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This sturdy gem came to my attention after a rather interesting conversation with Ken Libbrecht, physicist at CalTech, regarding whether or not snowflakes had bubbles or merely dimples on the surface. It’s snowflakes like this that provide a clear answer to that in my eyes: they have both!
Ken is an amazing physicist and photographer who has published many books on the topic of snowflakes. His “Field Guide to Snowflakes” is one that I reference constantly. He was also kind enough to write the foreword to my own book Sky Crystals: www.skycrystals.ca/ . More importantly, it’s one of the few people I can have a detailed conversation about snowflake growth physics with. :) So when the topic of “bubbles vs. dimples” came up a few days ago, I knew I’d have some photographic evidence to share.
The areas around the center of the branches that appear to have harder contrasting edges are the edges of small dimples in the surface of the snowflake, and the areas that appear like brighter “blobs” are bubbles… but the two features are fascinatingly linked in ways I didn’t previously think about. It has always been my understanding the cavities / bubbles would grow from the center of a prism facet where there was much less air (here they are forming on the growing edge: donkom.ca/bts/DKP_4511.jpg ). I’ve noticed in many occasions that the cavities form closer to one edge than the other, like they do here… but if they form so close to the top surface they won’t be a bubble at all – they’d be a dimple. In fact, you can see one feature transforming into another in a number of places on this snowflake: donkom.ca/bts/DKP_4511-2.jpg
But silly me, I thought that these things form as the crystal goes outward and remain unchanged. Just as the circular patterns are caused by inward crystal growth, dimples can fill in too, making a snowflake either more solid or they can cover up their top, sealing off a bubble in the process! A snowflake is a very dynamic, constantly changing object and studying even the smallest details will forever be fascinating to me.
I should also mention one interesting fact about off-centered bubbles: I believe this is how the thin film interference effect is possible and able to create vibrant colours as a result. If the ice thickness above the bubble is just right, these colours can be generated… but if the distance is equal on either sides of the bubble, you’d get two sets of interference patterns overlapping and making things quite complicated and less vibrant. If the ice underneath the bubble is thicker, than we only get one optical interference effect happening at a time. Sadly, this snowflake is missing those effects, but I’m sure they’ll appear in the series again later on!
We sail within a vast sphere, ever drifting in uncertainty, driven from end to end.
Blaise Pascal.
Blaise Pascal (19 June 1623 – 19 August 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and Christian philosopher. He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a tax collector in Rouen. Pascal's earliest work was in the natural and applied sciences where he made important contributions to the study of fluids, and clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum by generalising the work of Evangelista Torricelli. Pascal also wrote in defence of the scientific method. Source Wikipedia.
granite corinthian columns
Sancta Sophia was designed by the Greek scientists: the physicist Isidore of Miletus and the matematician Anthemius of Tralles.
The architecture belongs to early Byzantine period, 330 - 730 AD.
It was during Emperor Justinian’s rule from 527 to 565 AD that Byzantine Art and architecture flowered. He instituted a building campaign primarily in Constantinople and later in Ravenna, Italy.
See further byzantine works HERE
For the last 49 years every first Saturday of April was dedicated to the Physicist's Day or FIDI (from Lithuanian Fiziko Diena) in Vilnius. It is the day of every physicist which is celebrated quite amusing. One of the most theatralic moments of this Day is a carnival, led by a huge mechanical Dinosaur crawling across city streets and culminating near the Faculty of Philology of Vilnius University. According to the legend, the Dinosaur ate one of the female philologists, so every spring the beast goes to apologise...
Allium - yep, seriously :)
And so the sliders slid...
The title comes from Genesis chapter 1 (verse 3). It's always appealed to the physicist in me. I have often wondered what it was like...
For Sliders Sunday and I have linked the in-camera original in the first comment as per usual. My intent was to go for stars and bright colours alluding to the magnificence (for me) of that creative instant...
Thanks for taking time to look. I hope you enjoy the image! Happy Sliders Sunday :)
[Lightroom: Contrast, Vibrance, Clarity, Saturation and Highlights/Shadows suitably mangled.
Into Topaz Studio and something strange happened. I'm not entirely sure what :)
It started in Glow (a Graphics preset in particular); then I remember an HSL layer to change the hue, lightness and saturation for specific colours (e.g. purples).
Then I think a Colour Theme layer to change two of the more pastel colourways in the result.
The edge effects were produced using a red Vignette, as well as an elliptical focal blur.
And I think that was it... ]
Part of "res noscenda note notiz sketch skizze material sammlung collection entwurf überlegung gedanke brainstorming musterbogen schnittmuster zwischenbilanz bestandsaufnahme rückschau vorschau" // Empty Padded ~ LeerGefüllt - Waiting Time at Work - Left handed drawings and writings on the empty left pages of my prompter`s book: Soufflierbuch "Die Physiker The physicists" (Friedrich Dürrenmatt) Seite 9 - 11
Murderer of Nurse Dorothea Moser: Physicist Alec Jasper Kilton, who pretends to be Herbert Georg Beutler who pretends to be Newton and pretends to be in reality Einstein. Because there is already another physicist at the sanatorium who pretends to be Einstein, he is disguesed as Newton and tells everyone that in reality he is Einstein. Each of the three physicists (Alec Jasper Kilton (Newton) Joseph Eisler (Einstein) Johann Wilhelm Möbius, who pretends that Salomo is appearing to him) mudered a nurse they are in love with and who is in love with them because these nurses discovered their secret. But also the doctor discovered their secret and uses it - but they don`t realize that.
Man kann sich nicht zurückziehen, abkapseln in einem Irrenhaus oder irgendeinem Elfenbeintürmchen, man ist und bleibt Teil der Welt solange man lebt. Man kann Menschen, die das Idyll der Abgeschiedenheit stören, rausschmeissen, verbannen, umbringen, es nützt nichts und rächt sich früher oder später. Man ist Teil der Welt und kann sich nicht vor der Verantwortung drücken. "der Welt abhanden gekommen" wie das in der Epoche der Romantik so in war, gibts nicht. Ist ein abschieben der Verantwortung.
DMC-GH3 - P1050770 - 2015-06-30
#kimono #schnittmuster #musterbogen #portrait #porträt #male #mann #red #rot #grey #gray #grau #alter #schwarz #black #magenta #blue #blau #szene #wood #holz #pattern #tongue #zunge #gedanke #überlegungen #narrenturm #gugelhupf #rosine #schaubild #szene #scene
my friend, Luis....such a quick study after only 1 year in the US. Looks like he's taking the enormity of it in. He wants to become a neurologist or a physicist.
The courtyard of the Church Santa Maria degli Angeli, Rome. The statue, Galileo, was designed by a Chinese nobel prize winner physicist..
Remark to me as prompter, befor the beginning of the rehearsal.
