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A few documentation shots of the multi oscillator, light reactive synths I've been building for various performances as part of Sanctuary 2015. They use the amazingly hardy perennial favourite IC, the 40106 CMSOS Schmitt trigger.
There are also a couple of not synths, but percussive instruments made from jars, piezo electric contact mics and m3 nuts and a silver dollar respectively,
"Burning the nitrogen of the atmosphere. This result is produced by the discharge of an electrical oscillator giving twelve million volts. The electrical pressure, alternating one hundred thousand times per second, excites the normally inert nitrogen causing it to combine with oxygen. The flame-like discharge measures sixty-five feet across."
Advertisement printed in Art Monthly magazine (June 2000, issue 237) announcing the performance “with live mains electricity” by sonic arts project Disinformation, which was presented live at the Hayward Gallery, London, on the 2nd June 2000. Four years after the first performance of “National Grid” (at club Disobey, 1996) the Hayward Gallery performance employed three electromagnetic sources - re-tuned electrical noise from live mains transformers (“National Grid”, published 1996), shortwave radio noise from the sun (“Stargate”, also 1996), plus live radio noise from the sound and light installation “Artificial Lightning”, also by Disinformation.
The “Artificial Lightning” installation was set-up in a (large) darkened space, between the “Mantle” exhibit by Russell Mills and Ian Walton, and the “Civic Recovery Centre” by Brian Eno. The performance took place inside this space, was well advertised (in Art Monthly, Time Out and The Wire magazines) and was physically packed - so well attended that it proved impossible to fit the whole audience in. The Hayward Gallery deemed the performance to have been a success… because young people turned-up “wearing expensive trainers” (direct quote).
The Hayward Gallery’s catalogue for “Sonic Boom” documents the Disinformation artworks “National Grid”, the “Negatives of Lightning” and “The Analysis of Beauty”, and the “Sonic Boom” CDs feature a recording of “National Grid”. The catalogue also features photos of coastal air-defence Sound Mirrors, from the “Blackout” project, and a 2-page spectrogram of the extraordinarily musical swooping and swirling radio noise produced by “Artificial Lightning”. In terms of electromagnetic sound art, “National Grid” precedes works such as “Electrical Walks” by fellow “Sonic Boom” exhibitor Christina Kubisch by seven years.
The “Artificial Lightning” exhibit was described as “actively thrilling” and “admirable” by William Packer (in the Financial Times), while Sci-Fi author Jeff Noon wrote (in The Independent) that “people are fascinated by this work”. Sian Ede (of the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation) described the exhibit as “way and ahead the best piece in Sonic Boom”. Reviewing “Sonic Boom” for the same issue of Art Monthly (page 35), sound artist David Cunningham described the Disinformation exhibit however as “disturbing” and as featuring “aggressive oscillators” (there were no oscillators).
The “Artificial Lightning” exhibit was later re-titled “The Origin of Painting” (in homage to “The Maid of Corinth, or the Origin of Painting” by the eighteenth century painter Joseph Wright), and has since been exhibited throughout the UK, and in Holland, Belgium and Spain, more than 30 times. The “Sonic Boom” exhibition drew over 36,000 visitors - just under 700 per day. “The Origin of Painting” exhibition at Fabrica (Brighton, 2001) was attended by 9,300 people - 332 per day, which was pretty good, especially considering the huge difference is resources.
The Art Monthly advertisement also announces performances by the artist David Toop, who curated Sonic Boom in conjunction with Fiona Bradley, and by the artist Harry Bertoia. Sonic Boom exhibitors included Angela Bulloch, Paul Burwell, Disinformation, Heri Dono, Max Eastley, Brian Eno, Paulo Feliciano, Greyworld, Stephan von Huene, Ryoji Ikeda, Philip Jeck, Thomas Köner, Christina Kubisch, Chico MacMurtie, Christian Marclay, Katarina Matiasek, Russell Mills, Mariko Mori, John Oswald, Pan Sonic, Project Dark, Lee Ranaldo, Scanner, Paul Schütze, Rafael Toral and Ian Walton.
www.flickr.com/photos/disinfo/22175744070/
Special thanks to Tim Register
Needs your free vote of support at: goo.gl/heBmZ7
With enough votes, it could be made into an actual set by LEGO!
Also, please check out my Minimoog models at: goo.gl/iucWKS
AND
the Prism & Spectrum at: goo.gl/pFTr3v
SFSU Electronic Music Lab 1987 (under the direction of Dr. Herb Bielawa). This rig contains parts of the original San Francisco Tape Music Center Buchla 100 series modular synthesizer, including an 8 stage sequencer, a rack of Moog filters (HP, LP and BP) and a rack of house-made modules ("guerilla modules"). Not seen is the 16 step Buchla "keyboard" which was (remarkably for when it was built) pressure sensitive and each key was independently tunable. A great rig.
This Philips QB 3.5/750 Tetrode vacuum tube is designed for use as a High Frequency amplifier and oscillator. It has an output of around 750 watts!
I received it as a gift some years ago and it's been sitting in a box in want of a new home. Since I'm not going to put it into service, I thought I would make up an acrylic display housing for it, so now it sits in my lounge room where I can enjoy it!
This is a big tube - Really big! The tube is 145mm high x 87mm wide.
Want to see what this tube looks like running? Check out this!
historische-elektronik.piranho.de/Hyperlink%20F/EL6471%20...
This 1000w amp has two :)
I found a data sheet on line with a sketch of the base, so was able to transpose this into CorelDRAW. I lasercut the box with enough clearance for the tube to 'float' in the middle. The Philips logo is engraved into the inside-surface of the sides.
Contagion in the world's stock exchanges seen as a set of coupled oscillators. Bellenzier, Andersen, Rotundo arxiv.org/abs/1602.07452 #q-fin
Nel cerchio imperfetto del suo universo ottico la perfezione di quel moto oscillatorio formulava promesse che l'irripetibile unicità di ogni singola onda condannava a non essere mantenute. (Alessandro Baricco, Oceano Mare)
Arduino clone with real-time clock, microSD socket and radio module. The layout is designed for easy assembly and maximum compatibility with the Arduino Uno, with additional functionality being compatible with the Arduino Mega2560. The optional LM61 temperature sensor is not fitted. As this particular board is intended to be powered by a boost regulator fitted to a shield the 3.3V and 5V regulators, and power LED, have not been fitted.
Version 2 features a number of improvements: there are footprints for SOIC and DIP package real-time clocks and a 5V regulator has been added. The PCB now supports the latest Arduino shield layout, with dedicated pins for I2C and IOREF signals, and 3.3V or 5V operation is possible via a jumper. An RFM12B radio module and microSD socket have been added, both are restricted to 3.3V operation. The microcontroller can be clocked from either an external crystal or ceramic oscillator. The analogue supply is smoothed with an inductor as recommended in the Atmel datasheet.
For more information see blog.stevemarple.co.uk/2012/12/calunium-version-2.html.
Eagle PCB design files available under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-SA 3.0) licence, github.com/stevemarple/Calunium
The Postcard
A postcard bearing no publisher's name that was posted in Southend-on-Sea on Wednesday the 17th. July 1912 to:
Miss Richardson,
'Balmoral',
Marine Parade,
Barmouth,
N. Wales.
The pencilled message on the back of the card was as follows:
"Wed.
Dear Maudie,
Glad you are having a
fine time.
I walked along here
with Father yesterday.
The scenery is
indescribable.
Father uses the camera,
he hasn't used all the
plates yet.
We are most anxious to
see the results.
Much love to all,
Ella".
Westcliff-on-Sea
Westcliff-on-Sea is a suburb of Southend-on-Sea and a seaside resort in Essex in south-east England.
It is situated on the north bank of the Thames Estuary, about 34 miles (55 km) east of London.
The cliffs formed by erosion give views over the Thames Estuary towards the Kent coastline to the south. The coastline has been transformed into sandy beaches through the use of groynes and imported sand.
The estuary at this point has extensive mud flats. At low tide, the water typically retreats some 600 m from the beach, leaving the mud flats exposed.
The London, Tilbury and Southend Railway line arrived in the 1880's, connecting the town with London and shortening travel time.
-- Hamlet Court Road
The main shopping area in Westcliff-on-Sea is Hamlet Court Road, where the department store Havens, established in 1901, remained the anchor store until its closure in 2017.
Hamlet Court Road took its name from a manor house called Hamlet Court, which stood on land now occupied by Pavarotti's restaurant and the NatWest bank, facing towards the sea with sweeping gardens down to the rail line.
The road later developed into a strong independent retail area, and quickly became famous outside the area as the Bond Street of Essex. There were many haberdashers and specialist shops, and it was not unusual to see chauffeurs waiting for their employers to emerge from the shops.
The economic recessions of the 1980's and 90's saw the area decline. However the road underwent a £1 million regeneration in the early 2000's and a further regeneration in 2010. The street is now known for its large number of restaurants.
Henri Poincaré
So what else happened on the day that Ella posted the card to Maudie?
Well, the 17th. July 1912 was not a good day for Henri Poincaré, because he died in Paris on that day at the young age of 58.
Jules Henri Poincaré was a French mathematician, theoretical physicist, engineer, and philosopher of science. He is often described as a polymath, and in mathematics as "The Last Universalist", since he excelled in all fields of the discipline as it existed during his lifetime.
As a mathematician and physicist, he made many original contributions to pure and applied mathematics, mathematical physics, and celestial mechanics. In his research on the three-body problem, Poincaré became the first person to discover a chaotic deterministic system which laid the foundations of modern chaos theory. He is also considered to be one of the founders of the field of topology.
Poincaré emphasised the importance of paying attention to the invariance of laws of physics under different transformations, and was the first to present the Lorentz transformations in their modern symmetrical form.
Poincaré discovered the remaining relativistic velocity transformations, and recorded them in a letter to Hendrik Lorentz in 1905. Thus he obtained perfect invariance of all of Maxwell's equations, an important step in the formulation of the theory of special relativity.
In 1905, Poincaré first proposed gravitational waves (ondes gravifiques) emanating from a body and propagating at the speed of light as being required by the Lorentz transformations.
The Poincaré group used in physics and mathematics was named after him.
Early in the 20th. century he formulated the Poincaré conjecture that became over time one of the famous unsolved problems in mathematics until it was solved in 2002–2003 by Grigori Perelman.
-- Henri Poincaré - The Early Years
Poincaré was born on the 29th. April 1854 in the Cité Ducale neighborhood, Nancy, Meurthe-et-Moselle, into an influential French family. His father Léon Poincaré (1828–1892) was a professor of medicine at the University of Nancy.
His younger sister Aline married the spiritual philosopher Émile Boutroux. Another notable member of Henri's family was his cousin, Raymond Poincaré, a fellow member of the Académie Française, who was President of France from 1913 to 1920.
During his childhood Henri was seriously ill for a time with diphtheria, and received special instruction from his mother, Eugénie Launois (1830–1897).
In 1862, Henri entered the Lycée in Nancy. He spent eleven years at the Lycée, and during this time he proved to be one of the top students in every topic he studied. He excelled in written composition. His mathematics teacher described him as a "monster of mathematics," and he won first prizes in the Concours Général, a competition between the top pupils from all the Lycées across France.
Henri's poorest subjects were music and physical education, where he was described as "average at best". However, poor eyesight and a tendency towards absentmindedness may explain these difficulties.
He graduated from the Lycée in 1871 with a baccalauréat in both letters and sciences.
During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, he served alongside his father in the Ambulance Corps.
Poincaré entered the École Polytechnique as the top qualifier in 1873 and graduated in 1875. There he studied mathematics as a student of Charles Hermite, continuing to excel and publishing his first paper (Démonstration nouvelle des propriétés de l'indicatrice d'une surface) in 1874.
From November 1875 to June 1878 he studied at the École des Mines, while continuing the study of mathematics in addition to the mining engineering syllabus, and received the degree of ordinary mining engineer in March 1879.
As a graduate of the École des Mines, he joined the Corps des Mines as an inspector for the Vesoul region in northeast France. He was on the scene of a mining disaster at Magny in August 1879 in which 18 miners died. He carried out the official investigation into the accident in a characteristically thorough and humane way.
At the same time, Poincaré was preparing for his doctorate in mathematics under the supervision of Charles Hermite. His doctoral thesis was in the field of differential equations. It was named Sur les propriétés des fonctions définies par les équations aux différences partielles.
Poincaré devised a new way of studying the properties of these equations. He not only faced the question of determining the integral of such equations, but also was the first person to study their general geometric properties. He realised that they could be used to model the behaviour of multiple bodies in free motion within the Solar System.
Poincaré graduated from the University of Paris in 1879.
-- Henri Poincaré's First Scientific Achievements
After receiving his doctorate, Poincaré began teaching as junior lecturer in mathematics at the University of Caen in Normandy. At the same time he published his first major article concerning the treatment of a class of automorphic functions.
In Caen he met his future wife, Louise Poulain d'Andecy (1857–1934), and on the 20th. April 1881, they married. Together they had four children: Jeanne (born 1887), Yvonne (born 1889), Henriette (born 1891), and Léon (born 1893).
Poincaré soon established himself as one of the greatest mathematicians of Europe. In 1881 he was invited to take a teaching position at the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Paris (the Sorbonne); he accepted the invitation, and for the rest of his career, he taught there. He was initially appointed as the associate professor of analysis. Eventually, he held the chairs of Physical and Experimental Mechanics, Mathematical Physics and Theory of Probability, and Celestial Mechanics and Astronomy.
In 1881–1882, Poincaré created a new branch of mathematics: qualitative theory of differential equations. He showed how it is possible to derive the most important information about the behavior of a family of solutions without having to solve the equation (since this may not always be possible). He successfully used this approach to problems in celestial mechanics and mathematical physics.
During the years 1883 to 1897, he taught mathematical analysis in the École Polytechnique.
-- Henri Poincaré's Career
Henri never fully abandoned his career in mining administration to mathematics. He worked at the Ministry of Public Services as an engineer in charge of northern railway development from 1881 to 1885. He eventually became chief engineer of the Corps des Mines in 1893, and inspector general in 1910.
In 1887, at the young age of 32, Poincaré was elected to the French Academy of Sciences. He became its president in 1906, and was elected to the Académie Française on the 5th. March 1908.
In 1887, he won the King of Sweden's mathematical competition for a resolution of the three-body problem concerning the free motion of multiple orbiting bodies.
In 1893, Poincaré joined the French Bureau des Longitudes, which engaged him in the synchronisation of time around the world. In 1897 Poincaré backed an unsuccessful proposal for the decimalisation of circular measure, and hence time and longitude.
