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A characteristic purple color of biuret test, produced by adding a drop or 2 of copper sulfate solution to biuret in caustic soda solution. Biuret is formed when urea is gently heated in which ammonia is also evolved. This color test confirms the presence of a peptide link, -CO-NH-.
It's often stated by people that there's an area of the physique that stubbornly keeps body fat. Probably the most challenging locations remaining tummies, upper thighs and chins. There is not numerous workouts intended for the face’s excess fat however. Being active is definitely the perfect solution for many parts of the body so long as there's a excellent availability of blood vessels.
The region underneath the face however, retains what is called submental body fat. In Contrast To other forms Most negative thing it can do is make us appear more mature by covering up a strong jaw outline. When the head bends forwards this body fat folds into a clear fatty chin area. Significantly more serious body fat, however, is always that referred to as cellulite having its hollows and bumps.
The areas of the body vulnerable to this are upper thighs, backsides and arms. We realize ninety Percent among us women are affected this way within their old age. And understanding that it may be brought on by the body's hormones does not make us feel happier about it. Understanding it may be brought on by one of our bodily hormones, also does not help.
Exercising frequently cannot move it or alter its physical appearance. This is because intense physical exercise makes it even worse. Even a person's normal metabolic rate might help in the increase. Or perhaps fretting about it may make it worse Finally, it might be due to your genetics.
What will be successfully done then if every little thing will cause it and absolutely nothing will help it? There is a thing that you can do and that's delivered to us by technology. As it's been produced for use within medical centers it's been demonstrated risk-free over several years. These have however been turned to be used in beauty remedies to create organic chemical substances known as peptides, into the skin to dissolve excess fat.
This wonderful new treatments are known as Lipolytic Biomimetic Mesotherapy. Biomimetic proteins are mother nature equivalent chemical substances. These peptides are healthy proteins which are normally made by the body to break down extra fat and execute other measures inside our epidermis The body do not constantly function flawlessly and thus we very often need to support it with a product like Mesotherapy.
Mesotherapy is really a method that replenishes the proteins so required for this action in nano size packages. These tiny size organic packages also include valuable vitamins and minerals that continue to keep one's skin flexible. They are launched straight into the skin via small needles in to the face region or any other bothersome part, body fat dissolves easily plus the blood circulation system gets rid of the unwanted body fat normally making the entire region once more solid and sleek. medicaretreatments.com/treatments/cellulite-treatment/dou...
Nourishment is the science of providing your body with the materials for energy, growth and rebuilding. ~ The Science of giving our bodies the essential elements for continued growth, energy,endurance and repair is termed Nourishment,
You may not know this, but your entire body renews every cell in it every seven years ~ At the end of every seven every cell in our bodies is renewed.
The different organs of your body renew at different speeds.~ All our organs renew at different speeds. For example, your stomach
lining is replaced every five days.~ Every five days the lining of your stomach is completely replaced. Your skin is completely renewed every month~ Once a month your skin is completely renewed your liver,
every six weeks, your brain, every two months~every two months your brain cells are renewed,your heart every a few months and so on.~ your heart takes about a few months to renew alone and so it is.
Everyone has read of natural vitamins and minerals.~ Natural vitamins and minerals are common put now. Natural vitamins are those things in your food produced by dwelling things that are essential for health. ~ These are elements in your food that are made by dwelling things like crops that are necessary for your continued good health. Scurvy, for example, is the result of a
vitamin C deficiency and can be lethal if no vitamin C is equipped.~ The end result of a vitamin C deficiency is that you can get scurvy and this can guide to your demise, if you do not take Vitamin C.
Indeed, between 1500 and
1800, scurvy was the leading cause of death aboard ships, killing more sailors than all other diseases, disasters, and battles combined.~ The main reason for death aboard ships during the period between 1500 and 1800 was scurvy, killing more people than all other diseases and fighting.
Minerals are those things that are not manufactured by dwelling things, but are necessary
in small or large amounts for your health.~ Minerals on the other hand are elements not made by dwelling things but are still necessary in trace amounts for perfect health. For example for strong bones and enamel we need Calcium.~ Calcium, for instance, builds strong bones and enamel.
Magnesium also builds strong bones and enamel~ Magnesium is also need in this regard and is necessary for the normal functioning of~ and is needed for the proper working of
your heart, muscles and kidneys.
Iodine is necessary for your thyroid gland to regulate
metabolism, growth and improve the effectiveness of other hormones.~ In order that your thyroid gland take care of metabolism,Iodine is needed. Iodine is also necessary to enhance the effectiveness of other hormones and growth.
In the nineteen nineties, antioxidants turned popular after research discovered that cells are
damaged and age when substances that have lost an electron, free radicals steal an electron from other material in the cells, thus making the cells unstable, age and die.
Just as a fireplace is speeded up by providing oxygen to it, your cells burn up faster when
oxidants ,free radicals ,attack them.~ Your cells are ruined faster when these free radicals which attack them, in very much the same way as a fireplace burns brighter when oxygen is provided Anti-oxidants simply provide enough extra electrons to turn off these free radicals by giving the needed electrons.~ The necessary needed electrons is equipped by anti oxidants thus these free radicals are turned off. Thus anti-oxidants gradual down
aging and help reduce swelling. ~ In this way anti oxidants provide the gasoline to get rid of swelling and thus gradual down aging Antioxidants have become so important that the discovery
of new kinds is frequently reported in the press.~ The press is always reporting new anti oxidants that become available daily as they are now so necessary.
Now there is something so completely innovative that it actually received the Nobel Prize
for Drugs in October 2012: stem cells. ~Recently stem cells received the Nobel Prize in October 2012 for Drugs. Stem cells are cells that can become different types of cells, ~ Cells that can become any type of cells are called stem cellsfor instance a stem cell might become a brain cell or nerve cell. Other stem cells might
become liver cells, heart cells or cells of other organs. This is how the one cell of a fertilized
egg can become the entire body, eyes, stomach, skin, hair, etc.~ In this way a cell of a fertilized egg can become any cell of the different parts of the body. In addition to becoming various
types of cells, ~Also not only becoming different kinds of cells stem cells also have the ability to renew themselves throughout the life of the
body.~ During the life span of the body stem cells can also renew themselves
Stem cell treatment has been of great interest because experts and doctors realize that stem cells might be able to recreate failing and diseased parts of the body.~ Stem cell research and treatment has stirred a lot of enthusiasm from experts and doctors as it has been realised that stem cells can recreate diseased organs and other body parts. As an example in 2010,
surgeons in the United Kingdom gave an 11 year-old boy a brand new trachea the airway in the
throat ~ A good example of this is when doctors in England equipped a youthful boy with a new airway in the throat known as the trachea that was grown entirely from his own stem cells. ~ grown entirely from the boy’s own stem cells.
Two years afterwards, at the age of 13, the
boy was well, happy and did not need any drugs to prevent his body from rejecting that implant because it was actually grown from his own cells.~ After two years the boy was checked and found to be quite happy and well, his body not rejecting at all the new trachea, because it was developed from his own stem cells.
Laminine is a new supplement and is produced from partially incubated, fertilized hen eggs and contains a special combination of amino acids, peptides, and protein fractions that could help provide an incredible array of health benefits when consumed by humans. In theory, these partially incubated, fertilized eggs – specifically 9-day-old fertilized eggs, contain all the nutrients required to start a new life. This includes natural vitamins, minerals and proteins, as well as important defense factors, growth factors, hormones and other biologically lively components.
Laminine
may help with the following..e
Maintain healthy cortisol levels for a stress free life
Regulate serotonin levels To keep you in a good and happy mood
Reduce actual physical and mental stress
Promote more restful sleep
Build collagen for much healthier skin
Reduce signs of normal aging
Improve emotional balance
Enjoy faster post workout recovery
Enhance muscle tone and strength
Improve stamina, energy and vitality
Increase alertness
Aid in brain function and exercise
Increase actual physical and mental strength
Improve focus
Increase libido/sexual desire
Encourage natural DHEA production
Improve the overall perception of
well-being. nucellcanada.ca/nutritionandweightcontrol/
En Biodiversidad virtual y también en Instagram como @proyectoagua.
Gracias a la Academia Checa de Ciencias por el honor de haber dedicado su calendario de 2026 a los organismos microscópicos fotografiados y descritos desde "Proyecto Agua"
Toda mi gratitud al Dr. Dr. Richard Lhotský, Gerente de Transferencia de Tecnología del Laboratorio de Biotecnología de Algas, a la Dra. Eisertová del Instituto de Microbiología de la Academia Checa de Ciencias y a todas las personas que han hecho posible la edición y publicación de este trabajo.
¡ Gracias y Feliz 2026 ! ...ojalá la belleza de todos estos seres, sea una fuente de inspiración para nosotros cada día
"
El Universo en una Gota
En cada gota de agua se esconde un universo: un mundo de formas, colores y vida increíbles. Los organismos microscópicos crean delicadas estructuras que reflejan la armonía y el orden del cosmos. Al igual que en el universo infinito, las fuerzas de la luz, la energía y el equilibrio dan forma a sus diminutos mundos.
Este calendario revela que incluso en las formas de vida más pequeñas, hay grandeza: un reflejo del universo infinito que nos rodea. «El Universo en una Gota» nos invita a observar con más atención y descubrir las maravillas que se esconden en una sola gota.