Regisseur: "pantomimische Fähigkeiten?"
Schauspieler: "zum Beispiel bei: Schwester Dorothea Moser. Wenn ich..., - da wo ich immer hänge. Sie macht nur so (macht mich nach) und ich weiß schon weiter. Sie macht das sehr gut."
Part of "res noscenda note notiz sketch skizze material sammlung collection entwurf überlegungen gedanke musterbogen" // Empty Padded ~ LeerGefüllt - Waiting Time at Work - Left handed drawings and writings on the empty left pages of my prompter`s book: Soufflierbuch "Die Physiker The physicists" (Friedrich Dürrenmatt) Seite: 34
DMC-GH3 - P1050993 - 2015-07-11
#morgen #juli #bunt #kimono #schnittmuster #musterbogen #portrait #porträt #blau #blue #yellow #gelb #red #rot #szene #dialog #pantomime #gesicht #face #pattern #gedanke #überlegungen #narrenturm #gugelhupf #rosine #schaubild #bilderzyklus #morgen #welt #world #entwurf #weave #weber #teppich #teppichweber #tapestry #tapisserie #kaleidoskop #szene #scene #dialog #kommunikation
Christiaan Huygens was a prominent Dutch mathematician, astronomer, physicist and horologist. His work included early telescopic studies elucidating the nature of the rings of Saturn and the discovery of its moon Titan, the invention of the pendulum clock and other investigations in timekeeping, and studies of both optics and the centrifugal force.
Huygens achieved note for his argument that light consists of waves, now known as the Huygens–Fresnel principle, which two centuries later became instrumental in the understanding of wave-particle duality. He generally receives credit for his discovery of the centrifugal force, the laws for collision of bodies, for his role in the development of modern calculus and his original observations on sound perception (see repetition pitch). Huygens is seen as the first theoretical physicist as he was the first to use formulae in physics.
Source: wikipedia
NASA image captured March 1, 2011
NASA space physicist James Spann sends this picture from Poker Flat, Alaska, where he is attending a scientific conference to study auroras.
A solar wind stream hit Earth's magnetic field during the early hours of March 1st. The impact sparked a polar geomagnetic storm that was, at first, minor, but the storm has been intensifying throughout the day. Spotters are now reporting auroras over Northern Ireland, Latvia, Norway, and Sweden. If the trend continues, high-latitude sky watchers will likely witness bright auroras after nightfall on March 1-2. Northern-tier US states such as Maine, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Washington could be favored with photographic and/or visual displays.
Caption by Dr. Tony Phillips
NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center
Photo credit: NASA/GSFC/James Spann
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center enables NASA’s mission through four scientific endeavors: Earth Science, Heliophysics, Solar System Exploration, and Astrophysics. Goddard plays a leading role in NASA’s accomplishments by contributing compelling scientific knowledge to advance the Agency’s mission.
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Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta (/ˈvoʊltə, ˈvɒltə/, Italian: [alesˈsandro ˈvɔlta]; 18 February 1745 – 5 March 1827) was an Italian physicist, chemist and lay Catholic who was a pioneer of electricity and power[2][3][4] who is credited as the inventor of the electric battery and the discoverer of methane. He invented the voltaic pile in 1799, and reported the results of his experiments in 1800 in a two-part letter to the President of the Royal Society.[5][6] With this invention Volta proved that electricity could be generated chemically and debunked the prevalent theory that electricity was generated solely by living beings. Volta's invention sparked a great amount of scientific excitement and led others to conduct similar experiments, which eventually led to the development of the field of electrochemistry.[6]
Volta also drew admiration from Napoleon Bonaparte for his invention, and was invited to the Institute of France to demonstrate his invention to the members of the institute. Volta enjoyed a certain amount of closeness with the emperor throughout his life and he was conferred numerous honours by him.[1] Volta held the chair of experimental physics at the University of Pavia for nearly 40 years and was widely idolised by his students.[1]
Despite his professional success, Volta tended to be a person inclined towards domestic life and this was more apparent in his later years. At this time he tended to live secluded from public life and more for the sake of his family until his eventual death in 1827 from a series of illnesses which began in 1823.[1] The SI unit of electric potential is named in his honour as the volt. ... -- WikiPedia
Look deep into nature, and then you will understand everything better.
~Albert Einstein, German-born 20th-century theoretical physicist
Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov (1891- 1951) was a Soviet physicist, the President of the USSR Academy of Sciences from July 1945 until his death. Novodevichy Cemetery, Moscow.
quote by Aristotle, Parts of Animals.
Greek critic, philosopher, physicist, & zoologist (384 BC - 322 BC)
Physicists say we are made of stardust. Intergalactic debris and far-flung atoms, shards of carbon nanomatter rounded up by gravity to circle the sun. As atoms pass through an eternal revolving door of possible form, energy and mass dance in fluid relationship.
Glenda Burgess - The Geography of Love
505 Fifth
Midtown Manhattan
May 2011
Day 9 of our "Travels with Jason".
Newton: "What happened?"
Moebius: "I strangled nurse Monika."
Newton: "Einstein is fiddling again; Kreisler "Love`s Sorrow".
Here Dora Schwarzberg plays Fritz Kreisler: "Liebesleid Love`s Sorrow" (youtube)
Part of the sets: "res noscenda note notiz sketch skizze material sammlung collection entwurf überlegung gedanke brainstorming musterbogen schnittmuster zwischenbilanz bestandsaufnahme rückschau vorschau" // Empty Padded ~ LeerGefüllt - Waiting Time at Work - Left handed drawings and writings on the empty left pages of my prompter`s book: Soufflierbuch "Die Physiker The physicists" (Friedrich Dürrenmatt) // Vienna: Secession, Fin de sieclé, Jugendstil, Art nouveau, Art deco - Wien um 1900 - Gustav Klimt Der Kuß The Kiss
Triptych:
DMC-GH3 - P1050792 - 2015-07-02
DMC-GH3 - P1050795 - 2015-07-02
DMC-GH3 - P1050794 - 2015-07-02
#portrait #porträt #male #mann #frau #woman #red #rot #grey #gray #grau #gold #schwarz #black #szene #wood #holz #pattern #musterbogen #schnittmuster #kimono #ornament #überlegungen #gedanken #zyklus #bilderzyklus #spiegel #mirror
Tomb of Ottoviano-Fabrizio Mossotti (1791-1863), exiled Italian physicist and later senator. The sculpture by Giovanni Dupree is a representation of astronomy.
Campsanto Monumentale, Pisa
Louis Ducos du Hauron (born December 8, 1837, Langon, France—died August 31, 1920, Agen) was a French physicist and inventor who in 1869 developed the trichrome process of color photography- essentially RGB- but this is beginnings of color.- Perhaps the last great non-photographic depictions of astronomic objects Etienne Trouvelot's huge format chromolithographic from his drawings one of which depicts a similar Lunar eclipse stage. Published in 1881 for observatory show and tell was near the end of artists impressions with photography in all its forms taking over. Ducos was way ahead of his time, in color and the lunar eclipse is a good opportunity to make a "period" piece from the original image.
