View allAll Photos Tagged oxycodone
The post surgery healing process can be slow and painful, with few things providing the comfort of 5mg of oxycodone.
Macro Mondays: Comfort
treated with onOne Holga cross process filter for Sliders Sunday
A recent Vancouver Sun article by investigative journalist, Kim Bolan prompted posting 3 Vancouver Downtown Eastside (DTES) illicit drug use photos.
2 of 3.
The DTES is the visible side of the illicit drug trade and its dehumanizing result.
This trio are in various stages of the effects of illicit drug use.
If you find it offensive, please move on. If you don’t want to read the entire Bolan article, skip to the final sentence, a hint to the crux of the overall problem.
Authorities charged 4 low level dealers and hope to hold them somewhat accountable in this article. That’s good. However, lawyer up and this story will have legs.
It seems upper level management in the illicit drug trade have enough levels of isolation above the street activity to escape any responsibility. Money buys obscurity and protection.
THE ARTICLE:
B.C. seeks to keep cash seized from Downtown Eastside gang
Courtesy Kim Bolan and the Vancouver Sun.
Kim Bolan is an experienced and award-winning journalist who has covered gangs in British Columbia for the past 40 years. Bolan also investigated the Air India bombing for 25 years until the publication in 2005 of her book, Loss of Faith.
The B.C. government has filed a lawsuit against a group of alleged Downtown Eastside drug traffickers, seeking the forfeiture of more than $150,000 seized from them.
The lawsuit, filed this week by the director of civil forfeiture, names four defendants that it alleges are part of a criminal organization investigated by the Vancouver Police Department.
While the group is not named in the statement of claim, details of the VPD probe outlined in the court document match an investigation into Zone 43 — a gang that originated in Montreal but has taken over the Downtown Eastside in recent years. Zone 43 has connections to B.C.’s notorious Wolfpack gang alliance.
In June, the VPD announced arrests of several Zone 43 gangsters, though they were released pending approval of charges.
The VPD said it had seized firearms, 24 kilos of drugs and $150,000 in cash during searches on May 14 in Vancouver and Burnaby.
The civil forfeiture lawsuit refers to three VPD searches done on the same date in the same cities and alleges Shayne Cozier-Flanagan, Evantee Jevontee Eustace Stoney, Tristin Johnson and Raimon Geday were “participating in the activities of a criminal organization.”
When police searched Stoney’s apartment on the 30th floor at 2388 Madison Ave. in Burnaby, they found $143,910.75 in Canadian currency and $607 in U.S. currency, the lawsuit said.
Officers seized another $5,800 at Cozier-Flanagan’s suite, also on the 30th floor, at 5665 Boundary Rd. in Vancouver, it said.
About $3,417 was seized from Johnson, who also lives in the Madison apartment, when he was arrested in the 300-block of East Hastings. Another $1,920 was found in Geday’s room in a supportive housing building on Kaslo Street, the lawsuit said.
The VPD also seized a 2017 Acura RDX, of which Stoney is the registered owner and which was used “to facilitate the trafficking of controlled substances,” the civil forfeiture director alleged.
The statement of claim notes that both Stoney and Geday have previous trafficking convictions and are banned from possessing firearms.
All four men named in the lawsuit “trafficked in controlled substances in the Downtown Eastside of Vancouver and the surrounding areas,” the lawsuit alleges.
In the Boundary apartment, police also found a money counter and business cards with the number to call to purchase drugs — known as a ‘dialer’ number.
In the Madison suite, the VPD also found dilaudid pills, oxycodone pills and “score sheets” documenting drug sales, collection and debts.
In Geday’s room, police found crack cocaine, powdered cocaine, crystal methamphetamine and another 275 dilaudid pills, as well as score sheets, bear spray and “miscellaneous drug packaging materials.”
The cash and car should be forfeited to the government because they are proceeds of or were used for unlawful activity, the lawsuit alleged.
The crimes committed include possession for the purpose of trafficking and trafficking, committing offences for the benefit of a criminal organization, conspiracy, money laundering and failure to declare taxable income, it alleged
No statements of defence have yet been filed on behalf of the four men.
Vancouver Police Insp. Phil Heard said at the June news conference that Zone 43 gangsters “pose a very significant risk to the public. They’re involved in a well-documented conflict ongoing in the province of Quebec with a rival group.”
Sources say the gang is still selling drugs in the Downtown Eastside.
(XO is the slogan and logo of R&B singer 'The Weeknd'. X stands for the drug ecstasy, O for oxycodone.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I listen to the Weeknd when I'm feeling reckless and need musical intoxication.
Papaver somniferum, commonly known as the opium poppy[2] or breadseed poppy,[3] is a species of flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae. It is the species of plant from which both opium and poppy seeds are derived and is also a valuable ornamental plant grown in gardens. Its native range was east of the Mediterranean Sea, but now is obscured by ancient introductions and cultivation, being naturalized across much of Europe and Asia.
This poppy is grown as an agricultural crop on a large scale, for one of three primary purposes: to produce poppy seeds, to produce opium (for use mainly by the pharmaceutical industry),[4] and to produce other alkaloids (mainly thebaine and oripavine) that are processed by pharmaceutical companies into drugs such as hydrocodone and oxycodone.[4] Each of these goals has special breeds that are targeted at one of these businesses, and breeding efforts (including biotechnological ones) are continually underway.[4][5][6] A comparatively small amount of P. somniferum is also produced commercially for ornamental purposes.