Editor: Richard Lhotský, Michaela Eisertová, Instituto de Microbiología de la Academia Checa de Ciencias
Crédito de la foto y el texto: Dr. Antonio Guillén, «Proyecto Agua», CC BY-NC-SA 4.0, www.flickr.com/photos/microagua
Diseño gráfico e impresión: DesignAd s.r.o. Portada: Un paseo con Astrolithyum. Nacido de la luz del sol y del mar, Astrolithyum flota como una brújula de cristal: una estrella radiante forjada a partir de los minerales de las profundidades. Sus veinte esbeltas espinas brillan con la luz de los arcoíris, flotando libremente entre las olas, una frágil geometría de equilibrio y gracia que refleja el orden oculto del océano.
El Instituto de Microbiología de la Academia Checa de Ciencias, Centro Algatech, es una institución de investigación líder especializada en investigación básica y aplicada sobre microorganismos fototróficos. Desde su fundación en 1960, se ha convertido en un actor clave en la biotecnología de microalgas y en un reconocido centro de investigación mundial en fotosíntesis, metabolismo y fisiología de las algas. En 2026, el Centro participa en varios proyectos clave respaldados por programas nacionales y europeos, entre ellos la Estrategia AV21 de la Academia Checa de Ciencias (Producción y consumo sostenible de alimentos), el proyecto PHOTOMACHINES: Reorganización de células fotosintéticas para una alta producción de péptidos terapéuticos, de la Agencia de Subvenciones de la República Checa (OP JAK) y el proyecto Interreg AT-CZ (Bio2AgroFood).
Universe in a Drop.
In every drop of water lies a universe — a world of
incredible shapes, colors, and life. Microscopic organisms
create delicate structures that reflect the harmony and
order of the cosmos. Just like in the infinite universe,
the forces of light, energy, and balance shape their tiny
worlds.
This calendar reveals that even in the smallest forms
of life, there is greatness — a reflection of the infinite
universe around us. “Universe in a Drop” invites us to look
closer and discover the wonders hidden in a single drop.
Editor: Richard Lhotský, Michaela Eisertová, Institute of Microbiology
of the Czech Academy of Sciences
Photo and text credit: Dr. Antonio Guillén, ‘Water Project’, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0,
www.flickr.com/photos/microagua
Graphic design & print: DesignAd s.r.o.
Cover page: A Walk with Astrolithyum Born of sunlight and sea, Astrolithyum
drifts like a crystal compass — a radiant star forged from the minerals of the
deep. Its twenty slender spines shimmer with the light of rainbows, floating
freely through the waves, a fragile geometry of balance and grace that mirrors
the hidden order of the ocean.
The Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre
Algatech, is a leading research institution specializing in basic and
applied research on phototrophic microorganisms. Since its foundation
in 1960, it has become a major player in microalgal biotechnology
and a recognized world-wide research centre for algal photosynthesis,
metabolism and physiology.
In 2026, the Centre participates in several key projects supported by
national and European programmes, including the Czech Academy of
Sciences’ Strategie AV21 – Sustainable Food Production and Consumption,
the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic, OP JAK, project PHOTOMACHINES:
Reorganization of Photosynthetic Cells for High Production of Therapeutic
Peptides and Interreg AT-CZ, project Bio2AgroFood
Pitcher plants are carnivorous plants whose prey-trapping mechanism features a deep cavity filled with liquid known as a pitfall trap. It has been widely assumed that the various sorts of pitfall trap evolved from rolled leaves, with selection pressure favouring more deeply cupped leaves over evolutionary time. However, some pitcher plant genera (such as Nepenthes) are placed within clades consisting mostly of flypaper traps: this indicates that this view may be too simplistic, and some pitchers may have evolved from the common ancestors of today's flypaper traps by loss of mucilage.
Whatever their evolutionary origins, foraging, flying or crawling insects such as flies are attracted to the cavity formed by the cupped leaf, often by visual lures such as anthocyanin pigments, and nectar bribes. The sides of the pitcher are slippery and may be grooved in such a way so as to ensure that the insects cannot climb out. The small bodies of liquid contained within the pitcher traps are called phytotelmata. They drown the insect, and the body of it is gradually dissolved. This may occur by bacterial action (the bacteria being washed into the pitcher by rainfall) or by enzymes secreted by the plant itself. Furthermore, some pitcher plants contain mutualistic insect larvae, which feed on trapped prey, and whose excreta the plant absorbs.[1] Whatever the mechanism of digestion, the prey items are converted into a solution of amino acids, peptides, phosphates, ammonium and urea, from which the plant obtains its mineral nutrition (particularly nitrogen and phosphorus). Like all carnivorous plants, they grow in locations where the soil is too poor in minerals and/or too acidic for most plants to survive.
Trước đây, bệnh xương khớp được coi là bệnh của người lớn tuổi, vì thường hay xuất hiện ở những ngươi ở tuổi trung niên (40-50 tuổi trở lên). Tuy nhiên, hiện nay căn bệnh này ngày càng “trẻ hóa” và nhiều người trẻ đã mắc phải do không biết chăm sóc sức khỏe đúng cách.
Một trong những nguyên nhân gây ra bệnh xương khớp là do sự suy giảm và thiếu hụt Collagen khi cơ thể bước qua độ tuổi 25. Vậy Collagen tốt cho xương khớp của thương hiệu uy tín nào có thể giúp bạn tăng cường sức khỏe của xương khớp một cách tốt nhất?
Các Bệnh Xương Khớp Thường Gặp
1.Viêm xương khớp
Viêm xương khớp là bệnh về khớp chủ yếu ảnh hưởng đến sụn. Sụn là mô trơn bao bọc các đầu xương của khớp. Sụn khỏe mạnh cho phép các xương trượt qua nhau. Sụn cũng giúp làm giảm sốc vận động. Khi bị viêm xương khớp, lớp trên của sụn bị vỡ và mòn đi. Điều này khiến cho các xương dưới sụn cọ xát vào nhau. Việc cọ xát gây đau, sưng và mất khả năng cử động khớp. Theo thời gian, khớp có thể mất đi hình dạng ban đầu của nó. Ngoài ra, các gai xương cũng có thể phát triển trên các cạnh khớp. Các mảnh xương hoặc sụn có thể tróc ra và trôi nổi bên trong khoảng cách giữa hai đầu xương (joint space), gây đau đớn và thương tổn nhiều hơn [Nguồn].
2.Thoái hóa cột sống
Thông thường thoái hóa cột sống được sử dụng để mô tả chứng viêm xương khớp của cột sống. Đây là một loại bệnh về xương khớp rất phổ biến hay xảy ra với những người trong độ tuổi khoảng 35 trở lên. Thoái hóa cột sống gây đau nhức, viêm khớp, mọc gai nơi những đốt sống, giảm khả năng vận động của bệnh nhân. Những vị trí thường hay bị thoái hóa gồm có: vùng lưng (trên và giữa lưng), Cổ và vùng thắt lưng (phần dưới lưng trở lại). Thoái hóa cột sống thắt lưng và thoái hóa cột sống cổ là tình trạng phổ biến nhất [Nguồn].
3.Thoái hóa khớp gối
Thoái hóa khớp gối: là tình trạng lớp đệm tự nhiên giữa các khớp, sụn bị thoái hóa làm cho khả năng đệm của khớp gối giảm đi, khiến cho xương bị chà xát vào nhau gây đau đớn, sưng, cứng khớp và giảm khả năng vận động của đầu gối [Nguồn].
4.Thoát vị đĩa đệm
Thoát vị đĩa đệm là tình trạng nhân nhầy đĩa đệm cột sống thoát ra khỏi vị trí bình thường trong vòng sợi chèn ép vào ống sống hay các rễ thần kinh sống và có sự đứt rách vòng sợi gây nên hội chứng thắt lưng hông điển hình. Thoát vị đĩa đệm cột sống xảy ra khi nhân keo của đĩa đệm thoát ra ngoài và chèn ép vào rễ thần kinh, tủy sống, hay nói cách khác nó là tình trạng đĩa đệm bị ép lồi ra khỏi vị trí bình thường, giữa các đốt sống. Thoát vị đĩa đệm thường tập trung ở các dạng chính là thoát vị đĩa đệm đốt sống cổ và thoát vị đĩa đệm đốt sống thắt lưng, thoát vị đĩa đệm mất nước, thoát vị đĩa đệm đa tầng, sau bên…[Nguồn]
Công Dụng Của Collagen Đối Với Xương Khớp
Người ta hay nhắc đến những công dụng nổi bật của Collagen trong làm đẹp cho da. Tuy nhiên, Collagen chiếm đến 80% trong cơ cấu của xương khớp, và có công dụng quan trọng sau:
Lúc này, loại thần dược này đóng vai trò như một lớp gel bôi trơn các khớp và các bộ phận nối giữa các xương, giúp bạn vận động mà không thấy đau đớn. Collagen còn giúp các khớp di chuyển dễ dàng, giảm các cơn đau khớp ở những người lớn tuổi và thậm chí giảm thiểu nguy cơ hư khớp. Trong một số nghiên cứu gần đây, collagen được xem là một phương pháp điều trị hiệu quả cho bệnh viêm xương khớp, những cơn đau và những bệnh về khớp [Nguồn].