This image was captured with a modern telescope and camera and then reworked with film simulation of Ducos color. Still a bit too much detail in the Moon and needs further revision to capture the intended era.
With spring a long way off here (so it seems) I went back to some of my older pics to see if there were any that I'd not posted to my original stream and that were worth posting. Found this (and a few others) from trips to Victoria BC. Our friends have the most incredibly beautiful gardens. This Clematis is just one very small example of the paradise they have created.
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"The ideals which have lighted my way, and time after time have given me new courage to face life cheerfully, have been Kindness, Beauty, and Truth." Albert Einstein, physicist, Nobel laureate (1879-1955)
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My original Flickr photo stream, Lynn E Leith (Lynn - off & on), is orphaned but contains many of my pics back to 2008.
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Many thanks for stopping by. I truly appreciate your visit and any comments or faves.
Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist. He developed the general theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics. Einstein's work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. Wikipedia
Born: 14 March 1879, Ulm, Germany
Died: 18 April 1955, Princeton, New Jersey, United States
Circles, canyons and caves! This tiny snowflake has many interesting features that we don’t see often, and understanding them makes this crystal even more beautiful. View large and read on!
Circles in the center of a snowflake aren’t that common but they are easily explained. The first time I saw them, I reached out to Ken Libbrecht, a physicist at CalTech who studies snowflakes professionally, and asked me to consider inward crystal growth. Essentially, a thinker outer edge can do two things: grow outward as a hexagon, maybe sprouting branches, but also grow inward as the thick edge can catch incoming water molecules on both sides. I wrote about this in a page of Sky Crystals if you’re curious: skycrystals.ca/pages/circles-in-the-snow.jpg - but this snowflake is probably the best example I have ever seen of circles in the snow.
The beauty continues when you understand how the bubbles often form in this particular snowflake. Many of them don’t start from the thin side which is much more common – these bubbles form from tiny canyons in the surface of the ice that transition into tiny caves. Here’s a close-up of this happening: skycrystals.ca/bts/DKP_3373.jpg
Essentially, some of the divots in the ice (the canyons) transition so deep that they end up getting covered by a top layer of ice and become a cave structure. It’s very interesting to see a pair of parallel canyons closer to the center, followed by a pair of complete bubbles in the same pattern just a little further away. We can even notice a “skylight”, where a hole to a cavity/cave/bubble is open at the top. I am unsure exactly why this transition happens. I understand how bubbles form in the middle, but why they do narrow depressions in the thickness of the snowflake from the top or bottom occur? I think I should ask the folks with a PhD in physics about this one. :)
While simplistic in its overall footprint, this snowflake packs a punch in the smallest details. Understanding why this snowflake is incredibly unique only adds to its beauty. It’s like someone dropped a pebble in a pond near the center, leading to intricate and ornate carvings as the branches start to form. I would have loved to see this snowflake grow full branches – who knows how mysterious they would be!
… and that reminds me of an idea. Speaking of studying snowflakes, Ken Libbrecht has been the only person I know if to actually grow snowflakes in a lab and shoot time-lapse video of their growth. I’m not if it’s a secret to how he does this, but a similar technique could potentially be applied to a freshly fallen snowflake such as this, to make branches grow from those little nubs at the corners. The engineering challenge here would be immense, but it’s a thought rattling around in my head.
If you’d like to know more about the science of snowflakes with an exhaustive and comprehensive tutorial on how to photograph and edit these little gems, check out my book Sky Crystals:
Hardcover: www.skycrystals.ca/book/
eBook: www.skycrystals.ca/ebook/
Other things you might be interested in:
2018 Ice Crystals Coin from the Royal Canadian Mint featuring my snowflakes: www.mint.ca/store/coins/coin-prod3040427
“The Snowflake” print, taking 2500 hours to create: skycrystals.ca/product/poster-proof/
Photo Geek Weekly, my new podcast: www.photogeekweekly.com/
Paris hier et aujourd’hui. Boulevard Arago. On the left is a statue of François Arago (1786 – 1853) who was a French mathematician, physicist, astronomer, freemason and politician. The statue was erected in 1893 and was destroyed during World War II, in 1942, to use the metal for the war effort. For almost 25 years I have passed this pedestal sans a statue. While I was doing some research on another subject I found this old photo of the original Arago statue and I was thrilled. I had never seen it and it completed my image with the pedestal. I thought this would be a good “Paris hier et aujourd’hui.” To write about how this pedestal has never had anything on it and every time I passed it I always wondered what the story was. To my surprise when I went to take a contemporary photo someone had erected a new statue. I haven’t a clue who it is and/or what it means. One never knows what one will find around here.
About the play by Friedrich Dürrenmatt: "Wikipedia English: "The Physicists"
Itzhak Perlman, Martha Argerich: Ludwig van Beethoven Kreutzer Sonate (youtube)
soft pastel, hard pastel, pastel pencil, black paper (45% cotton) 24x32cm
Part of: mask maske masque maschera persona // Secession, Fin de sieclé, Jugendstil, Art nouveau, Art deco - Wien um 1900 - Klimt - Loos "Ornament und Verbrechen" // "An Exercise: Fools Tower, One Thousand and One Sights ~ Narrenturm Tausendundeine Ansichten, eine Übung" I asked for learning - he does not find it worth the effort to answer
DMC-G2 - P1860390 - 2014-11-14
#kimono #musterbogen #schnittmuster
If the sofa's good enough for Charlie the cat, it's good enough for me.
Re-reading for the umpteenth time, a book about my greatest hero physicist, Richard Feynman
Mathematician Mark Kac said:
"There are two kinds of geniuses, the "ordinary" and the "magicians". An ordinary genius is a fellow you and I would be just as good as, if we were only many times better. There is no mystery as to how his mind works. Once we understand what they have done, we feel that we too, could have done it.
It is different with the magicians.They are, to use mathematical jargon, in the orthogonal complement of where we are and the working of their minds is for all intents and purposes incomprehensible. Even when we understand what they have done, the process by which they have done it is completely dark. They seldom, if ever, have students because they cannot be emulated and it must be terribly frustrating for a brilliant young mind to cope with the mysterious ways in which the magician's mind works. Richard Feynman is a magician of the highest calibre."
My father has been diagnosed with late to end stage Parkinsons disease.
...I love him so much.
He´s taught me everything, I'm fortunate to have him in my life.