Today many varieties have been bred that do not produce a significant quantity of opium.[3][5] The cultivar 'Sujata' produces no latex at all.[6] Breadseed poppy is more accurate as a common name today because all varieties of P. somniferum produce edible seeds. This differentiation has strong implications for legal policy surrounding the growing of this plant.[5]
Description
Papaver somniferum is an annual herb growing to about 100 centimetres (40 inches) tall. The plant is strongly glaucous, giving a greyish-green appearance, and the stem and leaves bear a sparse distribution of coarse hairs. The large leaves are lobed, the upper stem leaves clasping the stem,[7] the lowest leaves with a short petiole.[8]: 40 The flowers are up to 3–10 cm (1–4 in) diameter, normally with four white, mauve or red petals, sometimes with dark markings at the base. The fruit is a hairless, rounded capsule topped with 12–18 radiating stigmatic rays, or fluted cap.[9] All parts of the plant exude white latex when wounded.[7]: 93 [10]: 32
More information can be found here:-
now @ , June 12th - July 8th
▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬
➵ Main Sim: maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/ACCESS/41/129/21
➵ Cam Sim: maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/ACCESS%20CamShopping/240/1...
My inner and outer right ankle 2 months after surgery. There is a metal plate and 10 screws holding everything together. I have to have one more surgery so more scars to come :-(
Papaver somniferum, commonly known as the opium poppy[2] or breadseed poppy,[3] is a species of flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae. It is the species of plant from which both opium and poppy seeds are derived and is also a valuable ornamental plant grown in gardens. Its native range was east of the Mediterranean Sea, but now is obscured by ancient introductions and cultivation, being naturalized across much of Europe and Asia.
This poppy is grown as an agricultural crop on a large scale, for one of three primary purposes: to produce poppy seeds, to produce opium (for use mainly by the pharmaceutical industry),[4] and to produce other alkaloids (mainly thebaine and oripavine) that are processed by pharmaceutical companies into drugs such as hydrocodone and oxycodone.[4] Each of these goals has special breeds that are targeted at one of these businesses, and breeding efforts (including biotechnological ones) are continually underway.[4][5][6] A comparatively small amount of P. somniferum is also produced commercially for ornamental purposes.
Today many varieties have been bred that do not produce a significant quantity of opium.[3][5] The cultivar 'Sujata' produces no latex at all.[6] Breadseed poppy is more accurate as a common name today because all varieties of P. somniferum produce edible seeds. This differentiation has strong implications for legal policy surrounding the growing of this plant.[5]
Description
Papaver somniferum is an annual herb growing to about 100 centimetres (40 inches) tall. The plant is strongly glaucous, giving a greyish-green appearance, and the stem and leaves bear a sparse distribution of coarse hairs. The large leaves are lobed, the upper stem leaves clasping the stem,[7] the lowest leaves with a short petiole.[8]: 40 The flowers are up to 3–10 cm (1–4 in) diameter, normally with four white, mauve or red petals, sometimes with dark markings at the base. The fruit is a hairless, rounded capsule topped with 12–18 radiating stigmatic rays, or fluted cap.[9] All parts of the plant exude white latex when wounded.[7]: 93 [10]: 32
More information can be found here:-
Mother I don't wanna take my medicine
24 years in the gutter again, I'm losing it
I'm losing it
Everybody's acting like they're all alright
I can barely get myself to sleep at night, I'm sick of it
Yeah, I'm sick of it
Yeah, they sent the taxman
I lost my job, and
You got hooked on oxycodone
They shut the lights off
They took the car, and
I bought a sawed-off shotgun
Yeah, they sent the taxman
I lost my job, and
You got hooked on oxycodone
They shut the lights off
They took the car, and
I bought a sawed-off shotgun
I'd rather be crazy than to take these pills
I'm sick of being okay against my will
I'm losing it, I'm losing it
Ain't a thing in this world that I'm gonna miss
It's all fake smiles and leather jackets
We're full of it, yeah we're full of shit
I don't know who to trust
Yeah, they sent the taxman
I lost my job, and
You got hooked on oxycodone
They shut the lights off
They took the car, and
I bought a sawed-off shotgun
Yeah, they sent the taxman
I lost my job, and
You got hooked on oxycodone
They shut the lights off
They took the car, and
I bought a sawed-off shotgun
I'm losing it
I bought a sawed-off shotgun
I'm losing it
I bought a sawed-off shotgun
I don't know who to trust
Maybe people like us
Yeah, they sent the taxman
I lost my job, and
You got hooked on oxycodone
They shut the lights off
They took the car, and
I bought a sawed-off shotgun
Yeah, they sent the taxman
I lost my job, and
You got hooked on oxycodone
They shut the lights off
They took the car, and
I bought a sawed-off shotgun
Papaver somniferum, commonly known as the opium poppy[2] or breadseed poppy,[3] is a species of flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae. It is the species of plant from which both opium and poppy seeds are derived and is also a valuable ornamental plant grown in gardens. Its native range was east of the Mediterranean Sea, but now is obscured by ancient introductions and cultivation, being naturalized across much of Europe and Asia.
This poppy is grown as an agricultural crop on a large scale, for one of three primary purposes: to produce poppy seeds, to produce opium (for use mainly by the pharmaceutical industry),[4] and to produce other alkaloids (mainly thebaine and oripavine) that are processed by pharmaceutical companies into drugs such as hydrocodone and oxycodone.[4] Each of these goals has special breeds that are targeted at one of these businesses, and breeding efforts (including biotechnological ones) are continually underway.[4][5][6] A comparatively small amount of P. somniferum is also produced commercially for ornamental purposes.
Today many varieties have been bred that do not produce a significant quantity of opium.[3][5] The cultivar 'Sujata' produces no latex at all.[6] Breadseed poppy is more accurate as a common name today because all varieties of P. somniferum produce edible seeds. This differentiation has strong implications for legal policy surrounding the growing of this plant.[5]
Description
Papaver somniferum is an annual herb growing to about 100 centimetres (40 inches) tall. The plant is strongly glaucous, giving a greyish-green appearance, and the stem and leaves bear a sparse distribution of coarse hairs. The large leaves are lobed, the upper stem leaves clasping the stem,[7] the lowest leaves with a short petiole.[8]: 40 The flowers are up to 3–10 cm (1–4 in) diameter, normally with four white, mauve or red petals, sometimes with dark markings at the base. The fruit is a hairless, rounded capsule topped with 12–18 radiating stigmatic rays, or fluted cap.[9] All parts of the plant exude white latex when wounded.[7]: 93 [10]: 32
More information can be found here:-
Predictably, this prescription medication comes with a number of side effects, and according to the CDC, it is one of the most frequently mentioned drugs with respect to overdose deaths. On the dose I tested I found that it delivered the usual opioid type mood lift, with some dizziness at times and hints of nausea. Caution is strongly recommended.
