A headlining performance by Looming at Black Sheep Cafe in Springfield, IL on January 17, 2014. Openers included Meredosia, Bad Catman, Bookmobile, and The Flips.

 

Words cannot describe how good it felt to be shooting another show at Black Sheep after so long. It doesn't have the greatest lighting and the photo pit is nonexistent, but I just feel so at home there because that community of people is just incredible. They all support each other so much and it's amazing to be a part of that and to get to photograph it every so often. And then getting to be the guest photographer for Harm House's "Record of the Night" was absolutely awesome. Honestly, when I look back, I can't even begin to describe how thankful I am to the Black Sheep venue and community for everything they've done for me. This was my training ground when I was really getting started, and these are the people who took me in and accepted me without question and without reservation. That, and they put on some kick-ass shows =)

Mendon Ponds Park is owned and very poorly maintained by the County of Monroe, NY.

 

Unfortunately, this extraordinary property is rapidly deteriorating due to an egregious lack of care. Trails are not cleared of debris... signs are useless. Park maintenance is essentially nonexistent. They do have a marketing department. Seriously, the taxpayers are paying the salaries of a county parks marketing department.

 

Email Mendon Ponds Park complaints to: countyexecutive@monroecounty.gov

 

The Roman Bridge crosses the old course of the Jarama River This 148-meter-long civil construction, composed of five arches (four small and one large) nestled among poplars and other deciduous trees that lend it an evocative image each autumn, is called a Roman bridge. But only the foundations and some studies of the ashlar blocks remain from Roman times because, in reality, it dates from the Middle Ages with significant additions during the 16th century that gave it its current appearance.

 

Visitors who arrive at this point always ask themselves the same question: But where is the Jarama River? Is this thin trickle of water? It is indeed surprising to find such a large bridge supporting an almost nonexistent flow of water. But the answer lies in the fact that, as has happened so many times throughout history, the riverbed was displaced for various reasns, in this case by almost half a kilometer. Therefore, the Jarama River should be sought further west because what flows there (when it does) is a meager irrigation canal, the Caz stream, which carries less water than a canteen with holes in it.

 

Nearby, there is a recreational area, right next to the actual Jarama, known as "La Chopera" (The Poplar Grove), where families come "with their picnic blankets and Tupperware" to spend the morning or afternoon in the shade and sit down to eat at one of the tables while the children play

   

We passed through a practically nonexistent crossroads town called Chivington, population questionable. Chivington was founded as a railroad town along the route of the Missouri Pacific Railroad, but it never really took off, and the Dust Bowl killed it. There's one house here where it looks like somebody might live, and a bunch of abandoned buildings. Somebody was kind enough to make any potential trick-or-treaters feel welcome.

Until five minutes ago, the story of the Nine Inch Nails Christmas Album (Cover Artwork) was part of the Melanie Apocrypha, but now I can show you and you will know it was thus: When I was fifteen-ish, I made a very lo-fi cover for the (then-and-as-yet) nonexistent NIN Christmas album, Closer To Christmas. I...don't know why I did stuff like this. Or, for that matter, why I continue to do similar stuff now. It's kind of funny--or heart-crushingly sad--that my Sense of What's Moderately Amusing hasn't changed very much in the past decade.

 

Materials: construction paper, Sharpie (fine-tipped), colored pencil, cardstock, picture of Trent Reznor clipped from the BMG Music catalog.

 

Tracklisting:

 

1. we three pigs

2. little drummer pig

3. head like tinsel

4. closer to christmas

5. deck the halls of hell

6. jingle bells (duet with frank sinatra)

7. yule

8. eggnog

9. the 12 sins of christmas

10. kinda i want to sleighride

11. fruitcake in slavery

Mendon Ponds Park is owned and very poorly maintained by the County of Monroe, NY.