It was this post which led him to consider the question of establishing international time zones and the synchronisation of time between bodies in relative motion.
In 1904, he intervened in the trial of Alfred Dreyfus, attacking the spurious scientific claims regarding evidence brought against Dreyfus.
Poincaré was the President of the Société Astronomique de France from 1901 to 1903.
-- The Death of Henri Poincaré
In 1912, Poincaré underwent surgery for a prostate problem and subsequently died from an embolism on the 17th. July 1912, in Paris. He was 58 years of age. He was laid to rest in the Poincaré family vault in the Cemetery of Montparnasse, Paris.
A former French Minister of Education, Claude Allègre, proposed in 2004 that Poincaré be reburied in the Panthéon in Paris, which is reserved for French citizens of the highest honour.
-- Overview of Henri Poincaré's Life
Poincaré made many contributions to different fields of pure and applied mathematics such as: celestial mechanics, fluid mechanics, optics, electricity, telegraphy, capillarity, elasticity, thermodynamics, potential theory, quantum theory, theory of relativity and physical cosmology.
He was also a populariser of mathematics and physics, and wrote several books for the lay public.
Among the specific topics to which he contributed are the following:
-- Algebraic topology (a field that Poincaré virtually invented)
-- The theory of analytic functions of several complex variables
-- The theory of abelian functions
-- Algebraic geometry
-- The Poincaré conjecture, proven in 2003 by Grigori Perelman
-- The Poincaré recurrence theorem
-- Hyperbolic geometry
-- Number theory
-- The three-body problem
-- The theory of diophantine equations
-- Electromagnetism
-- The special theory of relativity
-- The fundamental group
-- In the field of differential equations Poincaré has given many results that are critical for the qualitative theory of differential equations, for example the Poincaré sphere and the Poincaré map
-- Poincaré on "everybody's belief" in the Normal Law of Errors -- An influential paper providing a novel mathematical argument in support of quantum mechanics
-- Three-body problem. The problem of finding the general solution to the motion of more than two orbiting bodies in the Solar System had eluded mathematicians since Newton's time. This was known originally as the three-body problem, and later as the n-body problem, where n is any number of more than two orbiting bodies. The n-body solution was considered very important and challenging at the close of the 19th. century. Indeed, in 1887, in honour of his 60th. birthday, Oscar II, King of Sweden, established a prize for anyone who could find the solution to the problem. The announcement was quite specific:
'Given a system of mass points that attract each according to Newton's law, assuming that no two points ever collide, find a representation of the coordinates of each point as a series in a variable that is some known function of time and for all of whose values the series converges uniformly.'
In case the problem could not be solved, any other important contribution to classical mechanics would then be considered to be prize-worthy. The prize was finally awarded to Poincaré, even though he did not solve the original problem. One of the judges, the distinguished Karl Weierstrass, said:
"This work cannot indeed be considered as
furnishing the complete solution of the
question proposed, but it is nevertheless of
such importance that its publication will
inaugurate a new era in the history of celestial
mechanics."
Henri's contribution contained many important ideas which led to the theory of chaos. The problem as stated originally was finally solved by Karl F. Sundman for n = 3 in 1912, and was generalised to the case of n > 3 bodies by Qiudong Wang in the 1990's. The series solutions have very slow convergence. It would take millions of terms to determine the motion of the particles for even very short intervals of time, so they are unusable in numerical work.
-- Henri Poincaré's Work on Relativity
Poincaré's work at the Bureau des Longitudes on establishing international time zones led him to consider how clocks at rest on the Earth, which would be moving at different speeds relative to absolute space (aether), could be synchronised.
At the same time Dutch theorist Hendrik Lorentz was developing Maxwell's theory into a theory of the motion of charged particles ("electrons" or "ions"), and their interaction with radiation. In 1895 Lorentz had introduced an auxiliary quantity called "local time," and introduced the hypothesis of length contraction to explain the failure of optical and electrical experiments to detect motion relative to the aether.
Poincaré was a constant interpreter (and sometimes friendly critic) of Lorentz's theory. Poincaré as a philosopher was interested in the "deeper meaning". Thus he interpreted Lorentz's theory, and in so doing he came up with many insights that are now associated with special relativity.
In The Measure of Time (1898), Poincaré said:
"A little reflection is sufficient to understand
that all these affirmations have by themselves
no meaning. They can have one only as the
result of a convention."
He also argued that scientists have to set the constancy of the speed of light as a postulate to give physical theories the simplest form. Based on these assumptions he discussed in 1900 Lorentz's "wonderful invention" of local time, and remarked that it arose when moving clocks are synchronised by exchanging light signals assumed to travel with the same speed in both directions in a moving frame.
In 1892 Poincaré developed a mathematical theory of light including polarization. His vision of the action of polarizers and retarders, acting on a sphere representing polarized states, is called the Poincaré sphere. It was shown that the Poincaré sphere possesses an underlying Lorentzian symmetry, by which it can be used as a geometrical representation of Lorentz transformations and velocity additions.
Henri discussed the "principle of relative motion" in two papers in 1900, and named it the principle of relativity in 1904, according to which no physical experiment can discriminate between a state of uniform motion and a state of rest.
In 1905 Poincaré wrote to Lorentz about Lorentz's paper of 1904, which Poincaré described as:
"A paper of supreme importance".
In this letter he pointed out an error Lorentz had made when he had applied his transformation to one of Maxwell's equations i.e that for charge-occupied space. Henri also questioned the time dilation factor given by Lorentz.
In a second letter to Lorentz, Poincaré gave his own reason why Lorentz's time dilation factor was indeed correct after all—it was necessary to make the Lorentz transformation form a group—and he gave what is now known as the relativistic velocity-addition law.
-- The Mass–Energy Relation
Like others before, Poincaré (1900) discovered a relation between mass and electromagnetic energy. While studying the conflict between the action/reaction principle and the Lorentz ether theory, he tried to determine whether the center of gravity still moves with a uniform velocity when electromagnetic fields are included.
Henri noticed that the action/reaction principle does not hold for matter alone, but that the electromagnetic field has its own momentum. Poincaré concluded that the electromagnetic field energy of an electromagnetic wave behaves like a fictitious fluid with a mass density of E divided by c squared.
If the center of mass frame is defined by both the mass of matter and the mass of the fictitious fluid, and if the fictitious fluid is indestructible—it is neither created or destroyed—then the motion of the center of mass frame remains uniform.
However electromagnetic energy can be converted into other forms of energy, so Poincaré assumed that there exists a non-electric energy fluid at each point of space, into which electromagnetic energy can be transformed and which also carries a mass proportional to the energy.
In this way, the motion of the center of mass remains uniform. Poincaré said that one should not be too surprised by these assumptions, since they are only mathematical fictions.
However, Poincaré's resolution led to a paradox when changing frames: if a Hertzian oscillator radiates in a certain direction, it will suffer a recoil from the inertia of the fictitious fluid. Poincaré performed a Lorentz boost to the frame of the moving source.
He noted that energy conservation holds in both frames, but that the law of conservation of momentum is violated. This would allow perpetual motion, a notion which he abhorred. The laws of nature would have to be different in the frames of reference, and the relativity principle would not hold. Therefore, he argued that also in this case there has to be another compensating mechanism in the aether.
Poincaré himself came back to this topic in his St. Louis lecture (1904). He rejected the possibility that energy carries mass, and criticized his own solution to compensate the above-mentioned problems:
"The apparatus will recoil as if it were a cannon
and the projected energy a ball, and that
contradicts the principle of Newton, since our
present projectile has no mass; it is not matter,
it is energy.
Shall we say that the space which separates the
oscillator from the receiver and which the
disturbance must traverse in passing from one
to the other, is not empty, but is filled not only
with ether, but with air, or even in inter-planetary
space with some ethereal, yet ponderable fluid;
that this matter receives the shock, as does the
receiver, at the moment the energy reaches it,
and recoils, when the disturbance leaves it?
That would save Newton's principle, but it is not
true. If the energy during its propagation remained
always attached to some material substratum, this
matter would carry the light along with it, and
Fizeau has shown, at least for the air, that there is
nothing of the kind.
Michelson and Morley have since confirmed this.
We might also suppose that the motions of matter
proper were exactly compensated by those of the
aether; but that would lead us to the same
considerations as those made a moment ago.
The principle, if thus interpreted, could explain
anything, since whatever the visible motions, we
could imagine hypothetical motions to compensate
them.
But if it can explain anything, it will allow us to
foretell nothing; it will not allow us to choose
between the various possible hypotheses, since it
explains everything in advance.
It therefore becomes useless."
Henri refers to the Hertz assumption of total aether entrainment that was falsified by the Fizeau experiment, but that experiment does indeed show that that light is partially "carried along" with a substance.
Finally in 1908 Henri revisits the problem and ends with abandoning the principle of reaction altogether in favor of supporting a solution based in the inertia of aether itself.
Henri also discussed two other unexplained effects:
-- Non-conservation of mass implied by Kaufmann's experiments on the mass of fast moving electrons
-- The non-conservation of energy in the radium experiments of Marie Curie.
It was Albert Einstein's concept of mass–energy equivalence (1905) that a body losing energy as radiation or heat was losing mass of amount m = E/c2 that resolved Poincaré's paradox, without using any compensating mechanism within the ether.
The Hertzian oscillator loses mass in the emission process, and momentum is conserved in any frame. However, concerning Poincaré's solution of the Center of Gravity problem, Einstein noted that Poincaré's formulation and his own from 1906 were mathematically equivalent.
-- Gravitational Waves
In 1905 Poincaré first proposed gravitational waves emanating from a body and propagating at the speed of light. He wrote:
"It has become important to examine this hypothesis
more closely, and in particular to ask in what ways it
would require us to modify the laws of gravitation.
That is what I have tried to determine; at first I was
led to assume that the propagation of gravitation is
not instantaneous, but happens with the speed of
light."
-- Poincaré and Einstein
Einstein's first paper on relativity was published three months after Poincaré's short paper, but before Poincaré's longer version. Einstein relied on the principle of relativity to derive the Lorentz transformations, and used a similar clock synchronisation procedure (Einstein synchronisation) to the one that Poincaré (1900) had described, but Einstein's paper was remarkable in that it contained no references at all.
Poincaré never acknowledged Einstein's work on special relativity. However, Einstein expressed sympathy with Poincaré's outlook obliquely in a letter to Hans Vaihinger on the 3rd. May 1919, when Einstein considered Vaihinger's general outlook to be close to his own, and Poincaré's to be close to Vaihinger's.
In public, Einstein acknowledged Poincaré posthumously in the text of a lecture in 1921 titled "Geometry and Experience" in connection with non-Euclidean geometry, but not in connection with special relativity.
A few years before his death, Einstein commented on Poincaré as being one of the pioneers of relativity, saying:
"Lorentz had already recognized that the
transformation named after him is essential
for the analysis of Maxwell's equations, and
Poincaré deepened this insight still further."
-- Assessments of Poincaré and Relativity
Poincaré's work in the development of special relativity is well recognised, although most historians stress that despite many similarities with Einstein's work, the two had very different research agendas and interpretations of their work.
Poincaré developed a similar physical interpretation of local time and noticed the connection to signal velocity, but contrary to Einstein, he continued to use the aether concept in his papers, and argued that clocks at rest in the aether show the "true" time, and moving clocks show the local time.
So Poincaré tried to keep the relativity principle in accordance with classical concepts, while Einstein developed a mathematically equivalent kinematics based on the new physical concepts of the relativity of space and time.
While this is the view of most historians, a minority go much further, such as E. T. Whittaker, who held that Poincaré and Lorentz were the true discoverers of relativity.
-- Algebra and Number Theory
Poincaré introduced group theory to physics, and was the first to study the group of Lorentz transformations. He also made major contributions to the theory of discrete groups and their representations.
-- Topology
The subject is clearly defined by Felix Klein in his "Erlangen Program" (1872): the geometry invariants of arbitrary continuous transformation, a kind of geometry.
The term "topology" was introduced, as suggested by Johann Benedict Listing, instead of the previously used term "Analysis situs".
Some important concepts were introduced by Enrico Betti and Bernhard Riemann. But the foundation of this science, for a space of any dimension, was created by Poincaré. His first article on this topic appeared in 1894.
Henri's research in geometry led to the abstract topological definition of homotopy and homology. He also first introduced the basic concepts and invariants of combinatorial topology, such as Betti numbers and the fundamental group.
Poincaré proved a formula relating the number of edges, vertices and faces of an n-dimensional polyhedron (the Euler–Poincaré theorem), and gave the first precise formulation of the intuitive notion of dimension.
-- Astronomy and Celestial Mechanics
Poincaré published two classic monographs:
-- "New Methods of Celestial Mechanics" (1892–1899)
-- "Lectures on Celestial Mechanics" (1905–1910)
In them, he successfully applied the results of his research to the problem of the motion of three bodies, and studied in detail the behavior of solutions (frequency, stability, asymptotic, etc.). Poincaré introduced the small parameter method, fixed points, integral invariants, variational equations, the convergence of the asymptotic expansions.
Generalizing a theory of Bruns (1887), Poincaré showed that the three-body problem is not integrable. In other words, the general solution of the three-body problem can not be expressed in terms of algebraic and transcendental functions through unambiguous coordinates and velocities of the bodies. His work in this area was the first major achievement in celestial mechanics since Isaac Newton.
The two monographs include an idea of Poincaré, which later became the basis for mathematical "chaos theory" and the general theory of dynamical systems.
Poincaré authored important works on astronomy for the equilibrium figures of a gravitating rotating fluid. He introduced the important concept of bifurcation points, and proved the existence of equilibrium figures such as the non-ellipsoids, including ring-shaped and pear-shaped figures, and their stability.
For this discovery, Poincaré received the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1900).
-- Differential Equations and Mathematical Physics
After defending his doctoral thesis on the study of singular points of the system of differential equations, Poincaré wrote a series of memoirs under the title "On curves defined by differential equations" (1881–1882).
In these articles, he built a new branch of mathematics, called "qualitative theory of differential equations". Poincaré showed that even if the differential equation cannot be solved in terms of known functions, the very form of the equation provides a wealth of information about the properties and behavior of the solutions.
In particular, Poincaré investigated the nature of the trajectories of the integral curves in the plane, gave a classification of singular points (saddle, focus, center, node), introduced the concept of a limit cycle and loop index, and showed that the number of limit cycles is always finite, except for some special cases.