34. Many - Leftovers. A bunch of painkillers left over from a prescription.
Strobist info - Canon EX430II camera left, with diffuser.
Papaver somniferum, commonly known as the opium poppy[2] or breadseed poppy,[3] is a species of flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae. It is the species of plant from which both opium and poppy seeds are derived and is also a valuable ornamental plant grown in gardens. Its native range was east of the Mediterranean Sea, but now is obscured by ancient introductions and cultivation, being naturalized across much of Europe and Asia.
This poppy is grown as an agricultural crop on a large scale, for one of three primary purposes: to produce poppy seeds, to produce opium (for use mainly by the pharmaceutical industry),[4] and to produce other alkaloids (mainly thebaine and oripavine) that are processed by pharmaceutical companies into drugs such as hydrocodone and oxycodone.[4] Each of these goals has special breeds that are targeted at one of these businesses, and breeding efforts (including biotechnological ones) are continually underway.[4][5][6] A comparatively small amount of P. somniferum is also produced commercially for ornamental purposes.
Today many varieties have been bred that do not produce a significant quantity of opium.[3][5] The cultivar 'Sujata' produces no latex at all.[6] Breadseed poppy is more accurate as a common name today because all varieties of P. somniferum produce edible seeds. This differentiation has strong implications for legal policy surrounding the growing of this plant.[5]
Description
Papaver somniferum is an annual herb growing to about 100 centimetres (40 inches) tall. The plant is strongly glaucous, giving a greyish-green appearance, and the stem and leaves bear a sparse distribution of coarse hairs. The large leaves are lobed, the upper stem leaves clasping the stem,[7] the lowest leaves with a short petiole.[8]: 40 The flowers are up to 3–10 cm (1–4 in) diameter, normally with four white, mauve or red petals, sometimes with dark markings at the base. The fruit is a hairless, rounded capsule topped with 12–18 radiating stigmatic rays, or fluted cap.[9] All parts of the plant exude white latex when wounded.[7]: 93 [10]: 32
More information can be found here:-
Papaver somniferum, commonly known as the opium poppy[2] or breadseed poppy,[3] is a species of flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae. It is the species of plant from which both opium and poppy seeds are derived and is also a valuable ornamental plant grown in gardens. Its native range was east of the Mediterranean Sea, but now is obscured by ancient introductions and cultivation, being naturalized across much of Europe and Asia.
This poppy is grown as an agricultural crop on a large scale, for one of three primary purposes: to produce poppy seeds, to produce opium (for use mainly by the pharmaceutical industry),[4] and to produce other alkaloids (mainly thebaine and oripavine) that are processed by pharmaceutical companies into drugs such as hydrocodone and oxycodone.[4] Each of these goals has special breeds that are targeted at one of these businesses, and breeding efforts (including biotechnological ones) are continually underway.[4][5][6] A comparatively small amount of P. somniferum is also produced commercially for ornamental purposes.
Today many varieties have been bred that do not produce a significant quantity of opium.[3][5] The cultivar 'Sujata' produces no latex at all.[6] Breadseed poppy is more accurate as a common name today because all varieties of P. somniferum produce edible seeds. This differentiation has strong implications for legal policy surrounding the growing of this plant.[5]
Description
Papaver somniferum is an annual herb growing to about 100 centimetres (40 inches) tall. The plant is strongly glaucous, giving a greyish-green appearance, and the stem and leaves bear a sparse distribution of coarse hairs. The large leaves are lobed, the upper stem leaves clasping the stem,[7] the lowest leaves with a short petiole.[8]: 40 The flowers are up to 3–10 cm (1–4 in) diameter, normally with four white, mauve or red petals, sometimes with dark markings at the base. The fruit is a hairless, rounded capsule topped with 12–18 radiating stigmatic rays, or fluted cap.[9] All parts of the plant exude white latex when wounded.[7]: 93 [10]: 32
More information can be found here:-
The Velvet Mafia at Arlene's Grocery on the Lower East Side of New York City 2005. The Velvet Mafia and Dean Johnson appeared in the 2001 documentary film Freaks Glam Gods and Rockstars ... The NYC Story.
The 46-year-old nightlife icon had consumed a toxic mix of oxycodone and four other prescription pills before he passed away.
Johnson, a 6-foot-6 drag queen and paid escort, had traveled to Washington to comfort a friend after a man had died in his apartment from an apparent drug overdose just three days earlier.
Authorities said that man, Jordan Conklin, 26, had died after consuming a lethal combination of alcohol and oxycodone.
The owner of the apartment, Steven Saleh, 47, was not charged in either death.