 

Unfortunately, this extraordinary property is rapidly deteriorating due to an egregious lack of care. Trails are not cleared of debris... signs are useless. Park maintenance is essentially nonexistent. They do have a marketing department. Seriously, the taxpayers are paying the salaries of a county parks marketing department.

 

Email Mendon Ponds Park complaints to: countyexecutive@monroecounty.gov

Marketing Management with xclusiveoffer

Definition of market and marketing - Xclusiveoffer - Market refers to the group of consumers or organization that is interested in the product, has the resources to purchase the product and is permitted by law and other regulations to acquire the product.

Marketing: According to Chartered Institute of Marketing “ The management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitable.

Social definition “ Marketing role is to deliver a higher standard of living”.

 Marketing Management “ Marketing management sis a business discipline which is focused on the practical application of marketing techniques and the management of a firm’s marketing resources and activities.

xclusiveoffer - Importance of marketing

Marketing managers must take major decisions such as

1.What features to design into a new product

2.What prices to offer customers

3.Where to sell products

4.How much to spend on advertising or sales

Scope of Marketing with xclusiveoffer

To be a marketer, you need to understand

What marketing is

How it works

What is marketed

Who does the marketing

How it works

Four ways to obtain product

Exchange and Transactions

What is Marketed - Goods

Services

Events

Experiences

Persons

Places

Properties

Organizations

Information

Ideas

Who markets - Marketers and Prospects: A marketer is someone who seeks a response ( attention, a purchase, a vote, a donation) from another party, called the prospect.

If two parties are seeking to sell something to each other, we call them both marketers.

Marketers are responsible for demand management.

Marketing managers seek to influence the level, timing, and composition of demand to meet the organization's objectives.

Eight demand states are possible

1.Negative demand: dislike the product

2.Nonexistent demand: unaware and uninterested

3.Latent demand: strong need that cannot be satisfied by an existing product.

4.Declining demand: consumer begin to buy the product less frequently or not at all

5.5. Irregular demand: Vary on a seasonal, monthly, weekly, daily, or even hourly basis.

6.6. Full demand: adequately buying all products put into the marketplace.

7.7.Overfull demand: More consumers would like to buy the product

8.8.Unwholesome demand: Products that have undesirable social consequences.

9.Traditionally “ market is a physical place where buyers and sellers gathered to buy and sell goods.

10.Economists describe a market as a collection of buyers and seller who transact over a particular product or product class.

11.Five basic markets:

12.1. Manufacturers markets

13.2. Resource markets

14.3. Intermediary markets

15.4. Consumer markets

16.5. Government markets

Company orientation toward the Marketplace - The Production Concept: consumers will prefer products that are widely available and inexpensive

The Product Concept: consumers will favor those products that offer the better quality, [performance or innovative features.

The selling Concept: is practiced most aggressively with unsought goods, goods that buyers normally do not think of buying.

The Marketing Concept: instead of a product-centered “ make and sell” philosophy, business shifted to a customer centered “ sense and respond” philosophy.

the job is not to find the right customers for your products, but the right products for your customers.

Company orientation toward the Marketplace

The Holistic Marketing Concept: is based on the development , design, and implementation of marketing programs, processes, and activities that recognizes their breadth and interdependencies.

Four components of holistic marketing are

1.Relationship marketing

2.Integrated marketing

3.Internal marketing

4.Social responsibility marketing

components of holistic marketing - Relationship marketing: has aim of building mutually satisfying long-term relationships with key parties- customers, suppliers, distributors, and other marketing partners in order to earn and retain their business.

The ultimate outcome of relationship marketing is the building of a unique company asset called a marketing network.

Marketing Network consists of the company and its supporting stakeholders with whom it has built mutually profitable business relationships.

Integrated Marketing: is a strategy to unifying different marketing methods such as mass marketing, one-to-one marketing, and direct marketing. Its objective is to complement and reinforce the market impact of each method, and to employ the market data generated by these efforts in product development, pricing, distribution, customer service, etc.