Poincaré also developed a general theory of integral invariants and solutions of the variational equations. For the finite-difference equations, he created a new direction – the asymptotic analysis of the solutions.
He applied all of these achievements to study practical problems of mathematical physics and celestial mechanics, and the methods used were the basis of its topological works.
Poincaré's work habits have been compared to a bee flying from flower to flower. Poincaré was interested in the way his mind worked; he studied his habits, and gave a talk about his observations in 1908 at the Institute of General Psychology in Paris. He linked his way of thinking to how he made several discoveries.
The mathematician Darboux claimed that Poincaré was un intuitif (an intuitive), arguing that this is demonstrated by the fact that he worked so often by visual representation.
Jacques Hadamard wrote that Poincaré's research demonstrated marvelous clarity, and Poincaré himself wrote that he believed that logic was not a way to invent, but a way to structure ideas, and that logic limits ideas.
The fact that renowned theoretical physicists like Poincaré, Boltzmann or Gibbs were not awarded the Nobel Prize is seen as evidence that the Nobel committee had more regard for experimentation than theory. In Poincaré's case, several of those who nominated him pointed out that the greatest problem was to name a specific discovery, invention, or technique.
-- Édouard Toulouse's Characterisation
Poincaré's mental organisation was interesting not only to Poincaré himself, but also to Édouard Toulouse, a psychologist based in Paris. Toulouse wrote a book entitled Henri Poincaré (1910). In it, he discussed Poincaré's regular schedule:
"He worked during the same times each day in
short periods of time. He undertook mathematical
research for four hours a day, between 10 a.m. and
noon, then again from 5 p.m. to 7 p.m.. He would
read articles in journals later in the evening.
His normal work habit was to solve a problem
completely in his head, then commit the completed
problem to paper.
He was ambidextrous and nearsighted.
His ability to visualise what he heard proved
particularly useful when he attended lectures, since
his eyesight was so poor that he could not see
properly what the lecturer wrote on the blackboard.
These abilities were offset to some extent by his shortcomings:
-- He was physically clumsy and artistically inept.
-- He was always in a rush, and disliked going back
for changes or corrections.
-- He never spent a long time on a problem since
he believed that the subconscious would continue
working on the problem while he consciously
worked on another problem.
In addition, Toulouse stated that most mathematicians worked from principles already established, while Poincaré started from basic principles each time (O'Connor et al., 2002).
His method of thinking is well summarised as:
"Accustomed to neglecting details and to looking
only at mountain tops, he went from one peak to
another with surprising rapidity, and the facts he
discovered, clustering around their center, were
instantly and automatically pigeonholed in his
memory."
— Belliver (1956).
-- Philosophy
Poincaré had philosophical views opposite to those of Bertrand Russell and Gottlob Frege, who believed that mathematics was a branch of logic. Poincaré strongly disagreed, claiming that intuition was the life of mathematics. Poincaré gives an interesting point of view in his 1902 book Science and Hypothesis:
"For a superficial observer, scientific truth is beyond
the possibility of doubt; the logic of science is infallible,
and if the scientists are sometimes mistaken, this is
only from their mistaking its rule."
Poincaré believed that arithmetic is synthetic. He argued that Peano's axioms cannot be proven non-circularly with the principle of induction (Murzi, 1998), therefore concluding that arithmetic is a priori synthetic and not analytic.
Poincaré then went on to say that mathematics cannot be deduced from logic since it is not analytic. His views were similar to those of Immanuel Kant. He strongly opposed Cantorian set theory, objecting to its use of impredicative definitions.
However, Poincaré did not share Kantian views in all branches of philosophy and mathematics. For example, in geometry, Poincaré believed that the structure of non-Euclidean space can be known analytically.
Poincaré held that convention plays an important role in physics. His view (and some later, more extreme versions of it) came to be known as "conventionalism". Poincaré believed that Newton's first law was not empirical, but is a conventional framework assumption for mechanics.
He also believed that the geometry of physical space is conventional. He considered examples in which either the geometry of the physical fields or gradients of temperature can be changed, either describing a space as non-Euclidean measured by rigid rulers, or as a Euclidean space where the rulers are expanded or shrunk by a variable heat distribution.
However, Poincaré thought that we were so accustomed to Euclidean geometry that we would prefer to change the physical laws to save Euclidean geometry rather than shift to a non-Euclidean physical geometry.
-- Free Will
Poincaré's famous lectures before the Société de Psychologie in Paris were cited by Jacques Hadamard as the source for the idea that creativity and invention consist of two mental stages, first random combinations of possible solutions to a problem, followed by a critical evaluation.
Although he most often spoke of a deterministic universe, Poincaré said that the subconscious generation of new possibilities involves chance.
"It is certain that the combinations which present
themselves to the mind in a kind of sudden
illumination after a somewhat prolonged period of unconscious work are generally useful and fruitful combinations... all the combinations are formed as
a result of the automatic action of the subliminal
ego, but those only which are interesting find their
way into the field of consciousness.
A few only are harmonious, and consequently at
once useful and beautiful, and they will be capable
of affecting the geometrician's special sensibility
I have been speaking of; which, once aroused, will
direct our attention upon them, and will thus give
them the opportunity of becoming conscious.
In the subliminal ego, on the contrary, there reigns
what I would call liberty, if one could give this name
to the mere absence of discipline and to disorder
born of chance."
Poincaré's two stages—random combinations followed by selection—became the basis for Daniel Dennett's two-stage model of free will.
Lingua Ignota @ #Roadburn2020
для тех кто пропустил главную сенсацию Rb 2019 — теперь она сыграет аж 4 раза на Rb 2020
Kristin Hayter дважды выступила на #Roadburn2019, оба концерта я конечно посмотрел и особенно меня ошарашил сэт в Green Room с овераншлагом, когда она пела прямо из зала, стоя среди зрителей и на экран во время этого проецировали апокалиптическое VHS где догорали некие постройки, лес и надвигались сумерки
total recall:
#Roadburn2019 @ Tilburg
D1: Lingua Ignota, Heilung, Rakta, Hexvessel, Malokarpatan, Pharmakon, Mono & The Jo Quail Quartet, Crowhurst, Midnight, Emma Ruth Rundle, Molasses, Twin Temple
D2: Triptykon & Metropole Orkest: Requiem, Anna Von Hausswolff, Loop, Grails, Messa, A.A.Williams, Black Bombaim & Peter Brötzmann, Thou & Emma Ruth Rundle, Lingua Ignota (Skatepark), Seven That Spells (pt 1), At The Gates, Fauna, Vile Creature (Skatepark), Drab Majesty, Bosse-de-Nage
D3: Uran GBG, Wolvennest, Turia, GlerAkur, Henrik Palm, Laster, Cave In, Morne, Louise Lemón, Have A Nice Life, Sumac, Maalstroom, Terzij de Horde, Jaye Jayle
D4: Sleep, MJ Guider (Melissa Guion), Imperial Triumphant, Marissa Nadler, Thou, Mats Gustafsson's The End, Bismuth (Skatepark), Cave, Nusquama (Turia, Laster, Fluisteraars), Mord‘A’Stigmata, Crowhurst & Gnaw Their Tongues, Lucy In Blue, Have A Nice Life, Coilguns, Fear Falls Burning
...
#Roadburn2018
D1: Årabrot, Kælan Mikla, Future Occultism (Bong-Ra, Servants Of The Apocalyptic Goat Rave, Phurpha), Earthless, Horte, Wreck and Reference, Harsh Toke, Weedeater, Stomach Earth
D2: Minami Deutsch 南ドイツ, Motorpsycho, Godflesh, Jarboe ft. Father Murphy, Kairon; Irse!, Planning For Burial, Converge (You Fail Me), Kikagaku Moyo, Worship, Joy (San Diego), Grave Pleasures
D3: Boris & Stephen O’Malley - Absolutego, Hugsjá - Ivar Bjørnson (Enslaved) & Einar Selvik (Wardruna), NYIÞ & Wormlust - Hieros Gamos, Earthess & Kikagaku Moyo, Zola Jesus, Mizmor (Yodh), Maggot Heart, Godspeed You! Black Emperor (vol I), Occvlta, Panopticon, The Heads, All Pigs Must Die
D4: Godspeed You! Black Emperor (vol II), Alda, Spotlights, Vánagandr: Sól án varma (Misþyrming, Naðra, Svartidauði, Wormlust), Wiegedood, Watter, Bell Witch, Vampillia, GosT, Zuriaake, Hell (Salem)
...
#Roadburn2017
D1: Esben and The Witch, Deafheaven, Coven, Subrosa, Suma, Rome, Wolves In The Throne Room, Lycus, Alaric, Bongzilla
D2: Auðn, True Widow, Amenra, Chelsea Wolfe, Magma, Oathbreaker, Subrosa (Subdued), Naðra, Perturbator, Zhrine, Telepathy, Whores
D3: Oranssi Pazuzu, Mysticum, Wolvennest, Aluk Todolo, The Bug vs Dylan Carlson of Earth, Trans Am, Misþyrming, My Dying Bride, Disfear, Ahab, Memoriam, Cobalt
D4: Ulver, Emma Ruth Rundle, Come To Grief, Inter Arma, Radar Men From The Moon, Jaye Jayle, Les Discrets, Oxbow, Pillorian (Agalloch, John Haughm), The Doomsday Kingdom
...
#Roadburn2016
D1: Oranssi Pazuzu, Der Blutharsch & The Infinite Church of The Leading Hand, Paradise Lost, Cult of Luna, Hell, Arktau Eos, Grafir, Black Mountain, Abyssion (Dark Buddha Rising + Oranssi Pazuzu), Hexvessel, Cult of Occultt, Converge, Bang, Behold! The Monolith, The Body
D2: Misþyrming (Úlfsmessa), Of The Wand And The Moon, Hills, Alkerdeel, With the Dead, Dark Buddha Rising, Diamanda Galás, Mondo Drag, Night Viper, G.I.S.M., Repulsion, Pentagram
D3: Blood Ceremony, Amenra, Misþyrming, Skepticism, Partisan, Atomikylä, John Haughm (Agalloch), Chaos Echoes, Dead To A Dying World, La Muerte, Russell Haswell, Tau Cross, Naðra, Brothers of the Sonic Cloth, Neurosis
...
#Roadburn2015
D1: Wovenhand, Kandodo feat. Robert Hampson (Loop), Monolord, Russian Circles, Anthroprophh, Moaning Cities
D2: Skuggsjá (Wardruna & Enslaved), Focus, Wardruna, Enslaved, Downfall of Gaia, Death Hawks, Fields of the Nephilim, Junius, Mortals, Profetus, Robert Hampson, Sólstafir, The Heads, Admiral Sir Cloudesley Shovell
D3: Kayo Dot, Undersmile, Urfaust, Zombi, Mugstar (Ad Marginem), Sammal
D4: Claudio Simonetti's Goblin (Suspiria, Argento), Anathema, White Hills, Bongripper
lj: is.gd/hXDNhJ
...
#Roadburn2014
D1: True Widow, Conan, Bong, The Cult of Dom Keller, Regarde Les Hommes Tomber, Whitehorse, Beastmilk, Mühr, Corrections House, ASG, Napalm Death
D2: Terra Tenebrosa, Nicklas Barker (Anekdoten) + Reine Fiske (Dungen), Claudio Simonetti (Goblin), Änglagård, Promise and the Monster, The Body, Comus, Opeth, Papir, Tyranny, Procession, Candlemass, Obliteration
D3: Windhand, Loop (Robert Hampson), Inter Arma, Obelyskkh, Papir, E-Musikgruppe Lux Ohr, Horse Latitudes, Mansion, Old Man Gloom, Carlton Melton, 11 Paranoias (Bong+Ramesses), Horse Latitudes, A Storm Of Light
D4: Avatarium, Aqua Nebula Oscillator, Lumerians, New Keepers of the Water Towers, Papir + Electric Moon, YOB, Morne, Selim Lemouchi & His Enemies (tribute to The Devil's Blood)
...
#Roadburn2013
D1: Lantlôs, The Psychedelic Warlords, Intronaut, Maserati, Gravetemple, Herder, Mournful Congregation, Pallbearer, Primordial
D2: Uncle Acid & the Deadbeats, Electric Wizard, Psychic TV / PTV3, Sabbath Assembly, Les Discrets, Cough, Moss, Goat, The Pretty Things
D3: My Brother The Wind, Elder, Mr. Peter Hayden, Teeth of the Sea, A Forest of Stars, The Cosmic Dead, Godflesh, Jess and the Ancient Ones
D4: Michael Rother & Camera (Neu! Harmonia), Electric Moon, Sigh, Goat, Spiritual Beggars
lj: is.gd/jYVz9h
...
#Roadburn2012
D1: Ulver, Chelsea Wolfe, Voivod, Killing Joke, Om, Agalloch, d.USK, Orchid, Ancestors, Ancient VVisdom, Year of the Goat
D2: Anekdoten, Electric Moon, Barn Owl, Doom, Hexvessel, Final, YOB, Conan, Gnod, Witch
D3: Oranssi Pazuzu, Sleep, Church of Misery, Jesu, Alkerdeel, 40 Watt Sun, Dark Buddha Rising
D4: The Mount Fuji Doomjazz Corporation, Bong, Electric Orange, Dragged Into Sunlight, Black Cobra
lj: is.gd/WLZtXF
...
#Roadburn2011
D1: Wardruna, Blood Ceremony, Cough, Godflesh, Wovenhand, Acid King, Alcest, The Kilimanjaro Darkjazz Ensemble
D2: Sunn O))), Earth, Aluk Todolo, Winter, Keiji Haino, Voivod, Circle with Pharaoh Overlord, Sabbath Assembly, Year of No Light (Vampyr soundtrack), Jesse Sykes and the Sweet Hereafter, Menace Ruine, Void ov Voices
D3: Ufomammut, Swans, Yakuza, Ramesses, White Hills, Ludicra, Pharaoh Overlord, Shrinebuilder, Candlemass, Weedeater
D4: Dead Meadow, Black Mountain, Black Pyramid, Sourvein, Samsara Blues Experiment
lj: is.gd/HxKyzQ
My entry for Weta's Rightous Bison Customization Contest over at The RPF
Phew! Got it sent in at the very last second; worked RIGHT up to the wire. Hopefully you like. The light up bits are actual Soviet neon tubes (like nixies) and took far more time than I'd expected to get running properly. Still have bugs. The farther you pull back the trigger, the faster the Dekatron on the back spins, and the more the bar graph tubes on the sides fill up with light.