Dean Johnson's body was found
09/20/2007
Envoy Towers
2400 16th St. NW
Washington, D.C. 20009
The Velvet Mafia
Dean Johnson
Arlene's Grocery
95 Stanton St
New York, NY 10002
212-995-1652
julia@arlenesgrocery.net
Photo
New York City USA
05-03-2005
List of drugs I self-administered during the writing of this book:
1P-ETH-LAD
1P-LSD
2C-B
2C-B-AN
2C-B-FLY
2C-E
2C-I
3,4 CTMP
3-FPM
3-MeO-PCMo
4-ACO-DMT
4-FA
4F-EPH
4F-MPH
4-HO-MET
4-Me-TMP
5F-AKB48
5-MeO-DALT
5-MeO-DIBF
6-APB
Adderall
Alcohol
AL-LAD
Alprazolam
AM-2201
AM-694
Amphetamine
AMT
Aniracetam
Armodafinil
Ayahuasca
Betel Nut
BK-2C-B
Blue Lotus
Caffeine
Calea
Cannabis
Catnip
Catuaba
Cebil
Celastrus Paniculatus
Chaliponga Leaves
Changa
Chlordiazepoxide
Citicoline
Clonazolam
Coca
Cocaine
Codeine
Damiana
Datura
Diazepam
Diclazepam
Diphenhydramine
Diphenidine
DMT
Doxylamine Succinate
DXM
Entada Rheedii
EPH
Ephedra
Ephenidine
Etizolam
Flubromazolam
Fly Agaric
Gabapentin
GHB
Ginkgo
Guarana
Guayusa
HBWS
HDMP-28
Heroin
Hexen
Iboga
Imphepho
Indian Warrior
IPPH
JWH-018
JWH-073
Kanna
Kava Kava
Ketamine
Khaini
Kola Nut
Kratom
Lavender
Lean
LSD
LSZ
L-Theanine
Maconha Brava
Magic Mushrooms
Magic Truffles
Mapacho
Marihuanilla
MDA
MDAI
MDMA
MEAI
Mephedrone
Methamphetamine
Methylone
Methylphenidate
Mexedrone
Mexican Tarragon
MNA
Modafiendz
Morning Glory Seeds
Morphine
MPA
Mugwort
Mulungu
MXE
MXP
Nifoxipam
NM2AI
Noopept
NSI 189
Nutmeg
Ololiuqui
Opium
Oxycodone
Passion Flower
Phenibut
Picamilon
Pink Lotus Flower
Pipradrol
Poppers
PPH
Pregabalin
PRL-8-53
Pyrazolam
Rapé
Red Lily
Sakae Naa
Salvia
San Pedro Cactus
Shirodhara
Sinicuichi
Skullcap
St. John’s Wort
Syrian Rue
Tobacco
TPA
Tramadol
Ubulawu
Valerian Root
White Sage
Wild Dagga
Wild Lettuce
Wormwood
Yohimbe
Yopo
The book’s website: www.DrugUsersBible.com
While the K9 is still feverishly searching for the 50,000 pills of Oxycodone that are reported to be hidden on board, the LAST thing these Troopers want to see is another Freightliner Tractor pulling ANOTHER Pot-Belly Livestock Trailer coming down the road.
1:43 First Response Replicas
Dodge Magnum
Chevy Tahoe
Dodge Charger
Georgia State Patrol
12-4-2010
Friday night Suzy (Bulldog 1) fell down the pull down stairs going to the attic. She fractured her pelvis in two places. Happily they didn't need to operate but she spent two days in the hospital. I got her home today at 3:30. She now starts the slow process of recovery. They have her on oxycodone to control the pain. She very slowly gets around on crutches. I will try and catch up on my contacts starting tomorrow morning. The weekend has been unbelievably hectic. Thanks to all the friends who have left messages and e-mails.
JdStyle: My great love for accessories, I have discovered fantastic creators throughout my life in SL.
*************************
ecstasy & oxycodone
marketplace.secondlife.com/es-ES/stores/210184
www.facebook.com/Ecstasy-Oxycodone-338608003425049/
***********************
-MONCADA PARIS
STORE LOCATION : maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Fedora/85/156/1003
"Narcotics such as OXYCODONE are available by special order only."
Message on the counter of a pharmacy in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Taken on April 18, 2018.
Well I had surgery this morning at 8:00am. I desperately wanted to stay on top of my 365 for a while, and so while they were prepping me for surgery I took a couple of pictures of my IV. And I edited the picture and am writing this while on oxycodone. I have also been editing engagement pictures (from the engagement session forever ago) all day, so those could be interesting. But, I am not supposed to walk much for a couple days still so editing pictures is what I will be occupying my time with. I apologize if I post a million things in the next few days.
Homeless tent city in Hudson Yards Midtown New York City USA July 15th 2020
Coronavirus COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Civil Disobedience Hudson Yards New York City Summer 2020
Public - drug abuse - violence - looting - crime - dangerous used drug needles left on the streets on Midtown New York City
Closest address
The Lewis Rentals
411 W 35th St,
New York, NY 10001
( built in 2018 )
West Midtown Medical Group
Opioid Treatment Program
311 West 35th Street,
New York, NY 10001
Dyer Avenue at West 35th Street between 8th and 10th avenue
Photos May 2nd 2020 to July 15th 2020
#Coronavirus
#Coronavirus
#COVID19
#SARSCoV2
#Methadone
#Heroin
#Morphine
#Oxycodone
#Hydrocodone
#Fentanyl
#Opioid
#HypodermicNeedle
#HypodermicNeedles
#Hypodermic
#Needle
#Needles
#NYC
#NewYorkCity
#HelloHudsonYards
#HudsonYardsNYC
@NYGovCuomo
#NYGovCuomo
#AndrewCuomo
@NYCMayor
#NYCMayor
#BillDeBlasio
@NYCGOV
#NYCGOV
#CovidNYC
NYCCovid
#CovidUSA
#USACovid
NYCMTA
@mtanyctransit
#VirusCorona
#VirusCoronavirus
#DepartmentOfHealth
PPE
PersonalProtectiveEquipment FaceMask
CovidTest
Covid Testing
@ny1
White Poppy and Bee, Papaver somniferum, commonly known as the opium poppy[2] or breadseed poppy,[3] is a species of flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae. It is the species of plant from which both opium and poppy seeds are derived and is also a valuable ornamental plant grown in gardens. Its native range was east of the Mediterranean Sea, but now is obscured by ancient introductions and cultivation, being naturalized across much of Europe and Asia.
This poppy is grown as an agricultural crop on a large scale, for one of three primary purposes: to produce poppy seeds, to produce opium (for use mainly by the pharmaceutical industry),[4] and to produce other alkaloids (mainly thebaine and oripavine) that are processed by pharmaceutical companies into drugs such as hydrocodone and oxycodone.[4] Each of these goals has special breeds that are targeted at one of these businesses, and breeding efforts (including biotechnological ones) are continually underway.[4][5][6] A comparatively small amount of P. somniferum is also produced commercially for ornamental purposes.