Probably the first LEGO aircraft I was really fascinated with. Everyone who follows me knows I like the camo. :) But Mad Physicists' camo scheme on the 219 really caught my eye! I started this several months ago and actually forgot about it. I was researching a Messerschmitt Bf 110 and accidentally "re-found" MP's 219. So I went back and finished it. :) I was mainly going for the "look" of his plane. I know my internals are probably different from his. It turned out not quite as nice looking as his, but it looks cool rendered. I added PA's Ketten as the aircraft tow for the lil scene.
Credit for the 219 goes to Mad Physicist
Credit for the Ketten goes to PA
“Vanity is so secure in the heart of man that everyone wants to be admired: even I who write this, and you who read this.”
(Blaise Pascal - French Mathematician, Philosopher and Physicist, 1623-1662)
This image was shot at Scindia Ghat along river Ganga in Varanasi (Benaras).
This young man was striking several poses in order to catch my attention so I could take a few snaps of him but I was pretending not to see him as I am mostly working on natural poses.
It was a Sunday afternoon before sunset and he came there to wash his laundry, his attitude was amazing, full of narcissism, each of his gesture was carrying vanity and pride...
After a while I couldn't help laughing and I took a few pictures, in fact he knew that I was leaving the akhara nearby where I often take pictures of the pehlwani (wrestlers).
The pillar on the left belongs to the remains of a massive palace which used to stand on Scindhia ghat.
The entire structure has sunk several feet into the earth since its erection and is still gradually and slowly sinking.
Sometimes in the winter when the holy waters of the Ganges come very low it is possible to see it otherwise most of the time it stays underwater.
Join the photographer at www.facebook.com/laurent.goldstein.photography
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Please do not use any photographs without permission (even for private use).
The use of any work without consent of the artist is PROHIBITED and will lead automatically to consequences.
Firestorm is a nuclear-powered super-hero with the ability to transmute elements. The Firestorm Matrix is a composite of multiple people bonded together, originally high school student Ronnie Raymond controlling the body and nuclear physicist Professor Martin Stein giving direction as an additional consciousness. Mikhail Arkadin became a later Firestorm, Stein took control at one point, and Lorraine Reilly was also part of the matrix for a period.
Jason Rusch takes over the identity after the death of Raymond during Identity Crisis, and goes through several partners including Mick Wong and his girlfriend Gehenna.
In an interview Gerry Conway discussed his reasoning and influences while creating the character "I always loved the idea of the hair on fire, I think it goes back to Johnny Storm, The Human Torch, an entire flaming character, of course."
Conway further elaborated, "I’d been playing around with the idea of a teenage superhero for DC, who could sort of fill the hole that had been left in my heart by leaving Spider-Man behind. I’d been thinking about the tropes — one of which was the meek, mild alter ego, the brainy kid who, in wish fulfillment, gets superpowers, is extremely powerful… able to do things that he hadn’t been able to do before. That was, I think, the major motivating force—I wanted to play on that trope.
To do that, I wanted to flip it around: create a guy who wasn’t the brightest guy in the room, the not-terribly-smart guy who became a superpowered character. The way I’d make that work: I’d bring him into contact with the smarter person, who would also share the powers. This led to… the multiple-people-in-one, Professor Stein/ Ronnie Raymond dynamic."
Jack Kirby's 1971 design for Lightray's costume influenced the look of artist Al Milgrom's creation of Firestorm in 1978. In an interview from 2019, Milgrom admitted: "The facemask on Firestorm, the way it comes around the chin, was probably inspired by Lightray more than anything... I liked the [Lightray] head-covering thing; I said, "I'm stealin' it!"
Aliases
Ronnie Raymond / Martin Stein
The original Firestorm was distinguished by his integrated dual identity. High school student Ronnie Raymond and Nobel Prize-winning physicist Martin Stein were caught in an accident that allowed them to fuse into Firestorm the Nuclear Man.
Due to Stein being unconscious during the accident, Raymond was prominently in command of the Firestorm form with Stein a voice of reason inside his mind, able to offer Raymond advice on how to use their powers without actually having any control over their dual form.
Banter between the two was a hallmark of their adventures. Stein was initially completely unaware of their dual identity, leaving him concerned about his unusual disappearances and blackouts, but Ronnie was eventually able to convince him of the truth, allowing them to bond as separate individuals rather than as parts of a whole.
Ronnie Raymond / Martin Stein / Mikhail Arkadin
When Conway left the series in 1986, John Ostrander (with artist Joe Brozowski) began writing the Firestorm stories. His first major story arc pitted Firestorm against the world as the hero, acting on a suggestion from a terminally ill Professor Stein, demanded that the United States and the Soviet Union destroy all of their nuclear weapons.
After confrontations with the Justice League and most of his enemies, Firestorm faced the Russian nuclear superhero Pozhar in the Nevada desert, where an atomic bomb was dropped on them. A new Firestorm resulted, a fusion of the two heroes: this new Firestorm was composed of Ronnie Raymond and the Russian Mikhail Arkadin but controlled by the disembodied amnesiac mind of Martin Stein.
Fire Elemental
The Firestorm with Arkadin proved to be a transitional phase, as in 1989 Ostrander fundamentally changed the character of Firestorm by revealing that Firestorm was a "Fire Elemental".
Firestorm now became something of an environmental crusader, formed from Ronnie Raymond, Mikhail Arkadin, and Svarozhich, a Soviet clone of the previous Firestorm, but with a new mind. Professor Stein, no longer part of the composite at all, continued to play a role, but the focus was on this radically different character.
New artist Tom Mandrake would create a new look to match. It was during this phase that Firestorm met and befriended Sango and the Orishas, the elemental gods of Nigeria. He also met their chief deity and Sango's older brother Obatala, Lord of the White Cloth.
By the series' 100th issue, Stein learned that he was destined to be the true Fire Elemental and would have been being it not for Raymond also being there by circumstance. Raymond and Arkadin were returned to their old lives, and Stein as Firestorm was accidentally exiled to deep space in the process of saving the Earth. He thereafter spent many years traveling through space as a wanderer, returning to Earth only rarely.
After the transition to the elemental Firestorm, all of the main characters from the series vanished from the comics for some time after the cancellation of the Firestorm comic in 1990.
Raymond eventually returned in the pages of Extreme Justice.
Raymond, at the time undergoing treatment for leukemia, regained his original powers after a chemotherapy session. It took the combined might of the Justice League led by Captain Atom, and the returned elemental Firestorm, to restore Ronnie's health. Firestorm began to appear regularly in a number of DC titles, though lacking the guidance and knowledge necessary to use his skills wisely.
Firestorm was drafted by Batman into a "replacement" Justice League that was commissioned in case something befell the original team (in this case, being stranded in the distant past in "The Obsidian Age" storyline).
After the original team returned, Firestorm stayed on as a reserve member and participated in events such as a team-up with the Justice Society of America (in JLA/JSA: Virtue and Vice) and the intercompany crossover JLA/Avengers. He was also briefly a member of the Power Company.