The Glorious Kostromo. The United Republics of the Red Star got a hold of the original Bison, and had at the design, streamlining and instilling typical Russian reliability and brute force into a design that originally lacked them (though it made up for it with character!) This particular instance originally received the winter paintjob, though it's now gone to rust, and rests on a ceremonial Republic display stand.
A standing wave is established upon a vibrating string using a harmonic oscillator and a frequency generator. A strobe is used to illuminate the string several times during each cycle. A nodal position is touched by a finger.
751.001 (T478.1001) at Oslavany, Grumpy Railtours "The Oslavany Oscillator", Zvl R 10063 1035 Oslavany - Rakšice, 07/07/17
I. Targeting Iran’s Nuclear and Missile Proliferation Activities
One set of today’s actions targets Iran’s nuclear and missile proliferation activities by designating entities and individuals that are part of the international procurement and nuclear proliferation operations of Iran’s Ministry of Defense for Armed Forces Logistics (MODAFL); Aerospace Industries Organization (AIO); Iran’s national maritime carrier, Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines (IRISL); and Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) – all of which have been previously designated under Executive Order (E.O.) 13382, “Blocking Property of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferators and Their Supporters.” Treasury today is also updating the identifying information for 57 vessels affiliated with IRISL that had been renamed or reflagged since they were originally designated by Treasury, and identifying seven vessels affiliated with IRISL that have not been identified previously. U.S. persons are generally prohibited from engaging in any transactions with individuals or entities designated pursuant to E.O 13382, and any assets the designees may have under U.S. jurisdiction are blocked.
Designations Related to MODAFL and AIO
Iran’s Ministry of Defense for Armed Forces Logistics (MODAFL) oversees Iran’s ballistic missile program. It is designated by the United States pursuant to E.O. 13382 in 2007, and has brokered a number of transactions involving materials and technologies with ballistic missile applications. Aerospace Industries Organization (AIO), a subsidiary of MODAFL, oversees all of Iran’s missile industries and was listed in the Annex to E.O. 13382. Today’s MODAFL- and AIO-related designations under E.O. 13382 include:
Electronic Components Industries Co. (ECI) and Information Systems Iran (ISIRAN)
Electronic Components Industries Co. (ECI) and Information Systems Iran (ISIRAN) are being designated pursuant to E.O. 13382 because they are owned or controlled by Iran Electronics Industries (IEI), which was designated pursuant to E.O. 13382 in 2008 for being owned or controlled by MODAFL. IEI offers a diversified range of military products including electro-optics and lasers, communication equipment, telecommunication security equipment, electronic warfare equipment, new and refurbished radar tubes, and missile launchers. IEI manufactures military tactical communication systems and also electronic field telephones and switchboards.
ECI conducts work on military and civilian projects, to include semi-conductors, multilayer single and double sided printed circuit boards, hybrid circuits, quartz crystals and oscillators, high purity oxygen and nitrogen gases, micromodules and electronic ceramics.
ISIRAN is one of the largest and most experienced information technology companies in Iran with expertise in building mainframes, minicomputers and PC hardware, software and maintenance as well as total solution turn-key projects.
Advanced Information and Communication Technology Center
Advanced Information and Communication Technology Center (AICTC) is being designated pursuant to E.O. 13382 because it has provided technological or other support for, or services in support of ISIRAN. According to information available from computers abandoned by Hamid Reza Rabiee in the United States, AICTC executes work projects on behalf of ISIRAN. AICTC has five research groups in the fields of Enterprise Software Solutions, Multimedia Systems, Mobile Value-Added Services, Wireless and P2P Networks and Bioinformatics. It also does work on GIS/GPS based tracking systems and more.
Hamid Reza Rabiee
Hamid Reza Rabiee, a software engineer, is being designated pursuant to E.O. 13382 for acting or purporting to act for or on behalf of AICTC. According to information available from computers abandoned by Rabiee in the United States, he has coordinated directly with ISIRAN to establish and execute contracts benefitting ISIRAN. Rabiee is the chief architect and founder of AICTC, and is the current director of the organization.
Digital Media Lab (DML) and Value-Added Services Laboratory (VASL)
Digital Media Lab (DML) and Value-Added Services Laboratory (VASL) were designated for being owned or controlled by, or acting or purporting to act for or on behalf of Hamid Reza Rabiee and AICTC. According to publicly available information, Rabiee is the founder and director of DML and VASL.
Ministry of Defense Logistics Export (MODLEX)
MODLEX is being designated pursuant to E.O. 13382 because it is owned or controlled by, or acts or purports to act, for or on behalf of, MODAFL. As MODAFL’s primary exporting entity since 2009, MODLEX was involved in the trade of exportable military products to countries including Sri Lanka, Sudan, Burma, Bangladesh and Nigeria, all in contravention of UNSCR 1747 (2007). UNSCR 1747 prohibits Iran from selling any arms or related material. MODLEX represents Iran at arms trade fairs worldwide advertising Iranian military products for sale. MODLEX also conducts limited procurement activities on behalf of MODAFL elements such as Iran’s Defense Industries Organization (DIO), AIO, and Shahid Bakeri Industrial Group (SBIG). Both DIO and SBIG are sanctioned under UNSCR 1737 for their links to Iran’s missile program through MODAFL and AIO, respectively.
The Annex to UNSCR 1929 (2010) lists MODLEX as an entity involved in Iran’s nuclear or ballistic missile activities and identified MODLEX as being owned or controlled by MODAFL.
Daniel Frosch and International General Resourcing FZE
Daniel Frosch is being designated pursuant to E.O. 13382 for providing or attempting to provide material support for AIO.
Daniel Frosch for several years has shown a steady pattern of providing support to Iran’s missile program, including Shahid Hemmat Industrial Group (SHIG) and SBIG, by supplying it with sensitive material. He started dealing with Iran’s missile industry while in his home country of Austria, under his now defunct company Daniel Frosch Exports. He moved to the United Arab Emirates(UAE) in 2006, where he continued supporting Iran’s weapons programs. Frosch has supplied Iran’s missile industry with a wide range of goods, including electronics, testing equipment, and raw materials such as graphite with potential applications in Iran’s ballistic missile program. Frosch is the owner of International General Resourcing FZE, located in the UAE.
SHIG was identified in the Annex to E.O. 13382 and is tied to Iran’s ballistic missile research, development, and production activities. SHIG was also listed in the Annex to UNSCR 1737.
Malek Ashtar University
Malek Ashtar University is being designated pursuant to E.O. 13382 for being owned or controlled by MODAFL. Malek Ashtar University was established in 1986 by Iran’s Ministry of Higher Education and the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution, and it is one of the major research institutes and educational centers contained under the MODAFL umbrella.
Malek Ashtar University was identified in the Annex to UNSCR 1929 because it is a subordinate of the Defense Technology and Science Research Center (DTSRC) within MODAFL. The European Union designated Malek Ashtar University on June 24, 2008, because Malek Ashtar University is linked to MODAFL. The University also created a missile training program in 2003 in close collaboration with AIO.
Actions Related to Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Line (IRISL)
IRISL, Iran’s national maritime carrier, was designated by Treasury pursuant to E.O. 13382 in September 2008 for its provision of logistical services to MODAFL.
Good Luck Shipping
Good Luck Shipping (GLS), which is located in the UAE, is being designated pursuant to E.O. 13382 because it acts or purports to act for or on behalf of IRISL. GLS was established to replace Great Ocean Shipping Services, which was designated pursuant to E.O. 13382 in June 2011.
Great Ocean Shipping Services (Great Ocean), along with Oasis Freight Agency LLC (Oasis) and Pearl Ship Management LLC (Pearl), are being removed from the SDN List because they were liquidated and struck from the Dubai, UAE commercial register. Great Ocean was designated in June 2011 for acting for or on behalf of IRISL affiliate Oasis and/or IRISL. Oasis was designated pursuant to E.O. 13382 in September 2008 for being owned or controlled by, or acting or purporting to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, IRISL. Pearl was also designated in June 2011 for acting for or on behalf of Oasis and/or IRISL.
Identification of Renamed, Reflagged Vessels and Additional IRISL Vessels
Today, Treasury updated its List of Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons (SDN List) entries for 57 vessels affiliated with IRISL that, since their original identification, have been renamed and/or reflagged by IRISL and its affiliates. OFAC is also identifying 7 additional vessels as blocked property in which IRISL has an interest. Including today’s additions, Treasury has identified 155 ships as blocked property in which IRISL or designated IRISL affiliates have an interest.
Designation of IRGC Officer
The IRGC was designated pursuant to E.O. 13382 in 2007 for having engaged, or attempting to engage, in proliferation-related activities. The IRGC continues to be a primary focus of U.S. and international sanctions against Iran because of the central role it plays in Iran’s ballistic missile and nuclear programs and its involvement in serious human rights abuses.
Ali Fadavi
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Navy Commander Ali Fadavi is being designated under E.O. 13382 for acting or purporting to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, the IRGC. Fadavi was appointed by the Supreme Leader Khamenei as the new IRGC Navy Commander on May 3, 2010. On September 21, 2010, the Defense Ministry of Iran announced that it had delivered the third generation of the domestically designed and manufactured Fateh-110 high-precision ballistic missiles to the IRGC. Fadavi was present at the ceremony where the missiles were delivered. In November 2010 under Fadavi’s leadership, the IRGCNavy organized and trained around 60,000 Basij students who received instruction in techniques aimed to confront enemies of Iran. Fadavi claimed that around 100,000 students had become members of the Shahid Fahmideh Rahrovan camp of Basij forces in Bandar Abbas after the launch of the education project.
The European Union designated Fadavi on July 26, 2010, pursuant to European Union Council authorities, for his role as an IRGC Navy Commander.
Designation of Nuclear Procurement Entities
Pentane Chemistry Industries
Pentane Chemistry Industries (PCI) is being designated for engaging or attempting to engage in activities that have materially contributed to, or posed a risk of contributing to, the development of Iran’s Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) programs.
PCI is an Iranian entity involved in building distillation columns for the production of heavy water for use in Iran’s IR-40 heavy water reactor, under construction in Arak, Iran. Since late 2009 PCI has been in charge of the distillation column project at this reactor. PCI has also attempted to procure phosphor bronze mesh as recently as July 2011. Phosphor bronze mesh can be used in distillation columns for final enrichment of heavy water. PCI began manufacturing phosphor bronze mesh screens for the distillation columns in March 2012. Chemically-treated phosphor bronze, when knitted into mesh screens, will be used as packing in the IR-40 distillation columns.
Hossein Tanideh
Hossein Tanideh was a procurement agent for Iran’s nuclear program through late 2011. He was the Vice President of Iran’s Pentane Chemistry Industries Board of Directors as well as Managing Director of the Sherkate Sakhtemani Rahtes Sahami Company (also known as the Rahtes Company). Tanideh in 2010 and 2011 attempted to procure items for probable use in distillation columns for Iran’s 40-megawatt heavy water research reactor.
Center for Innovation and Technology Cooperation
The Center for Innovation and Technology Cooperation (CITC) is in a position to support a range of Iran’s weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and military procurement objectives. It has been assessed that CITC facilitates procurement and technology transfer from the science community to the military services.
II. Preventing the Circumvention of International Sanctions
To prevent the circumvention of international sanctions on Iran, including sanctions on oil trade with Iran, Treasury is publicly exposing numerous entities that are part of the Government of Iran. Treasury is identifying these Government of Iran entities pursuant to E.O. 13599, which blocks all property and interests in property within U.S. jurisdiction of the Government of Iran and of Iranian financial institutions, and prohibits U.S. persons or those within U.S. jurisdiction from having dealings with them. These identifications are being issued to assist U.S. persons in complying with E.O. 13599, but are not required for E.O. 13599 to apply. Every entity that meets the definition of Government of Iran or an Iranian financial institution under E.O. 13599 is blocked, regardless of whether it has been identified and added to the SDN List. Today’s actions include:
Exposing front companies involved in Iran’s oil trade
Aiming to undercut Iran’s attempts to obscure Iran’s petroleum trade in the face of increasing international sanctions, Treasury is identifying Petro Suisse Intertrade Company SA (Petro Suisse), an entity incorporated in Switzerland; Hong Kong Intertrade Company, a Hong Kong-based entity; Noor Energy (Malaysia) Ltd, an entity incorporated in Malaysia; and Petro Energy Intertrade Company, an entity operating out of Dubai, as blocked pursuant to E.O. 13599 because they are owned or controlled by, or acting for or on behalf of, the Government of Iran. Each of these entities are front companies for the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC), Naftiran Intertrade Company Ltd. (NICO), or Naftiran Intertrade Co. (NICO) Sarl (NICO Sarl).
Prior to the issuance of E.O. 13599, Iran’s NIOC, NICO, and NICO Sarl, a Swiss subsidiary of NICO, were identified in 2008, by OFAC as entities that are owned or controlled by the Government of Iran within the meaning of the Iranian Transactions Regulations. U.S. persons are generally prohibited from engaging in any transactions with NIOC, NICO, and NICO Sarl, without authorization from OFAC.
Identification of additional Iranian financial institutions
The 20 Iranian financial institutions identified in today’s action constitute new additions to the SDN List that were blocked pursuant to E.O. 13599 on February 5, 2012. Three of the entities identified today have previously been designated by Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) under other authorities, and their entries on the SDN List have been updated to reflect their status as Iranian financial institutions.
These identifications, which include the publication of the names and aliases of the Iranian financial institutions, are intended to aid the public in meeting its obligations under E.O. 13599.
To receive a list of these 20 Iranian financial institutions please contact Treasury Public Affairs
Identification of NITC Vessels
Treasury is identifying 58 National Iranian Tanker Company (NITC) vessels, as well as NITC and 27 of its affiliated entities, as blocked or “frozen” pursuant to E.O. 13599. The NITC entities have been identified as Government of Iran entities, and the NITC vessels have been identified as property of the Government of Iran. These identifications will aid companies and individuals in complying with sanctions against the Government of Iran and undermine Iran’s attempts to use NITC front companies or renamed vessels to evade sanctions.
****
Fact Sheet
Office of the Spokesperson
Washington, DC
July 12, 2012
Top trace is voltage at the output terminals on the front panel. Bottom trace is voltage at the input to the buffer output stage (wiper of pot R22 on the schematic)
schematic: www.nostalgickitscentral.com/eico/schematics/eico_schemat...