Four Ps Four Cs

Product Customer solution

Price Customer cost

Place Convenience

Promotion Communication

components of holistic marketing

Internal Marketing: ensure that everyone is the organization hold and carry appropriate marketing principles, especially senior management

Internal marketing is the task of hiring, training, and motivating able employees who want to serve customers well.

Internal marketing must take place on two levels:

1.The various marketing functions- sales force, advertising, customer service, product mgt etc.

2.Marketing must be hold and carry by the other departments also. They must also think customer.

Social responsibility marketing - It holds that the organization’s task is to determine the needs, wants and interests of target markets and to deliver the desired satisfactions more effectively and efficiently than competitor s in a way that preserves or enhances the consumer’s and the society’s well-being.

Fundamental Marketing Concepts

Core concepts

Needs: water, clothing, education

Wants: burger, French fries soft drink

Demands: Mercedes

 

Residents stretch their hands to receive clothes in Cabaret, Haiti, Wednesday, Sept. 10, 2008. Four tropical storms in less than a month have caused floods throughout Haiti, killing at least 300 people. Shipments of food and pledges of more poured in from around the world, but distribution of the emergency supplies was hampered by the impoverished country's chronic insecurity and the poor and often nonexistent network of roads and other infrastructure. (AP Photo/Ramon Espinosa).

Although the most acute judges of the witches and even the witches themselves, were convinced of the guilt of witchery, the guilt nevertheless was non-existent. It is thus with all guilt.

  

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Trying to get close to the Mona Lisa in the Louvre was a lesson in frustration. Sure, there was a bar in front of her, and some kind of glass protecting the painting, but crowd control was nonexistent so it was every person for him/herself, with elbows flying and cameras in the face. No chance for quiet contemplation . . .

 

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Originally built between 1793 and 1797 during the Second Spanish Period, this Spanish Colonial and Neoclassical-style cathedral is the fourth church to occupy a prominent position at the heart of the city of St. Augustine. The original church, built of flammable materials, stood from 1565 until 1586, when it was burned during an attack by English Privateer Sir Francis Drake. Not even a year later, the church was rebuilt of palm logs, with a straw roof, which succumbed to fire in 1599. In 1605, thanks to a tithe from Spain, a timber church was constructed, which stood until a failed English attack on the city in 1702 by James Moore, then-governor of Carolina colony. There were attempts to rebuild the church during the First Spanish Period, starting in 1707, but these went nowhere, and the money intended for the church’s reconstruction were misallocated by corrupt officials. Instead, during the remainder of the First Spanish Period, mass was held in the St. Augustine Hospital. Following the transfer of governance of Florida to the British in 1763, the need for a new Catholic church was nonexistent, as the catholic population of the colony fled to other Spanish colonies. At the start of the Second Spanish Period in 1784, the need for a new church became more apparent, and work on the current cathedral’s Coquina stone walls began in 1793. The facade of the church features Neoclassical elements around the front doorway, with the Spanish Colonial style being employed on the roofline and limited fenestration on the front facade. The church stood in its original configuration until a fire in 1887 destroyed the timber roof structure and did major damage to the interior. Following the fire, Henry Flagler led the effort to have the cathedral rebuilt, with James Renwick, Jr. designing an expansion of the old building, giving it a rectangular cruciform layout, and adding the Spanish Renaissance-style bell tower and European-style transept to the building. The interior was rebuilt to feature exposed decorative timbers that supported the roof structure, and a decorative polychromatic tile floor. The building has since received a few more additions, which house a chapel, service areas, and offices, as well as a building to the rear of the cathedral along Treasury Street, built in the Mediterranean Revival style, which houses the offices of the Diocese of St. Augustine. Today, the cathedral remains a prominent landmark in the city, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and listed as a National Historic Landmark as part of the St. Augustine Town Plan Historic District in 1970.

I see you

Head bowed in rain

Home from a nonexistent job

Worth money you don’t earn

Alone and

Hating what you are;

An anachronism.