Today many varieties have been bred that do not produce a significant quantity of opium.[3][5] The cultivar 'Sujata' produces no latex at all.[6] Breadseed poppy is more accurate as a common name today because all varieties of P. somniferum produce edible seeds. This differentiation has strong implications for legal policy surrounding the growing of this plant.[5]
Description
Papaver somniferum is an annual herb growing to about 100 centimetres (40 inches) tall. The plant is strongly glaucous, giving a greyish-green appearance, and the stem and leaves bear a sparse distribution of coarse hairs. The large leaves are lobed, the upper stem leaves clasping the stem,[7] the lowest leaves with a short petiole.[8]: 40 The flowers are up to 3–10 cm (1–4 in) diameter, normally with four white, mauve or red petals, sometimes with dark markings at the base. The fruit is a hairless, rounded capsule topped with 12–18 radiating stigmatic rays, or fluted cap.[9] All parts of the plant exude white latex when wounded.[7]: 93 [10]: 32
Plant showing the typical glaucous appearance
Plant showing the typical glaucous appearance
Flower
Flower
Close-up of flower center
Close-up of flower center
Capsule showing latex (opium) exuding from incision
Capsule showing latex (opium) exuding from incision
Close-up of white poppy seeds
Close-up of white poppy seeds
Metabolism
The alkaloids are organic nitrogenous compounds, derivatives of secondary metabolism, synthesized through the metabolic pathway of benzylisoquinoline.[11] First, the amino acid phenylalanine, through the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, is transformed into tyrosine. Tyrosine can follow two different routes: by tyrosine hydroxylase it can form L-dopamine (L-DOPA), or it can be reduced to form 4-phenylhydroxyacetaldehyde (4-HPAA). Subsequently, L-DOPA reacts with 4-HPAA and, through a series of reactions, forms (S) -norcoclaurine, which carries the benzylisoquinoline skeleton that gives its name to this pathway. The conversion of (S) -norcoclaurin to (S) -reticuline is one of the key points, since from (S) -reticuline morphine can be formed through the morphinan route, noscapine through the path of the noscapina or berberina.[11]
Genome
The poppy genome contains 51,213 genes encoding proteins distributed 81.6% in 11 individual chromosomes and 18.4% remaining in unplaced scaffolds.[11] In addition, 70.9% of the genome is made up of repetitive elements, of which the most represented are the long terminal repeat retrotransposons. This enrichment of genes is related to the maintenance of homeostasis and a positive regulation of transcription.[11]
The analysis of synergy of the opium poppy reveals traces of segmental duplications 110 million years ago (MYA), before the divergence between Papaveraceae and Ranunculaceae, and an event of duplication of the complete genome makes 7.8 MYA.
The genes are possibly grouped as follows:[11]
The genes responsible for the conversion of (S) -reticuline to noscapine are found on chromosome 11.
The genes responsible for the conversion of (S) -reticuline to thebaine are found on chromosome 11.
The genes responsible for the conversion of thebaine are found in chromosome 1, chromosome 2, chromosome 7, and perhaps others.
Taxonomy
Papaver somniferum was formally described by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in his seminal publication Species Plantarum in 1753 on page 508.[12][13]
Varieties and cultivars
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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P. somniferum has had a very long tradition of use, starting in the Neolithic. This long period of time allowed the development of a broad range of different forms. In total there are 52 botanical varieties.[14] Breeding of P. somniferum faces a challenge caused by the contradictory breeding goals for this species.[14] On one hand a very high content of alkaloids is requested for medical uses. The global demand for the alkaloids and the pharmaceutical derivatives has increased in the past years. Therefore, there is a need for the development of varieties with a high opium yield.[15] On the other hand, the food industry demands as low alkaloid contents as possible.[14]
There is one accepted subspecies, P. somniferum subsp. setigerum (DC.) Arcang.[12] There are also many varieties and cultivars. Colors of the flowers vary widely, as do other physical characteristics, such as number and shape of petals [citation needed], number of flowers and fruits, number of seeds, color of seeds, and production of opium. Papaver somniferum var. paeoniflorum is a variety with flowers that are highly double, and are grown in many colors. P. somniferum var. laciniatum is a variety with flowers that are highly double and deeply lobed. The variety Sujata produces no latex and no commercial utility for opioid production.