Ngoài ra, Collagen type 2 không biến tính còn được phát hiện là ngăn ngừa hiệu quả quá trình tự hủy của sụn khớp:
Những nghiên cứu miễn dịch học phân tử của InterHealth (Mỹ) đã khẳng định, việc sử dụng hoạt chất sinh học collagen type 2 không biến tính, được tinh chiết bằng công nghệ cao nhằm giữ nguyên cấu trúc phân tử và đặc tính sinh học, sẽ giúp chủ động sửa chữa, tái tạo các tổn hại của sụn khớp và hạn chế tối đa quá trình tự hủy hoại của sụn khớp [Nguồn].
Collagen Adiva Có Phải Là Collagen Tuýp 2 Không Biến Tính Không?
Các nghiên cứu khoa học chỉ ra rằng trong cơ thể có đến 29 loại collagen và trên 90% đó là thuộc Collagen dạng I, II, III và IV. Mỗi loại sẽ đóng góp một chức năng cho cơ thể khác nhau như:
Collagen type I: Chủ yếu phân bố ở trong da và các cơ quan khác như gân, mạch máu, các cơ quan và xương.
Collagen type II: là loại Collagen có nhiều nhất trong sụn khớp.
Collagen type III: Có trong các cơ bắp. Collagen này được tìm thấy bên cạnh Collagen type I.
Collagen type IV: Đây là thành phần chính cấu tạo nên màng tế bào.
Collagen ADIVA – Collagen tốt cho xương khớp
Collagen ADIVA nắm trong số các loại thực phẩm chức năng không chỉ có tác dụng làm đẹp da, chống lão hóa, mà còn tốt cho xương khớp.
Nhưng liệu Collagen ADIVA có phải là Collagen tuýp 2 không biến tính?
Collagen ADIVA chứa 100% Collagen Peptide và không bổ sung trực tiếp Collagen tuýp 2 cho cơ thể!
Tuy nhiên, Collagen ADIVA có công dụng hỗ trợ tăng chất nhờn cho khớp, giúp khớp dẻo dai, chắc khỏe và hoạt động linh hoạt hơn, từ đó làm giảm viêm khớp hiệu quả.
Mỗi ngày bổ sung 1 lọ Collagen ADIVA vừa chăm sóc, bạn không những nuông chiều làn da đến từng milimet, mà còn giúp duy trì khớp ổn định, vững chắc hơn.
Nguồn bài viết tại website collagen.asia: COLLAGEN TỐT DÀNH CHO XƯƠNG KHỚP
via Collagen Asia® collagen.asia/collagen/collagen-tot-cho-xuong-khop/
Plants are in a continuous battle with hemipterans (sap sucking bugs which have a long proboscis which they stick into the plant and through the plant’s own pressure they fill up the bug with the sugary phloem (sap).).This has led to an evolutionary arms race. It is not only the purloining of precious, hard earned sugars which is hard to accept for the plants, but these bugs also carry a variety of pathogens which can be transmitted to the plant via their unauthorized visitations. So the plants have developed a variety of defences, both physical and chemical. One such method is the introduction of small peptides into their sap which upon contact with air solidify, gumming up the mouthparts of any insect, and serving the dual function of forming a scab over the cut surface preventing further infection. This has stopped some insects though others have found a way around this. Chemical deterrence is another route that some plants have gone down. Toxic alkaloids or indigestible peptides laced with the sought after foodstuffs is a popular strategy. Though some insects have not only found a way around this, but have even exploited it to their advantage! Monarchs for instance feed on the toxic milkweed. Not only do they not suffer from the toxic alkaloids present in the plant, but they accumulate it and use it to in a similar way, so that they become unpalatable to avian predators. Together with their aposematic colouration, birds have learned to avoid them. Neotropical insects have developed along similar lines. To further complicate matters you have ants. These are both protectors and little Benedict Arnolds, selling out to the highest bidder – where the currency is sugar of course. When you can’t beat them, farm them! Plants have a love/hate relationship with ants. They have developed extrafloral nectaries for the purpose of luring ants to defend them from parasites and predators.This strategy is so effective that many species even those that are exclusively predatory, like trapjaw ants (Odontomachus sp.), can be seen patrolling the leaves of nectary producing plants. Plants that haven't developed extrafloral nectaries may also lure ants unintentionally since even leafbuds can sometimes produce sugary water through the ‘breathing’ of the stomata. But ants go where the sugar is, and so sometimes if a plant has become host to hemipterans, then ants will simply farm these invaders and reap the sugary benefits to the detriment of the plants. The complex interrelationships make for interesting study! Ants aren’t too picky about what they farm as long as they get the honeydew in return. Found during a night hike in Iwokrama rainforest reserve.
For a greater selection of photos which include different angles and species ask by pm to be added to my friend's list.
Yesterday the tire flew off my minibus, I cut the head off a pit viper and I was banned from a commercial flight by associating with a narco-trafficker. Today I am bushwhacking through the jungle in the remote trail-less backwaters of Guyana, waist deep in water and praying to make it through the rest of the day alive. What will tomorrow bring? God only knows. The adventure starts here- pbertner.wordpress.com/.
Identification of M. brassicae PTTH (MabPTTH).(A) Amino-acid sequence of MabPTTH precursor peptide. The dotted and straight underlines represent the predicted signal peptide and the PTTH monomer peptide, respectively. A predicted cleavage site is shown in blue letters. The seven cysteine residues conserved among the PTTHs are shown in red. The amino acid residues shown in shaded letters are conserved between the M. Brassicae and H. armigera PTTHs. (B) A phylogenetic tree showing the relationships between the PTTH precursors. The tree was generated using the ClustalW program (www.ebi.ac.uk/clustalw/). The shaded area denotes the Noctuidae family, and the red box shows MabPTTH precursor. The scale bar indicates an evolutionary distance of 0.1 amino acid substitutions per position. The numbers on the branches denote bootstrap values per 1000 replications. (C) Whole-mount in situ hybridization analysis on a day-0 ND pupal brain with the antisense probe for the MabPTTH transcript. (D) Whole-mount immunohistochemistry on a day-0 sixth instar larval brain (Br)-corpora cardiaca-corpora allata (CA) complex with an anti-MabPTTH mouse monoclonal antibody. The black and white arrows indicate the cell bodies of PTTH-producing neurons. Note that these neurons project their axons to the CA. Scale bars, 100 ?m.
Osteopontin (OPN) is a naturally occurring protein present, for example, in bone and eggshells. Importantly, OPN has been reported to inhibit formation of crystals of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), hydroxyapatite and some other biominerals. Of these, COM is the most common mineral in kidney stones.
We used a combination of experimental techniques (scanning confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy) and Molecular Dynamics simulations to study how phosphorylation of OPN influences its ability to bind on different faces of COM crystals. The aim is to discover the main binding mechanisms and with that information be able to inhibit the growth of kidney stones and use the same mechanism to control formation of other biominerals.
This simulation shows binding of OPN with one phosphorylation - one phosphoserine. As the video shows, OPN binds not but still fluctuates ({100} face of COM). OPN is highly negative and COM has positive surface charge. Please see the movies (link below) with no and three phosphorylations. The differences are remarkable. Binding is, however, mainly electrostatic and phosphorylation is needed to mediate the contacts between OPN and the crystal - OPN is mostly disoredered protein and has no preferred folded pattern on the surface.
See also:
- Interaction of aspartic acid (of osteopontin) with calcium oxalate monohydrate surface
Computational resources:
- SharcNet
References:
1. Control of Calcium Oxalate Crystal Growth by Face-Specific Adsorption of an Osteopontin Phosphopeptide. B. Grohe, J. O'Young, D.A. Ionescu, G. Lajoie, K.A. Rogers, M. Karttunen, H.A. Goldberg, G.K. Hunter, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129, 14946-14951 (2007).
2. Phosphorylation of osteopontin peptides mediates adsorption to and incorporation into calcium oxalate crystals. O'Young, Jason; Chirico, Sara; Al Tarhuni, Nehal; Grohe, Bernd; Karttunen, Mikko; Goldberg, Harvey A; Hunter, Graeme K. Cells, tissues, organs 189, 51-5 (2009).
3. The flexible polyelectrolyte hypothesis of protein-biomineral interaction. Hunter, G.K., O’Young, J., Grohe, B., Karttunen, M. & Goldberg, H, Langmuir 26, 18639-46 (2010).