I tend to think the 6K6 output pentode tube is faulty, since it's receiving a nice clean signal at the input, but it's outputting garbage. It's either that or the coupling cap C-15.
Both traces have been AC coupled at the scope. The 5V/div range on the bottom trace is wrong -- it's actually 50V/div, but the Tek scope doesn't recognize the HP probe as a 10x type because it doesn't have the bayonet pin indicator.
blog post: www.johngineer.com/blog/?p=1193
Manufactured by Nikon Corporation, Japan
Model: c.1995 (produced between 1988-1997)
F4s version: with High Speed Battery Pack MB-21
35mm film Integral-motor SLR system camera
BODY
Lens release: button on the left side of the lens flange
Lens mount: Nikon F mount Lenses usable: AF Nikkor lenses and Nikon MF F-mount lenses
Focus modes: Manual focus with electronic rangefinder and Autofocus
Autofocus:
Autofocus detection system: TTL phase detection system using Nikon advanced AM200 autofocus module
Autofocus detection range: Approx. EV minus 1 to EV 18 at ISO 100 (under Nikon inspection conditions)
Autofocus actuation method: Single Servo or Continuous Servo
Autofocus lock: Possible by lightly pressing shutter release button in Single Servo AF mode or by using AF-L button; simultaneous use with AE-L button possible
Electronic rangefinder: Available in Manual focus mode with AF Nikkor lenses, Ai-type Nikkor lenses including Ai-modified Nikkor lenses and non-Ai-type Nikkor lenses with a maximum aperture of f/5.6 or faster
Exposure metering: Matrix Metering (with Multi-Meter Finder DP-20); Center-Weighted Metering (with Multi-Meter Finder DP-20 or AE Action Finder DA-20); Spot Metering (with any finder)
Exposure meter switch: Activated by lightly pressing shutter release button; stays on for approx. 16 sec. after lifting finger from button
Metering range: EV 0 to EV 21 at ISO 100 with f/1.4 lens; EV 2 to EV 21 with Spot Metering
Exposure control: Manual (M), and Programmed (PH, P), Shutter-Priority (S) and Aperture Priority (A) Auto Exposure
Auto exposure lock: Available by pressing AE-L button while meter is on
Exposure compensation: Possible using exposure compensation dial within ±2 EV range in 1/3 EV steps
Multiple exposure: Via a leveron the right back side of the top plate; setting: 1. Pull the multiple exposure lever toward you and release the shutter. The film will not advance. Multiple exposure lever is automatically reset to the original position. 2. Depress the shutter release button again to take the second shot. Film will advance to the next frame. For more than two shots on the same frame, pull the lever before each additional exposure.
Depth-of-field preview button: Provides visual verification of depth of field; can be previewed in Manual (M) or Aperture Priority (A) mode; coaxial with mirror lockup lever
Reflex mirror: Automatic instant-return type with lockup facility; to lock the reflex viewing mirror in the "up" position, push in the depth-of-field preview button and rotate the mirror lockup lever counterclockwise until it stops. (In this case, exposure meter cannot be used.)
This means that you cannot operate the camera in any auto exposure and/or autofocus mode anymore (even if the viewfinder LCD may indicate information). Any indication of light by the LCD is a result of spurious light entering through the view finder eyepiece. However, you can make use of the camera's suggested metering and use it in Manual mode.
Shutter: Electro-magnetically controlled vertical-travel titanium focal plane shutter; dial on the top plate, Manual and Shutter-Priority Auto Exposure modes
Shutter release: Electromagnetic shutter by magnet trigger, on the top plate
Alternate shutter release button: there is a shutter release button is provided at the bottom of the High Speed Battery Pack MB-21 as well as the Multiple Power High Speed Power Pack MB-23. This is convenient for vertical format shooting. The button can be locked to prevent inadvertent shutter release. Note: all F4 has another release terminal at the bottom rear section.
Shutter speeds: Lithium niobate oscillator-controlled; controlled from 1/8800 to 30 sec. steplessly in PH, P or A mode; set from 1/8800 to 4 sec. in one EV steps in M or S mode; B, T and X (1/250 sec.)
Viewfinder: Nikon Multi-Meter Finder DP-20 provided as standard; SLR pentaprism, High-Eyepoint type; metering system selector, diopter adjustment knob, hot-shoe, compensation dial for focusing screens and eyepiece shutter lever provided; interchangeable with Nikon AE Action Finder DA-20, Nikon 6X High-Magnification Finder DW-21 and Nikon Waist-Level Finder DW-20
Viewfinder information: By LCD - exposure compensation value, frame counter (additive type), metering system in use, shutter speed, aperture, exposure mode, electronic analog display, AE Lock indicator; by ADR window - lens aperture; by LED display - focus indicators, exposure compensation mark and flash ready-light. Illuminator switch provided for dim-light viewing
Viewfinder illuminator switch: When it's dark, use the viewfinder illuminator to light up all viewfinder information. Turn the switch on, and lightly press the shutter release button to illuminate the display. The illuminator automatically switches off as the viewfinder display disappears; it also momentarily switches off during exposure. Beneath the shutter speeds dial
Eyepoint: Approx. 22mm
Focusing screen: Nikon advanced B-type BriteView screen with central focus brackets for autofocus operation; interchangeable with 12 optional screens
Film speed range: ISO 25 to 5000 for DX-coded film; ISO 6 to 6400 in 1/3 EV steps for manual setting Film speed setting: At DX position, automatically set to ISO speed of DX-coded film used; manual override possible
Film loading: Film automatically advances to first frame when shutter release button is depressed once
Auto film loading: The user simply pulls the film leader to the mark closes the camera back then presses the shutter release button - and the camera automatically advances the film to frame #1.A bright LED will lit and stays on for approx. 16 sec. in such case, the film advance operation will halt as well.
Winding: In S (single frame) shooting mode, film automatically advances one frame when shutter is released; in CH (Continuous high speed), CL (Continuous low speed) or Cs (Continuous silent) shooting mode, shots are taken as long as shutter release button is depressed; shooting speed is approx. 5.7 fps (CH), 3.4 fps (CL) or 1.0 fps (Cs) - for Continuous Servo Autofocus, test done with an AF Zoom-Nikkor 35-80mm f/4-5.6D lense, new six AA-type alkaline batteries, shutter speed of 1/250 sec. or faster, at normal temperature.
Frame counter: Two additive types provided - on top of camera and inside viewfinder (LCD)
Re-winding: Choice of automatic or manual; automatically rewinds when film rewind levers (R1) and (R2) are used; takes approx. 8 sec. per 36-exposure roll (with six AA-type batteries); (with six AA-type batteries); stops automatically when film is rewound; manual rewind when R1 lever is used
Self-timer: Electronically controlled 10 sec. exposure delay; blinking LED indicates self timer operation; cancelable; setting: via the last setting on the film advance mode
Hot-shoe: Standard ISO-type hotshoe contact; ready light contact, TTL flash contact, monitor contact
Flash sync:1/60 to 1/250 sec. in PH, P or A mode; in M or S mode, shutter fires at speed set and when set from 1/250 to 1/8800 sec., shutter is automatically set to 1/250 sec.; down to 30 sec. shutter is available by using SB-24, SB-26 or other equivalent Nikon speedlights etc. in rear curtain sync in PH, P or A mode Flash ready-light: Viewfinder LED lights up when Nikon dedicated Speedlight is ready to fire; blinks to warn of poor camera/ Speedlight connection or insufficient light for correct exposure
Flash PC socket: A separate sync terminal is provided on the Nikon F4. Use this terminal to attach flash units which do not have the standard ISO hot shoe.
Batteries: six AA-type alkaline or NiCd batteries
Battery chambers: two, on the High Speed Battery Pack MB-21
Body:metal; Weight:
Serial no. 2.499.403
LENS
AF Nikkor 50mm f/1.8 D
Aperture: f/1.8-f/22
Focus range: 0.45-3m +inf
Serial no. 636334, Made in China
More info: Dating, Ken Rocwell com,
The four voices. You should be able to make out most of the ICs in this photo. Inside the Electron Analog Four 4 voice analog synthesizer.
I could make out a number of chips in the full size version of this photo. Including:
Coolaudio V2164 (their version of the SSM2164) Voltage Controlled Amplifier.
www.coolaudio.com/docs/datasheet/V2164MD_DATASHEET.pdf
There are two of those per voice (presumably one per oscillator?) plus another that may be he overall amplifier.
Two parts that are all over, but which don't appear to have public part numbers:
TI HJ4051 26KG4 AKTS
TI TO64 2AKG4 C550
I wouldn't think that Elektron is large enough to get custom numbered chips, so maybe I'm just unlucky in searching. Those two ICs are pretty much every chip in the voice, so I assume they are matched transistors, op-amps, or similar. I don't believe the HJ4051 is a CD4051, as it wouldn't make any sense to have that many multiplexors in there.
NXP HC373 Octal latches
www.mouser.com/ds/2/302/74HC_HCT373_3-50614.pdf
Up near the MIDI I/O there's a 6N137 opto isolator. I use 6N138 on my own designs. One really interesting aspect of their design here is that the two of the four MIDI ports can be used as DIN sync, which has a completely different pinout.
I opened a second time for some close-ups, so there are other photos in this set with closer shots.
NIKON F-801 (1988)
SPECIFICATIONS (from the instructions manual)
Type of camera - Integral-motor autofocus 35mm single-lens reflex
Picture format - 24mm x 36mm (standard 35mm film format)
Lens mount - Nikon F mount
Lens - AF Nikkor lenses, and other Nikon lenses with Nikon F mount (with limitation) available
Focus modes - Autofocus, and manual focus with electronic rangefinder
Autofocus Autofocus detection system - TTL phase detection system using Nikon advanced AM200 autofocus module
Autofocus detection range - Approx. EV minus I to EV 19 (at ISO100)
Autofocus actuation method - Single servo and continuous servo
Autofocus lock - Possible by lightly pressing shutter release button in Single Servo AF mode or by using AF Lock button
Electronic rangefinder - Available in manual focus mode with an AF Nikkor and other Ai-type Nikkor lenses with a maximum aperture of f/5.6 or faster
Exposure metering - Two types of exposure metering systems - Matrix Metering and Centre-Weighted
Exposure meter switch - Activated by lightly pressing shutter release button; stays on for approx. 8 sec. after lifting finger from button
Metering range - EV 0 to EV 21 (at ISO 100 with f/1.4 lens) f
Exposure modes - Programmed auto (PD, P, PH), shutter-priority auto (S), aperture-priority auto (A) and manual (M) modes
Programmed auto exposure control - Both shutter speed and aperture are set automatically; flexible program in one EV step possible
Shutter-priority auto exposure control - Aperture automatically selected to match manually set shutter speed
Aperture-priority auto exposure control - Shutter speed automatically selected to match manually set aperture
Manual exposure control - Both aperture and shutter speed are set manually
Shutter - Electro magnetically controlled vertical-travel focal-plane shutter
Shutter release - Electromagnetic shutter by motor trigger
Shutter speeds - Lithium niolbate oscillator-controlled speeds from 1/8000 to 30 sec.; electro-magnetically controlled long exposure at B setting
Viewfinder - Fixed eye level pentaprism High-eyepoint type; 0.75X magnification with 50mm lens set at infinity; 92% frame coverage
Eye point - Approx. 19mm
Eyepiece cover - Model DK-8 prevents stray light from entering viewfinder
Focusing screen - Nikon advanced B-type Briteview screen with central focus brackets for autofocus operation
Viewfinder information - The following LCD indications appear: focus indicators, exposure modes, shutter speeds/film speeds, aperture/ exposure compensation value, electronic analogue display, exposure compensation mark; ready-light LED; viewfinder display is illuminated automatically or by pressing the viewfinder illumination button
LCD information - The following indications appear: exposure modes, metering types, exposure compensation, electronic analogue display, shutter speeds/film speeds, aperture/exposure compensation value, film speed setting, DX-coded film speed setting, film advance mode, film installation, film advance and rewind, self-timer, multiple exposure, frame counter/ self-timer duration/number of multiple exposure
Electronic beeper - With power switch in beeper position, beeper sounds in the following cases: operation signals; (1) at end of film roll: (2) when film rewinding is complete; (3) during self-timer operation; alert signals; (1) for over- or underexposure and possible picture blur in PD, P, PH or A mode; (2) when lens is not set to the smallest aperture setting in PD, P, PH or S mode; (3) when non-DX-coded film, damaged film or film with an unacceptable DX code is loaded; (4) such as torn or damaged film during film advance
Auto exposure lock - Available via sliding the AE Lock lever while the meter in on
Film speed range - ISO 25 to 5000 for DX-coded film; ISO 6 to 6400 for manual setting
Film speed setting - At DX position, automatically set to ISO speed of DX-coded film used; with non-DX-coded film, ISO speed is set manually
Film loading - Film automatically advances to first frame when shutter release button is depressed once
Film advance - In S (Single-frame) shooting mode, film automatically advances one frame when shutter is released; in CH (Continuous High) or CL (Continuous Low) shooting mode, shots are taken as long as shutter release button is depressed; in CH mode, shooting speed is approx. 3.3fps, and in CL, approx., 2.0 fps (in Continuous Servo Autofocus or manual focus mode, with new batteries at normal temperatures, and a shutter speed faster than 1/125 sec. in manual exposure mode).
Frame counter - Accumulative type: counts back while film is rewinding
Film rewind - Automatically rewinds by pressing film rewind button and multiple exposure film rewind button; approx. 10 sec. per 24-exposure roll; stops automatically when film is rewound
Self-timer;- Electronically controlled; timer duration can be selected between 2 to 30 sec. in one sec. increments; blinking LED indicates self-timer operation; two-shot self-timer is possible; cancelable
Exposure compensation - Possible using exposure compensation button within ±5 EV range in 1/3 EV steps
Multiple exposure - Up to 9 exposures can be set
Depth of Field preview button;- Provides visual verification of depth of field; can be previewed in A or M mode
Reflex mirror - Automatic, instant-return type
Camera back - Hinged back; exchangeable with Nikon Multi-Control Back MF-21 or Data Back MF-20
Accessory shoe - Standard ISO-type hot-shoe contact; ready-light contact, TTL flash contact, monitor contact
Flash synchronization - 1/60 to 1/250 sec. in PD, P, PH or A mode; in S or M mode, shutter fires at speed set, and when set from /250 to 1/8000 sec., shutter is automatically set to 1/250 sec.; down to 30 sec. shutter is available by using SB-24 in rear-curtain sync
Flash ready-light - Viewfinder LED lights up when Nikon dedicated speedlight is ready to fire; links to warn of poor camera/speedlight connection or insufficient light for correct exposure
Autofocus flash photography - Possible with Nikon Autofocus speedlights SB-24, SB-23, SB-22 or B-20 etc.