Jason Rusch
In 2004, DC revived the Firestorm comic for the second time, with writer Dan Jolley and artist Chris Cross, but instead of the original Firestorm, Ronnie Raymond, there was a new protagonist; the teenager Jason Rusch.
Jason was a 17-year-old living in Detroit who wanted nothing more than to escape his home city. He lived with his father, who had turned abusive after he lost his hand in an industrial accident. His mother left the family sometime after the accident.
With the loss of a job he needed for college tuition, Jason turned to a local thug for money, accepting a job as a courier. It was on that job that he encountered the Firestorm Matrix, searching for a new host after Ronnie Raymond's death. In the aftermath, Jason struggled to cope with his new identity and powers—a struggle that led to the death of the man who had hired him.
Jason Rusch / Martin Stein
In the 2006 miniseries Infinite Crisis, it was revealed that Martin Stein, alive in space as the "Elemental Firestorm", had sensed the presence of Jason Rusch within the Firestorm Matrix, but was unaware of Ronnie Raymond's death. When Jason, as Firestorm, was gravely wounded in the line of duty, Stein linked with him in a variation of the merge, promising Jason a new Firestorm body to let him return into battle (although Martin had been unable to save Mick) and asking him about Ronnie's fate.
Accepting Martin's proposal, Jason asked Stein to become the permanent second member of the Firestorm Matrix. Sensing his "errors" (including Mick's death) were the result of his youth and lack of experience, he sought the experience and maturity of Stein. Stein refused at first, but later accepted Jason's request, thus ensuring both a new Firestorm body and the reconstruction of human bodies for both Rusch and Stein.
It was revealed in Infinite Crisis that if the Multiverse had survived up to the present, Jason would have been a native of Earth-Eight.
Jason Rusch / Firehawk
As the storyline jumped ahead one year (and the series itself was now re-titled as Firestorm the Nuclear Man from issue #23 on), Professor Stein has mysteriously vanished, and Jason Rusch has been merging with Firehawk to become Firestorm, allowing him to use her powers as well.
The two decided to look for Stein together. Stein had been kidnapped and tortured by the Pupil, a former teaching assistant of Stein's. Flanked by the D.O.L.L.I.s, a group of cyborg soldiers of limited cognitive ability, the Pupil (formerly known as Adrian Burroughs) questioned the nearly dead Stein about the secrets of the universe.
Jason and Lorraine, along with the mysterious teleporter Gehenna, freed the captured Stein and restored him to full health. Jason is a college freshman at New York City's Columbus University and seems to have ties with Dani Sharpe, a member of the senior staff at LexCorp.
The Firestorm team of Jason and Firehawk made several appearances across the DC Comics Universe before the search for Martin Stein ended. This included dealing with the latest OMAC and teaming up with Superman in the "Back in Action" story arc in Action Comics.
Firehawk later introduced Jason to Pozhar, a Russian superhero who was once a part of the Firestorm Matrix; together, the trio takes on a newly reborn Tokamak. This series ended with Firestorm the Nuclear Man #35 (April 2007).
Jason Rusch / Ronnie Raymond
In the 2009–2010 Blackest Night miniseries, Ronnie Raymond is called by a black power ring to join the Black Lantern Corps. Like other Black Lanterns, the undead Firestorm mimics the personality of Ronnie Raymond, often wisecracking and exhibiting other stereotypical teenage behavior.
In the 2010–2011 Brightest Day miniseries, Ronnie Raymond arrives at Jason Rusch's apartment with Professor Stein and Ray Palmer to attend Gehenna's funeral.
When Ronnie is actually unable to remember Gehenna's name, Jason angrily lashes out and punches him in the face. This causes the two young men to merge into Firestorm, and they begin arguing inside the Matrix.
Palmer manages to separate Jason and Ronnie, but not before the Firestorm matrix causes a huge explosion. It is revealed that Deathstorm intends to create enough emotional instability between Ronnie and Jason that the Matrix will trigger another Big Bang, thereby destroying all life in the universe. Ronnie and Jason must find a way to contain their Firestorm matrix from the explosion in less than 90 days.
After the events of the 2011 Flashpoint storyline, The New 52 reality altered Firestorm's personal history to the point of it being completely restarted. Ronnie Raymond is now introduced as a high school senior and the captain of the football team. During a terrorist attack on their school, classmate Jason Rusch produces a vial given to him by Professor Stein, which contains the "God Particle", one of Stein's creations.
The God Particle transforms both Jason and Ronnie into Firestorm, and the two teens briefly battle each other before accidentally merging into a hulking creature known as the Fury.
Sharing the identity of Firestorm, with Ronnie being the brawn and Jason being the brains, Firestorm is considered for recruitment into the Justice League along with several other heroes.
DC Rebirth
In the Watchmen sequel Doomsday Clock, Firestorm becomes a subject of controversy after claims arise stating that he was created by the American government. Firestorm profanely denounces the "Superman Theory" and insults his Russian counterpart Pozhar, much to the dismay of Martin Stein.
Firestorm subsequently becomes embroiled in a fight with several Russian superheroes before appearing to inadvertently turn a crowd of civilian protesters into a glass (a feat previously deemed beyond his capabilities). Firestorm flees with the body of an affected child and is found in hiding at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine by Superman.
With Superman's encouragement, Firestorm returns the child to normal. Firestorm and Superman return to the affected crowd and are engaged by the Russian military. The area then becomes engulfed in an explosion of blue light. Subsequent discoveries reveal that the 'Superman Theory' is actually partially correct, as Stein deliberately engineered the creation of Firestorm to make himself a superhuman, even if Raymond genuinely had no idea of this until recently.
Powers and abilities
Firestorm has the ability to rearrange molecular or particle structures of any substance into most anything else, creating different atomic structures of equal mass. He can transmute the basic composition of an object (e.g., transmuting lead into gold) and can also change its shape or form at will. Much like Green Lantern's limitations, Firestorm can only create items whose workings are understood by the "driver" of the Firestorm Matrix, through he can make more complex sentient constructs out of the Matrix's energies. Unlike Green Lantern's creations, Firestorm's alterations are permanent unless he reverses them.
Initially, he could not affect organic matter without painful, even lethal, feedback (i.e., fatal biophysical disruption or even localized particle motion phenomena like extreme changes in the weather). It was later revealed that Firestorm could always change organic matter, but opted not to. As Jason Rusch became Firestorm, however, this weakness appeared to have dissipated. With old and new variations, the organic limitation does not extend to his own person, as its users can molecularly change their driver self at will, allowing them to regenerate lost or damaged bodily tissue, boost immune systems, shape-shift, increase physical capabilities and survive indefinitely without food, sleep, water or air.