Plants are in a continuous battle with hemipterans (sap sucking bugs which have a long proboscis which they stick into the plant and through the plant’s own pressure they fill up the bug with the sugary phloem (sap).).This has led to an evolutionary arms race. It is not only the purloining of precious, hard earned sugars which is hard to accept for the plants, but these bugs also carry a variety of pathogens which can be transmitted to the plant via their unauthorized visitations. So the plants have developed a variety of defences, both physical and chemical. One such method is the introduction of small peptides into their sap which upon contact with air solidify, gumming up the mouthparts of any insect, and serving the dual function of forming a scab over the cut surface preventing further infection. This has stopped some insects though others have found a way around this. Chemical deterrence is another route that some plants have gone down. Toxic alkaloids or indigestible peptides laced with the sought after foodstuffs is a popular strategy. Though some insects have not only found a way around this, but have even exploited it to their advantage! Monarchs for instance feed on the toxic milkweed. Not only do they not suffer from the toxic alkaloids present in the plant, but they accumulate it and use it to in a similar way, so that they become unpalatable to avian predators. Together with their aposematic colouration, birds have learned to avoid them. Neotropical insects have developed along similar lines. To further complicate matters you have ants. These are both protectors and little Benedict Arnolds, selling out to the highest bidder – where the currency is sugar of course. When you can’t beat them, farm them! Plants have a love/hate relationship with ants. They have developed extrafloral nectaries for the purpose of luring ants to defend them from parasites and predators.This strategy is so effective that many species even those that are exclusively predatory, like trapjaw ants (Odontomachus sp.), can be seen patrolling the leaves of nectary producing plants. Plants that haven't developed extrafloral nectaries may also lure ants unintentionally since even leafbuds can sometimes produce sugary water through the ‘breathing’ of the stomata. But ants go where the sugar is, and so sometimes if a plant has become host to hemipterans, then ants will simply farm these invaders and reap the sugary benefits to the detriment of the plants. The complex interrelationships make for interesting study! Ants aren’t too picky about what they farm as long as they get the honeydew in return. Found during a night hike in Iwokrama rainforest reserve.
For a greater selection of photos which include different angles and species ask by pm to be added to my friend's list.
Yesterday the tire flew off my minibus, I cut the head off a pit viper and I was banned from a commercial flight by associating with a narco-trafficker. Today I am bushwhacking through the jungle in the remote trail-less backwaters of Guyana, waist deep in water and praying to make it through the rest of the day alive. What will tomorrow bring? God only knows. The adventure starts here- pbertner.wordpress.com/.
INDIGO SKIN RECONFIGURER
Please, visit marcsebastien.com to find out about the Indigo Concept and the Indigo Collection.
There is such a fundamental difference as collagen type I and collagen type III, aka "juvenile collagen"... The skin of an infant contains about 80/20 collagen type III/I ratio, while that of a 40yo is inverted. Collagen I fibers are stronger but also much less pliable, quite leathery. This is why one may be wrinkle-free at 50 but still look 50...
Pitcher plants are carnivorous plants whose prey-trapping mechanism features a deep cavity filled with liquid known as a pitfall trap. Foraging, flying or crawling insects such as flies are attracted to the cavity formed by the cupped leaf, often by visual lures such as anthocyanin pigments, and nectar bribes. The rim of the pitcher is slippery, when moistened by condensation or nectar, causing insects to fall into the trap. Pitcher plants may also contain waxy scales, protruding aldehyde crystals, cuticular folds, downward pointing hairs, or guard-cell-originating lunate cells on the inside of the pitcher to ensure that insects cannot climb out. The small bodies of liquid contained within the pitcher traps are called phytotelmata. They drown the insect, and the body of it is gradually dissolved. This may occur by bacterial action or by enzymes secreted by the plant itself. Furthermore, some pitcher plants contain mutualistic insect larvae, which feed on trapped prey, and whose excreta the plant absorbs. Whatever the mechanism of digestion, the prey items are converted into a solution of amino acids, peptides, phosphates, ammonium and urea, from which the plant obtains its mineral nutrition. Like all carnivorous plants, they grow in locations where the soil is too poor in minerals and/or too acidic for most plants to survive.
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Antihypertensive Effect of Long-Term Oral Administration of Jellyfish (Rhopilema esculentum) Collagen Peptides on Renovascular Hypertension
Yongliang Zhuang,* Liping Sun, Yufeng Zhang, and Gaoxiang Liu
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This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.
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Abstract
Antihypertensive effect of long-term oral administration of jellyfish (Rhopilema esculentum) collagen peptides (JCP) on renovascular hypertension rats (RVHs) was evaluated. The systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure of the RVHs were significantly reduced with administration of JCP (p 0.05). Furthermore, effect of JCP on angiotensin II (Ang II) concentration of plasma had no significance (p > 0.05), but JCP significantly inhibited the Ang II concentration in RVHs’ kidney (p 0.05). Interestingly, the SBP and DBP of JCP-C group showed no significant changes during long-term oral treatment with high dose JCP (p > 0.05). These results indicated that JCP had good long-term antihypertensive effects on RVHs, but had no effects for the blood pressures of normal rats.
As shown in Figure 2, the heart rates of the MC group were significant higher than the captopril group and NC group (p 0.05), and the heart rats of JCP-2 group had no significance with captopril group and NC group (p > 0.05).
Alpha synuclein ring-like oligomer interacting with the amyloid-beta peptide: Elucidation of the molecular mechanism of combined Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease.
Authors: I. F. Tsigelny, Y. Sharikov, E. Masliah
The photograph shows interaction of the alpha-synuclein (aS) pentamer with amyloid-beta 1-42 peptide (orange) when penetrating to the cell membrane. Further penetration of the ring-like pentamer to the membrane leads to organization of the pore and farther uncontrolled influx of calcium ions leading to cell death. Presence of amyloid-beta peptide increases interaction of the pentamer with the membrane and consequently makes pores organization faster.
The Fig. shows an advanced analysis of immunoregulation by a circuit of exosomes and immune cells that depends on antibody coating of exosomes and their transfer of miRNA-150. The upper portion of the Fig on the right shows the immune synapse binding of human B cell antigen presenting Ragji cells to human clonal Jurkat T cells. The upper right shows results of incubating murine immunosuppressive CD8-pos T suppressor cell-derived primary suppressive exosomes that are antigen-specific due to adsorbed surface antibody free light chains with specificity for ovalbumin peptides, together with the Ragji cells expressing Ovalbumin peptide /MHC complexes on their surface. Within one hour there is formation of a multivesicular body in the distal endosome of the Raji cells containing newly formed secondary suppressive exosomes marked by surface GFP-linked CD81 opposite to the TCR-CD3 complex on the T cells marked by red-labelled anti-CD3 antibody, that analysis shows have surface peptide/MHC specific for the -TCR of the Jurkat T cells. This response depends on delivery of miRNA-150 by the murine primary exosome to the Raji cells. The bottom Figs. show the pair of cells at 24 hrs. when the secondary exosomes have been taken up and are now in the phagolysosome of the T cells whose IFN- cytokine secretion responses are being suppressed by release of yet other mRNAs from the taken up secondary suppressive exosomes.
Osteopontin (OPN) is a naturally occurring protein present, for example, in bone and eggshells. Importantly, OPN has been reported to inhibit formation of crystals of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), hydroxyapatite and some other biominerals. Of these, COM is the most common mineral in kidney stones.
We used a combination of experimental techniques (scanning confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy) and Molecular Dynamics simulations to study how phosphorylation of OPN influences its ability to bind on different faces of COM crystals. The aim is to discover the main binding mechanisms and with that information be able to inhibit the growth of kidney stones and use the same mechanism to control formation of other biominerals.
This simulation shows binding of OPN with no phosphorylation. As the video shows, OPN does not bind well ({100} face of COM) despite the fact that OPN is highly negative and COM has positive surface charge. Please see the movies (link below) with one and three phosphorylations. The differences are remarkable. Binding is, however, mainly electrostatic and phosphorylation is needed to mediate the contacts between OPN and the crystal - OPN is mostly disoredered protein and has no preferred folded pattern on the surface.
See also:
- Interaction of aspartic acid (of osteopontin) with calcium oxalate monohydrate surface
Computational resources:
- SharcNet
References:
1. Control of Calcium Oxalate Crystal Growth by Face-Specific Adsorption of an Osteopontin Phosphopeptide. B. Grohe, J. O'Young, D.A. Ionescu, G. Lajoie, K.A. Rogers, M. Karttunen, H.A. Goldberg, G.K. Hunter, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129, 14946-14951 (2007).
2. Phosphorylation of osteopontin peptides mediates adsorption to and incorporation into calcium oxalate crystals. O'Young, Jason; Chirico, Sara; Al Tarhuni, Nehal; Grohe, Bernd; Karttunen, Mikko; Goldberg, Harvey A; Hunter, Graeme K. Cells, tissues, organs 189, 51-5 (2009).
3. The flexible polyelectrolyte hypothesis of protein-biomineral interaction. Hunter, G.K., O’Young, J., Grohe, B., Karttunen, M. & Goldberg, H, Langmuir 26, 18639-46 (2010).
Entry in category 1. ©Oliver Peric; See also bit.ly/snsf_comp_copy
Atomic force microscope (AFM) image of an Escherichia coli bacterium physically immobilized in traps created from a silicon-on-insulator wafer through extensive cleanroom microfabrication. The AFM height data is represented in 3D with an AFM phase overlay. The bacterium is imaged in lysogeny broth growth medium. The 4um by 4um AFM scan was taken with a resolution of 1024x1024 pixels in tapping mode. The antimicrobial peptide CM15 was used in order to kill the bacterium. (Peric et al. 2017, sub.)
Exploring microbiology through nanotechnology.
An Escherichia coli bacterium is imaged with an atomic force microscope (AFM) in liquid growth medium. The AFM enables the analysis of a surface with nanometer precision, allowing a 3D reconstruction of the data. The image has dimensions of 4 by 4 micrometers.
Cleanroom microfabrication was used to create the trap for the bacterium. The necessity of traps is given by the scanning probe character of the AFM. We used standard nanotechnology processing to fabricate bacterial traps in a silicon wafer. Microfluidics is used during the experiments to trap bacteria for analysis.