Distribution and habitat
The native range of opium poppy is probably the Eastern Mediterranean, but extensive cultivation and introduction of the species throughout Europe since ancient times have obscured its origin. It has escaped from cultivation, or has been introduced and become naturalized extensively in all regions of the British Isles, particularly in the south and east[16] and in almost all other countries of the world with suitable, temperate climates.[17]
Ecology
Diseases
P. somniferum is susceptible to several fungal, insect and virus infections including seed borne diseases such as downy mildew and root rot. The use of pesticides in combination to cultural methods have been considered as major control measures for various poppy diseases.[18]
The fungal pathogen Peronospora arborescens, the causal agent of downy mildew, occurs preferentially during wet and humid conditions.[19] This oomycete penetrates the roots through oospores and infects the leaves as conidia in a secondary infection.[20] The fungus causes hypertrophy and curvature of the stem and flower stalks.[21] The symptoms are chlorosis and curling of the affected tissues with necrotic spots.[22] The leaf under-surface is covered with a downy mildew coating containing conidiospores that spread the infection further leading to plant damage and death.[23] Another downy mildew species, Peronospora somniferi, produces systemic infections leading to stunting and deformation of poppy plants.[24] Downy mildew can be controlled preventively at the initial stage of seed development through several fungicide applications.[19]
Leaf blight caused by the fungus Helminthosporium papaveris is one of the most destructive poppy diseases worldwide. The seed-borne fungus causes root rot in young plants and stunted stems in plants at a higher development stage, where leaf spots appear on the leaves and is being transmitted to capsules and seeds.[23] Early sowing of seeds and deep plowing of poppy residues can reduce fungal inoculum during the plant growing season in the following year on neighboring poppy stocks, respectively.[19]
Mosaic diseases in p. somniferum are caused by rattle virus and the Carlavirus.[18] In 2006, a novel virus tentatively called "opium poppy mosaic virus" (OPMV) from the genus Umbravirus was isolated from p. somniferum containing leaf mosaic and mottling symptoms, in New Zealand.[25]
Pests
There are only a few pests that can do harm to P. somniferum.[19]
Flea beetles perforate the leaves of young plants and aphids suck on the sap of the flower buds.[19] The poppy root weevil (Stenocarus ruficornis) is another significant pest. The insect lives in the soil and migrates in spring to the poppy fields after crop emergence. Adults damage the leaves of small plants by eating them. Female lay their eggs into the tissue of lower leaves. Insect larvae hatch and burrow into the soil to complete their life cycle on the poppy roots as adults.[26]
Cultivation
In the growth development of P. somniferum, six stages can be distinguished. The growth development starts with the growth of the seedlings. In a second step the rosette-type leaves and stalks are formed. After that budding (hook stage) takes place as a third step. The hook stage is followed by flowering. Subsequently, technical maturity is reached, which means that the plant is ready for cutting. The last step is biological maturity; dry seeds are ripened. The photoperiod seems to be the main determinant of flower development of P. somniferum.[27]
P. somniferum shows a very slow development in the beginning of its vegetation period. Due to this fact the competition of weeds is very high in early stages. It is very important to control weeds effectively in the first 50 days after sowing.[28] Additionally, Papaver somniferum is rather susceptible to herbicides. The pre-emergence application of the herbicide chlortoluron has been shown to be effective in reducing weed levels.[28] However, in the last decade the weed management of Papaver somniferum has shifted from pre-emergence treatments to post-emergence treatments.[29] Especially, the application of the two herbicides mesotrione and tembotrione has become very popular. The combined application of those two herbicides has been shown to be recommendable for effective weed management in Papaver somniferum.[29] Sowing time (autumn or spring), preceding crop and soil texture are important variables influencing the weed species composition. A highly abundant weed species in Papaver somniferum fields was shown to be Papaver rhoeas.[29][30] Papaver somniferum and Papaver rhoeas belong to the same plant family, which impedes the chemical control of this weed species.[30] Therefore, weed management represents a big challenge and requires technological knowledge from the farmer.[30] In order to increase the efficiency of weed control not only chemical weed control should be applied but also mechanical weed control.[30]
For P. somniferum, a growth density of 70 to 80 plants per square meter is recommended.[31] Latex-to-biomass yield is greatest under conditions of slight water deficit.[32]
Ornamental
Live plants and seeds of the opium poppy are widely sold by seed companies and nurseries in most of the western world, including the United States. Poppies are sought after by gardeners for the vivid coloration of the blooms, the hardiness and reliability of the poppy plants, the exotic chocolate-vegetal fragrance note of some cultivars,[which?] and the ease of growing the plants from purchased flats of seedlings or by direct sowing of the seed. Poppy seed pods are also sold for dried flower arrangements.
Though "opium poppy and poppy straw" are listed in Schedule II of the United States' Controlled Substances Act, P. somniferum can be grown legally in the United States as a seed crop or ornamental flower.[33] During the summer, opium poppies can be seen flowering in gardens throughout North America and Europe, and displays are found in many private plantings, as well as in public botanical and museum gardens such as United States Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden, and North Carolina Botanical Garden.
Many countries grow the plants, and some rely heavily on the commercial production of the drug as a major source of income. As an additional source of profit, the seeds of the same plants are sold for use in foods, so the cultivation of the plant is a significant source of income. This international trade in seeds of P. somniferum was addressed by a UN resolution "to fight the international trade in illicit opium poppy seeds" on 28 July 1998.
Red opium poppy flower
Red opium poppy flower
Czech blue poppy flower
Czech blue poppy flower
Czech blue poppy seeds
Czech blue poppy seeds
Production
Poppy seed production – 2018
Country(tonnes)
Turkey26,991
Czech Republic13,666
Spain12,360
World76,240
Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations[34]
Food
In 2018, world production of poppy seeds for consumption was 76,240 tonnes, led by Turkey with 35% of the world total (table). Poppy seed production and trade are susceptible to fluctuations mainly due to unstable yields. The performance of most genotypes of Papaver somniferum is very susceptible to environmental changes.[35] This behaviour led to a stagnation of the poppy seed market value between 2008–2009 as a consequence of high stock levels, bad weather and poor quality.[36] The world leading importer of poppy seed is India (16 000 tonnes), followed by Russia, Poland and Germany.[37]
Poppy seed oil remains a niche product due to the lower yield compared to conventional oil crops.[38]
Medicine
Australia (Tasmania), Turkey and India are the major producers of poppy for medicinal purposes and poppy-based drugs, such as morphine or codeine.[39][15] The New York Times reported, in 2014, that Tasmania was the largest producer of the poppy cultivars used for thebaine (85% of the world's supply) and oripavine (100% of the world's supply) production. Tasmania also had 25% of the world's opium and codeine production.[4]
Restrictions
Opium poppy fields near Metheringham, Lincolnshire, England
In most of Central Europe, poppy seed is commonly used for traditional pastries and cakes, and it is legal to grow poppies throughout the region, although Germany requires a licence.[40]
Since January 1999 in the Czech Republic, according to the 167/1998 Sb. Addictive Substances Act, poppies growing in fields larger than 100 square metres (120 sq yd) is obliged for reporting to the local Custom Office.[41][42] Extraction of opium from the plants is prohibited by law (§ 15 letter d/ of the act). It is also prohibited to grow varieties with more than 0.8% of morphine in dry matter of their capsules, excluding research and experimental purposes (§24/1b/ of the act). The name Czech blue poppy refers to blue poppy seeds used for food.[citation needed]
The United Kingdom does not require a licence for opium poppy cultivation, but does for extracting opium for medicinal products.[43]
In the United States, opium poppies and poppy straw are prohibited.[44] As the opium poppy is legal for culinary or esthetic reasons, poppies were once grown as a cash crop by farmers in California. The law of poppy cultivation in the United States is somewhat ambiguous.[45] The reason for the ambiguity is that the Opium Poppy Control Act of 1942 (now repealed)[46][47] stated that any opium poppies should be declared illegal, even if the farmers were issued a state permit. § 3 of the Opium Poppy Control Act stated:
It shall be unlawful for any person who is not the holder of a license authorizing him to produce the opium poppy, duly issued to him by the Secretary of the Treasury in accordance with the provisions of this Act, to produce the opium poppy, or to permit the production of the opium poppy in or upon any place owned, occupied, used, or controlled by him.
