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Chickenpox (varicella zoster virus) lesions on a 2 year old girl. Shows two to four millimeter red papule which develops an irregular outline ("rose petal").
DSCN3668
Typical sizes in Britain (adults usually 8-12 mm high). Convolute shell, i.e. all earlier whorls concealed by enveloping final whorl.
1: smallest specimen palest as pigmented layer deposited by external mantle is thinner than on larger older specimens.
2: shell broadest towards apical end (posterior of animal).
3: slight mound indicates position of hidden apex.
Heights (longest shell-dimensions) 8.7 mm, 9.6 mm, 11.2 mm. west Scotland. April 1976.
Full SPECIES DESCRIPTION BELOW
Sets of OTHER SPECIES: www.flickr.com/photos/56388191@N08/collections/
Trivia arctica (Pulteney, 1799)
Revised December 2023.
Synonyms: Cypraea arctica Pulteney, 1779 ; Cypraea europaea Montagu, 1808 [= aggregate of T. monacha and T. arctica in Forbes & Hanley, Jeffreys, and many authors pre-1925]; Cypraea europaea var. minor Marshall, 1893; Trivia mollerati Locard, 1894.
Current taxonomy: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141744
Meaning of name: (Latin) Trivia = a common thing; arctica = northern.
Vernacular: Northern cowrie, Unspotted cowrie (English); Cragen fair y gogledd (Welsh); Ongevlekt koffieboontje (Dutch); Nordlig kauri (Danish). Sometimes “Arctic cowrie” is used, but a misnomer as not a typical Arctic species, just a few records beyond Arctic Circle in Norway where Atlantic Drift brings anomalous temperate water far north.
Names applied to both T. monacha and T. arctica: European cowrie, nun, sea-cradle, maiden, stick-farthing, (English); Groatie-buckie (Scots); Cragen fair (Welsh); Europäische Kauri (German); Pucelage; Pou-de-mer; Porcelaine puce; Grain de café (French); Kaffebønne (Norwegian); Freirinha (Portuguese); Porcelanita (Spanish).
GLOSSARY below.
Adult shell description
In Britain, adult T. arctica are usually from 8 mm to 12 mm high (longest dimension of shell) 01Ta flic.kr/p/Cfnfpb. They are broadest towards the apical end. In the Mediterranean they are usually smaller; Vayssière (1923) in Lebour (1933) gives height extremes of 6-12 mm at Marseilles. The shell is ovoid with a flatter apertural/ventral face 02Ta flic.kr/p/D5AdRz , likened in its vernacular names to a coffee bean (Dutch, French, Norwegian) or kernel of oats (Scots). The shell is convolute with all earlier whorls hidden from view by the enveloping final whorl; a slight pimple or mound on posterior end sometimes indicates the position of the hidden apex 01Ta flic.kr/p/Cfnfpb. It is solidly built with an adult sculpture of 20-25 ribs crossing the entire shell with a few short intervening ribs. The intervening grooves are the same width as the ribs. The ribs of left and right sides are perfectly aligned where they meet with no discontinuity on the dorsum (van Nieulande et al., 2022 & 27.1Ta flic.kr/p/2pkGM2T . There is a thickened white labial varix on the left 02Ta flic.kr/p/D5AdRz .
The aperture is a gently bowed slit positioned ventrally on the living animal, and it extends the entire height of the shell. The outer (palatal) lip of the aperture is curved out of sight into the interior of shell 03Ta flic.kr/p/CKKP6m . The columellar region is a concave furrow and its ribs protrude as teeth. An expansion of the aperture slit at the anterior forms an inhalant siphonal canal, and narrower expansion at the posterior forms an exhalant canal. The adult shell is opaque white internally and externally, apart from a thin external pinkish layer deposited by the external mantle in grooves dorsally and laterally; the ribs receive less pigment so are paler than the grooves 03Ta flic.kr/p/CKKP6m . The ventral surface and labial varix are white 02Ta flic.kr/p/D5AdRz . Shells of live animals are glossy and lack erosion or epizooic growths as they are protected and maintained by the expanded mantle depositing shell material on the exterior 04Ta flic.kr/p/D3j1Ws . There is no operculum or periostracum on adults.
Post-veliger shell development
The veliger larva metamorphoses when its shell is about 1.25 mm diameter (Lebour, 1933). The early juvenile shell is flimsy, smooth, white and has a typical gastropod aperture and spire. At this stage it is not possible to differentiate the shell from that of T. monacha 04.1Ta flic.kr/p/2pjL6Za unless the diagnostic foot is visible 04.2Ta flic.kr/p/2pjLJAh . As it grows, the spire is completely enveloped by the final whorl. Post-veliger juvenile shells grow in the normal three-layered helical fashion of most other snails (Meyer & Paulay, 2005). This changes after about six months when: i) the spire is completely enveloped by the body whorl, ii) the shell is thickened mainly internally, but also externally, with layers of differing crystalline structure, iii) the ribs act as teeth along both sides of the narrowed aperture, iv) the ribs and grooves complete their formation ventrally and dorsally on the body-whorl. The shell now has adult form, but is pure white as the outer pinkish layer has not yet been deposited 04.3Ta flic.kr/p/2pkpebK .
Adult shell development is completed by deposition externally of a thin, outermost pinkish layer mainly in the grooves, and ventrally the shell remains white.
Body description
The cephalic tentacles are long, slender and translucent white 10Ta flic.kr/p/CKKHdQ to mustard-yellow 11Ta flic.kr/p/CDnCcB , usually with opaque, hyphen-like streaks of yellow. The large inhalant siphon is a rolled extension of the mantle 09Ta flic.kr/p/DcSQig coloured whitish 12Ta flic.kr/p/D3iU6U to pale yellow 13Ta flic.kr/p/CfuduK ; often with stronger yellow at the tip and sometimes opaque white or yellow marks. The siphon protrudes, often held high, from a short, wide expansion of the aperture slit at the anterior which acts as a siphonal canal 09Ta flic.kr/p/DcSQig & 13Ta flic.kr/p/CfuduK . The exhalant siphon is formed by a fold of mantle resting within an expansion of the aperture slit forming the posterior siphonal canal 07Ta flic.kr/p/Cfn8gU . The much thickened and lobulated mantle can expand over the entire exterior 12Ta flic.kr/p/D3iU6U . In Britain, when stretched to full extension, the mantle is often translucent enough for the shell to be discerned under it. Its general colour is whitish, brownish or orange-brown. It is palest ventrally and usually greyed by a spray of very fine grey particles which may locally aggregate into small blotches 12Ta flic.kr/p/D3iU6U , and occasionally form lines aligned with grooves of shell. The mantle rim is usually pale yellow 12Ta flic.kr/p/D3iU6U or whitish and is often unobtrusive 04Ta flic.kr/p/D3j1Ws . There are usually several pitch-brown/black pigment blotches near, or interrupting, the yellow/white rim 10Ta flic.kr/p/CKKHdQ . On the fully expanded mantle the blotches are often mistaken for the similar dorsal blotches on the shell of T. monacha 12Ta flic.kr/p/D3iU6U .
Colour saturation varies between individuals, and on any individual increases with degree of mantle contraction 14Ta flic.kr/p/DcSran . Specimens from southern Europe usually have more saturated colours and sometimes have a dark brown mantle. Light yellow or whitish papillae often protrude from the mantle. They vary in size, shape and number and are occasionally “hedgehog-like” 15Ta flic.kr/p/Cfuc4Z ; sometimes absent 11Ta flic.kr/p/CDnCcB and sometimes extremely prominent and branched. They are usually more prominent on juveniles (Lebour, 1933). Post-veliger juveniles have paler body pigmentation and at the earliest stages can be entirely white 04.2Ta flic.kr/p/2pjLJAh . The mantle on later juveniles is translucent, yellowish with minute blackish purple particles which coalesce into blotches near the mantle edge, only when adult 31Ta flic.kr/p/DcJu9q . Juveniles often have yellow tipped papillae on the mantle and minute dark spots on the body and base of siphon, and sometimes pale yellow flecks on siphon and tentacles (Lebour, 1933).