The E. coli bacterium is analyzed in liquid growth medium (lysogeny broth). In order to prevent the growth of the bacterium during the AFM scan, the bacterium is killed with a potent antibiotic, changing the bacterial surface properties.
The whole story with details on the concept, cleanroom fabrication, and experiment results is covered in the publication Peric et al. 2017. ¦ Image#1_230
Osteopontin (OPN) is a naturally occurring protein present, for example, in bone and eggshells. Importantly, OPN has been reported to inhibit formation of crystals of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), hydroxyapatite and some other biominerals. Of these, COM is the most common mineral in kidney stones.
We used a combination of experimental techniques (scanning confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy) and Molecular Dynamics simulations to study how phosphorylation of OPN influences its ability to bind on different faces of COM crystals. The aim is to discover the main binding mechanisms and with that information be able to inhibit the growth of kidney stones and use the same mechanism to control formation of other biominerals.
This simulation shows binding of OPN with one phosphorylation - one phosphoserine. As the video shows, OPN binds not but still fluctuates ({100} face of COM). OPN is highly negative and COM has positive surface charge. Please see the movies (link below) with three and nophosphorylations. The differences are remarkable. Binding is, however, mainly electrostatic and phosphorylation is needed to mediate the contacts between OPN and the crystal - OPN is mostly disoredered protein and has no preferred folded pattern on the surface.
See also:
- Interaction of aspartic acid (of osteopontin) with calcium oxalate monohydrate surface
Computational resources:
- SharcNet
References:
1. Control of Calcium Oxalate Crystal Growth by Face-Specific Adsorption of an Osteopontin Phosphopeptide. B. Grohe, J. O'Young, D.A. Ionescu, G. Lajoie, K.A. Rogers, M. Karttunen, H.A. Goldberg, G.K. Hunter, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129, 14946-14951 (2007).
2. Phosphorylation of osteopontin peptides mediates adsorption to and incorporation into calcium oxalate crystals. O'Young, Jason; Chirico, Sara; Al Tarhuni, Nehal; Grohe, Bernd; Karttunen, Mikko; Goldberg, Harvey A; Hunter, Graeme K. Cells, tissues, organs 189, 51-5 (2009).
3. The flexible polyelectrolyte hypothesis of protein-biomineral interaction. Hunter, G.K., O’Young, J., Grohe, B., Karttunen, M. & Goldberg, H, Langmuir 26, 18639-46 (2010).
Picture taken 1983 - digitally captured from paper print
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Pitcher plants are several different carnivorous plants which have modified leaves known as pitfall traps - a prey-trapping mechanism featuring a deep cavity filled with digestive fluid liquid. The traps of what are considered to be "true" pitcher plants are created from modified leaves; however they are not simply folded into a tube, and the process is far more complicated.
TYPES OF PITCHER PLANTS
The term "pitcher plant" generally refers to members of the Nepenthaceae and Sarraceniaceae families, but similar pitfall traps are employed by the monotypic Cephalotaceae and some members of the Bromeliaceae. The families Nepenthaceae and Sarraceniaceae are the most species-rich families of pitcher plants.
The Nepenthaceae contains a single genus, Nepenthes, containing over 100 species and numerous hybrids and cultivars. In these Old World pitcher plants, the pitchers are borne at the end of tendrils that extend from the midrib of an otherwise unexceptional leaf. 'Old world' pitcher plants (genus: Nepenthes) are typically characterized as having reduced and symmetrical pitchers with a comprehensive waxy coating on the surface of the inner pitcher wall. The plants themselves are often climbers, accessing plants (Sarraceniaceae), which comprise three genera, are ground-dwelling herbs whose pitchers arise from a horizontal rhizome. In this family, the entire leaf forms the pitcher, as opposed to Nepenthaceae where the pitcher arises from the terminal portion of the leaf. The species of the genus Heliamphora, which are popularly known as marsh pitchers (or erroneously as sun pitchers), have a simple rolled-leaf pitcher, at the tip of which is a spoon-like structure that secretes nectar. They are restricted to areas of high rainfall in South America. The North American genus Sarracenia are the trumpet pitchers, which have a more complex trap than Heliamphora, with an operculum, which prevents excess accumulation of rainwater in most of the species. The single species in the Californian genus Darlingtonia is popularly known as the cobra plant, due to its possession of an inflated "lid" with elegant false-exits, and a forked "tongue", which serves to ferry ants and other prey to the entrance of the pitcher. The species in the genus Sarracenia readily hybridise, making their classification a complex matter.
The Cephalotaceae is a monotypic family with but one genus and species, Cephalotus follicularis. This species has a small (2–5 cm) pitcher similar in form to those of Nepenthes. It occurs in only one location in southwestern Australia.
A few species of bromeliads (Bromeliaceae), such as Brocchinia reducta and Catopsis berteroniana, are known or suspected to be carnivorous. Bromeliads are monocots, and given that they all naturally collect water where their leaves meet each other, and that many collect detritus, it is not surprising that a few should have been naturally selected to develop the habit into carnivory by the addition of wax and downward-pointing hairs.
The purple pitcher plant, Sarracenia purpurea, is the floral emblem of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.
FEEDING BEHAVIOR
Foraging, flying or crawling insects such as flies are attracted to the cavity formed by the cupped leaf, often by visual lures such as anthocyanin pigments, and nectar bribes. The rim of the pitcher (peristome) is slippery, when moistened by condensation or nectar, causing insects to fall into the trap. Pitcher plants may also contain waxy scales, protruding aldehyde crystals, cuticular folds, inward and downward pointing (retrorse) hairs, or guard-cell-originating lunate cells on the inside of the pitcher to ensure that insects cannot climb out. The small bodies of liquid contained within the pitcher traps are called phytotelmata. They drown the insect, and the body of it is gradually dissolved. This may occur by bacterial action (the bacteria being washed into the pitcher by rainfall) or by enzymes secreted by the plant itself. Furthermore, some pitcher plants contain mutualistic insect larvae, which feed on trapped prey, and whose excreta the plant absorbs. Whatever the mechanism of digestion, the prey items are converted into a solution of amino acids, peptides, phosphates, ammonium and urea, from which the plant obtains its mineral nutrition (particularly nitrogen and phosphorus). Like all carnivorous plants, they all grow in locations where the soil is too poor in minerals and/or too acidic for most plants to survive. Rather than relying on photosynthetic glucose to survive, pitcher plants supplement available nutrients and minerals (which plants normally obtain through their roots) with the constituents of their insect prey.
Mature plants of Nepenthes lowii attract tree shrews (Tupaia montana), which feed on nectar that the plant produces but also defecate into the pitcher, providing nitrates and other nutrients. The plant and tree shrew have a symbiotic relationship. The rim of N. lowii is not slippery so that tree shrews can easily get in and out, and it provides more nectar than other pitcher plants. The shape of the pitcher rim and the position of the nectar ensure that the animal's hindquarters are over the rim while it feeds.
EVOLUTION OF THE FORM
It is widely assumed pitfall traps evolved by epiascidiation (infolding of the leaf with the adaxial or upper surface becoming the inside of the pitcher), with selection pressure favouring more deeply cupped leaves over evolutionary time. The pitcher trap evolved independently in three eudicot lineages and one monocot lineage, representing a case of convergent evolution. Some pitcher plant families (such as Nepenthaceae) are placed within clades consisting mostly of flypaper traps, indicating that some pitchers may have evolved from the common ancestors of today's flypaper traps by loss of mucilage.
WIKIPEDIA
Proteins and peptides can be used as therapeutic agents for the treatment of a variety of diseases. However, their efficacy is often compromised by their rapid clearance from the body. To help overcome this issue, polymers have been conjugated to such therapeutic agents that promote stability and reduce clearance.
To watch the video where this image is taken from go to: random42.com/drug-delivery-system
Movie of transportan approaching a membrane and getting past the lipid head groups. The simulation was performed in explicit (SPC) water. Time shown in this movie: 20 ns.
Reference:
Molecular dynamics studies of transportan interacting with a DPPC bilayer, Amir Mohsen Pourmousa, Jirasak Wong-ekkabut, M. Patra, and Mikko Karttunen, J. Phys. Chem. B 117, 230–241 (2013)
See also
Folding and insertion thermodynamics of the transmembrane WALP peptide, Tristan Bereau, W.F. Drew Bennett, Jim Pfaendtner, Markus Deserno, and Mikko Karttunen, J. Chem. Phys. 143, 243127 (2015)
Early stages of interactions of cell-penetrating peptide penetratin with a DPPC bilayer, Amir Mohsen Pourmousa and Mikko Karttunen, Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 169, 85-94 (2013),
For what reason do you want under eye care items?
Eat sleep repeat - this is also mandatory for out daily skin care.The under-eye skin doesn’t have oil organs, in contrast to the general skin of your face. It is more delicate, inclined to dryness, and speedier to give early indications of maturing around eyes. The consistent development of the eyes all day additionally assists the early indications of maturing alongside puffiness and dark circles. The main indication of maturing frequently appears around the eyes as almost negligible differences and kinks in light of the dreary development of the eyes from grinning to flickering and scowling to squint. Yet, with the customary utilization of under eye gel or cream, you can determine these issues.