Capacities as such produce superhuman levels of strength, durability, stamina and resistance to injury great enough to challenge the New Gods—the likes of Orion, Lashina, or an empowered Kalibak—or surviving the rigors of outer space and sitting near the inner corona above the sun's photosphere without discomfort.
Firestorm's power has been stated by Prof. Stein to be theoretically infinite, harnessing the spark of creation, the Big Bang itself. However, infinite power runs the risk of burning out its host.
While the Firestorm Matrix can be utilized by a singular host driver—as was the case with Ronnie, Stein, and Rusch—it is not recommended. The Matrix functions best with two people, a pilot and secondary, to comprehend and master it. Martin instructed Rusch on how to study current and potential powers available to them within the Matrix and to manually adjust them on the fly at a later date. Its main source of energy stemmed from the ambient stellar energies of native stars and suns but could also use its co-pilot as a power source, though they will burn out over time and genetically disintegrate if not properly adjusted to its power.
The merging aspect of the Matrix can enable outside fusions which assimilate any inherent abilities these others might possess. However, this can diminish its effectiveness and stability. Rusch has shown he can spontaneously warp himself and others he had previously merged with to his specific location, triggering the neural pathway connection and allowing the gestalt to access each other's knowledge and memories to better utilize Firestorm's capabilities.
Users of the Firestorm Matrix can access a type of ancestral memory from the continuum of past Matrix users, allowing them to access the latest knowledge of the atoms comprising it. This also translates into a form of time-space sight in which the Matrix user can glimpse the past, present, future, and alternate lives of every other Firestorm throughout reality using a collective of subatomic wormholes which exist as a part of the Matrix. This power is too complex to properly control; thus, it has been highly unreliable as an ability.
The driver can fly at supersonic speeds in an atmosphere and reach escape velocities. The driver can also adjust the driver's body's size or pull and enlarge others from the subatomic universe at will, Rusch having once dragged Ray Palmer from his microscopic size to the natural world while on Apokolips. Manipulation of the self at the subatomic level allows the driver to become intangible and pass through solid objects. This allowed Rusch to communicate with John Stewart and sift through his mind telepathically after he had been taken over by the void beast. Firestorm is also adept at absorbing and redistributing radiation or energy both harmlessly and productively (such as in Green Lantern: Circle of Fire #7, having both absorbed Zeta Radiation from Adam Strange's body and repurposed it to turn a universe-destroying quasar back onto itself and absorb the fallout from a massive nuclear detonation).) He can generate destructive or concussive blasts of nuclear energy, through which he can also channel his transmogrification powers.
While the Matrix grants the fusers unique powers, it can also accidentally bestow them on individuals caught in the Matrix by mistake. One example is Nanette Phaedon, wife of the late Allen Phaedon, who gained the ability to change her quantum state for size-shifting and flight by her own will. Following Raymond's resurrection during Brightest Day, Firestorm gained the ability to switch "drivers" between Ronnie and Jason at will; before that, only the active driver was in control, with the dormant consciousness only able to advise the other on what action to take. One of the faults of a Firestorm fusion is that the stronger psyche will have dominance of the Matrix's power, such as when Jason fused with Luis Salvador who overpowered him from the passenger seat of the Matrix.
During The New 52, the Firestorm Matrix could be shared through multiple users at a time. Users could fuse and become stronger, but more unstable. The entity formed between Ronnie and Jason when using the Matrix in tandem created a nuclear being called "the Fury". It was also shown that The Matrix shares a kinship to the Quantum Field in some way, enabling Firestorm users to derive its power for subatomic transmutation and manipulation. Some believe it is key to the fabled God particle theory. Its merging properties can place a large burden on the user; Firestorm runs the risk of reaching critical mass and detonating. At worst, the fusion of too many users in the Matrix could trigger a second Big Bang.
⚡ Happy 🎯 Heroclix 💫 Friday! 👽
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A year of the shows and performers of the Bijou Planks Theater.
Secret Identities:
Ronald Roy "Ronnie" Raymond
Dr. Martin Stein
Dr. Mikhail Denisovitch Arkadin
Jason Thomas Rusch
Publisher: DC
First appearance: Firestorm the Nuclear Man #1 (March 1978)
Created by: Gerry Conway (Writer)
Al Milgrom (Artist)
" All theory, dear friend, is gray, but the golden tree of life springs ever green. "
..........Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ... ( 1749 - 1832 ).
.....German writer, physicist.
In 1932 the physicists John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton, at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, devised a technique for bombarding atomic nuclei with protons (hydrogen nuclei) that had been accelerated in a powerful electric field. The aim of these attempts to 'split the atom' was to explore the basic composition of matter.
Scientists had been theorising for some time about what atoms were like and how they behaved. The Swiss, Heinrich Greinacher, published a paper in 1921 on how such an experiment might work in practice - Cockcroft and Walton were the first to conduct those experiments successfully.
Experiments to investigate atoms and sub-atomic particles required huge pieces of apparatus to generate the high voltages needed. The growth of this experimental apparatus started in 1930, when Cockcroft and Walton developed a voltage-multiplying circuit that used capacitors (components used to store energy) to produce high voltage direct current (DC) from a much lower alternating current (AC). They erected a column of rectifier diodes (which allow the electrical current to move forwards but prevent it from moving back again) and capacitors to produce a DC voltage four times greater than the AC voltage.
These experiments showed that the atomic nucleus was not an indivisible and basic unit, but had its own internal structure. This included the newly-revealed sub-atomic particles which were 'broken out' of the nucleus by these experiments. This growing understanding of atomic structure and of atomic disintegration led during the 1930s directly to ideas for atomic power and the atomic bomb.
The machine shown here is the cascade generator, built by Philips of Eindhoven in 1937, and installed in the Cavendish Laboratory. It was designed to produce the-then high voltage (up to 1.25 million volts) required to accelerate the particles.
During the Second World War the machine was used to investigate the properties of uranium and plutonium as a contribution to the Manhattan Project which manufactured the first atomic bombs. It was succeeded by a more efficient American-designed cyclotron, which itself was obsolescent by the end of the war.
Cockcroft and Walton were recognised for their pioneering work in this field in 1951 when they won the Nobel Prize for Physics. Much-refined (and miniaturised) Cockcroft-Walton circuits are still used in particle accelerators. They also are used in everyday electronic devices that require high voltages, such as X-ray machines, cathode-ray tube television sets, microwave ovens and photocopiers.
The Science Museum in South Kensington, London, acquired the Cockcroft-Walton Voltage Multiplier in 1982.
This is a clearer version of a colour image I posted a number of years ago.
Thanks to close-up images of the Sun obtained during Solar Orbiter’s perihelion passage of October 2022, solar physicists have seen how fleeting magnetic fields at the solar surface build up into the solar atmosphere.