The foot at all stages can extend beyond the shell by more than 50% of shell-length 16Ta flic.kr/p/CDnwTF . It is translucent, whitish with varying amounts and intensity of yellow 13Ta flic.kr/p/CfuduK or orange-red 17Ta flic.kr/p/CKKznQ tinting. The dorsal surface of the foot has a distinct, broad, peripheral chamfer 13Ta flic.kr/p/CfuduK , often with some irregular, opaque, yellow 10Ta flic.kr/p/CKKHdQ or whitish 12Ta flic.kr/p/D3iU6U blotches but not extensive well-defined lines. The chamfer narrows at the posterior tip, often giving it a flat 18Ta flic.kr/p/D5zWZK or concave 15Ta flic.kr/p/Cfuc4Z outline which is frequently marked with about 6 short yellow streaks. The anterior of the foot is bilaminate 19Ta flic.kr/p/CKKxxs .
The sole is coloured as the dorsum of the foot or paler 19Ta flic.kr/p/CKKxxs , but without opaque marks, though those on the dorsal surface may show through it 20Ta flic.kr/p/D5zUR6 . It has a median groove containing a posterior pedal mucus gland 07Ta flic.kr/p/Cfn8gU . In the anterior half of the sole on females there is a ventral pedal gland the opening of which often has a more saturated colour 21Ta flic.kr/p/D3iJt7 . A transverse fold allows the anterior of the foot to fold back on itself to bring the ventral gland forwards 22Ta flic.kr/p/Cfu4CX . Unlike most gastropods which have a single columellar muscle/pedal retractor muscle, T. arctica has two because of its expanded body whorl.
A large flat leaf-like penis arises behind and below the right tentacle on males (Lebour, 1933).
Key identification features
Trivia arctica
1) Adult pink shell has no pitch-brown/black dorsal marks 10Ta flic.kr/p/CKKHdQ but dark dorsal blotches on rim of fully extended mantle of adult T. arctica are often confused with similar marks on shell of T. monacha.
2) The dorsal surface of the foot of T. arctica at all stages is whitish to yellowish or reddish orange, often with some irregular opaque marks, but is not covered by a network of opaque yellow or white lines 12Ta flic.kr/p/D3iU6U . * Most reliable diagnostic feature.
3) Post veliger juveniles with smooth white shells 04.1Ta flic.kr/p/2pjL6Za cannot be differentiated from juvenile T. monacha, unless the dorsal surface of the foot is seen not to be covered by a network of white or yellow lines 04.2Ta flic.kr/p/2pjLJAh .
4) Final stage juveniles of both T. arctica and T. monacha have adult-like ribs but are white and lack pigment blotches 04.3Ta flic.kr/p/2pkpebK . T. arctica can be identified by the dorsal surface of the foot lacking a network of lines, or by the perfect dorsal alignment dorsally of the shell ribs from left and right sides 23Ta flic.kr/p/2nuWGWu . The same applies to bleached dead adult shells.
5) Extended mantle of T. arctica has pitch-brown/black dorsal marks (vary in size and number, but often three) where edges meet 12Ta flic.kr/p/D3iU6U . Juvenile has grey/black particles that do not coalesce to form dark discs elsewhere on mantle. (Lebour, 1933).
6) Large flat leaf-like penis on males of T. arctica. (Lebour, 1933).
7) Veliger larvae of T. arctica have yellowish intestines, and very little dark pigment on sides of stomach; always has less pigment than T. monacha larvae. Late stage veligers have velum of four long, thin lobes 24Ta flic.kr/p/CDnozB (Lebour, 1933).
8) 3.5mm post-veliger juveniles of T. arctica have yellowish (not orange or bright yellow) soft-parts with minute dispersed blackish-purple spots on exposed mantle, not congregated into disc-shaped groups (Lebour, 1933).
9) Transparent egg capsules of T. arctica, unknown until 2017, are embedded in compound ascidian with neck projecting from surface 25Ta flic.kr/p/Cfu1R4 & 21.1Ta flic.kr/p/234LSrM , veligers in plankton from January to May in southern England 24Ta flic.kr/p/CDnozB .
Similar species
Trivia monacha (da Costa, 1778)
1) Adult shell has three pitch-brown/black dorsal marks 27Ta flic.kr/p/CDnkwn .
2)The dorsal surface of the foot of T. monacha at all stages is orange/yellow covered by a network of opaque yellow or white lines 27Ta flic.kr/p/CDnkwn . * Most reliable diagnostic feature.
3) Juveniles with smooth white shells 04.1Ta flic.kr/p/2pjL6Za cannot be differentiated from T. arctica, unless the dorsal surface of the foot is covered by a network of white or yellow lines 27Ta flic.kr/p/CDnkwn .
4) Final stage juveniles of T. arctica and T. monacha both have ribs, are white and lack dark blotches 27.1Ta flic.kr/p/2pkGM2T . T. monacha can be distinguished by network of lines on foot, or by the dorsal misalignment of some shell ribs from left and right sides 23Ta flic.kr/p/2nuWGWu . The same applies to bleached dead adult shells. Rare exceptional T. monacha lack misalignment.
5) Extended mantle of T. monacha is varied but usually has an unbroken orange border at the edge not accompanied three large pitch-brown/black blotches on the mantle 27Ta flic.kr/p/CDnkwn .
6) Filiform, cylindrical penis on males (Lebour, 1933).
7) Veliger larvae have almost black intestines & stomach, and dark digestive gland. Late stage veligers have slight lateral bay in the vela, but insufficient to change them into four long thin lobes 24Ta flic.kr/p/CDnozB (Lebour, 1933).
8) 3.5mm (and larger) post-veliger juveniles have orange or bright yellow soft parts 28Ta flic.kr/p/Day2bu , and grey/black particles that coalesce to form spots grouped into dark discs scattered over mantle 29Ta flic.kr/p/CftVz2 (Lebour, 1931 & 1933).
9) Egg capsules with orange eggs embedded in compound ascidian with neck projecting from surface, ( veligers April to September in S. England) 25Ta flic.kr/p/Cfu1R4 .
Marsenia perspicua (Linnaeus, 1758) 30Ta flic.kr/p/CDnfUX
Inhalant siphon and sometimes roughened surface resemble Trivia.
Mantle halves fused so never retract to expose shell.
Fragile, white, internal, ear-shape shell.
Transparent egg-capsules with white eggs embedded in compound ascidian with lid flush with surface apart from rim 25Ta flic.kr/p/Cfu1R4 & 26Ta flic.kr/p/Cfu178 .
Simnia patula (Pennant, 1777) 31.1Ta flic.kr/p/2pmaPvE
Juvenile shells of T. arctica might be mistaken for S. patula.
Shell drawn out into anterior and posterior siphonal canals.
Two sides of exterior mantle meet on right side of shell, not along median line.
Mantle white or orange with orange or red transverse lines.
S. patula lives 15-75 m deep and not intertidally.
Erato voluta (Montagu, 1803) 32Ta flic.kr/p/2nbgWAZ
Strong shell retains exposed spire throughout life.
Animal narrower at anterior, reflecting the shape of the concealed shell.
Stout inhalant siphon and foot are pink or whitish with red spots.
White spots on tentacles.
When fully extended, two sides of dark papillate mantle meet at dorsal median line.
Exotic cowries
Attractive tropical cowries and smaller, duller ones used in school bean-bags and historically used as currency are dropped by humans on beaches, and washed up in the Netherlands from historical shipwrecks.