Ironic concrete structures

Highlight your prehistoric status

Neanderthal gait

Betrays your roots.

Passing road signs you can’t read.

Urban hieroglyphs

via Instagram ift.tt/1NflbGm

I'm gobsmacked by several things here. First, the light was nonexistent. Yet the Sony A7RII performed extremely well at incredibly high ISO. Second, using knowledge developed around a digital Zone System, I knew precisely where I wanted the tonal values and was able to place them accordingly. Third, I am happy to confirm the dynamic range of the sensor extends usefully to below Zone 0 (Zone -2!), even at such high ISO settings. Fourth, 1950s German optics can do the trick. These images were made using a triplet wide angle. Who would design such a thing and make it work? Micro-contrast is something to be seen, otherwise you wouldn't believe it.

Snakes are elongated, limbless, carnivorous reptiles of the suborder Serpentes Like all other squamates, snakes are ectothermic, amniote vertebrates covered in overlapping scales. Many species of snakes have skulls with several more joints than their lizard ancestors, enabling them to swallow prey much larger than their heads (cranial kinesis). To accommodate their narrow bodies, snakes' paired organs (such as kidneys) appear one in front of the other instead of side by side, and most have only one functional lung. Some species retain a pelvic girdle with a pair of vestigial claws on either side of the cloaca. Lizards have independently evolved elongate bodies without limbs or with greatly reduced limbs at least twenty-five times via convergent evolution, leading to many lineages of legless lizards. These resemble snakes, but several common groups of legless lizards have eyelids and external ears, which snakes lack, although this rule is not universal (see Amphisbaenia, Dibamidae, and Pygopodidae).

 

Living snakes are found on every continent except Antarctica, and on most smaller land masses; exceptions include some large islands, such as Ireland, Iceland, Greenland, the Hawaiian archipelago, and the islands of New Zealand, as well as many small islands of the Atlantic and central Pacific oceans. Additionally, sea snakes are widespread throughout the Indian and Pacific oceans. Around thirty families are currently recognized, comprising about 520 genera and about 3,900 species. They range in size from the tiny, 10.4 cm-long (4.1 in) Barbados threadsnake to the reticulated python of 6.95 meters (22.8 ft) in length. The fossil species Titanoboa cerrejonensis was 12.8 meters (42 ft) long. Snakes are thought to have evolved from either burrowing or aquatic lizards, perhaps during the Jurassic period, with the earliest known fossils dating to between 143 and 167 Ma ago. The diversity of modern snakes appeared during the Paleocene epoch (c. 66 to 56 Ma ago, after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event). The oldest preserved descriptions of snakes can be found in the Brooklyn Papyrus.

 

Most species of snake are nonvenomous and those that have venom use it primarily to kill and subdue prey rather than for self-defense. Some possess venom that is potent enough to cause painful injury or death to humans. Nonvenomous snakes either swallow prey alive or kill by constriction.

 

Etymology

The English word snake comes from Old English snaca, itself from Proto-Germanic *snak-an- (cf. Germanic Schnake 'ring snake', Swedish snok 'grass snake'), from Proto-Indo-European root *(s)nēg-o- 'to crawl to creep', which also gave sneak as well as Sanskrit nāgá 'snake'. The word ousted adder, as adder went on to narrow in meaning, though in Old English næddre was the general word for snake. The other term, serpent, is from French, ultimately from Indo-European *serp- 'to creep', which also gave Ancient Greek ἕρπω (hérpō) 'I crawl' and Sanskrit sarpá ‘snake’.

 

The fossil record of snakes is relatively poor because snake skeletons are typically small and fragile making fossilization uncommon. Fossils readily identifiable as snakes (though often retaining hind limbs) first appear in the fossil record during the Cretaceous period. The earliest known true snake fossils (members of the crown group Serpentes) come from the marine simoliophiids, the oldest of which is the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian age) Haasiophis terrasanctus from the West Bank, dated to between 112 and 94 million years old.