This led to the Poppy Rebellion, and to the Narcotics Bureau arresting anyone planting opium poppies and forcing the destruction of poppy fields of anyone who defied the prohibition of poppy cultivation.[48][49] Though the press of those days favored the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, the state of California supported the farmers who grew opium poppies for their seeds for uses in foods such as poppy seed muffins. Today, this area of law has remained vague and remains somewhat controversial in the United States.[50] The Opium Poppy Control Act of 1942 was repealed on 27 October 1970.[51][52]
Under the Federal Controlled Substances Act, opium poppy and poppy straw are listed as Schedule II drugs under ACSN 9630. Most (all?) states also use this classification under the uniform penal code. Possession of a Schedule II drug is a federal and state felony.
Canada forbids possessing, seeking or obtaining the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum), its preparations, derivatives, alkaloids and salts, although an exception is made for poppy seed.[53]
In some parts of Australia, P. somniferum is illegal to cultivate, but in Tasmania, some 50% of the world supply is cultivated.[54]
In New Zealand, it is legal to cultivate the opium poppy as long as it is not used to produce controlled drugs.[55]
In United Arab Emirates the cultivation of the opium poppy is illegal, as is possession of poppy seed. At least one man has been imprisoned for possessing poppy seed obtained from a bread roll.[56]
Burma bans cultivation in certain provinces. In northern Burma bans have ended a century-old tradition of growing the opium poppy. Between 20,000 and 30,000 former poppy farmers left the Kokang region as a result of the ban in 2002.[57] People from the Wa region, where the ban was implemented in 2005, fled to areas where growing opium is still possible.
In South Korea, the cultivation of the opium poppy is strictly prohibited.[58]
Uses
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History
See also: Opium
Use of the opium poppy predates written history. The making and use of opium was known to the ancient Minoans.[59] Its sap was later named opion by the ancient Greeks. The English name is based on the Latin adaptation of the Greek form. Evidence of the early domestication of opium poppy has been discovered through small botanical remains found in regions of the Mediterranean and west of the Rhine River, predating circa 5000 BC.[60] These samples found in various Neolithic sites show the incredibly early cultivation and natural spread of the plant throughout western Europe.
Opium was used for treating asthma, stomach illnesses, and bad eyesight.
Opium became a major colonial commodity, moving legally and illegally through trade networks on the Indian subcontinent, Colonial America, Qing China and others.[61] Members of the East India Company saw the opium trade as an investment opportunity beginning in 1683.[62] In 1773, the Governor of Bengal established a monopoly on the production of Bengal opium, on behalf of the East India Company administration. The cultivation and manufacture of Indian opium was further centralized and controlled through a series of acts issued between 1797 and 1949.[62][63] East India Company merchants balanced an economic deficit from the importation of Chinese tea by selling Indian opium which was smuggled into China in defiance of Qing government bans. This trade led to the First and Second Opium Wars.[64][63][61][65]
Many modern writers, particularly in the 19th century, have written on the opium poppy and its effects, notably Thomas de Quincey in Confessions of an English Opium Eater.
The French Romantic composer Hector Berlioz used opium for inspiration, subsequently producing his Symphonie Fantastique. In this work, a young artist overdoses on opium and experiences a series of visions of his unrequited love.
In the US, the Drug Enforcement Administration raided Thomas Jefferson's Monticello estate in 1987. It removed the poppy plants that had been planted continually there since Jefferson was alive and using opium from them. Employees of the foundation also destroyed gift shop items like shirts depicting the poppy and packets of the heirloom seed.[66]
Poppy seeds and oil
Main article: Poppy seed
Dried blue, grey and white poppy seeds used for pastries in Germany
Polish makowiec, a nut roll filled with poppy seed paste
Poppy seeds from Papaver somniferum are an important food item and the source of poppy seed oil, an edible oil that has many uses. The seeds contain very low levels of opiates and the oil extracted from them contains even less.[67] Both the oil and the seed residue also have commercial uses.
The poppy press cake as a residue of the oil pressing can be used as fodder for different animals as e.g., poultry and fancy fowls. Especially in the time of the molt of the birds, the cake is nutritive and fits to their special needs. Next to the animal fodder, poppy offers other by-products. For example, the stem of the plant can be used for energy briquettes and pellets to heat.[19]
Poppy seeds are used as a food in many cultures. They may be used whole by bakers to decorate their products or milled and mixed with sugar as a sweet filling. They have a creamy and nut-like flavor, and when used with ground coconut, the seeds provide a unique and flavour-rich curry base. They can be dry roasted and ground to be used in wet curry (curry paste) or dry curry.[68]
When the European Union attempted to ban the cultivation of Papaver somniferum by private individuals on a small scale (such as personal gardens), citizens in EU countries where poppy seed is eaten heavily, such as countries in the Central-Eastern region, strongly resisted the plan, causing the EU to change course. Singapore, UAE, and Saudi Arabia are among nations that ban even having poppy seeds, not just growing the plants for them.[69] The UAE has a long prison sentence for anyone possessing poppy seeds.[70]
Opiates
Main article: Opium
Dried poppy seed pods and stems (plate), and seeds (bowl)
The opium poppy, as its name indicates, is the principal source of opium, the dried latex produced by the seed pods. Opium contains a class of naturally occurring alkaloids known as opiates, that include morphine, codeine, thebaine, oripavine, papaverine and noscapine.[71][72] The specific epithet somniferum means "sleep-bringing", referring to the sedative properties of some of these opiates.[73]
The opiate drugs are extracted from opium. The latex oozes from incisions made on the green seed pods and is collected once dry. Tincture of opium or laudanum, consisting of opium dissolved in alcohol or a mixture of alcohol and water, is one of many unapproved drugs regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Its marketing and distribution persists because its historical use preceded the Federal Food, Drug & Cosmetic Act of 1938.[74] Tincture of opium B.P., containing 1% w/v of anhydrous morphine, also remains in the British Pharmacopoeia,[75] listed as a Class A substance under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.