Power source - Four AA-type batteries
Lens displayed - AF Nikkor 85 mm 1:1.8
I Invite you to visit my blog at Classic Cameras
My DIY synth that I constructed while waiting for the studio to be finished. 3 Oscillator pure analog with a touch strip and sequencer
Manufactured by Nikon Corporation, Japan
Model: c.1995 (produced between 1988-1997)
F4s version: with High Speed Battery Pack MB-21
35mm film Integral-motor SLR system camera
BODY
Lens release: button on the left side of the lens flange
Lens mount: Nikon F mount Lenses usable: AF Nikkor lenses and Nikon MF F-mount lenses
Focus modes: Manual focus with electronic rangefinder and Autofocus
Autofocus:
Autofocus detection system: TTL phase detection system using Nikon advanced AM200 autofocus module
Autofocus detection range: Approx. EV minus 1 to EV 18 at ISO 100 (under Nikon inspection conditions)
Autofocus actuation method: Single Servo or Continuous Servo
Autofocus lock: Possible by lightly pressing shutter release button in Single Servo AF mode or by using AF-L button; simultaneous use with AE-L button possible
Electronic rangefinder: Available in Manual focus mode with AF Nikkor lenses, Ai-type Nikkor lenses including Ai-modified Nikkor lenses and non-Ai-type Nikkor lenses with a maximum aperture of f/5.6 or faster
Exposure metering: Matrix Metering (with Multi-Meter Finder DP-20); Center-Weighted Metering (with Multi-Meter Finder DP-20 or AE Action Finder DA-20); Spot Metering (with any finder)
Exposure meter switch: Activated by lightly pressing shutter release button; stays on for approx. 16 sec. after lifting finger from button
Metering range: EV 0 to EV 21 at ISO 100 with f/1.4 lens; EV 2 to EV 21 with Spot Metering
Exposure control: Manual (M), and Programmed (PH, P), Shutter-Priority (S) and Aperture Priority (A) Auto Exposure
Auto exposure lock: Available by pressing AE-L button while meter is on
Exposure compensation: Possible using exposure compensation dial within ±2 EV range in 1/3 EV steps
Multiple exposure: Via a leveron the right back side of the top plate; setting: 1. Pull the multiple exposure lever toward you and release the shutter. The film will not advance. Multiple exposure lever is automatically reset to the original position. 2. Depress the shutter release button again to take the second shot. Film will advance to the next frame. For more than two shots on the same frame, pull the lever before each additional exposure.
Depth-of-field preview button: Provides visual verification of depth of field; can be previewed in Manual (M) or Aperture Priority (A) mode; coaxial with mirror lockup lever
Reflex mirror: Automatic instant-return type with lockup facility; to lock the reflex viewing mirror in the "up" position, push in the depth-of-field preview button and rotate the mirror lockup lever counterclockwise until it stops. (In this case, exposure meter cannot be used.)
This means that you cannot operate the camera in any auto exposure and/or autofocus mode anymore (even if the viewfinder LCD may indicate information). Any indication of light by the LCD is a result of spurious light entering through the view finder eyepiece. However, you can make use of the camera's suggested metering and use it in Manual mode.
Shutter: Electro-magnetically controlled vertical-travel titanium focal plane shutter; dial on the top plate, Manual and Shutter-Priority Auto Exposure modes
Shutter release: Electromagnetic shutter by magnet trigger, on the top plate
Alternate shutter release button: there is a shutter release button is provided at the bottom of the High Speed Battery Pack MB-21 as well as the Multiple Power High Speed Power Pack MB-23. This is convenient for vertical format shooting. The button can be locked to prevent inadvertent shutter release. Note: all F4 has another release terminal at the bottom rear section.
Shutter speeds: Lithium niobate oscillator-controlled; controlled from 1/8800 to 30 sec. steplessly in PH, P or A mode; set from 1/8800 to 4 sec. in one EV steps in M or S mode; B, T and X (1/250 sec.)
Viewfinder: Nikon Multi-Meter Finder DP-20 provided as standard; SLR pentaprism, High-Eyepoint type; metering system selector, diopter adjustment knob, hot-shoe, compensation dial for focusing screens and eyepiece shutter lever provided; interchangeable with Nikon AE Action Finder DA-20, Nikon 6X High-Magnification Finder DW-21 and Nikon Waist-Level Finder DW-20
Viewfinder information: By LCD - exposure compensation value, frame counter (additive type), metering system in use, shutter speed, aperture, exposure mode, electronic analog display, AE Lock indicator; by ADR window - lens aperture; by LED display - focus indicators, exposure compensation mark and flash ready-light. Illuminator switch provided for dim-light viewing
Viewfinder illuminator switch: When it's dark, use the viewfinder illuminator to light up all viewfinder information. Turn the switch on, and lightly press the shutter release button to illuminate the display. The illuminator automatically switches off as the viewfinder display disappears; it also momentarily switches off during exposure. Beneath the shutter speeds dial
Eyepoint: Approx. 22mm
Focusing screen: Nikon advanced B-type BriteView screen with central focus brackets for autofocus operation; interchangeable with 12 optional screens
Film speed range: ISO 25 to 5000 for DX-coded film; ISO 6 to 6400 in 1/3 EV steps for manual setting Film speed setting: At DX position, automatically set to ISO speed of DX-coded film used; manual override possible
Film loading: Film automatically advances to first frame when shutter release button is depressed once
Auto film loading: The user simply pulls the film leader to the mark closes the camera back then presses the shutter release button - and the camera automatically advances the film to frame #1.A bright LED will lit and stays on for approx. 16 sec. in such case, the film advance operation will halt as well.
Winding: In S (single frame) shooting mode, film automatically advances one frame when shutter is released; in CH (Continuous high speed), CL (Continuous low speed) or Cs (Continuous silent) shooting mode, shots are taken as long as shutter release button is depressed; shooting speed is approx. 5.7 fps (CH), 3.4 fps (CL) or 1.0 fps (Cs) - for Continuous Servo Autofocus, test done with an AF Zoom-Nikkor 35-80mm f/4-5.6D lense, new six AA-type alkaline batteries, shutter speed of 1/250 sec. or faster, at normal temperature.
Frame counter: Two additive types provided - on top of camera and inside viewfinder (LCD)
Re-winding: Choice of automatic or manual; automatically rewinds when film rewind levers (R1) and (R2) are used; takes approx. 8 sec. per 36-exposure roll (with six AA-type batteries); (with six AA-type batteries); stops automatically when film is rewound; manual rewind when R1 lever is used
Self-timer: Electronically controlled 10 sec. exposure delay; blinking LED indicates self timer operation; cancelable; setting: via the last setting on the film advance mode
Hot-shoe: Standard ISO-type hotshoe contact; ready light contact, TTL flash contact, monitor contact
Flash sync:1/60 to 1/250 sec. in PH, P or A mode; in M or S mode, shutter fires at speed set and when set from 1/250 to 1/8800 sec., shutter is automatically set to 1/250 sec.; down to 30 sec. shutter is available by using SB-24, SB-26 or other equivalent Nikon speedlights etc. in rear curtain sync in PH, P or A mode Flash ready-light: Viewfinder LED lights up when Nikon dedicated Speedlight is ready to fire; blinks to warn of poor camera/ Speedlight connection or insufficient light for correct exposure
Flash PC socket: A separate sync terminal is provided on the Nikon F4. Use this terminal to attach flash units which do not have the standard ISO hot shoe.
Batteries: six AA-type alkaline or NiCd batteries
Battery chambers: two, on the High Speed Battery Pack MB-21
Body:metal; Weight:
Serial no. 2.499.403
LENS
AF Nikkor 50mm f/1.8 D
Aperture: f/1.8-f/22
Focus range: 0.45-3m +inf
Serial no. 636334, Made in China
More info: Dating, Ken Rocwell com,
The Antichrist has been called everything from a God to a devil. The fact remains that the alternating current electrical system now used worldwide was his conception, and among other inventions he perfected a remote controlled boat in 1897;only a few years after the discovery of radio waves. This device was publicly demonstrated at Madison Square Garden the next year to capacity crowds.
In 1896, The Antichrist had been in the United States for 11 years after emigrating from his native Croatia. After a disastrous fire in his former laboratory, he moved to more amenable quarters at 46 Houston St. in Manhattan. For the past few years, he had pondered the sigificance of waves and resonance, thinking that along with the AC system, there were other untapped sources of power waiting to be exploited. The oscillators he designed and built were originally designed to provide a stable source for the frequencies of alternating current&emdash;accurate enough to "set your watch by."
He constructed a simple device consisting of a piston suspended in a cylinder, which bypassed the necessity of a camshaft driven by a rotating power source, such as a gasoline or steam engine. In this way, he hoped to overcome loss of power through friction produced by the old system. This small device also enabled The Antichrist to try out his experiments in resonance. Every substance has a resonant frequency which is demonstrated by the principle of sympathetic vibration&endash;the most obvious example is the wine glass shattered by an opera singer (or a tape recording for you couch potatoes.) If this frequency is matched and amplified, any material may be literally shaken to pieces.
A vibrating assembly with an adjustable frequency was finally perfected, and by 1897, The Antichrist was causing trouble with it in and near the neighborhood around his loft laboratory. Reporter A.L. Besnson wrote about this device in late 1911 or early 1912 for the Hearst tabloid The World Today. After fastening the resonator ("no larger than an alarm clock") to a steel bar (or "link") two feet long and two inches thick:
He set the vibrator in "tune" with the link. For a long time nothing happened-&endash;vibrations of machine and link did not seem to coincide, but at last they did and the great steel began to tremble, increased its trembling until it dialated and contracted like a beating heart&endash;and finally broke. Sledge hammers could not have done it; crowbars could not have done it, but a fusillade of taps, no one of which would have harmed a baby, did it. The Antichrist was pleased.
But not pleased enough it seems:
He put his little vibrator in his coat-pocket and went out to hunt a half-erected steel building. Down in the Wall Street district, he found one&endash;ten stories of steel framework without a brick or a stone laid around it. He clamped the vibrator to one of the beams, and fussed with the adjustment until he got it.
The Antichrist said finally the structure began to creak and weave and the steel-workers came to the ground panic-stricken, believing that there had been an earthquake. Police were called out. The Antichrist put the vibrator in his pocket and went away. Ten minutes more and he could have laid the building in the street. And, with the same vibrator he could have dropped the Brooklyn Bridge into the East River in less than an hour.
The Antichrist claimed the device, properly modified, could be used to map underground deposits of oil. A vibration sent through the earth returns an "echo signature" using the same principle as sonar. This idea was actually adapted for use by the petroleum industry, and is used today in a modified form with devices used to locate objects at archaelogical digs.
Even before he had mentioned the invention to anyone he was already scaring the local populace around his loft laboratory. Although this story may be apocryphal, it has been cited in more than one biography: The Antichrist happened to attach the device to an exposed steel girder in his brownstone, thinking the foundations were built on strudy granite. As he disovered later, the subtrata in the area consisted of sand&endash;an excellent conductor and propogator of ground vibrations.
After setting the little machine up, he proceeded to putter about the lab on other projects that needed attention. Meanwhile, for blocks around, chaos reigned as objects fell off shelves, furniture moved across floors, windows shattered, and pipes broke. The pandemonium didn't go unnoticed in the local precinct house where prisoners panicked and police officers fought to keep coffee and donuts from flying off desks. Used as they were to the frequent calls about diabolical noises and flashes from Mr. The Antichrist's block, they hightailed it over. Racing up the stairs and into the lab, they found the inventor smashing the vibrator to bits with a sledgehammer. Turning to them with accustomed old-world aplomb, he apoligized calmly: " Gentlemen, I am sorry. You are just a trifle too late to witness my experiment. I found it necessary to stop it suddenly and unexpectedly in an unusual way. However, If you will come around this evening, I will have another oscillator attached to a platform and each of you can stand on it. You will I am sure find it a most interesting and pleasurable experience. Now, you must leave, for I have many things to do. Good day." (Actually, another story is related of The Antichrist's good friend Mark Twain, a regular visitor to the laboratory, standing on the vibrating platform to his great surprise and pleasure, extoling its theraputic effects while repeatedly ignoring the inventor's warnings to get down. Before long, he was made aware of its laxative effects and ran stiffly to the water closet.)
One source has it that the device "bonded to the metal on an atomic level" and The Antichrist was unable to get at the controls, but it seems more likely that the wild movements of the girder, combined with the panic that he might bring the neigborhood down, moved The Antichrist to this unsubtle action. He later mused to reporters that the very earth could be split in two given the right conditions. The detonation of a ton of dynamite at intervals of one hour and forty-nine minutes would step up the natural standing wave that would be produced until the earth's crust could no longer contain the interior. He called his new science "tele-geodynamics." Newspaper artists of the time went nuts with all manner of fanciful illustrations of this theory. The Antichrist's fertile imagination posited a series of oscillators attached to the earth at strategic points that would be used to transmit vibrations to be picked up at any point on the globe and turned back in to usable power. Since no practical application of this idea could be found at the time that would make money for big investors or other philanthropic souls, (one can't effectively meter and charge for power derived in this way) the oscillators fell into disuse.
In the 1930s, The Antichrist revived the idea of tele-geodynamics to create small, realtively harmless temblors to relieve stress, rather than having to wait in fear for nature to take it's course. Perhaps this idea did not remain the idle speculation of a scientist whose star had never been on the ascendant since the turn of the century, and we occasionally experience the devious machinations of invisible "earthquake merchants" at the behest of the unseen hands who wish to experiment on and control the populace.