 

Based on comparative anatomy, there is consensus that snakes descended from lizards. Pythons and boas—primitive groups among modern snakes—have vestigial hind limbs: tiny, clawed digits known as anal spurs, which are used to grasp during mating The families Leptotyphlopidae and Typhlopidae also possess remnants of the pelvic girdle, appearing as horny projections when visible.

 

Front limbs are nonexistent in all known snakes. This is caused by the evolution of their Hox genes, controlling limb morphogenesis. The axial skeleton of the snakes' common ancestor, like most other tetrapods, had regional specializations consisting of cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), lumbar (lower back), sacral (pelvic), and caudal (tail) vertebrae. Early in snake evolution, the Hox gene expression in the axial skeleton responsible for the development of the thorax became dominant. As a result, the vertebrae anterior to the hindlimb buds (when present) all have the same thoracic-like identity (except from the atlas, axis, and 1–3 neck vertebrae). In other words, most of a snake's skeleton is an extremely extended thorax. Ribs are found exclusively on the thoracic vertebrae. Neck, lumbar and pelvic vertebrae are very reduced in number (only 2–10 lumbar and pelvic vertebrae are present), while only a short tail remains of the caudal vertebrae. However, the tail is still long enough to be of important use in many species, and is modified in some aquatic and tree-dwelling species.

 

Many modern snake groups originated during the Paleocene, alongside the adaptive radiation of mammals following the extinction of (non-avian) dinosaurs. The expansion of grasslands in North America also led to an explosive radiation among snakes. Previously, snakes were a minor component of the North American fauna, but during the Miocene, the number of species and their prevalence increased dramatically with the first appearances of vipers and elapids in North America and the significant diversification of Colubridae (including the origin of many modern genera such as Nerodia, Lampropeltis, Pituophis, and Pantherophis).

 

Fossils

There is fossil evidence to suggest that snakes may have evolved from burrowing lizards, during the Cretaceous Period. An early fossil snake relative, Najash rionegrina, was a two-legged burrowing animal with a sacrum, and was fully terrestrial. One extant analog of these putative ancestors is the earless monitor Lanthanotus of Borneo (though it also is semiaquatic). Subterranean species evolved bodies streamlined for burrowing, and eventually lost their limbs. According to this hypothesis, features such as the transparent, fused eyelids (brille) and loss of external ears evolved to cope with fossorial difficulties, such as scratched corneas and dirt in the ears. Some primitive snakes are known to have possessed hindlimbs, but their pelvic bones lacked a direct connection to the vertebrae. These include fossil species like Haasiophis, Pachyrhachis and Eupodophis, which are slightly older than Najash.

 

This hypothesis was strengthened in 2015 by the discovery of a 113-million-year-old fossil of a four-legged snake in Brazil that has been named Tetrapodophis amplectus. It has many snake-like features, is adapted for burrowing and its stomach indicates that it was preying on other animals. It is currently uncertain if Tetrapodophis is a snake or another species, in the squamate order, as a snake-like body has independently evolved at least 26 times. Tetrapodophis does not have distinctive snake features in its spine and skull. A study in 2021 places the animal in a group of extinct marine lizards from the Cretaceous period known as dolichosaurs and not directly related to snakes.

 

An alternative hypothesis, based on morphology, suggests the ancestors of snakes were related to mosasaurs—extinct aquatic reptiles from the Cretaceous—forming the clade Pythonomorpha. According to this hypothesis, the fused, transparent eyelids of snakes are thought to have evolved to combat marine conditions (corneal water loss through osmosis), and the external ears were lost through disuse in an aquatic environment. This ultimately led to an animal similar to today's sea snakes. In the Late Cretaceous, snakes recolonized land, and continued to diversify into today's snakes. Fossilized snake remains are known from early Late Cretaceous marine sediments, which is consistent with this hypothesis; particularly so, as they are older than the terrestrial Najash rionegrina. Similar skull structure, reduced or absent limbs, and other anatomical features found in both mosasaurs and snakes lead to a positive cladistical correlation, although some of these features are shared with varanids.