Likewise, face creams have a thick surface that doesn’t effectively infiltrate the under eye skin. Likewise, a portion of the face items have brutal synthetic compounds or counterfeit scents that can disturb your sensitive skin around the eyes. Besides, the face items don’t resolve the issues around the eyes like dark circles, puffiness, scarce differences, and kinks. Under eye gel or creams are uncommonly formed for the sensitive skin around the eyes and convey a large group of advantages to correct the issues.
How to pick the best under eye gel or cream?
While picking the under eye gel or cream, consistently search for cell reinforcement properties with lightweight surface and help in saturating the skin around the eyes by lessening the early indications of maturing. Prior to settling on the best under eye gel for dark cream, let us brief you somewhat more about the reason for scarcely discernible differences, wrinkles, dark circles, and puffiness, alongside the best regular fixings which might assist you with under-eye skin issues.
Causes:
Fine lines and wrinkles: Almost negligible differences and kinks: Collagen assists in keeping up with cleaning flexibility. As you age with time, the creation of collagen diminishes. Likewise, ordinary abundance sun openness harms the skin versatility bringing about scarce differences and kinks. L-ascorbic acid, peptides, and retinol help collagen creation.
Dark Circles: The under-eye skin can seem hazier because of contracted veins that cause hyperpigmentation. The diminishing of the skin while maturing likewise prompts dark circles. Yet, these days, UV beams, sensitivities, absence of rest, acquired quality, uneven eating regimen, Parchedness, and medical problems like thyroid, weakness, dermatitis additionally brings about dark circles. Unsaturated fats, Vitamin K, and oleic corrosive assistance in treating dark circles.
Puffiness: It is a development of liquid and blood under the eyes. It is otherwise called sacks under the eyes. Puffiness happens in light of hyperpigmentation, liquid maintenance, acquired qualities, absence of rest, and maturing. Cooling specialists like cucumber natural product separates alleviate puffiness and enlarging under the eye.
A molecular dynamics simulation of a single C8 (designer) peptide moving from water to the center of a POPC lipid bilayer. The water is not shown for clarity. The peptide is coloured by residue type, with hydrophobic residues black, hydrophilic green, and positively charged blue. The POPC hydrophobic tails are silver and for the head group the nitrogens are orange and the phosphorous are red. The sudden jumps in the molecules position are not physical, they are an artifact of how the movie was made. We restrain the peptide at certain positions from the membrane and run independent simulations, so the jumps are caused by combining the different non-continuous trajectories.
Molecular dynamics simulation: Dr. Drew Bennett. See: www.softsimu.org/people.shtml
More: www.softsimu.org
See: Drew wins 2014 Polayi Prize
Reference:
"Design and Characterization of a Multi-functional pH-triggered Peptide C8 for Selective Anticancer Activity", Sheng Lu, W.F. Drew Bennett, Yong Ding, Lei Zhang, Helen Fan, Danyang Zhao, Tao Zheng, Ping-Kai Ouyang, Jason Li, Yan Wu, Wen Xu, Dafeng Chu, Yongfang Yuan, Heiko Heerklotz, Mikko Karttunen, P. Chen, Advanced Healthcare Materials 4, 2709-2718 (2015).
The Memorial Stone honoring Vincent du Vigneaud, PhD, was dedicated in October 2002 on the Eye Street Mall at 23rd Street and I Street, NW, on George Washington University's campus. Vigneaud (1901-1978), a biochemist and nobel laureate, was the chair of the Biochemestry Department at the The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences from 1932-1936. He won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1955for the isolation, structural identification and total synthesis of the cyclic peptide oxytocin.
The University Mall on Eye Street, N.W., next to the Foggy Bottom metro, was the first street closed under GW’s campus plan of 1970. It was dedicated May 16, 1980. Designed by VVKR Partnership, it cost approximately $200,000.
George Washington University (GW or GWU), a private, coeducational, university, was chartered on February 9, 1821 as The Columbian College in the District of Columbia by an Act of Congress. After the Civil War in 1873, Columbian College became the Columbian University and moved to an urban downtown location centered on 15th and H streets, NW. In 1904, Columbian University changed its name to The George Washington University in an agreement with the George Washington Memorial Association. The university relocated its principal operations to Foggy Bottom in 1912.
Snapshots from a comparison of secondary structure formation using different force fields in microsecond molecular dynamics simulations. All simulations were started from the same initial conditions.
We tested the following force fields: Amber ff99SB-ILDN, Amber ff99SB*-ILDN, Amber ff99SB, Amber ff99SB*, Amber ff03, Amber ff03*, GROMOS96 43a1p, GROMOS96 53a6, CHARMM27 and OPLS-AA/L
Snapshots:
The snapshots show the final configurations after one microsecond. The secondary structures are clearly different. An illustration of the compexity of the potential landscape is shown.
Interaction between D77 and T80 typically precedes hairpin formation. This interaction is formed in the first 10ns in the Amberff99SB*-ILDN trajectory.
Proteins explain very briefly:
- This is a link to a very brief intro to proteins disordered and regular. Note, the presentation at this link has lots of links to outside resources, just hover your mouse around the pics and terms to see the links.
FULL MOVIES: SInce flickr limits movies to 90 secs, the section 990-1000 ns is not visible here. For the full movie, please see: Full movie at YouTube
See also:
1. Force field comparison: Snapshot 1: Amber, GROMOS, CHARMM, OPLS
2. Force field comparison: Single peptide using Amber99SB*
4. Convergence of the 32-mer mouse Neh2 peptide to a bound-state-like β-turn conformation
Who:
This study was a collaboration between the SoftSimu Group and Choy Lab
Computational resources:
- SharcNet
References:
1. Comparison of secondary structure formation using 10 different force fields in microsecond molecular dynamics simulations, Elio A. Cino, Wing-Yiu Choy and Mikko Karttunen, J. Chem. Theory and Comput. 8, 2725–2740 (2012).
2. Microsecond Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins Involved in the Oxidative Stress Response, Elio Cino, Jirasak Wong-ekkabut, Mikko Karttunen, Wing-Yiu Choy,PLoS One 6, e27371 (2011).
3. Accelerating the Conformational Sampling of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins, Trang Nhu Do, Wing-Yiu Choy, and Mikko Karttunen, J. Chem. Theory and Comput. 10, 5081–5094 (2014).
4. Conformational biases of linear motifs, Elio A. Cino, Wing-Yiu Choy, Mikko Karttunen, J. Phys. Chem. B 117, 15943–15957 (2013).
See also:
- Assessment of common simulation protocols for simulations of nanopores, membrane proteins & channels, J. Wong-ekkabut & M. Karttunen, J. Chem. Theory and Comput. 8, 2905–2911 (2012)
So these ants were REALLY small. This is a 5X magnification with a significant crop. But they were delightful to work with. They nearly fit and fall into the nectaries they are feeding on, making for some amusing styled shots. The colour combined with the pose and behaviour reminded me of that honey loving bear winney the pooh. Despite their cuteness they have that ferocity when guarding their nectaries seen in ants of all sizes. And they love that sugar so much, they really have to be wrestled out of place by their peers before they give up their place at the honeypot!
Plants are in a continuous battle with hemipterans (sap sucking bugs which have a long proboscis which they stick into the plant and through the plant’s own pressure they fill up the bug with the sugary phloem (sap).).This has led to an evolutionary arms race. It is not only the purloining of precious, hard earned sugars which is hard to accept for the plants, but these bugs also carry a variety of pathogens which can be transmitted to the plant via their unauthorized visitations. So the plants have developed a variety of defences, both physical and chemical. One such method is the introduction of small peptides into their sap which upon contact with air solidify, gumming up the mouthparts of any insect, and serving the dual function of forming a scab over the cut surface preventing further infection. This has stopped some insects though others have found a way around this. Chemical deterrence is another route that some plants have gone down. Toxic alkaloids or indigestible peptides laced with the sought after foodstuffs is a popular strategy. Though some insects have not only found a way around this, but have even exploited it to their advantage! Monarchs for instance feed on the toxic milkweed. Not only do they not suffer from the toxic alkaloids present in the plant, but they accumulate it and use it to in a similar way, so that they become unpalatable to avian predators. Together with their aposematic colouration, birds have learned to avoid them. Neotropical insects have developed along similar lines. To further complicate matters you have ants. These are both protectors and little Benedict Arnolds, selling out to the highest bidder – where the currency is sugar of course. When you can’t beat them, farm them! Plants have a love/hate relationship with ants. They have developed extrafloral nectaries for the purpose of luring ants to defend them from parasites and predators.This strategy is so effective that many species even those that are exclusively predatory, like trapjaw ants (Odontomachus sp.), can be seen patrolling the leaves of nectary producing plants. Plants that haven't developed extrafloral nectaries may also lure ants unintentionally since even leafbuds can sometimes produce sugary water through the ‘breathing’ of the stomata. But ants go where the sugar is, and so sometimes if a plant has become host to hemipterans, then ants will simply farm these invaders and reap the sugary benefits to the detriment of the plants. The complex interrelationships make for interesting study! Ants aren’t too picky about what they farm as long as they get the honeydew in return.
Found during a night hike in Iwokrama rainforest reserve. For a greater selection of photos which include different angles and species ask by pm to be added to my friend's list.