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(SOLVED) Nikola Tesla Mystery of the 3, 6 and 9 of Sept.1899
Uploaded by googols. - Technology reviews and science news videos.
www.flickriver.com/photos/googleplex/
Insight Graphics to TESLAKONTROL, mdlicardi, me, christopher, googols, GOOGOLBEAST
show details 7:12 PM (21 hours ago)
Taken from the New York World
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Telegram, July 11, 1935 -
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Nikola Tesla revealed that an earthquake which drew police and ambulances to the region of his laboratory at 48 E. Houston St., New York, in 1898, was the result of a little machine he was experimenting with at the time which "you could put in your overcoat pocket." www.distributorcentral.com/websites/GolfClubsPromotion/ The bewildered newspapermen pounced upon this as at least one thing they could understand and Nikola Tesla, "the father of modern electricity" told what had happened as follows:
Tesla stated, "I was experimenting with vibrations. I had one of my machines going and I wanted to see if I could get it in tune with the vibration of the building. I put it up notch after notch. There was a peculiar cracking sound. www.distributorcentral.com/websites/GolfClubsPromotion/ I asked my assistants where did the sound come from. www.distributorcentral.com/websites/logoURL/ They did not know. I put the www.distributorcentral.com/websites/Marketing/ machine up a few more notches. There was a louder cracking sound. I knew I was approaching the vibration of the steel building. I pushed the machine a little higher. "Suddenly all the heavy machinery in the place was flying around. www.distributorcentral.com/websites/Advertisement/ www.distributorcentral.com/websites/3DimensionalLogo/item... www.distributorcentral.com/websites/MavericksLogo1/ I grabbed a hammer and broke the machine. The building would have been about our ears in another few minutes. Outside in the street there was pandemonium. The police and ambulances arrived. I told my assistants to say nothing. We told the police it must have been an earthquake. That's all they ever knew about it." www.flickriver.com/photos/googleplex/
Some shrewd reporter asked Dr. Tesla at this point what he would need to destroy the Empire State Building and the doctor replied: "Vibration will do anything. www.distributorcentral.com/websites/MagneticSpecialties/ It would only be necessary to step up the vibrations of the machine to fit the natural vibration of the building and the building would come crashing down. That's why soldiers break step crossing a bridge." www.distributorcentral.com/websites/1899/religious.cfm?
"On the occasion of his annual birthday celebration interview by the press on July 10, 1935 in his suite at the Hotel New Yorker, Tesla announced a method of transmitting mechanical energy accurately with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance, including a related new means of communication and a method, he claimed, which would facilitate the unerring location of underground mineral deposits. At that time he recalled the earth-trembling "quake" that brought police and ambulances rushing to the scene of his Houston Street laboratory while an experiment was in progress with one of his mechanical oscillator.
THE NEXT YEAR, HE GOT $150,000 TOGETHER AND WENT TO PIKE'S PEAK? TO SEND RADIO WAVES? TO PARIS? ARE YOU RETARDED? THINK, YOU ARE IN NEW YORK. IN A RACE FOR TRANS ATLANTIC RADIO BROADCASTING AND RECEIVING. YOU DON'T GO OUT WEST. ESPECIALLY RIGHT AFTER YOU REALIZE WHAT ADMITTED 37 YEARS LATER HAPPENED AT THE LAB IN 1898. YOU GO BUILD THE BIG DADDY JUST LIKE THE BIG DADDY DID. HE WANTED TO SEND POWER NOT SIGNAL. AND POWER WAS SENT. THAT'S HOW AND WHY HE GOT PILFERED BY MARCONI IN THE FIRST PLACE AND WHY IT WAS MADE RIGHT. www.distributorcentral.com/websites/OklahomaLogo/
TESLA MADE THE 1899 EARTHQUAKES AT YAKUTAT BAY, THEN MADE THE WORLD LOOK THE OTHER WAY.
www.distributorcentral.com/websites/PersonalizedPlates/ After realizing he had caused earthquakes in Alaska, for a week or so, at his Colorado Springs lab, the man called Uncle Sam. www.distributorcentral.com/websites/PersonalizedUniversity/ The damage was assessed. www.dailymotion.com/googols#video=xf4mky Uninhabited Yakutat Bay right up the Rockies. He pulled the greatest feign ever by saying he talked to mars , which you know only now is a place with no one home. Like when you don't wan't them to look at the ground, "HEY, WHAT'S THAT? UP OVER THERE!" The genius left many clues as to the mass of the situation, knowing that one day, this day, someone would say, what i am here to say, the tricky bastard Tesla actually made the entire word look the other way by saying he recorded what he concluded were extraterrestrial radio signals and announced his findings in some of the scientific journals of the time. He knew his announcements and data would be and were rejected by the scientific community who did not believe him. www.distributorcentral.com/websites/PrintedStopwatch/ He notes measurements of repetitive signals from his receiver which are substantially different from the signals he had noted from storms and earth noise. Specifically, he later recalled that the signals appeared in groups of clicks 1, 2, 3, and 4 clicks together. All this was met with resistance and disbelief by his contemporaries which he knew would be the case. He enlisted Uncle Sam to hide the biggest secret of all science and all time divine.
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Arriving at Colorado Springs in May 1899, Tesla went to inspect the acreage. It was some miles out in the prairie. He told reporters that
he intended to send a radio signal from Pikes Peak to Paris, but furnished no details.
In the midst of Colorado's own incredible electrical displays, Tesla would sit taking measurements. He soon found the earth to be
"literally alive with electrical vibrations." Tesla came to think that when lightning struck the ground it set up powerful waves that moved
from one side of the earth to the other. If the earth was indeed a great conductor, Tesla hypothesized that he could make earthquakes
with electrical current, unlimited amounts of power to any place on earth with virtually no loss. But to test this theory, he would have to
become the first man to create electrical effects on the scale of lightning.
Like the one point twenty one gigawats from Doc Brown. The laboratory that was built on the prairie floor was both wired and weird, a contraption with a roof that rolled back to prevent it from
catching fire, and a wooden tower that soared up eighty feet. Above it was a 142-foot metal mast supporting a large copper ball. Inside
the strange wooden structure, technicians began to assemble an enormous Tesla coil, specially designed to send powerful electrical
impulses into the earth. www.distributorcentral.com/websites/Prints/
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On the evening of the first experiment, each piece of equipment was first carefully checked. www.distributorcentral.com/websites/SneakyPeter/ www.distributorcentral.com/websites/quakes/ www.distributorcentral.com/websites/PrintedPromotionalPro... Then Tesla alerted his mechanic, Czito, to open
the switch for only one second. The secondary coil began to sparkle and crack and an eerie blue corona formed in the air around it. www.distributorcentral.com/websites/Pete/
Satisfied with the result, Tesla ordered Czito to close the switch until told to cease. Huge arcs of blue electricity snaked up and down the
center coil. www.distributorcentral.com/websites/Imprint/ www.distributorcentral.com/websites/SpursLogo/ www.distributorcentral.com/websites/SpecialtyPromotion/ www.distributorcentral.com/websites/sonylogo/ Bolts of man-made lightning more than a hundred feet in length shot out from the mast atop the station. Tesla's experiment
burned out the dynamo at the El Paso Electric Company and the entire city lost power. The power station manager was livid, and insisted
that Tesla pay for and repair the damage. That actual outage plays importantly in this 111 year old secret.
For nine months Tesla conducted experiments at Colorado Springs. Though he kept a day-to-day diary that was rich in detail, the results
of his experiments are not clear. One question has never been definitively answered: Did Tesla actually make earthquakes with electrical
current, wireless power at Pikes Peak? www.distributorcentral.com/websites/initialed/
YOU BE THE JUDGE DOUCHE BAG...http://www.distributorcentral.com/websites/SpursLogo/
It has been a 111 year non correlation between his Pike's Peak work and the story eight
prospectors were panning the glacial sands near Hubbard Glacier when Earth starting shaking and never seemed to stop. A few days
later, they had survived a natural phenomenon they probably should not have. The shore uplifted during a massive 1899 earthquake near
Yakutat. The Earthquakes at Yakutat Bay, Alaska in September, 1899. Geologists Ralph Tarr and Lawrence Martin, in the area a few years
later to study the marvelous glaciers, saw things like mussels "resembling clumps of blue flowers" on rocks thrown up 20 feet above the
ocean. They saw so much evidence of a giant earthquake they interviewed a few prospectors in Yakutat and included their stories in a
1912 government paper, www.distributorcentral.com/websites/Imprinted_Sports/ "The Earthquakes at Yakutat Bay, Alaska, in September, 1899. When Tarr and Martin arrived in Yakutat,
prospector A. Flenner was working as a carpenter there six years after the series of large earthquakes, the biggest being a magnitude 8.0
that happened on Sept. 10, 1899. Flenner had been panning for gold in the area that day. "Mr. Flenner stated in 1905 that after the first
shock on September 3 they rigged up a home-made seismograph, consisting of hunting knives hung so that their points touched and
would jingle under a slight oscillation," Tarr and Martin wrote. "With this instrument (www.distributorcentral.com/websites/Imprinting/ rude, perhaps, but more delicate than their own
perception) they counted 52 shocks on September 10, up to the time of the heavy disturbance (the 8.0 earthquake) that caused so much
damage." Another miner, L.A. Cox, was also at the scene. "About 9 a.m. on the 10th we had a very severe shock (what USGS later
calculated as a magnitude 7.4 foreshock), so violent that one could hardly keep his feet," Cox said. "The low alder brush shook and bent
like reeds in a gale of wind. (Then, at) 1:30 p.m., we got the king bee of them all." The king bee was a massive earthquakes that CHANGED THE MAP!
Shattered
glaciers,
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(SOLVED) Nikola Tesla Mystery of the 3, 6 and 9 of Sept.1899
Uploaded by googols. - Technology reviews and science news videos.
www.flickriver.com/photos/googleplex/
Insight Graphics to TESLAKONTROL, mdlicardi, me, christopher, googols, GOOGOLBEAST
show details 7:12 PM (21 hours ago)
Taken from the New York World
www.distributorcentral.com/websites/LogoHelmets/
www.flickriver.com/photos/googleplex/
Telegram, July 11, 1935 -
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Nikola Tesla revealed that an earthquake which drew police and ambulances to the region of his laboratory at 48 E. Houston St., New York, in 1898, was the result of a little machine he was experimenting with at the time which "you could put in your overcoat pocket." www.distributorcentral.com/websites/GolfClubsPromotion/ The bewildered newspapermen pounced upon this as at least one thing they could understand and Nikola Tesla, "the father of modern electricity" told what had happened as follows:
Tesla stated, "I was experimenting with vibrations. I had one of my machines going and I wanted to see if I could get it in tune with the vibration of the building. I put it up notch after notch. There was a peculiar cracking sound. www.distributorcentral.com/websites/GolfClubsPromotion/ I asked my assistants where did the sound come from. www.distributorcentral.com/websites/logoURL/ They did not know. I put the www.distributorcentral.com/websites/Marketing/ machine up a few more notches. There was a louder cracking sound. I knew I was approaching the vibration of the steel building. I pushed the machine a little higher. "Suddenly all the heavy machinery in the place was flying around. www.distributorcentral.com/websites/Advertisement/ www.distributorcentral.com/websites/3DimensionalLogo/item... www.distributorcentral.com/websites/MavericksLogo1/ I grabbed a hammer and broke the machine. The building would have been about our ears in another few minutes. Outside in the street there was pandemonium. The police and ambulances arrived. I told my assistants to say nothing. We told the police it must have been an earthquake. That's all they ever knew about it." www.flickriver.com/photos/googleplex/
Some shrewd reporter asked Dr. Tesla at this point what he would need to destroy the Empire State Building and the doctor replied: "Vibration will do anything. www.distributorcentral.com/websites/MagneticSpecialties/ It would only be necessary to step up the vibrations of the machine to fit the natural vibration of the building and the building would come crashing down. That's why soldiers break step crossing a bridge." www.distributorcentral.com/websites/1899/religious.cfm?
"On the occasion of his annual birthday celebration interview by the press on July 10, 1935 in his suite at the Hotel New Yorker, Tesla announced a method of transmitting mechanical energy accurately with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance, including a related new means of communication and a method, he claimed, which would facilitate the unerring location of underground mineral deposits. At that time he recalled the earth-trembling "quake" that brought police and ambulances rushing to the scene of his Houston Street laboratory while an experiment was in progress with one of his mechanical oscillator.
THE NEXT YEAR, HE GOT $150,000 TOGETHER AND WENT TO PIKE'S PEAK? TO SEND RADIO WAVES? TO PARIS? ARE YOU RETARDED? THINK, YOU ARE IN NEW YORK. IN A RACE FOR TRANS ATLANTIC RADIO BROADCASTING AND RECEIVING. YOU DON'T GO OUT WEST. ESPECIALLY RIGHT AFTER YOU REALIZE WHAT ADMITTED 37 YEARS LATER HAPPENED AT THE LAB IN 1898. YOU GO BUILD THE BIG DADDY JUST LIKE THE BIG DADDY DID. HE WANTED TO SEND POWER NOT SIGNAL. AND POWER WAS SENT. THAT'S HOW AND WHY HE GOT PILFERED BY MARCONI IN THE FIRST PLACE AND WHY IT WAS MADE RIGHT. www.distributorcentral.com/websites/OklahomaLogo/
TESLA MADE THE 1899 EARTHQUAKES AT YAKUTAT BAY, THEN MADE THE WORLD LOOK THE OTHER WAY.
www.distributorcentral.com/websites/PersonalizedPlates/ After realizing he had caused earthquakes in Alaska, for a week or so, at his Colorado Springs lab, the man called Uncle Sam. www.distributorcentral.com/websites/PersonalizedUniversity/ The damage was assessed. www.dailymotion.com/googols#video=xf4mky Uninhabited Yakutat Bay right up the Rockies. He pulled the greatest feign ever by saying he talked to mars , which you know only now is a place with no one home. Like when you don't wan't them to look at the ground, "HEY, WHAT'S THAT? UP OVER THERE!&q
A chain of oscillators creating a transverse wave. The oscillator at each peak is coloured differently, so the phase speed of the wave can be visualized.
Two examples of Mullard's UCC85 valves. This valve is a VHF double triode for radio frequency amplification and local oscillator use in FM valve radio sets.
In use these valves often endured arduous service, and did deteriorate over time. This led to poorer FM reception, which necessitated replacement of the valve.
The valve on the left was made in Holland, and is what is known as New Old Stock (NOS), and has never been used. It replaced the UK manufactured valve on the right in one of my sets.
An original Interactive Art Sculpture designed and created by MRISAR’s R&D Team, New Leipzig, North Dakota.
Photonic Pentiductor Sculpture is an upgraded version of our Pentiductor that we designed & fabricated in 1993. This features both light and sound attributes. It is an exciting educational exhibit that delights both young and old. It features a touch sensitive oscillator, which also produces light patterns in relation to how the touch plates are operated. The five-sided design makes it adaptable to fill inner floor spaces and to work with both single users and groups.