Habits and ecology
T. arctica is usually found near its compound and unitary ascidian prey on hard substrate at LWS and more frequently sublittorally to 100 m in Norway and 1000 m in southern Europe (Fretter & Graham, 1981). It feeds on Diplosoma listerianum especially var. gelatinosum, the preferred food near Plymouth (Lebour, 1933); on Polyclinum aurantium, the preferred food in Brittany (Pelseneer, 1926), Botryllus schlosseri, especially its yellow and orange forms, Trididemnum, Botrylloides leachi and the unitary Ciona intestinalis and Corella parallelogramma 08.2Ta flic.kr/p/2cQ7E8T & 22.1Ta flic.kr/p/2bpJEk6 .
It examines the surface of the ascidian with its inhalant siphon and, from a pouch in its head, extends a proboscis containing radula and jaws to cut through the test to expose the zooid. Both test and zooid are ingested, and fragments of indigestible test are voided in the faecal rods or pellets. Unitary ascidians, such as Corella parallelogramma 22.1Ta flic.kr/p/2bpJEk6 and Ciona intestinalis (D. Kipling, 2018. pers. comm. 11 Nov.) are sometimes eaten by forcing the proboscis into them through the oral siphon, avoiding the need to bite through the indigestible test.
The body is very pliable and can withdraw into/extend from the narrow aperture with speed and ease. The siphon is usually extended first to test the water 14Ta flic.kr/p/DcSran .
The anterior pedal gland in the bilaminate anterior edge of the foot 19Ta flic.kr/p/CKKxxs , and posterior pedal gland in the median groove of the sole, produce mucus to assist movement, and many other glands in the sole and mantle exude a variety of secretions, not all mucal, and some probably repugnatory. The female has a yellow opening to a ventral pedal gland in the anterior half of her foot. The foot can fold up at a right-angle on a traverse line in front of the gland to position the gland on a leading edge for its protrusion and operation in egg capsule formation 05Ta flic.kr/p/D3j1pq & 22Ta flic.kr/p/Cfu4CX.
Respiratory water is taken in through a long inhalant siphon projecting from the anterior siphonal canal of the shell and passes into the mantle cavity where an osphradium tests the water-quality before passing it through the ctenidium. Water leaves the shell via an exhalant siphon in the posterior siphonal canal.
T. arctica breeds, at Plymouth, from late autumn to spring. The female is fertilized internally by the large flat leaf-like penis of the male. Until 2017, egg laying had not been recorded but was assumed to be similar to that of T. monacha (Fretter & Graham, 1981; and Wigham & Graham, 2017). In March 2017, a Belgian diver, Stefan Verheyen, photographed laying egg capsules by T. arctica 21Ta flic.kr/p/D3iJt7 & 21.1Ta flic.kr/p/234LSrM , and the details were, as anticipated, similar to those of T. monacha. The egg-capsule is transparent showing the crowded orange ova within. It is inserted in a hole bitten into the compound ascidian Diplosoma listerianum, a food favoured by it and T. monacha, and possibly other compound ascidians. The female protrudes the ventral pedal gland embedded in her sole to drive the capsule into the hole and give it its final shape with the two lobes of its bifid tip 25Ta flic.kr/p/Cfu1R4 . The capsule is a spheroidal flask with a funnel-shape neck which protrudes well above the surface of the ascidian, but the neck is easily overlooked as its colourless transparent nature makes it almost invisible 25Ta flic.kr/p/Cfu1R4 .
The eggs hatch into planktonic echinospira larvae with a velum with four long lobes. Larvae were taken in plankton nets by Lebour in coastal waters from January to May, while T. monacha larvae were taken from April to September (Fretter & Graham, 1962) 24Ta flic.kr/p/CDnozB . An echinospira larva has a 'double shell'; the exterior one is flimsy, transparent, colourless and shiny. Fretter & Graham (1962) interpreted the exterior one as the periostracum layer separated from the inner calcareous shell. The intervening gap is filled with seawater and helps reduce the specific gravity of the larva to near neutral buoyancy, and the increased surface area slows the rate of sinking, so easing the effort needed to orientate and maintain position in the water column (McCloskey, 1972). The inner calcareous shell contains the larval animal. Though T. arctica has smaller adults than T. monacha, its larvae are larger at equivalent stages and its vela are more developed probably because it lives in deeper off-shore waters and needs more power to maintain position in the water column.
At metamorphosis, the larval operculum and outer shell/periostracum are shed and the mantle spreads over the exterior of the inner shell. “The number of old [adult] shells taken surprisingly exceeds that of the young.” (Forbes & Hanley, 1853). This quote might be explained by poor survival of thin, fragile, dead juvenile shells on strandlines, but live juveniles are much rarer than live adults on suitable shores, although, when present, several may be found at the same location. Divers seem to see juveniles more often 31Ta flic.kr/p/DcJu9q . Juveniles assume adult form with ribbed pink shells about 6 months after metamorphosis.
Distribution and status
T. arctica occurs from northern Norway to Gibraltar and the western Mediterranean, but is absent from the Baltic and Danish and German coasts apart from dead shells in the vicinity of Helgoland, GBIF map www.gbif.org/species/5192808 . It lives on hard substrate around most coasts of Britain and Ireland but is absent or scarce in the north-east Irish Sea, from Flamborough Head to Kent and much of the east coast of Scotland. U.K. map NBN species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000178458 .
Acknowledgements
For help with specimens, images, information and/or literature, I gratefully thank Maëlan Adam, Jim Anderson, Nils Aukan, Karen Boswarva, Pierre Corbrion, Dick Hoeksema, David Kipling, Jan Light, Paula Lightfoot, Chris Rickard, Stefan Verheyen and Dawn Watson.
Links and references
Browne, E.T. 1898. On keeping medusae alive in an aquarium. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. 5 (2): 176-180. [Description of “plunger jar” used by Lebour to rear Trivia] plymsea.ac.uk/192/
Forbes, E. & Hanley S. 1849-53. A history of the British mollusca and their shells. vol. 3 (1853), London, van Voorst. (As Cypræa europæa [agg.]); pp. 495-497. archive.org/stream/ahistorybritish05forbgoog#page/n508/mo...
Fretter, V. and Graham, A. 1962. British prosobranch molluscs. London, Ray Society.
Fretter, V. and Graham, A. 1981. The prosobranch molluscs of Britain and Denmark. Part 6 – Cerithiacea, Strombacea, Hipponicacea, Calyptraeacea, Lamellariacea, Cypraeacea, Naticacea, Tonnacea, Heteropoda. J. Moll. Stud. Suppl. 9: 285-363.
Graham, A. 1988. Molluscs: prosobranch and pyramidellid gastropods. Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) no.2 (Second edition). Leiden, E.J.Brill/Dr. W. Backhuys. 662 pp.
Høisæter, T. 2009. Distribution of marine, benthic, shell bearing gastropods along the Norwegian coast. Fauna norvegica 28: 5-106. www.ntnu.no/ojs/index.php/fauna_norvegica/article/view/563
Jeffreys, J.G. 1862-69. British conchology. vol. 4 (186). London, van Voorst. (As Cypræa europæa agg.) archive.org/stream/britishconcholog04jeff#page/402/mode/2up .
Lebour, M.V. 1931. The larval stages of Trivia europea. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. 17 (3): 819-832. [Aggregate species, but nearly all details are of T. monacha.] plymsea.ac.uk/698/
Lebour, M.V. 1933. The British species of Trivia: T. arctica and T. monacha. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. 18 (2): 477-484. plymsea.ac.uk/782/
Lebour, M.V. 1935. The echinospira larvae of Plymouth. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 163-174.