The outer solar atmosphere is known as the solar corona. It is termed ‘quiet’ when there is little appreciable solar activity such as flares or coronal mass ejections. How the quiet corona reaches a temperature of a million °C when the surface is just at ~6000 °C is a long-running mystery.
Although the action of magnetic fields has long been suspected, the nature of the magnetic processes responsible has never been fully understood. These new images of the quiet Sun show how loops of million-degree gas – which form the building blocks of the solar corona – are associated with fleeting 100-km-sized magnetic field patches on the solar surface.
The images show the view from two of Solar Orbiter’s instruments. The yellow image was taken by the Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) and shows clearly the arch-like hot loops of plasma that reach up into the solar corona.
The coronal loops are apparently linked to scattered concentrations of the small-scale magnetic field concentrations on the surface, often with mixed-polarity configuration. This complex arrangement and the temporal evolution of these small magnetic field patches play a role in the building of the million-degree corona.
These observations capture surface magnetic structures and coronal features at almost the same high spatial resolution of ~200 km, allowing the data from the two instruments to be closely compared. With these unique data, solar physicists now have a window to investigate the role of the small-scale magnetic fields in the building of solar corona.
Like the perihelion pass that gave these results, Solar Orbiter is currently preparing for another close pass of the Sun on 7 October 2023. On that day, the spacecraft will get as close as 43 million km to the Sun – i.e., closer to the Sun than the innermost planet Mercury. This allows Solar Orbiter to view the Sun in precise detail, revealing the previously unseen small-scale processes that appear to drive so much of the Sun’s hot atmosphere. This allows Solar Orbiter to view the Sun in precise detail, revealing the previously unseen small-scale processes that appear to drive so much of the Sun’s hot atmosphere.
Solar Orbiter is a space mission of international collaboration between ESA and NASA, operated by ESA. This new result is reported in the paper 'Fleeting small-scale surface magnetic fields build the quiet-Sun corona' by L. P. Chitta et al, published in Astrophysical Journal Letters 5 October 2023.
Credits: ESA & NASA/Solar Orbiter/ EUI team
The famous photo showing Einstein with tongue out: "Einsteins Zunge"
Nach dem Mord an der zweiten Schwester im psychiatrischen Sanatorium:
Inspektor: "Der Mörder?"
Oberschwester: "Bitte Herr Inspektor - der arme Mensch ist doch krank"
Inspektor: Also gut: Der Täter?"
Oberschwester: "Ernst Heinrich Ernesti. Wir nennen ihn Einstein"
Inspektor: "Warum?"
Oberschwester: "Weil er sich für Einstein hält"
Part of "res noscenda note notiz sketch skizze material sammlung collection entwurf überlegung gedanke brainstorming musterbogen schnittmuster zwischenbilanz bestandsaufnahme rückschau vorschau" // Empty Padded ~ LeerGefüllt - Waiting Time at Work - Left handed drawings and writings on the empty left pages of my prompter`s book: Soufflierbuch "Die Physiker The physicists" (Friedrich Dürrenmatt) Seite 6
DMC-GH3 - P1050761 - 2015-06-28 panasonic lumix
#zunge #professor #einstein #tongue #thema #themenkreis #work #arbeit #handwerk #theater #theatre #probe #rehearsal #performance #improvisation #fermate #entwurf #face #gesicht #portrait #porträt #abstrakt #körper #body #schriftbild #schaubild #schnittmuster #maske #mask #narrenturm #blue #blau #brille #glasses #red #rot #maigrün #szene
Albert Einstein:
"Only the stupid need organization, the genius controls the chaos"
"Ordnung braucht nur der Dumme, das Genie beherrscht das Chaos"
The 6 drawings from my prompter`s book merged into one drawing with white transfer paper. Mit weißem Durchschlagpapier alle 6 Zeichnungen auf ein Blatt transferiert.
Albert Einstein was a passionate violin player. He played Mozart sonatas together with Queen Elisabeth of Belgium.
Anecdote: While playing with Fritz Kreisler they went out of sync. Kreisler turned to Einstein: "What`s the matter, professor? Can´t you count?".
So the actor who plays the physicist Georg Eisler, who works for secret service and personates as Ernst Heinrich Ernesti who pretends that he thinks that he is Einstein, has a violin on stage.
Albert Einstein war ein passionierter Geigenspieler. Er spielte Mozarts Violinsonaten mit Königin Elisabeth von Belgien.
Anekdote: Als er mit Fritz Kreisler spielte gerieten sie aus dem Takt. Eisler zu Einstein: "Was ist los, Professor? Können sie nicht zählen?"
Daher hat der Schauspieler, der den Physiker Georg Eisler spielt, der für den Geheimdienst arbeitet und sich als Ernst Heinrich Ernesti ausgibt, der vorgibt sich für Albert Einstein zu halten, eine Geige auf der Bühne.
Part of: Putting on Paper ~ zu Papier bringen
Diptych:
DMC-G2 - P1860548 - 2014-11-20
DMC-G2 - P1860550 - 2014-11-20
I was in Rome for a workshop, ending just at sunset time - so I brought with me my photographic gear, hoping to have a chance to take some good capture before rushing to the railway station to take my train home (incidentally, it has been quite a busy day - got up at 5 am and back home at 11 pm).
Theoretical physicists and mathematicians often think that beauty is truth. Here I want to suggest that truth is beauty - at the very least for the mere fact that, after all, it is true. Possibly they may be just two sides of the same coin :-)
This is a partial view of the Square of the Bocca della Verità (= Mouth of Truth) at sunset. Beyond the trees the Tiber flows, bathed in golden light. In the square the street lamps are still off, but the shades of the evening are already gathering. On the right you can see the round, graceful architecture of the Temple of Hercules Victor, 2. century B.C.; a bit on the left there is the Fountain of the Tritons, completed in 1715 by Carlo Francesco Bizzaccheri.
Above the timeless relics of the story of Rome hangs the timeless beauty of a glorious sunset - courtesy of God, who alone knows what really truth and beauty are.
I have blended four HDR images derived from a 3-bracketing, -1.67 ev/0/+1.67 ev, generated and tonemapped with Luminance HDR 2.4.0 (Mantiuk06, Durand, Reinhard05, and Pattanaik operators; from the Pattanaik and Reinhard05 images I have taken only the sky, greatly contributing to the realistic rendering of that dramatic sunset).
Luminance HDR 2.4.0 tonemapping parameters:
Operator: Mantiuk06
Contrast Mapping factor: 0.30
Saturation Factor: 0.73
Detail Factor: 2.2
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PreGamma: 0.58
Operator: Durand
Base contrast: 4.2
Spatial kernel sigma: 92
Range kernel sigma: 0.51
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PreGamma: 0.67
Operator: Reinhard05
Brightness: -3.4
Chromatic adaptation: 0.30
Light adaptation: 0.17
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PreGamma: 1.00
Operator: Pattanaik
Multiplier: 515.23
Auto cones/rods
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PreGamma: 1.00
This image of John Tyndall has so much information contained within regarding sartorial, tonsorial and “barborial”, all denoting the fashions of a time! Who was John Tyndall? Did he write songs as well, or was he a wielder of the sword rather than the pen?