Yesterday the tire flew off my minibus, I cut the head off a pit viper and I was banned from a commercial flight by associating with a narco-trafficker. Today I am bushwhacking through the jungle in the remote trail-less backwaters of Guyana, waist deep in water and praying to make it through the rest of the day alive. What will tomorrow bring? God only knows. The adventure starts here- pbertner.wordpress.com/.
Plants are in a continuous battle with hemipterans (sap sucking bugs which have a long proboscis which they stick into the plant and through the plant’s own pressure they fill up the bug with the sugary phloem (sap).).This has led to an evolutionary arms race. It is not only the purloining of precious, hard earned sugars which is hard to accept for the plants, but these bugs also carry a variety of pathogens which can be transmitted to the plant via their unauthorized visitations. So the plants have developed a variety of defences, both physical and chemical. One such method is the introduction of small peptides into their sap which upon contact with air solidify, gumming up the mouthparts of any insect, and serving the dual function of forming a scab over the cut surface preventing further infection. This has stopped some insects though others have found a way around this. Chemical deterrence is another route that some plants have gone down. Toxic alkaloids or indigestible peptides laced with the sought after foodstuffs is a popular strategy. Though some insects have not only found a way around this, but have even exploited it to their advantage! Monarchs for instance feed on the toxic milkweed. Not only do they not suffer from the toxic alkaloids present in the plant, but they accumulate it and use it to in a similar way, so that they become unpalatable to avian predators. Together with their aposematic colouration, birds have learned to avoid them. Neotropical insects have developed along similar lines. To further complicate matters you have ants. These are both protectors and little Benedict Arnolds, selling out to the highest bidder – where the currency is sugar of course. When you can’t beat them, farm them! Plants have a love/hate relationship with ants. They have developed extrafloral nectaries for the purpose of luring ants to defend them from parasites and predators.This strategy is so effective that many species even those that are exclusively predatory, like trapjaw ants (Odontomachus sp.), can be seen patrolling the leaves of nectary producing plants. Plants that haven't developed extrafloral nectaries may also lure ants unintentionally since even leafbuds can sometimes produce sugary water through the ‘breathing’ of the stomata. But ants go where the sugar is, and so sometimes if a plant has become host to hemipterans, then ants will simply farm these invaders and reap the sugary benefits to the detriment of the plants. The complex interrelationships make for interesting study! Ants aren’t too picky about what they farm as long as they get the honeydew in return. Found during a night hike in Iwokrama rainforest reserve.
For a greater selection of photos which include different angles and species ask by pm to be added to my friend's list.
Yesterday the tire flew off my minibus, I cut the head off a pit viper and I was banned from a commercial flight by associating with a narco-trafficker. Today I am bushwhacking through the jungle in the remote trail-less backwaters of Guyana, waist deep in water and praying to make it through the rest of the day alive. What will tomorrow bring? God only knows. The adventure starts here- pbertner.wordpress.com/.
Never had a problem losing or maintaining your weight before, but now the scales will not move? There is a scientific reason: as we get older, our bodies do not respond to the exact same approach to weight loss efforts. Obesity incidence starts increasing in one's twenties and highs from 40 to 59, then decrease slightly. Sometimes we say that genetics charges the gun and the lifestyle pulls the trigger. However, everybody will find it more challenging to keep or shed weight with each passing year. Please subscribe and click the bell button for more health and fitness videos. __/LINKS\_ ► Website: ➜ ift.tt/2K225Zg ► Facebook: ➜ bit.ly/2SgFyvy ► Youtube: ➜ bit.ly/2YVO4Tg ================================================ Top 5 Reasons It's Harder to Lose Weight with Age Age-related Muscle Loss: You might also lose muscle if you are less active due to age-related health conditions, like arthritis, or if you have been diagnosed together with, accident or surgery for many days, Primack says. Every one of those individually doesn't lead to a substantial decrease, but nevertheless, they surely do. Normal Hormonal Changes: This happens most frequently between ages 45 and 55 causes a substantial drop in estrogen that promotes extra pounds to settle around the belly, says Dr. Griebeler. This change in fat storage can make the weight profit more noticeable and increase the danger of elevated blood pressure level, heart problems, higher cholesterol, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Metabolism is Slower than Before: A lot of individuals become less active with age, which slows down your metabolism. Age is not the only thing that determines metabolism, yet, your body size and gender play a role, too. So do specific health conditions, such as hypothyroidism. You are More Sedentary: You can even find yourself too busy to break for lunch, increasing the probability that you will shawl down something from a vending machine or purchase in calorie-dense takeout meals. You might undergo more work-related stress, which research published in the International Journal of Peptides suggested may increase the level of the bodily hormone ghrelin, that makes you hungrier. Experiencing Major Lifestyle Changes: Among the biggest changes comes whenever you begin a family. Unexpectedly, the hour you spent in the gym after work is invested with your child at home. And after, your kid's after school time is full of playdates, homework, along with alternative activities that require your attention. You don't seem to have time for yourself. Subscribe to our channel for more informational videos about health and fitness. For More Videos, Click The Link Below: ♥ Safe Sunscreen - Top 6 Tips How to Choose the Best Sunscreen youtu.be/TTfONLq1lBY ♥ Weight Loss Tips for Women - How to Lose Weight and Get more Energy in their Twenties youtu.be/12u48RGNH08 ♥ Sunscreen Mistakes – Top 7 Common Mistakes About Sunscreen | How to Pick the Right One youtu.be/2UqrASK5xME ♥ Benefits of Cherries - What Happens in Your Body if You Eat Cherries youtu.be/DodDvdblRVs ♥ Cure of Cavities - How to Get Rid of Teeth Cavity l You Don't Go to the Dentist youtu.be/spwJYX-KVCk ♥ Honey Benefits – Top 5 Benefits of Honey - Advantages & Uses of Honey | Nutrition Secrets youtu.be/r09T7cd2Isg ♥ Healthy Foods - Top 10 Healthiest Foods in the World | How to Create a Healthy Plate youtu.be/sJzle2VdoWU #loseweight #HormonalChanges # #muscleloss #LetsCareHealth #lifestylechanges youtu.be/TlUrXKQGWGU
nitroshot.com/sh/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPa...
NITROSHOT:
It's for everyone, including children beginning at the age of 7. It is a supplement based on essential amino acids in a hydrolyzed collagen base to separate the peptides and eliminate acidic toxins such as ammonia and other toxins perfecting its absorption as nitrogen to the muscle zones stimulated by physical efforts throughout the course of the workout. The idea is to speed up the red blood cell recruitment to exert strength and generate an adequate physical adaptation to our workout, leading to a rapid and progressive muscle development. Its intake is based on the elementary functions of human beings and their basic principles, such as anabolic function, 10 minutes before each workout, middle and end, to stimulate the absorption window. Helping the basic principle of physical adaptation and other basic principles.
A major frustration for heart and lung doctors are blood clots that typically cannot be detected until they are large and deadly. Severe symptoms, usually shortness of breath combined with risk factors such as obesity or smoking, are common emergency room triggers prompting doctors to look for clots.
Michael Page, PhD, UCSF assistant researcher, is on the trail of a better way. Page has invented something he calls CardioPaint, a peptide-based probe that detects small, early blood clots when injected in mice. The probe is activated by thrombin, a protein emitted in clotting. The new method shows clotting in real time, allowing doctors to evaluate immediate risks and treat as needed. Read the full story at www.ucsf.edu/news/2011/09/10622/ctsi-research-award-helps...
Learn more about Michael Page's research at UCSF Profiles profiles.ucsf.edu/ProfileDetails.aspx?From=SE&Person=...
Photo credit: UCSF Photo, Susan Merrell
Macro playtime at the lab again... major nerd alert! *LOL*
For the uninitiated ones: black = carbon, red = oxygen, blue = nitrogen, white = hydrogen, green = I ran out of white, sorry... :-P
The biochemists among the visitors to my photostream might have recognized it already - the nitrogen in the front is part of a peptide bond.
Plants are in a continuous battle with hemipterans (sap sucking bugs which have a long proboscis which they stick into the plant and through the plant’s own pressure they fill up the bug with the sugary phloem (sap).).This has led to an evolutionary arms race. It is not only the purloining of precious, hard earned sugars which is hard to accept for the plants, but these bugs also carry a variety of pathogens which can be transmitted to the plant via their unauthorized visitations. So the plants have developed a variety of defences, both physical and chemical. One such method is the introduction of small peptides into their sap which upon contact with air solidify, gumming up the mouthparts of any insect, and serving the dual function of forming a scab over the cut surface preventing further infection. This has stopped some insects though others have found a way around this. Chemical deterrence is another route that some plants have gone down. Toxic alkaloids or indigestible peptides laced with the sought after foodstuffs is a popular strategy. Though some insects have not only found a way around this, but have even exploited it to their advantage! Monarchs for instance feed on the toxic milkweed. Not only do they not suffer from the toxic alkaloids present in the plant, but they accumulate it and use it to in a similar way, so that they become unpalatable to avian predators. Together with their aposematic colouration, birds have learned to avoid them. Neotropical insects have developed along similar lines. To further complicate matters you have ants. These are both protectors and little Benedict Arnolds, selling out to the highest bidder – where the currency is sugar of course. When you can’t beat them, farm them! Plants have a love/hate relationship with ants. They have developed extrafloral nectaries for the purpose of luring ants to defend them from parasites and predators.This strategy is so effective that many species even those that are exclusively predatory, like trapjaw ants (Odontomachus sp.), can be seen patrolling the leaves of nectary producing plants. Plants that haven't developed extrafloral nectaries may also lure ants unintentionally since even leafbuds can sometimes produce sugary water through the ‘breathing’ of the stomata. But ants go where the sugar is, and so sometimes if a plant has become host to hemipterans, then ants will simply farm these invaders and reap the sugary benefits to the detriment of the plants. The complex interrelationships make for interesting study! Ants aren’t too picky about what they farm as long as they get the honeydew in return. Found during a night hike in Iwokrama rainforest reserve.