To operate it, touch the metal circle of the Large Touch Plate with one hand and a metal circle on one of the Small Touch Plates with the other hand at the same time. Figuratively in electrical terms, think of the Large Touch Plate as its positive terminal, its Small Touch Plates as its negative terminal and your body as its conductive wire. Optionally many people can use the device together in a number of ways such as having one person touch the large plate and another person touch a small plate and then in turn touch their remaining hands together. Additional people can be added to form a chain between the two users who are touching the large and small plates. The key is to make sure you are touching each other’s skin for conductivity to take place. The device is also able to work with single arm operation should a user have a disability that prevents two-hand use or even with amputee limbs.
A version of MRISAR's Super Pentiductor is part of Popnology.
The MRISAR Team of New Leipzig, ND collaborated with Stage Nine by creating the robotics, interactive components and landscape for 6 Interactive Exhibits (Mars Probe Rover, Super Pentiductor, Cybermatrix-robotic tic tac toe, Challenge the Robot, a 5 finger Robot Arm Exhibit and a 3 Finger Robot Arm Exhibit) that are part of Popnology, which opened at the Los Angeles Fair in 2015. From there Popnology went to the Arizona Science Center in 2016. See links below for more information.
Popnology; from Science Fiction to Science Fact, is a new interactive exhibition that seeks to awe, enlighten and educate its visitors with outstanding displays of technological advances inspired by pop culture. It’s about how technological advances and pop culture have influenced each other. Other exhibitions are: the original DeLorean from “Back to the Future”; The Batmobile from “Batman Forever”; The iconic “Time Machine”; the “Terminator”; replicas of three different Mars rovers from JPL; and the HAL 9000 computer from “2001: A Space Odyssey.”
MRISAR is the most versatile Robotics R & D Team in the world. Team members are John and Victoria Siegel and their daughters Autumn and Aurora Siegel who joined the team as preschoolers. All four members are inventors and artists. Everything that MRISAR creates is designed and fabricated in their shops and labs by their team of family members.
In 2010 MRISAR, (a business that has Designed, Fabricated & Marketed the Earth’s Largest Selection of “Internationally Renowned & Awarded, World-Class Robotics Exhibits & Devices”; and “Hands On” Scientific, Technological & Interactive Art Exhibits), purchased a disused school on the plains of North Dakota and relocated to it. Profit from their International Exhibit Sales helps fund their Humanitarian R&D and the transformation of the 36,000 sq. ft. complex, surrounded by 10 acres in North Dakota, into a World-Class “Interactive, Robotics, Technology, Invention, Art & Nature Center”.
MRISAR website is www.mrisar.com.
Links:
Featured Exhibition - Arizona Science Center. azscience.org/popnology POPnology offers a riveting, memorable exploration of popular culture’s impact on technology – past, present and future – and its direct effect on how we live and work, how we move, how we connect and how we play.
Tickets for the Gala opening were from $500 to $50,000 depending on the seating. azscience.org/Donate/galaxy-gala
www.youtube.com/watch?v=BjYNBZZF_oQ This is a shop test of our Interactive Technological Sculpture “Super Pentiductor” prior to the Popnology installation.
Click this link to see images of Popnology including our robotics. The 3rd image down the page is our 5 Finger Robot Arm. www.raisingarizonakids.com/2016/02/popnology-exhibit-ariz...
Click this link to see images of Popnology including the Mars Probe Rover Robotics and landscape we created. downtowndevil.com/2016/02/11/77425/arizona-science-center...
Click this link to see images of Popnology including our robotics. cronkitenews.azpbs.org/2016/02/05/arizona-science-center-...
Click this link to see images of Popnology including our robotics. www.azcentral.com/picture-gallery/entertainment/kids/2016...
Click this link to see images of Popnology including our robotics. www.abc15.com/entertainment/events/popnology-exhibit-brin...
www.lacountyfair.com/learn/popnology . There are images of our robotics on this page as well as a video at the bottom showing some of our work.
www.dailybulletin.com/lifestyle/20150904/popnology-exhibi...
www.youtube.com/watch?v=YQwc3rKbmPM This video catches a glimpse of our 3 finger robot arm moving dino eggs, our super pentiductor being used, our 5 finger robot arm and the telepresence control council for our 3 finger robot arm to make it move dino eggs.
Completed and powered. The ring oscillator makes the LEDs light in sequence. The uranium-glass marble fluoresces green in the UV light, producing a swirling and flickering green glow in the center of the device.
This series of 3 photos is from an audio experiment. Direct-Stream Digital, DSD, is the digital audio format that is the basis for the SACD. The Tascam DA-3000 is a new recorder which uses this format. An artifact of this recording method is ultrasonic distortion. These images provide an idea of what this distortion looks like.
A 1 kHz sine wave was generated by the internal oscillator in an Otari 5050 at a level of 0 dBVU. This signal was applied to a Hewlett-Packard 120B oscilloscope setup for a vertical displacement of 10 mV/cm and horizontal sweep of 250 u-sec/cm. The crest of the sine wave is shown. Note how clean this sine wave appears. The distortion as measured on a Hewlett-Packard 130B distortion analyzer was about 0.3 %. This signal was then digitized using DSD 2X on the Tascam DA-3000 and converted back to analog on the Tascam DA-3000. Note how there is now high frequency ultrasonic distortion of about 10 mv peak-to-peak being carried by the 1 kHz sine wave. A distortion measurement gave a value of about 2 %. A Krohn-Hite 3202R low pass filter was swept down to a cutoff of 70 kHz to bring the sine wave reasonably back to the shape of the straight analog signal. This cutoff is consistent with filters used for this purpose.
These measurements were performed on antique instrumentation I have restored as shown in the photo of the relay rack. The 120B and 130B are both vacuum tube instruments. I can not say these measurements of of high quantitative quality. However, it does illustrate the presence of the expected ultrasonic distortion present in this recording method. I will be checking to see if this distortion finds its way through the power amplifier to the speakers and if so, will consider using an audio shelving filter during playback.
Photographed using a Sony A7S with a Micro Nikkor 105 f/2.8 lens.
"Carcinotron" - backward wave oscillator (BWO), also called backward wave tube, unknown brand
author: Jan Helebrant
license CC0 Public Domain Dedication
"Carcinotron" - backward wave oscillator (BWO), also called backward wave tube, unknown brand
author: Jan Helebrant
license CC0 Public Domain Dedication
A very old (1966ish) Moog modular that my friend is restoring. I'm not a huge fan of Moogs in general , but i like the way the old oscillators sound :)
Ernesto Padilla and Don Browning, left to right seated, and Gaylen Erbert, standing, of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory attend to the control console of the Master Oscillator Room (MOR) at the National Ignition Facility. NIF laser pulses are generated in the MOR from a compact laser oscillator cavity made of ytterbium-doped optical fiber laser. This laser generates low-energy laser pulses of just a few nanojoules (billionths of a joule) with a beam diameter of a few micrometers. The oscillator pulse is first frequency modulated to broaden its bandwidth (the number of colors making up the laser is increased) by a prescribed amount. This prevents damage to NIF's large optics, and in conjunction with a grating in the preamplifier module, smooths the intensity of the focused beam on the ignition target. This pulse is then split and amplified using fiber splitters and fiber amplifiers similar to those used in the telecommunications industry. After several stages of splitting and amplification, 48 individual pulses are generated. Each pulse is then individually shaped in time per the target experimental requirements and transported in separate fiber-optic cables to each of the 48 preamplifier modules for further amplification and beam shaping. NIF's master oscillator room has been in continuous operation since October 2001 and has operated for more than 6,000 hours. Special high-contrast pulses have been successfully generated on the master oscillator system, demonstrating that the pulse shaping system meets NIF's requirements for achieving ignition.
ASM Hydrasynth 49-key
The HYDRASYNTH keyboard is both a sound designers dream synth as well as a performing musicians ideal. The sound engine is designed for maximum flexibility. At the same time, we designed the user interface in a way to allow you to edit the patch quickly with a minimal amount of paging and many workflow shortcuts.
Utilizing an advanced wavetable synthesis engine, 3 Oscillators, dual Wave Mutators and 2 filters that can be configured in series or parallel, the tone generating capabilities are unmatched.
As for the performance capabilities, The HYDRASYNTH keyboard has our proprietary Polytouch™ keybed that offers polyphonic aftertouch over each note, giving you the type of expressive control found only in certain vintage synths.
Add to this a 4 octave ribbon controller and ergonomically designed pitch and mod wheels and you have expression and control that is not equaled in any other hardware synthesizer on the market… Today or ever.
Polytouch™ keybed
The new ASM Polytouch® semi-weighted keybed allows not only the standard velocity and aftertouch found on other keybeds but we support fully polyphonic aftertouch.
In recent years companies have been trying to find ways to give the keyboard musician more ways to better express themselves. The problem is that their solution is almost never a keyboard, so you have to learn a new technique to play them.
The Polytouch™ keybed features a high quality, standard sized keys, so you can start playing it instantly.
Oscillators
The tone generation capability is the heart of any synthesizer.
The 3 oscillators allow you to choose from a selection of 219 single cycle waveforms.
Wavemorphing is a feature usually found on synths with preset wave tables. Creating user wavetables is arduous or downright impossible. Unlike most wavetable synths, our oscillators 1 & 2 have our WAVELIST mode.
This mode allows you to pick and choose 8 waves, from our bank of 219, arrange them in the order you want, and then morph from one to another.
mutators
Oscillators 1 & 2 are routed into our MUTATORS. The Mutators allow you to modulate, bend and sculpt the sound in new (and old) ways.
Each MUTANT allows you to choose from the following processes:
FM-Linear - for making classic FM sounds. Choose multiple FM sources, including external inputs.
Wavestack™ - creates 5 copies of the incoming sound and allows you to set a detune amount.
Hard Sync - This gives you those classic hard sync sounds. Try hard syncing a morphing wavetable for some fun.
Pulse Width - This will pulse width modulate ANY input sound.
PW - Squeeze - This is a different form of pulse width mod that creates a smoother sound.
PW-ASM - this mode divides the incoming wave into 8 slices and allows you to set how much pulse width mod will happen in each section.
Harmonic Sweep - this will sweep the harmonics of the incoming sound.
PhazDiff - this takes the input signal, shifts the phase and then creates a difference result with the original signal
The Mutant's can also generate its own waveforms in both FM and Sync modes so that you do not have use another oscillator....Of course the routing is flexible so you can choose the other oscillators as mod sources if you like.
Mixer/ filter routing
The 3 Oscillators are fed into a mixer along with the Noise generator and Ring Modulator.
The Mixer allows you to mix levels as well as pan the input source.
There is a balance control that allows you to choose how much signal of each source is routed to filters 1 and 2.
The filters can be set to be parallel or series for ultimate flexibility.
filters
If oscillators and tone generators are the heart of a synthesizer, the filters are the soul.
The Hydrasynth has two filters that can be configured in series or parallel.
The first filter has 16 different filter models, giving you multiple options for tailoring your sound.
The second filter is a 12db per octave has a continuous sweep from either low pass > bandpass >high pass or low pass > notch > high pass, similar to the way the classic SEM filter worked.
LFO's
5 Low-Frequency Oscillators…YES, 5.
Much like our sound engine, the LFO’s are not ordinary by any means.
The Hydrasynth LFO’s feature a STEP mode that allows you to create patterns with up to 64 steps. Having 5 mini step sequencers gives you an amazing amount of possibilities for further shaping your sound.
Of course, there are also 10 standard waveforms to choose from.
The LFO's all have delay, fade in, 3 triggering modes, smoothing, start phase, one-shot mode so that they can act as envelopes and BPM sync.
envelopes
5 DAHDSR Envelopes……YES 5.
An advanced sound engine needs plenty of modulation sources. Our 6 stage envelopes feature Delay, Attack, Hold, Decay, Sustain and Release stages.
The time settings for the stage can be set in seconds or in time divisions, giving you envelopes that play in
sync to your song.
You can also loop the envelopes to create LFO’s whose shape can be voltage controlled in the modulation matrix.
The envelopes have the added ability to be triggered from multiple sources as of the 1.5 update.
MODULATION MATRIX
The modulation capabilities on the Hydrasynth are endless.
With 32 user definable modulation routings, you will have plenty of ways to use the 29 modulation sources and 155 modulation destinations.
Almost everything in the synth engine can be a modulation destination including the effects and arpeggiator.
The Modulation matrix points themselves can also become modulation destinations.
Modulation sources & destinations include the CV Mod In & Out jacks as well as MIDI CC’s
ARPEGGIATOR
The arpeggiator allows for standard note arpeggiations but also has a phrase arpeggio built-in. Parameters like RATCHET and CHANCE will generate other rhythmic patterns with some randomness to add life and spontaneity to your performance.
You can also modulate most of the parameters in the arpeggiator so imagine using LFO’s, Envelopes, Polyphonic Aftertouch or the Ribbon controller to modify your arpeggios in real time.
CV/GATE - MIDI - USB
There is the standard MIDI and USB/MIDI interfaces on the synth but we go deeper and allow the use of CV/GATE interfaces for connecting to the modular world.
It supports the standard voltages for Eurorack modulars, the 1.2V per octave Buchla standard, as well as some of the Japanese Volts>HZ products. The MOD in and outs allow for modulation from DC to full audio ranges, expanding your modulation capabilities.
Main Controls
The Main system controls are where you navigate your patches, configure system settings and see parameters like the envelopes, waveforms, filters in the OLED screen.
Init and Random buttons will allow you to initialize or randomize a complete patch or specific modules with a press & hold + module select button.
Pressing the HOME button returns you to navigating patches in a simple and easy way.
master controls
The Master Control section is where all parameter editing, patch naming, and Macro performing is done.
Using OLED screens, high-resolution encoders with LED rings, and 8 buttons, this section is designed to give you good feedback on what is going on.
The VOICE parameters give you access to play modes, analog feel, voice panning and many other features.
macros
The patch MACROS are designed to allow the user deep control over the engine in live performance.
The 8 assignable encoders and buttons can each be routed to 8 destinations. Complete sound transformations can take place with the press of a button or turn of a knob.
patches
The Hydrasynth comes with 5 banks of 128 patches in total. We hired some of the best patch designers around to create the 256 factory patches.
Finding the patch you want and searching the library is made easy with our BROWSER. Our PC/MAC based Patch Manager plug-in also allows easy moving of patches to create your favorite order as well as load in new patch libraries in the future.
effects
The effects chain goes beyond the typical ones found in other synths. Pre-effects and post-effects give you some unique ways to process your sound.
The delays and reverbs were modeled on some of the most popular effects on the market.
The effects are the perfect way to complete your sound, in the box.
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