+++ UPDATE +++
Turns out he was more of a wielder of the mind, rather than sword or pen. There was some initial argument as to whether this was, in fact, John Tyndall – based on hair parting, facial features, facial hair, apparent age in various portraits, and the name J. Glastrich on the carte-de-visite itself. However, the consensus is that this is indeed physicist John Tyndall, professor of physics at London’s Royal Institution from 1853 to 1887. He was a very interesting fellow.
Domhnall Sioradáin provided us with a succinct biography:
Tyndall, from Leighlinbridge, Carlow, is remembered in Cork, in the Tyndall National Institute. He left Carlow at 18 to work for the Ordnance Survey around Munster, before moving to Preston. He is noted for his explanation of why the sky is blue (Rayleigh scattering), heat absorption by CO2 in the atmosphere, and the measurement of aerosols by scattering (Tyndall effect).
Photographers: Millard and Robinson
Collection: Invincibles cartes de visite Photographic Collection
Date: Around 1850?!
NLI Ref: NPA INV1
You can also view this image, and many thousands of others, on the NLI’s catalogue at catalogue.nli.ie
When I examine myself and my methods of thought, I come to the conclusion that the gift of fantasy has meant more to me than any talent for abstract, positive thinking.
Albert Einstein
US (German-born) physicist (1879 - 1955)
Model is wearing a dress designed by Shaima
Model : Lena
Some theoretical astronomers and physicists have postulated that there are multiple universes.
Proving this theory is another thing, however. That is until now.
Amateur theoretician, Scott Holcomb, has created a method to look outside our universe for the first time using a combination of technologies that shall remain secret for the time being. After peer review and consultation with government regulators I hope to reveal to the world my methodology (as soon as I am released from the Institute for the Deranged).
This photo was taken by a Zenza Bronica S2 medium format film camera with a Nikkor-H 1:3.5 f=5 cm lens and Zenza Bronica 82mm L-1A filter using Kodak Portra 160 film, the negative scanned by an Epson Perfection V600 and digitally rendered with Photoshop.
James G. Van Allen (1914–2006) was a pioneering American space physicist at the University of Iowa, widely regarded as the "Father of Space Science". He is best known for his pivotal role in the discovery of the radiation belts circling Earth, which are now named the Van Allen radiation belts in his honor.
The Photo: 1970's - James Van Allen near the North Liberty Radio Observatory telescope which was used to track early University of Iowa spacecraft and to receive data transmissions from satellites.
The Letter: The handwritten note confirms his service, stating, "I am also a WWII veteran, having served for 17 months as a naval officer in the South Pacific 1942-43 and 1944". The letter is dated January 27, 1997.
Profession: Van Allen was a pioneer in space science and head of the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Iowa for decades.
Major Contributions: Using instruments aboard the first successful American satellite, Explorer 1, launched in 1958, and subsequent probes like Explorer 3 and Pioneer 3, he discovered the existence of two (and sometimes more) doughnut-shaped belts of energetic charged particles trapped by Earth's magnetic field.
Legacy: His discovery initiated the field of magnetospheric physics and was a critical step for planning safe crewed space exploration. He was also instrumental in developing scientific instruments for numerous planetary missions, including the first flights to Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.
Key Contributions and Career - Discovery of the Van Allen Belts: Using instruments he designed (including a Geiger counter) aboard the first successful U.S. artificial satellite, Explorer 1, in 1958, Van Allen's team detected zones of intense charged particle radiation trapped by Earth's magnetic field. This groundbreaking discovery initiated the field of magnetospheric physics.
Early Rocketry: Van Allen was instrumental in developing early methods for high-altitude research, including the "Rockoon" system, which involved launching sounding rockets from high-altitude balloons to carry scientific instruments above most of the atmosphere.
Planetary Exploration: Throughout his career, he provided particle detectors for 24 space missions, including the first flights to Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Data from his instruments on Pioneer 10 and 11 provided the first evidence of intense radiation belts and large magnetospheres around Jupiter and Saturn.
Education and Legacy: Van Allen spent the majority of his career as a professor and chairman of the physics department at the University of Iowa, where he involved numerous students in his research, educating an entire generation of space scientists.
Honors and Recognition:
He received numerous prestigious awards for his work, including:
The National Medal of Science (1987)
The Crafoord Prize (1989)
NASA's Lifetime Achievement Award (1994)
The Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1978)
His work fundamentally advanced humanity's understanding of the space environment and laid a critical path for future space exploration.
James G. Van Allen was a decorated U.S. Navy veteran of World War II. He was commissioned as a Lieutenant in November 1942 and served for 16 months in the Pacific Fleet.
His military service was closely tied to his scientific expertise:
Development of the Proximity Fuze: Before active duty, he worked at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) on developing a crucial, top-secret radio proximity fuze for anti-aircraft shells, which dramatically improved their accuracy.
Combat Service: He then volunteered for active sea duty, serving as an ordnance and gunnery specialist and combat observer on several destroyers and the battleship USS Washington.
Decorations: For his actions and contributions in the Pacific, particularly during the Battle of the Philippine Sea, he was awarded four battle stars and eventually promoted to Lieutenant Commander. Van Allen himself later described his naval service as "far and away, the most broadening experience of my lifetime".
LINK to video - 1950s Dr. James Van Allen Interviewed - www.youtube.com/watch?v=St4W3RBK1Wo
LINK to video - James Van Allen: Flights of Discovery - www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fij6E1ZdAKs
The Italian physicist Galileo Galilei is credited with being the first to measure speed by considering the distance covered and the time it takes.
In mathematical terms, the speed v is defined as the magnitude of the velocity v, that is, the derivative of the position r with respect to time:
'Every Thing Is Different'
Speak only ten minutes with a quantum physicist and you know that you know nothing.
Where you are and also where you go, is that what you see is not what you think it said. The reality that you believe in is just to see what you can. Nothing is what you think it is, nothing is firm yet everything seems to be real, if we focus our attention on it. All that is left is to pretend as if our reality, the absolute, as we did not know that we do not know. Maybe we look at the big, cracked hologram and it may eventually prove to someone that things will still be there, if we just do not focus our attention on it. Say once a few minutes with a quantum physicist..
.. but until he comes and has something new to report, I enjoy this beautiful work of electrons, quarks, baryons as it is and as I particularly like. - Do you also what you see?
Make fantastic pictures! Listen: David Gilmour - Wish you were here ;-)
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