 

Genetic studies in recent years have indicated snakes are not as closely related to monitor lizards as was once believed—and therefore not to mosasaurs, the proposed ancestor in the aquatic scenario of their evolution. However, more evidence links mosasaurs to snakes than to varanids. Fragmented remains found from the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous indicate deeper fossil records for these groups, which may potentially refute either hypothesis.

 

Genetic basis of snake evolution

Main article: Limb development

Both fossils and phylogenetic studies demonstrate that snakes evolved from lizards, hence the question became which genetic changes led to limb loss in the snake ancestor. Limb loss is actually very common in extant reptiles and has happened dozens of times within skinks, anguids, and other lizards.

 

In 2016, two studies reported that limb loss in snakes is associated with DNA mutations in the Zone of Polarizing Activity Regulatory Sequence (ZRS), a regulatory region of the sonic hedgehog gene which is critically required for limb development. More advanced snakes have no remnants of limbs, but basal snakes such as pythons and boas do have traces of highly reduced, vestigial hind limbs. Python embryos even have fully developed hind limb buds, but their later development is stopped by the DNA mutations in the ZRS.

 

Distribution

There are about 3,900 species of snakes, ranging as far northward as the Arctic Circle in Scandinavia and southward through Australia. Snakes can be found on every continent except Antarctica, as well as in the sea, and as high as 16,000 feet (4,900 m) in the Himalayan Mountains of Asia. There are numerous islands from which snakes are absent, such as Ireland, Iceland, and New Zealand (although New Zealand's northern waters are infrequently visited by the yellow-bellied sea snake and the banded sea krait).

 

Taxonomy

All modern snakes are grouped within the suborder Serpentes in Linnean taxonomy, part of the order Squamata, though their precise placement within squamates remains controversial.

 

The two infraorders of Serpentes are Alethinophidia and Scolecophidia. This separation is based on morphological characteristics and mitochondrial DNA sequence similarity. Alethinophidia is sometimes split into Henophidia and Caenophidia, with the latter consisting of "colubroid" snakes (colubrids, vipers, elapids, hydrophiids, and atractaspids) and acrochordids, while the other alethinophidian families comprise Henophidia. While not extant today, the Madtsoiidae, a family of giant, primitive, python-like snakes, was around until 50,000 years ago in Australia, represented by genera such as Wonambi.

 

There are numerous debates in the systematics within the group. For instance, many sources classify Boidae and Pythonidae as one family, while some keep the Elapidae and Hydrophiidae (sea snakes) separate for practical reasons despite their extremely close relation.

 

Recent molecular studies support the monophyly of the clades of modern snakes, scolecophidians, typhlopids + anomalepidids, alethinophidians, core alethinophidians, uropeltids (Cylindrophis, Anomochilus, uropeltines), macrostomatans, booids, boids, pythonids and caenophidians.

 

Legless lizards

Main article: Legless lizard

While snakes are limbless reptiles, evolved from (and grouped with) lizards, there are many other species of lizards that have lost their limbs independently but which superficially look similar to snakes. These include the slowworm and glass snake.

 

Other serpentine tetrapods that are unrelated to snakes include caecilians (amphibians), amphisbaenians (near-lizard squamates), and the extinct aistopods (amphibians).

 

Biology

The now extinct Titanoboa cerrejonensis was 12.8 m (42 ft) in length. By comparison, the largest extant snakes are the reticulated python, measuring about 6.95 m (22.8 ft) long, and the green anaconda, which measures about 5.21 m (17.1 ft) long and is considered the heaviest snake on Earth at 97.5 kg (215 lb).

 

At the other end of the scale, the smallest extant snake is Leptotyphlops carlae, with a length of about 10.4 cm (4.1 in). Most snakes are fairly small animals, approximately 1 m (3.3 ft) in length.