Lebour, M.V. 1937. The eggs and larvae of the British prosobranchs with special reference to those living in the plankton. J. mar. biol. Ass., 22: 105 – 166. plymsea.ac.uk/953/
McCloskey, L.R. 1972. Development and ecological aspects of the echinospira shell of Lamellaria rhombica Dall (Prosobranchia; Mesogastropoda). Ophelia 10 (2): 155-168. Preview www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00785326.1972.10430111
McKay, D. & Smith, S.M. 1979. Marine mollusca of East Scotland. Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh.
Meyer, C. & Paulay, G. 2005. Shell microstructure. Cowrie Genetic Database Project, Florida Museum of Natural History. www.flmnh.ufl.edu/cowries/microstructure.html
Pelseneer, P. 1926. Note d'embryologie malacologique. Ponte et développement de Cypræa europea, etc. Bull. Biol. de la France et de la Belgique 60 (1): 88-112. [Cited in Lebour, 1933, as having mistakenly interchanged descriptions of penes of T. monacha and T. arctica]
Pelseneer, P. 1932. La métamorphose préadulte des Cypræidæ. Bull. Biol. de la France et de la Belgique 66 (2): 149-163. [Cited in Lebour, 1933, as having corrected mistaken interchange made in 1926 of descriptions of penes of T. monacha and T. arctica]
Van Nieulande, F.A.D., Hoeksema, D.F., Nijhuis, H.W. & Rijken, A.C. 2022. De fossiele schelpen van de Nederlandse kust II, deel 17. Velutinidae, Triviidae, Eratoidae en Ovulidae Spirula 431: 16 – 25. www.researchgate.net/publication/360897905_De_fossiele_sc...
Vayssièrre, A. 1923. Recherches Zoologiques et anatomiques sur les mollusques de la Famille des Cypræidés. Annls Mus. Hist. nat. Marseille Zoologie. 18: 1-120. (In Lebour, 1933.)
Verheyen, S. & Smith, I.F. 2018. Discovery of the egg capsule of Trivia arctica (Pulteney, 1799) Mollusc World 46: 8-9 Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. conchsoc.org/MolluscWorld46
Wiese, V. and Janke, K. 2021. Die Meeresschnecken und –muscheln Deutschlands Wiebelsheim, Quelle & Meyer.
Wigham, G.D. & Graham, A. 2017. Marine gastropods 2: Littorinimorpha and other, unassigned, Caenogastropoda. Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) no.61. (344 pages). Field Studies Council, Telford, England.
Glossary
aperture = mouth of gastropod shell; outlet for head and foot.
cephalic = (adj.) of or on the head.
columella = solid or hollow axial “little column” around which gastropod shell spirals
columellar = (adj.) of or near central axis of spiral gastropod.
convolute = (adj.) body whorl of shell envelopes and conceals the spire.
ctenidium = comb-like molluscan gill; usually an axis with a row of filaments or lamellae on one or two sides.
dorsoventrally flattened = pressed flat from above and below like a pancake.
echinospira = special form of drifting larva with an inner and outer shell, and the intervening space filled with sea water.
epizooic = (adj.) of non-parasitic organisms living on surface of animals.
ELWS = extreme low water spring tide (usually near March and September equinoxes).
filiform = threadlike.
height = (of gastropod shells) distance from apex of spire to base of aperture but, as apex concealed, the longest dimension on Trivia.
labial varix = especially strong or broad costa (rib) along or near outer lip of aperture.
mantle = sheet of tissue which secretes the shell and forms a cavity for the gill in most marine molluscs. Confined to the shell-interior of most British shelled-gastropods, but can also cover exterior on Trivia.
operculum = plate of horny conchiolin used to close shell aperture; absent from Trivia .
osphradium = organ for testing water quality usually near ctenidium (gill).
papilla = (pl. papillae) small cone-shaped protrusion of flesh.
papillate = covered in papillae
periostracum = thin horny layer of chitinous material often coating shells.
plankton = animals and plants that drift in pelagic zone (main body of water).
suture = groove or line where whorls of gastropod shell adjoin.
test = (of ascidian) a.k.a. tunic; outer cellulose sheath containing zooid.
umbilicus = cavity up axis of some gastropods.
veliger = shelled larva of marine gastropod or bivalve mollusc which swims by beating cilia of a velum (bilobed flap).
Several questions about this photo. already is it really the 63 RI as marked by the seller? because that would interest me even more.
Then I am skeptical on the injured I do not succeed in knowing if it is posited or real. I also do not understand if it is the effects of gas or a disease
REF: 15-50-10
A significant and favored active ingredient used in the therapy of zits is known as benzoyl peroxide. This composition is discovered in lotions as well as gels with functioning wonderfully in battling some undesirable bacteria that might be creating pimples. The very same ingredient is incredibly functional in the removal of dead skin cells normally building up on the epidermis area. Such deceased cells on the skin mostly integrate with sebum causing whiteheads as well as blackheads.
Pimple Popping 2 CHUNKY ingrown hair removed with 1 squeeze Abscess popping method pimple popping Big cyst pop Eye Cyst Cyst Excised From Heart Of Patient Gross Zit Cyst Pimple Pus Filled Popping FUN Eye Cyst GROSS!! Popping a huge nasty boil! LOTS of Pus! Pimple Zit Cyst 2 Eye Cyst How To Pop Huge Back Zit Popping Cyst Removal 2014 kopia Eye Cyst pimple popping cyst zit 3 Gross Zit Cyst Pimple Pus Filled Popping FUN Eye Cyst 360p Dengan Kualitas HD Terbaru Bisa Langsung Anda Unduh Dari Dekstop dan Ponsel adroid Anda. Berikut Ini Adalah Detail Video Gross Zit Cyst Pimple Pus Filled Popping FUN Eye Cyst 360p: Thick, Chunky Ingrown, Hair Removed, ingrown hair cyst, ingrown hair, ingrown hair removal, ingrown hair removed, Ingrown Hair, Pus, Hair, Dream Out Shout Back Youtube, Medicine, Disease, ingrown blood, ingrown hair, pulled squeezed, tweezer tweezers, hair skin removed removal makeup, Cosmetics, Free New, Quotation, Account Speech Member, Fashion, female health, Hygiene, Freedom, Hair Removal, Pimple"
Day 86
I have this little (big) cluster of zits right above my lip and I have been self conscious about it all day. It feels like an aberration of my soul, yet if people noticed it (as they must) they sure were gracious about it. To my chagrin, it did not keep people from coming up to me and engaging in conversation at work.
#6162 - 2024 Day 318/366: On from Plymouth to Tavistock and a delightful stayover with Max and Marion. "The Pimple" is a nearby water building on Whitchurch Down, Dartmoor. The ponies seemed to want something from a guy minding his own business. Animals are mainly motivated by needs at the base of the hierarchy (Maslow).
Acne is an inflammatory disease of the pilo-sebaceous follicle, that is, the basis of hair on the skin. It’s found all over the surface of the body, except the palms of the hands and feet… just where you never have pimples. In this article we’ll discuss the causes of acne apart from hormonal imbalance. For hormonal acne you may read our previous post – How to prevent and treat hormonal acne?
As the name implies, a pilo-sebaceous follicle consists of a hair and a sebaceous gland, which secretes sebum. The appearance of acne shows a dysfunction related to several associated phenomena: hyperseborrhea, although acne also affects dry skin, dysseborrhea, hyperkeratinization, bacterial proliferation, but also a share of heredity.
Hyperseborrhea and Dysseborrhea: Two Different Sebum Problems
Hyperseborrhea: It corresponds to the overproduction of sebum resulting from the hormonal activity that triggers at puberty. During childhood, the skin secretes very little sebum. The activity of the sebaceous glands is fully established at the time of puberty, when male sex hormones (androgens) begin to function, in girls as in boys. In the majority of cases, an excess of sebum is then observed, before the hormonal balance is regulated. The skin becomes oily and shiny, but this hyperseborrhea is not enough to explain acne: some people have oily skin without having pimples.