For a greater selection of photos which include different angles and species ask by pm to be added to my friend's list.
Yesterday the tire flew off my minibus, I cut the head off a pit viper and I was banned from a commercial flight by associating with a narco-trafficker. Today I am bushwhacking through the jungle in the remote trail-less backwaters of Guyana, waist deep in water and praying to make it through the rest of the day alive. What will tomorrow bring? God only knows. The adventure starts here- pbertner.wordpress.com/.
This bullet ant, just over an inch long is given its name because its bite has been described as being as painful as being shot. The excruciating pain lasts up to 72 hours from a single bite. They are lightening fast as this unfortunate termite found out. See other pictures in series (thumbnails below).
The bullet any is treated with great respect and caution by all who encounter it. It and several other of the many variety of ants common in the area are some of the sources of frequent human injuries (fire ants, army ants and bullet ants all inflict nasty bites and some folks have particularly bad reactions to the bites).
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Paraponerinae
Genus: Paraponera
Species: P. clavata
GPS: -4.389597327,-73.25814486
Elevation: 92.65209961m
From en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_ant : The pain caused by this insect's sting is purported to be greater than that of any other Hymenopteran, and is ranked as the most painful according to the Schmidt Sting Pain Index, given a "4+" rating, above the tarantula hawk wasp and, according to some victims, equal to being shot, hence the name of the insect. It is described as causing "waves of burning, throbbing, all-consuming pain that continues unabated for up to 24 hours". It is thought that the ant has evolved this way to ward off any predators who would normally unearth them. A paralyzing neurotoxic peptide isolated from the venom is poneratoxin. It affects voltage-dependent sodium ion channels and blocks the synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. It is being investigated for possible medical applications
Zelfina Anti Wrinkle Cream could be a peptide-rich anti-wrinkle answer that guarantees to help rejuvenate and rebuild the skin, and diminish aging signs on the skin. As purported by the manufacturer, it removes dark circles, clears underneath eye puffiness and gradually improves the skin's overall tone.This cream will supposedly be used as a replacement for surgery and different pricey procedures that aim to treat saggy skin. The ingredients concerned are said to naturally restore the skin's natural firmness, capacity to retain moisture and restore the skin back to its natural glow.
Search Keyword >>> Zelfina Anti Wrinkle Cream, Zelfina Anti Wrinkle Cream Natural,
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Located at the William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, the ThermoFinnigan LTQ mass spectrometer is used to identify peptides from living organisms such as human plasma, bacteria, and plants. Coupled with peptide identifications from FTICR mass spectrometers, the instrument becomes part of a two-step process used at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for verifying the existence and abundance of proteins. With important peptide biomarkers identified, directed research can further be done to better disease detection, energy production, vaccine development, and bioremediation.
For more information, visit www.pnl.gov/news/
Terms of Use: Our images are freely and publicly available for use with the credit line, "Courtesy of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory." Please use provided caption information for use in appropriate context.
Osteopontin (OPN) is a naturally occurring protein present, for example, in bone and eggshells. Importantly, OPN has been reported to inhibit formation of crystals of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), hydroxyapatite and some other biominerals. Of these, COM is the most common mineral in kidney stones.
We used a combination of experimental techniques (scanning confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy) and Molecular Dynamics simulations to study how phosphorylation of OPN influences its ability to bind on different faces of COM crystals. The aim is to discover the main binding mechanisms and with that information be able to inhibit the growth of kidney stones and use the same mechanism to control formation of other biominerals.
This simulation shows binding of OPN with three phosphorylations - three phosphoserine. As the video shows, OPN binds very efficiently ({100} face of COM). OPN is highly negative and COM has positive surface charge. Please see the movies (link below) with one and no phosphorylations. The differences are remarkable. Binding is mainly electrostatic and phosphorylation is needed to mediate the contacts between OPN and the crystal - OPN is mostly disordered protein and has no preferred folded pattern on the surface.
See also:
- Interaction of aspartic acid (of osteopontin) with calcium oxalate monohydrate surface
Computational resources:
- SharcNet
References:
1. Control of Calcium Oxalate Crystal Growth by Face-Specific Adsorption of an Osteopontin Phosphopeptide. B. Grohe, J. O'Young, D.A. Ionescu, G. Lajoie, K.A. Rogers, M. Karttunen, H.A. Goldberg, G.K. Hunter, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129, 14946-14951 (2007).
2. Phosphorylation of osteopontin peptides mediates adsorption to and incorporation into calcium oxalate crystals. O'Young, Jason; Chirico, Sara; Al Tarhuni, Nehal; Grohe, Bernd; Karttunen, Mikko; Goldberg, Harvey A; Hunter, Graeme K. Cells, tissues, organs 189, 51-5 (2009).
3. The flexible polyelectrolyte hypothesis of protein-biomineral interaction. Hunter, G.K., O’Young, J., Grohe, B., Karttunen, M. & Goldberg, H, Langmuir 26, 18639-46 (2010).
Antimicrobial resistance is an urgent global public health threat, killing at least 1.27 million people worldwide. In this project, we try to find an alternative solution to this problem. For having a better understanding, imagine you are Daniel Craig (antibiotic) in a James Bond movie and trying to malfunction a villain's fortress (Bacteria). Typically, the 007 agent would sneak into the fortress, locate the power source and disconnect the power. But, a long list of these movie series showed us, this task is highly risky, and usually villains protect it better and better by each movie (mutations in the bacteria). The more effective solution for our villain problem would be tearing down the walls of the fortress (membrain lysis) and ask the 007 agent to be retired as soon as possible! Generally, in this project we study these small proteins which can disrupt the bacteria membranes.
Mohammadreza Niknam Hamidabad (Physics)
Microsecond atomistic Molecular Dynamic simulation: Transition of the 9-mer mouse Neh2 peptide from an extended to a bound-state-like β-turn conformation. In general, our simulations show that the Keap1-binding motif of Neh2 display intrinsic propensities to form bound-state-like β-turns.
We studied the molecular mechanisms of how the disordered Neh2 domain of Nrf2 binds to Keap1 in the oxidative stress response pathway. This is important for understanding how toxic reactive electrophiles from the environment and the ones generated by our own metabolism can disrupt cellular functions. Such disruptions can lead to neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and aging.
Proteins explain very briefly:
- This is a link to a very brief intro to proteins disordered and regular. Note, the presentation at this link has lots of links to outside resources, just hover your mouse around the pics and terms to see the links.
See also:
1. Force field comparison - 10 force fields
2. Convergence of the 32-mer mouse Neh2 peptide to a bound-state-like β-turn conformation
3. Force field comparison: Single peptide using Amber99SB*
Computational resources:
- SharcNet
References:
1. Microsecond Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins Involved in the Oxidative Stress Response, Elio Cino, Jirasak Wong-ekkabut, Mikko Karttunen, Wing-Yiu Choy,PLoS One 6, e27371 (2011).
Macro playtime at the lab again... major nerd alert! *LOL*
For the uninitiated ones: black = carbon, red = oxygen, blue = nitrogen, white = hydrogen, yellow = sulfur, green = I ran out of white, sorry... :-P
And yes, one of the carbons lost one of its covalent bonds. Oh no! I guess it was shear force that ripped the chain apart.
A sustainable future means breakthroughs today in terms of actors and networks as well as what we produce and how we produce it. Discover during this session some innovations, scientific, technological and practical, to give us hope for this future.
Moderator:
Sally Uren, CEO, Forum for the Future
Speakers:
Kalpana Bhargava, Scientist ‘E’ & Division Head – Peptide & Proteomics, DIPAS – DRDO
Julie Hamilton, Chief Customer and Commercial Leadership Officer, Coca-Cola
Segenet Kelemu, Director General and CEO, International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology 2014 L’Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science Laureate for Africa and the Arab States
Lars Sorensen, Combines and Self Propelled Forage Harvester Product Marketing Director, CNH Industrial
Entry in category 4. Video loop; © CC-BY-NC-ND: Christian Röhrig
The Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) shown in this video is a great concern in healthcare. It cannot be killed with conventional antibiotics and causes severe infections. Additionally it invades and hides in human cells until drug therapy is finished, before causing a relapsing infection. We developed a new antibiotic that selectively kills MRSA and modified it with a cell penetrating peptide to follow the bacteria into the host cell and kill them in their hiding place. Our antibiotic actively cuts and destroys the cell wall, leading to lysis of the bacteria. This process was visualized in human bone cells infected with fluorescent MRSA and treated with the modified antibiotic. This time-resolved and three-dimensional data offers unprecedented detail and confirms an almost complete eradication of intracellular MRSA. The imaging was performed on a confocal microscope equipped with a 63 × 1.30 oil objective. Every 5 minutes, 40 z-slices of a 20 µm section were imaged.