Morphine is the predominant alkaloid found in the cultivated varieties of opium poppy that are used for opium production.[76] Other varieties produce minimal opium or none at all, such as the latex-free Sujata type. Non-opium cultivars that are planted for drug production feature a high level of thebaine or oripavine. Those are refined into drugs like oxycodone. Raw opium contains about 8–14% morphine by dry weight, or more in high-yield cultivars.[77] It may be used directly or chemically modified to produce semi-synthetic opioids such as heroin. Wikipedia
A nightmare is an unpleasant dream that can cause a strong negative emotional response from the mind, typically fear or horror, but also despair, anxiety and great sadness. The dream may contain situations of danger, discomfort, psychological or physical terror. Sufferers usually awaken in a state of distress and may be unable to return to sleep for a prolonged period of time.[1]
The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters (Francisco de Goya, c.1797)
The Nightmare (Henry Fuseli, 1781)
Nightmares can have physical causes such as sleeping in an uncomfortable or awkward position, having a fever, or psychological causes such as stress, anxiety, and ingestion of opioid drugs used in pain killers such as oxycodone and hydrocodone. Eating before going to sleep, which triggers an increase in the body's metabolism and brain activity, is a potential stimulus for nightmares.[2] Recurrent nightmares that can interfere with sleeping patterns and cause insomnia may require medical help.
Taken with a Nikon D80.
* Exposure: 0.003 sec (1/320) [+]
* Aperture: f/8 [+]
* Focal Length: 170 mm [+]
* ISO Speed: 250 [+]
Strobist: SB-800 and SB-600 Strapped to the lens with the lens extended to the 200mm setting. Attached with ball bungees with each flash on opposite side. This created a pseudo ring light appearance. Since I had Becky take the photo, I set the flashes to TTL. Triggered via pop up flash via Nikon CLS/AWS. Shutter speed set to 1/320 to eliminate any reflection directly from pop up flash. f/8 chosen for greater depth of field. ISO was left at 250.
For some time I had worsening halitosis (bad breath), pocket of my tonsils, food accumulation, snoring, and calcifications. I saw the ENT surgeon, Dr. McDonald at the Mayo Clinic a couple of months ago. We decided to proceed with tonsillectomy. My patient schedule was filled out for 2 months so I blocked my schedule and on 4/23/08 I underwent tonsillectomy.
After not eating or drinking after midnight, I showed up around 8 am to the hospital. I was escorted to an outpatient room and changed into hospital attire (Snaps in the back!). A young female IV tech came in and after a few seconds of prodding with a needle, my IV was in. The nursing staff was excellent and friendly. They hung an IV and took vitals. The scale they weighed me on-- IT LIES! :-)
I was then taken to the pre-anesthesia room. Assessed multiple times (spell your full name and what is your birthday) and confirmed what surgery I was having, things were a go. The anesthesiologist and a CRNA came and saw me and the CRNA rolled me to the OR. I was transferred to the OR table. Dr. McDonald came over to say hi. They hooked up my IV. I remember having the thought of "I wonder if I can see the propofol flowing down the IV into my arm". That was my last thought and I started coming awake in the PACU (recovery room). I had been intubated and extubated while I was asleep (hallelujah!). I consciously tried to breathe deeply and wiggle my hands and legs to try and recover as fast as possible from anesthesia. I kept on catching myself wanting to close my eyes and go back to sleep, but I forced myself to stay awake with the goal of recovering and going home. I needed a shot of pain medication in the recovery room (fentanyl). They switched my nose cannula of oxygen to a face mask of oxygen and moisture. I believe the Lord blessed me with a quick recovery, a successful surgery and blessed Dr. McDonald in performing the operation.
I was rolled back up to the semi-private outpatient room (2 person room). After being assessed by the nursing staff, my IV was removed. I quickly changed out of my hospital clothes into some loose fitting basketball pants. Becky waited in the room for me while I got ready. We went down to pickup my medications (narcotic - oxycodone in liquid form, antibiotic - amoxicllin) which it took the pharmacy an HOUR to fill. I fell asleep in the wheelchair. Becky pushed me in the wheelchair to the parking ramp and I climbed in the car. We picked the kids up 1/2 hour early from school and headed home. I proceeded to vomit once from being nauseous, took my first dose of oxycodone, and then went to be bed for an hour nap. I got up and took some tylenol. Drank some water and had a bit of jello. I promptly threw that up too with water coming out my nose! Ugh!
I drank lots of water and managed to keep down some jello. I ate a jello cup with mandarin oranges in it. That was a mistake--they burned the back of my throat! After that and for the rest of the night, I felt nauseous. After going to bed at 10, I got up to urinate at 12. Boy was it every slow, I think I was still affected by anesthesia and the narcotic. I got up again at 2 to urinate. I got clammy and cold and threw water up. I got up at 3 to urinate and couldn't sleep, so I read for 45 minutes. I went back to sleep and got up at 5:55. I drank some water and promptly threw it up along with the mandarin oranges from last night. After that, I haven't thrown up since--must have been those that didn't set well with me. It hurts to swallow more than a couple of times in a row. Consequently, I find myself not swallowing much. I've had a ton of water, some Lipton diet citrus green tea and bits of jello (Becky blended some bananas with some different varieties of jello for me) and yogurt. I will lose weight yet! :-)
I took a nap in the morning and a nap this evening as well. I thought I'd share this photo of the back of my throat to show you what things looked like. Carl.