Dysseborrhea: This is a change in the composition of sebum. Recently, research has shown a qualitative alteration of acne sebum compared to healthy sebum. In people affected by acne, sebum has a deficiency of vitamin E, which promotes the oxidation of skin lipids. Sebum flows more difficult out of the follicle and clogs the pillar canal, which further increases the risk of comedones.
Is Acne Just A Disease of Oily Skin?
Yes and no. A problem of sebum is always the cause of imperfections. But in adult acne especially, it is common that patients suffer from both pimples and nodules while having fragile skin, dehydrated and even with dander in places. Conventional biological causes are therefore not sufficient to explain the lesions.
In these cases, acne is explained by the effects of dysseborrhea, which helps to dehydrate the skin, by an imbalance of the skin microbiome, by poorly chosen hygiene and care products, but also by the side effects of years of aggressive anti-acne treatments.
Behind a problem of imperfections, there is always an excess of sebum it is true, so rather oily skin. But recent findings on dysseborrhea have refined the approach. Current scientific knowledge confirms the feeling expressed by many patients affected by acne, especially if the problem lasts over time. They speak of a skin that has become intolerant and can no longer stand anything, with oily and other ultra-sensitive areas.
Oily skin with an acne tendency is better understood today, it turns out more complex. This is a normal consequence of changing the qualitative composition of sebum, which leads to increased insensitive loss of water: therefore, oily skin can be dehydrated.
Due to lack of water, this oily skin is weakened and even more aggressed, if it receives a drying anti-acne treatment to combat imperfections.
The skin is a living ecosystem… let’s not forget that the skin has a microbiome, in other words a skin flora composed of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, mites…) that makes barrier to unwanted germs and protects us from infections. But the slightest imbalance in this fragile environment can have important consequences and leave the field free to ” bad ” bacteria… no wonder that aggressive local treatments to treat acne modify the reactions of the skin. It is therefore necessary to adopt a more subtle therapeutic strategy, which takes into account the sensitivity of the acne skin.
Hyper-keratinization, Thickening of The Skin
Hyper-keratinization is the excessive multiplication of cells of the wall of the follicular canal leads to the formation of a real plug, which prevents the sebum from escaping normally.
The consequence is the appearance of comedones, small elevations of the skin, either of the color of the skin (closed comedone, white point or microkyst) giving a grainy skin appearance, or centered by a black point (Open comedone) which may correspond either to an oxidation of lipids in the air or to the presence of melanins (skin pigments) on the surface of the comedone. The Black color testifies to oxidation of lipids in the air. At this stage, it is a retentional acne.
Bacterial Proliferation, Microbes Multiply
Sebum is an ideal nutrient medium for certain bacteria, especially Cutibacterium acnes, more recently called Propionibacterium acnes.
This bacterium is normally present in all individuals. But the formation of a plug leads to an oxygen-poor environment, which promotes the proliferation of this bacterium ideal for growing and multiplying in the pilo-sebaceous follicle.
In the face of this aggression, the body defends itself and responds with inflammation. The comedone then turns into a painful red pimple called papule, sometimes surmounted by a pustule, which contains liquid of yellow color. This development corresponds to inflammatory acne.
Is Acne Hereditary?
The idea that acne has a genetic component and that there is a favorable family terrain is widespread. Sociological studies seem to partially confirm this idea, with stronger mother-related heredity for girls under the age of 20 and for women aged 25-40 with acne.
Although 46% of adolescents aged 12-19 confirm a family history of acne, the link so far does not seem to be scientifically established.
To moisturize dry skin at home, you can not only buy cosmetics, but also simpler means. This allows you to safely nourish and moisturize the skin.
Why Your Skin is Dry: The Main Reasons
Improper care, the use of inappropriate cosmetics and adverse weather conditions are the main causes of acne that also cause dry and rough skin.
These factors can also cause allergic diseases. A person’s skin reflects more than just how they are treated. This is a kind of indicator of the habits and conditions we live with.
Unfortunately, they are more and more unfavorable. The skin is negatively affected by:
Poor state of the natural environment;
Processed food;
Stay in rooms with extremely low humidity levels;
A lot of stress and the dynamics of everyday life;
Harmful and irritating substances contained in cosmetics.
Under the influence of these factors, the skin undergoes the aging process faster. This is mainly due to violations of the proper functioning of its natural protective and regenerative abilities. In this case, the cause is loss of moisture, which weakens its natural protection. The safest way to moisturize your skin is to use products that use natural ingredients in their formula.
What Should I Avoid to Keep My Skin Moist?
We have no direct influence on the adverse conditions in which we live. However, you can eliminate some of the factors that negatively affect the degree of skin hydration. These are:
Cigarette smoke;
Too frequent and intense sunburn;
Alcoholic and sweetened beverages;
Dehydration of the body, including by consuming too little liquid;
Lack of fat in Your daily diet;
Use of cosmetics that irritate and dehydrate the skin (containing alcohol, soap, flavorings, parabens and other harmful substances);
Too long, hot baths (cause dehydration of the skin);
Stay in air-conditioned rooms.
How to Moisturize Dry Skin at Home: The Most Important Thing
One of the natural methods to prevent excessive loss of moisture from the surface of the skin is to moisturize it from the inside. However, it is equally important not to drink too much water, which can deprive the body of micro and macro elements. To keep the skin hydrated, it is recommended to use daily care procedures.
The Most Important of Them Are:
Regular skin cleansing with the use of delicate preparations that do not require the use of water (micellar, lotion);
Removing dead skin with a gentle exfoliation;
Toning cleansed skin to optimize pH levels;
Proper application of the cream, which contains moisturizing components, restores the hydrolipidic layer;
Additional moisturizing treatments for the skin (masks, compresses) using natural ingredients;
Using not only a moisturizer, but also a more effective concentrated serum (in the form of a lotion, cream or spray);
Use of body oils after bathing.
During daily skin care procedures, it should be remembered that the water itself has an extremely negative effect on dry skin. Therefore, it is recommended to always wipe the skin with a cotton towel after contact with water. Avoid paper towels and dryers.
Procedures That Will Help to Moisturize Dry Skin at Home
The most popular home skin moisturizing treatments include the use of oil-based products.
Oils
Olive oil (mainly for skin care of hands and feet), argan and coconut oil for skin care of the body and face are ideal for cosmetic procedures.
Oils can be used as a bath additive. In combination with ground coffee, brown sugar or sea salt, they are an important element of home peeling.
Although this may seem a little absurd at first, the oils are great for cleansing the skin.
They dissolve dust, dirt and makeup, and at the same time do not damage the skin’s lipid layer — this is important in the winter months. Argan or wheat germ oil should work well.
Spread it in a circular motion over your face, then gently wipe with a soft cloth. Wash the cloth several times and remove the cleaning oil. Then rinse your face with cool water. Ready! Treated in this way, the skin will be better hydrated, soft and smooth.
Baths
Oatmeal bath-especially recommended when dry skin problems are accompanied by hypersensitivity and allergies.
A linen bag with oatmeal (about 400 grams) should be immersed in warm water or placed under a stream of water.
Pharmacy lotions and bath salts can dry your skin, so take advantage of mother nature and prepare a hydrating bath session.
An excellent remedy for dry skin is to add a decoction of Flaxseed to water.
Half a Cup of beans should be put in a pot of water and boil. Carefully pour the cooled jelly into the tub and take a bath.
This bath makes the skin elastic, moisturizes, nourishes and improves the overall condition of the skin.
