which is a polymorph of calcite. Some have recrystallized to calcite. The anthodites of Skyline Caverns were originally in sealed chambers in a mostly-sediment filled cave passage. During tourist trail construction, workers dug out sediments and encountered small chambers having common anthodites. They were subsequently named and described in the literature in 1949. The anthodite-bearing chambers were unusual in having near-vacuum conditions. Upon opening one chamber, a worker's hat was sucked in by the low air pressure.

When pure calcium carbonate, anthodites are white-colored. The yellows and reddish-browns seen above are from iron oxides. The green coloration is from algae that grows in tourist trail lighting.

Skyline Caverns is developed in structurally tilted carbonates (mixed dolostones and limestones) of the Rockdale Run Formation (Beekmantown Group, Lower Ordovician).

Locality: Skyline Caverns, Front Royal, central Warren County, northern Virginia, USA

-------------------

Reference cited:

White (1994) - The anthodites from Skyline Caverns, Virginia: the type locality. National Speleological Society Bulletin (Journal of Caves and Karst Studies) 56: 23-26.

Nomada sp. - 49°09´22.3´´ N 7°51´17.4´´ E

cf. flava / fulvicornis / ferruginata / marshamella / leucophthalma /

(deep molecular analysis appreciated as published: - Dettai, A., and J. N. Volff. 2006. Morphological Characters from the Genome: SINE Insertion Polymorphism and Phylogenies, p. 45-75. In D.-H. Lankenau and J. N. Volff (ed.), Transposable Elements and Genome Dynamics, vol. 4. Springer, Heidelberg.)

Funddatum /Collection Date:

30.4.2017

Fundort /Location:

Busenberg, Bärenbrunnerhof, Pfalz / Palatinate Forest

49°09´22.3´´ N 7°51´17.4´´ E

~300m über NN

Sammlungsnummer / collection code:

Lkn8f

Geschlecht / Sex:

Männchen / male

Wendeglied der Antenne eingezogen im Scapus / pedicellus retracted within scapus.

Größe des Exemplars / Size of specimen

~ 8,5 mm

Merkmale / Morphologic features:

Fühler oben dunkel, unten gelb, Scapus oben schwarz.

keine roten Male auf Thorax oder Scutum und Scutellum!

Orbiten im unteren Gesicht, innen bis auf Höhe der Fühler reichend. Beachte Scheitelkamm /

Yellow / white markings of the lower face extending halfway up the inner eye margins and attaining the level of the antennal insertions (fig. 40 Falk).; notice frontal crest.

Bemerkungen / Notices:

auf Taraxacum / visiting Taraxacum flower

Zusammen mit Andrena cineraria & Andrena gravida / together with Andrena cineraria & Andrena gravida

Bestimmungsreferenz / Reference of determination:

1. Schmiedeknecht, O. 1930. Hymenopteren Mitteleuropas.

2. Amiet, F., M. Herrmann, A. Müller, and R. NEU-MEYER. 2007. Fauna Helvetica 20, Apidae 5. Schweizerische Entomologische Gesellschaft.

3. Falk, S., and R. Lewington. 2015. Field Guide to the Bees of Great Britain and Ireland. Bloomsbury.

4. Westrich, P. 2019. Die Wildbienen Deutschlands, 2nd ed. Eugen Ulmer KG, Stuttgart.

5. www.flickr.com/photos/63075200@N07/collections/7215763693...

Fotoinformation / Photo-Information:

Kamera: Canon EOS 750D; APS-C sensor

Objektiv: Canon MPE65mm

Blende: 2,8

Belichtungszeit: 1/15s

Beleuchtung: 4 Ikea LEDs, Weißabgleich Incandescent

ISO: 100

Qualität der Serienfotos: jpg

Flash: no

Dateiformat jpg/tif

Beschnitt in % (Breite und Höhe): 0%

Vergrößerung lt. Objektiv: 5x

Brackating: Cognisys sled

Anzahl der Schritte: 51

Länge der Schritte: 50µm

Arbeitsabstand: ca. 10 cm

Stacking-Software: Helicon Focus 7 / Method C (Pyramid)

(Photo by Dirk Lankenau )

Chairlift @ Lollapalooza 2016, Grant Park, Chicago, IL, on Saturday, July 30, 2016.

Lollapalooza 2016 Setlist:

Look Up

Polymorphing

Amanaemonesia

I Belong in Your Arms

Show U Off

Romeo

Crying In Public

Moth to the Flame

Ch-Ching

Get Real

Les Sources Occultes 004/999

Un film de Laurent Courau, d'après un scénario de Thierry Ehrmann.

Comédiens : Anne-Sophie Farcy et Sydney Ehrmann

Prises de vue : Laurent Courau

Maquillage : Alisha Henry

Montage et post-production : Laurent Courau

Musique : La Science des Fous / Urgence Disk

© Les Amis de l'Esprit de la Salamandre 1999

Entre effroi et merveilles, une zone mouvante aux portes du futur et des enfers...

Les Sources Occultes vous entraînent au coeur d'un univers polymorphe dont les clés et les motifs se révéleront au fur et à mesure des épisodes de cette série de fictions. En attendant un final apocalyptique, au sens premier du terme, qui révélera la structure générale sous la forme d'un long-métrage...

Les Sources Occultes offrent aussi une nouvelle porte d'entrée dans le labyrinthe multidimensionnel de la Demeure du Chaos à celles et ceux qui postulent à notre casting, une occasion unique de pénétrer les arcanes de l'esprit de la Salamandre.

Secrets revealed of the Abode of Chaos (112 pages, adult only) >>>

Les Sources Occultes 003/999

Un film de Laurent Courau, d'après un scénario de Thierry Ehrmann.

Comédienne : Yôko Higashi

Décors : Alisha Henry

Maquillage : Alisha Henry

Lumières : Marquis

Musiques : La Science des Fous - Urgence Disk

© Les Amis de l'Esprit de la Salamandre 1999

Entre effroi et merveilles, une zone mouvante aux portes du futur et des enfers...

Les Sources Occultes vous entraînent au coeur d'un univers polymorphe dont les clés et les motifs se révéleront au fur et à mesure des épisodes de cette série de fictions. En attendant un final apocalyptique, au sens premier du terme, qui révélera la structure générale sous la forme d'un long-métrage...

Les Sources Occultes offrent aussi une nouvelle porte d'entrée dans le labyrinthe multidimensionnel de la Demeure du Chaos à celles et ceux qui postulent à notre casting, une occasion unique de pénétrer les arcanes de l'esprit de la Salamandre.

Secrets revealed of the Abode of Chaos (112 pages, adult only) >>>

Figure 2 from Haploinsufficiency of Tumor Suppressor Genes is Driven by the Cumulative Effect of microRNAs, microRNA Binding Site Polymorphisms and microRNA Polymorphisms - An In silico Approach Published in Cancer Informatics

I created this look when conducting our circus mock whilst in my first year at college. I took inspiration from the colourful birds that you see at the circus. When creating the feathers I used a range of different coloured water activated paints to add shading to each feather, making sure that no two looked the same. I also created the beak using polymorph plastic and feel it helped to make the overall look more effective and realistic.