Honey
Cosmetics containing honey are famous for their strong nutritional properties, and also have the ability to support recovery processes.
This is a very popular way to moisturize dry skin at home. It can be combined with milk, lemon, olive oil and other substances. It is also a natural lip balm.
Flax
Flax seed is used in many natural moisturizing treatments. It works well in baths, masks, and is also used as a natural shaving gel. You can use it alone or with honey.
Masks to Moisturize Dry Skin at Home
Here we have something to tell. Homemade masks perfectly nourish and moisturize the skin, as well as prepare it for other care. Below you will find three recipes for simple and cheap, but rich masks. They are ideal for moisturizing dry skin at home.
Simple banana mask
Prepare a porridge of ripe bananas (you will need 1 or 2, depending on Your needs).
Put the mush on your face and leave it for 15 minutes.
Then rinse with warm water.
Repeat the procedure once a week or when you feel that your skin needs hydration.
Honey-Egg Mask
We have described how the components contained in eggs help the skin here. In this article, you will find many recipes for egg masks that can be easily made at home.
Mix a teaspoon of honey with the egg yolk and one tablespoon of powdered milk (optional).
Apply to the skin and after a few minutes rinse with warm water.
The moisturizing effect is guaranteed!
Banana Honey Mask
Mix half a ripe banana with a tablespoon of honey and two tablespoons of plain yogurt.
Spread the pulp over the face and leave for 20 minutes.
Rinse off with warm water and enjoy a hydrated skin.
How to Moisturize Dry Dkin from the Inside?
The old saying “you are what you eat” really makes sense. Even the most expensive facial products will not help if You do not follow a proper diet. When it comes to dry skin, the basis for this is drinking a lot of water (which we often forget about in the fall and winter!).
But we can also keep the body healthy by consuming, for example, linseed oil. Its unusual properties were known in ancient Rome. To begin with, you should eat two tablespoons a day.
However, do not forget to heat-treat the oil. We can use it, for example, in salads or just like that-without any additions.
Avocado, rich in vitamins, proteins and unsaturated fats, is also great. You can prepare, for example, a delicious and simple pasta that can be spread on a sandwich. Just crush the avocado and mix it with the garlic and lemon.
How to Choose a Good Moisturizer?
A good moisturizer should enhance the protective functions of the skin, as well as prevent moisture loss. Increasingly, we pay attention to the amount of natural ingredients in cosmetics that we use every day.
It is important not only the composition, but also the cosmetic formula, which will allow the cream to be quickly absorbed and moisturize the skin. This protection is provided by a moisturizing serum in the form of a spray.
Natural substances that should be in a good moisturizer for dry skin care should include:
Fruit and vegetable oils. They are often found in the form of complexes (for example, from calendula, aloe, honey, pear);
Natural fruit extracts. For example, avocado, which holds water in the skin and prevents it from drying out.
Hyaluronic acid. It has the ability to maintain an adequate degree of skin hydration; its amount decreases with age and is low in people exposed to strong UV radiation;
Jelly. It supports the processes of skin regeneration and recovery;
Aloe Vera. Highly moisturizes and restores the skin, balances and soothes;
Grape seed oil. Regenerates and moisturizes, strengthens and tones the skin, delaying the effects of aging;
The macadamia oils. It has strong nutritional, regenerating and firming properties.
Dry skin can be particularly problematic in autumn and winter when it is exposed to cool outdoor air and dry indoor conditions.
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Was operated after he had infected his feet from a simple pimple like thing and lost his leg on 2006. Since then he could not pull rickshaw and started leading his life by selling Bananas. Everyday he walk at least 4 miles from his to the Market to buy Banannas and comes back with a carrier accompanying him.
What he says about living life like that "I could beg like all other do but there would not be any self esteem and what could i say to people, I have lost my legs only but other functions are working. I won't beg till the day I die."
This is dedicated for the World disabled's day, which is being observed today.
A significant and favored active ingredient used in the therapy of zits is known as benzoyl peroxide. This composition is discovered in lotions as well as gels with functioning wonderfully in battling some undesirable bacteria that might be creating pimples. The very same ingredient is incredibly functional in the removal of dead skin cells normally building up on the epidermis area. Such deceased cells on the skin mostly integrate with sebum causing whiteheads as well as blackheads.
workshop supervisor ,working on y2 ,lenny i think his name was ..nice guy , didnt mind pimple faced teenagers taking photos...
Pimple Popping 2 CHUNKY ingrown hair removed with 1 squeeze Abscess popping method pimple popping Big cyst pop Eye Cyst Cyst Excised From Heart Of Patient Gross Zit Cyst Pimple Pus Filled Popping FUN Eye Cyst GROSS!! Popping a huge nasty boil! LOTS of Pus! Pimple Zit Cyst 2 Eye Cyst How To Pop Huge Back Zit Popping Cyst Removal 2014 kopia Eye Cyst pimple popping cyst zit 3 Gross Zit Cyst Pimple Pus Filled Popping FUN Eye Cyst 360p Dengan Kualitas HD Terbaru Bisa Langsung Anda Unduh Dari Dekstop dan Ponsel adroid Anda. Berikut Ini Adalah Detail Video Gross Zit Cyst Pimple Pus Filled Popping FUN Eye Cyst 360p: Thick, Chunky Ingrown, Hair Removed, ingrown hair cyst, ingrown hair, ingrown hair removal, ingrown hair removed, Ingrown Hair, Pus, Hair, Dream Out Shout Back Youtube, Medicine, Disease, ingrown blood, ingrown hair, pulled squeezed, tweezer tweezers, hair skin removed removal makeup, Cosmetics, Free New, Quotation, Account Speech Member, Fashion, female health, Hygiene, Freedom, Hair Removal, Pimple"
A significant and favored active ingredient used in the therapy of zits is known as benzoyl peroxide. This composition is discovered in lotions as well as gels with functioning wonderfully in battling some undesirable bacteria that might be creating pimples. The very same ingredient is incredibly functional in the removal of dead skin cells normally building up on the epidermis area. Such deceased cells on the skin mostly integrate with sebum causing whiteheads as well as blackheads.
Pimple Popping 2 CHUNKY ingrown hair removed with 1 squeeze Abscess popping method pimple popping Big cyst pop Eye Cyst Cyst Excised From Heart Of Patient Gross Zit Cyst Pimple Pus Filled Popping FUN Eye Cyst GROSS!! Popping a huge nasty boil! LOTS of Pus! Pimple Zit Cyst 2 Eye Cyst How To Pop Huge Back Zit Popping Cyst Removal 2014 kopia Eye Cyst pimple popping cyst zit 3 Gross Zit Cyst Pimple Pus Filled Popping FUN Eye Cyst 360p Dengan Kualitas HD Terbaru Bisa Langsung Anda Unduh Dari Dekstop dan Ponsel adroid Anda. Berikut Ini Adalah Detail Video Gross Zit Cyst Pimple Pus Filled Popping FUN Eye Cyst 360p: Thick, Chunky Ingrown, Hair Removed, ingrown hair cyst, ingrown hair, ingrown hair removal, ingrown hair removed, Ingrown Hair, Pus, Hair, Dream Out Shout Back Youtube, Medicine, Disease, ingrown blood, ingrown hair, pulled squeezed, tweezer tweezers, hair skin removed removal makeup, Cosmetics, Free New, Quotation, Account Speech Member, Fashion, female health, Hygiene, Freedom, Hair Removal, Pimple"
A significant and favored active ingredient used in the therapy of zits is known as benzoyl peroxide. This composition is discovered in lotions as well as gels with functioning wonderfully in battling some undesirable bacteria that might be creating pimples. The very same ingredient is incredibly functional in the removal of dead skin cells normally building up on the epidermis area. Such deceased cells on the skin mostly integrate with sebum causing whiteheads as well as blackheads.
A significant and favored active ingredient used in the therapy of zits is known as benzoyl peroxide. This composition is discovered in lotions as well as gels with functioning wonderfully in battling some undesirable bacteria that might be creating pimples. The very same ingredient is incredibly functional in the removal of dead skin cells normally building up on the epidermis area. Such deceased cells on the skin mostly integrate with sebum causing whiteheads as well as blackheads.
Create a rock ‘n’ roll map of London showing the hot-spots past and present, you’d be left with a big empty space called Knightsbridge – it’s about as rock ‘n’ roll as Harrogate. Which explains why I haven’t been near the place for 20 years or so. I park my car at the back of Harrods and wonder through the food hall –it’s nowhere near as impressive as I recall. Has Harrods lost it’s sparkle? No, it’s just the rest of the retail world has caught up. I’m as likely to see an impressive display of fresh fish in my local Sainsbury’s as I am at Harrods. We can all buy sea bass now; it’s filtered down to us plebs, no longer do Harrods have the monopoly on the exotic. Emerging from the store on the Knightsbridge side the traffic thunders back and forth and the pavement is thronged with the middle classes of the world, all caught up in their competitive consumption, striving to out-do the next with meaningless extravagances that somehow justify their empty existence. These are the ladies who shop.
A quick dash between anguished motorists and I’m hovering outside of a large and impressive hotel. Do I really have to go in there? I’ll stand out like a pimple on the Mona Lisa. Time to grab a last gasper before plunging into a world of comfort and money as alien to me as Mars. Inside it’s like a law court, all dark wood, filtered light and men in suits. I’m told to wait and am ushered to a seat that owes its existence to The Spanish Inquisition, upright, unyielding, designed to remind you that you’re not a real guest, an interloper, just passing through. Ten minutes of discomfort follow, relieved by the arrival of the charming Murray Chalmers, PR to Yoko Ono. Up in the lift we go and I’m expecting the ‘do’s and don’ts’ lecture. “Don’t mention The Beatles”, etc, but it doesn’t come ad I’m conducted to the door of The Royal Suite. Knock, knock, the door opens and a little head pops round to see who it is, two little eyes glint over sunglasses - it’s Yoko. We shake hands and Yoko invites me to sit next to her on her large, overstuffed sofa.
As it happens I wouldn’t have needed the lecture, I wasn’t here to talk about The Fabbies, I was here to talk about Yoko. I’m a big fan of her, you see, her art and her music, and that has nothing, or very little to do with the Liverpool lads. Right now we’re at the receiving end of a concerted Beatles frenzy and I couldn’t care less.
So there I sit, just Yoko and me. And all my nervousness has gone. I’d like to point out that I never get nervous about interviews, but this is Yoko Ono, one of the most significant people of the last half-century, and that has nothing to do with a former pop group. But I’ve taken my jacket off and dumped it on the other side of the room, the jacket that contains; my reading glasses and my questions. Keen to press on I decide I can do with out them, until I press play on my new MP3 Dictaphone, about the size of a matchbox. Without my reading glasses the tiny display panel is a blur, so I ask Yoko is she can see the dot that tells me it’s recording. Yoko confirms, across the top of those sunglasses, that the dot is there. We laugh. So, without my carefully considered questions we commence. I kick off by complimenting her on the new Plastic Ono Band album, ‘Between My Head and The Sky’, a very fine piece of work. But tell me Yoko, why Plastic Ono Band?
“I wasn’t thinking about it all. I freed myself after John’s passing. But then, the thing is, The Chimera music company that my son Sean has opened said please make it Plastic Ono Band would you? I said why, why? I thought about it, that was John naming the band for me, well for him and me. And this is John’s son who’s going to do this with me, it’s a family thing so let’s do it”
There, you see? Determined as I was to avoid the ‘B’ word, and by extension the ‘J’ name, and Yoko has mentioned him three times in the first two minutes. It wasn’t me guv, honest, she bought it up, what can I do? Move on, best move on.
And how is it working with your son? Any arguments?
“Well it’s so amazing. A lot of people advised me, if you’re going to do that, it’s going to be very difficult, it’s not the sort of thing you should be doing – so I got nervous. When Sean said let’s do it, I said fine – but then I got nervous. But then when we started it I realised I didn’t know anything about him, I mean I knew he was a good musician but for this he was a music director and partner with me in production. So, I thought maybe he’s a good musician, but what about directing, what ca he do? He was so perfectly professional, and I started to discover him and I think maybe from his side there was some discovery too. So we kind of enjoyed it and used that time to know each other, which we didn’t have before because he was so busy…and so was I.”
You’re a very busy person, aren’t you? (Do like I did and type Yoko Ono into news Google – the woman never stops!)
“I’m very busy, Sean would say: “Mummy you’re never in New York, you’re never here and we miss you” and I said, “well, when I’m in New York you’re not there so what are you talking about?” But for some reason we were given this chance to know each other, and it’s fantastic.”
The album didn’t take long to make.
“No, well if it had taken longer maybe we would have had a disastrous argument or something, you know, like Oasis backstage. That’s so easy to happen, to any musician or group of musicians because musicians are very sensible people. But luckily we did it in a week.”
Band break-up? She’s talking about band break-ups? There was a band-break-up some years ago that she was, ridiculously, blamed for. But that band had run its course, as they all do, and it just so happened that Yoko was around when it happened – how thoroughly conniving of her! But I’m not going for the bait, let’s get onto interesting stuff, her art.
What was the impulse that drew you towards art?
“It was in the late 50’s. My parents put me into an early education at music school before elementary school and so I studied chords and notes and all the musical things. When I was four, music was a part of my life. I wanted to be a composer but my father thought that was something that did not lay in the aptitude of women; there were no famous women composers. So, in a nice way he was concerned for me. ‘Why don’t you become a singer and sing other people’s songs?’ But I think the more people say don’t the more you want to. I think my parents didn’t mind if I became a classical musician, but in avant-garde?!”
So when you were in New York working with the Fluxus people how did your parents take that? Were they confused?
I didn’t even report it, and luckily they were in Japan so…”
I read you were a reluctant member of Fluxus?
“I was never reluctant at all. I’ll tell you what it was: there were several very kind of seminal artists in New York and George Maciunas came into my loft to a concert I was giving and said: ‘This is great’. So he got all the musicians who did the concert and them into concerts in a more mid-town place, a mid-town gallery, my place was just a loft you know. So then he listed all those names and said: ‘This is a group of people who should be known as something and we should have a name’. I said: ‘No, you’re just putting together these people, it should be some kind of movement so that the artists can make a statement together. Him making statements for them was not right. But then the thing is, the next day he showed me: ‘This should be the name of the movement’ and he just came up with Fluxus. So most of the artists who were already there on the New York scene were saying ‘What’s he up to?’ So we were pretty cynical at the beginning, but when I think about it now it’s great that he named it, and that’s why it’s still circulating.
When did you first come to London?
1st September 1966…which is funny because On Kawara, who is a very famous artist, does all this art with dates like, “September 1st 1966 so and so happened”, so in this particular painting, I think he calls them paintings although they’re actually these numbers, ‘September 1st 1966 Yoko Ono went to London’. I’m glad that someone remembered it.”
I complain about anniversaries, the world is infatuated by them.
“John is going to be 70 next year.”
There she goes again! Isn’t this the 40th anniversary of the bed protest?
“Yes, I know, this year, because it’s 40 years since 1969 and in 1969 there were so many things we did, so even the sending of the acorns to heads of state, we did it again this year.”
Could a work of art be as effective in getting the message across again?
“At the time we thought: ‘Great, this is going to work!’ Not only didn’t it work but we got so much backlash, and we were not prepared for that. Oh my God, they were outraged.”
Can we outrage people with art anymore?
“I still think that the vibration of art and the vibration of music, which is a healing vibration, a vibration of freedom, a vibration of justice, I think is something very important and this vibration will cover the earth. I think this planet is going to be a planet of music and art and with the healing power that these things have it’s going to finally become world peace and we’re not only going to create a world of peace but we’re going to have that peace vibration and send it to the universe.”
Okay…now we’re getting into some rather deep stuff. If anybody else had tried to sell that particular parcel of goods to me I’d have laughs a big, deep, 21st century cynical laugh and written them off as hippies. But Yoko has got me, the eyes, the sunglasses, the voice, the honesty – I’m trapped like a spider in the bath and for now all I can do is nod in agreement. Before I know it I’m slipping into Yoko-land and my mouth is moving independently to shape the next question – Is man’s destiny in the stars? (Is Yoko working me like a vent’s dummy? I’ve never asked a question like that in my life.)
“Well I think this is an embryonic stage, almost like we’re babies, jut born, then gradually we’ll start to communicate with the stars and I really think that it’s going to be beautiful. So the Imagine Peace Tower is shooting up the light to let them know that we’re here and we’re going to do it. It’s not crazy, it’s logical.”
And maybe it is but I need to get of this subject before I say something dismissive. But I left my questions across the room…Panic! Get back to music Tom, for fuck’s sake. Ah, how about this? What did you think of punk?
“I was interested in all kinds of music. There wasn’t any music formed that we didn’t experiment with, I mean John and I did.”
There he is again! Press on. Some may see punk as a rebuttal to the idealism of the 60’s?
“That’s not true at all, see, the thing is they still say things like that to me, you know, you’re supposed to be a very positive person and there are some songs that are very sad and so on. I’m saying look, don’t hide the sadness under the rug, bring it out and shed light on it and it will disappear, it will become confident. You have to do that, you cannot just say: ‘Everything’s fine’, you have to make it fine.
That told me! Isn’t the world in a war-like state at the moment?
“No, because you see the thing is, the big difference between now and the 60’s is the fact that in those days there were not very many people who thought it was so important to work for world peace. Many people wanted to be soldiers, many people who wanted to be Shogun in the sense of honour and medals and that sort of thing, and they had respect for these people. Now very few people have respect for people who want tom kill a lot of people or bomb a city or something like that. So now I think, almost 99% of the world is wishing for world peace, desperately, and the 1% is thinking they should solve problems with bombs…and it isn’t going to work. Finally they’re going to join us. They’ll think, maybe its better to join them because we don’t want to lose our arms and legs. And it’s really that, if we don’t, if we have this fear and doubt, which we do, even the peace people. One of the things that’s bad about peace people is that there’s so much doubt about and so much fear, and the violent people say: ‘Oh these people, they are nothing’, but once we are so into what we are doing and we can do it, we know we can do it, and they’ll join us. Power speaks. And so it’s going to be instead of solving these things with violence it’s going to be solving things with discussions and conferences.”
I was with her right up to the bit about conferences, personally I’d rather gouge my eyes out than sit around a table talking to dumpties. Ugh!
Yoko, if you were to view your life as a work of art…
“I think that reality is stranger than fiction.”
Which pieces in the gallery of your life are you most proud of?
“Well, first of all I don’t think of my life as a wok of art, saying it’s a work of art is just saying there’s a suspicion I created, I really think that things come to me in a way that, you know, somehow I was supposed to do things, and I get inspired by it, I’m like a medium, I get all these messages and dish it out for the benefit of the world.”
Do you feel privileged in that position?
“I feel very privileged. I don’t think everybody’s into that trip, but whether you’re into that trip or not, everybody can be that be one bit, that I am the one who’s interested in that.”
I’m not letting this go. I thought hard about that question, try again. Are there any pieces missing in the exhibition of your life? Which pieces would you like to add?
“Well, I just like the idea of not setting any definition or limitation to my life, anything I say would be setting limitations to my life and I just want it to be an open book.”
Check mate to Yoko. I go about our readers being predominantly young and Yoko jumps in –
“You want a message to our readers? Be yourself, don’t be afraid of being yourself.”
No, I wasn’t going to ask for that but thanks anyway. I was just going to ask whether you thought the young generation had that spark? The creativity and freedom of thought that exemplifies the 60s generation?
“They do, what they’re doing is a totally different trip, it’s a very difficult age in terms of climate at the same time so they are covering themselves, and there’s and incredible power they have and they know it.
“And instead of freaking out they’re letting their creative imagination talk and they’re using that.
“I really think that what they’re doing is stronger and we’re going to get results from it. Whenever you speak there’s always a backlash you know? But if you don’t speak…”
The lady will not be nudged from her positivity, no matter how I try she won’t say a bad word about anybody. Time to change track.
How about attacking something abstract? The web – isn’t it just a confusing ball of chaos? Isn’t it overwhelming?
“No, no I’m just trying to put myself in the right so that I don’t get confused or upset.
“There’s always false information. All my life I was surrounded by false information about myself and others, I’m used to that, it’s nothing.”
Do you have to develop an ability to see through all that false information?
“Yes, see through, you want to preset the truth, you want to preset the real truth, even if it’s a tiny bit of truth it does reflect the world. And so I’m always very concerned about what I preset the world.”
Yoko has been making a stir on the club scene with her remixing projects these last few years. What attract her to the concept of the remix?
“Well first of all, the first record that we made (we being Yoko and that bloke from Liverpool), ‘Two Virgins’ it said: ‘Unfinished Music 1’ and Life With The Lions was ‘Unfinished Music 2’ – I just wanted to make a statement about the past, that I’m into having other people participate in the creativity, and I did say that then but nobody understood it really.
Well a lot people didn’t understand what we were doing then. Were there any people at the time who thought those records were any good?
“Nobody thought that. I was looking at this newspaper and there’s a beautiful photo of a trashcan, you know, and there was a photo sent to me from Japan of a huge trash can saying: ‘This is Yoko Ono’s LP’ or something, and that’s where it started.”
Was it a step too far? A step too far into the art world?
“I think so yeah, but you know the ‘Two Virgins’ was really the first kind of mesh of a Liverpool guy and a Tokyo woman bonding like that, it was really incredible.
It was readers, quite incredible. So did it hurt when people were rude about it?
“No, we kind of expected it.”
So was it fun?
“It wasn’t fun, but we thought: ‘Ok, you know, they didn’t understand. I come from a New York art tradition; an art tradition where if people walked out on your theatre, on your performance that meant that you were doing something that was totally revolutionary. And if you were doing something that people loved it got a bit annoying: ‘What am I doing wrong?”
Sensing an opening I veer back to the subject of the present youth, they don’t seem to have that spirit or desire to tip over the apple cart do they?
“Well because they don’t have to. Because the world is upsetting enough and they really want to create peace and I think that’s a really good way to do it.”
So is there no place in the world for the sort of attitude you had in the 60’s?
“It has to change. And we have to use the healing power of music rather than the rebellious part of music, we don’t need that anymore.”
Why not?
“Because we found that it was so urgent and necessary to heal the world, and everybody agrees on that, so we don’t have to be rebellious to say that. We’re all on the same page.”
Something in those eyes tells me the interview is over. She picks up a copy of ArtRocker from the coffee table and starts to flick through it. I leave.
Back at the office I’m asked how it went. I say it was great and that Yoko was lovely. I’m floating like a feather on the wind. A few days later, as I transcribe the interview I become aware that I’ve been Yoko-ed, I’ve fallen in with a 76 year old lady with a twinkling eye and incredible mind. And I know that you, like that guy form Liverpool, would have fallen in love with her too.
I re-cross Knightsbridge on winged feet. I met Yoko, and that means more to me than you can possibly imagine.
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