 

Perception

Pit vipers, pythons, and some boas have infrared-sensitive receptors in deep grooves on the snout, allowing them to "see" the radiated heat of warm-blooded prey. In pit vipers, the grooves are located between the nostril and the eye in a large "pit" on each side of the head. Other infrared-sensitive snakes have multiple, smaller labial pits lining the upper lip, just below the nostrils.

 

A snake tracks its prey using smell, collecting airborne particles with its forked tongue, then passing them to the vomeronasal organ or Jacobson's organ in the mouth for examination. The fork in the tongue provides a sort of directional sense of smell and taste simultaneously. The snake's tongue is constantly in motion, sampling particles from the air, ground, and water, analyzing the chemicals found, and determining the presence of prey or predators in the local environment. In water-dwelling snakes, such as the anaconda, the tongue functions efficiently underwater.

 

The underside of a snake is very sensitive to vibration, allowing the snake to detect approaching animals by sensing faint vibrations in the ground. Despite the lack of outer ears, they are also able to detect airborne sounds.

 

Snake vision varies greatly between species. Some have keen eyesight and others are only able to distinguish light from dark, but the important trend is that a snake's visual perception is adequate enough to track movements. Generally, vision is best in tree-dwelling snakes and weakest in burrowing snakes. Some have binocular vision, where both eyes are capable of focusing on the same point, an example of this being the Asian vine snake. Most snakes focus by moving the lens back and forth in relation to the retina. Diurnal snakes have round pupils and many nocturnal snakes have slit pupils. Most species possess three visual pigments and are probably able to see two primary colors in daylight. The annulated sea snake and the genus Helicops appears to have regained much of their color vision as an adaption to the marine environment they live in. It has been concluded that the last common ancestors of all snakes had UV-sensitive vision, but most snakes that depend on their eyesight to hunt in daylight have evolved lenses that act like sunglasses for filtering out the UV-light, which probably also sharpens their vision by improving the contrast.

 

Skin

The skin of a snake is covered in scales. Contrary to the popular notion of snakes being slimy (because of possible confusion of snakes with worms), snakeskin has a smooth, dry texture. Most snakes use specialized belly scales to travel, allowing them to grip surfaces. The body scales may be smooth, keeled, or granular. The eyelids of a snake are transparent "spectacle" scales, also known as brille, which remain permanently closed.

 

The shedding of scales is called ecdysis (or in normal usage, molting or sloughing). Snakes shed the complete outer layer of skin in one piece. Snake scales are not discrete, but extensions of the epidermis—hence they are not shed separately but as a complete outer layer during each molt, akin to a sock being turned inside out.

 

Snakes have a wide diversity of skin coloration patterns which are often related to behavior, such as the tendency to have to flee from predators. Snakes that are at a high risk of predation tend to be plain, or have longitudinal stripes, providing few reference points to predators, thus allowing the snake to escape without being noticed. Plain snakes usually adopt active hunting strategies, as their pattern allows them to send little information to prey about motion. Blotched snakes usually use ambush-based strategies, likely because it helps them blend into an environment with irregularly shaped objects, like sticks or rocks. Spotted patterning can similarly help snakes to blend into their environment.

 

The shape and number of scales on the head, back, and belly are often characteristic and used for taxonomic purposes. Scales are named mainly according to their positions on the body. In "advanced" (Caenophidian) snakes, the broad belly scales and rows of dorsal scales correspond to the vertebrae, allowing these to be counted without the need for dissection.

 

Molting

Molting (or "ecdysis") serves a number of purposes. It allows old, worn skin to be replaced and it can remove parasites such as mites and ticks that live in the skin. It has also been observed in snakes that molting can be synced to mating cycles. Shedding skin can release pheromones and revitalize color and patterns of the skin to increase attraction of mates. Renewal of the skin by molting supposedly allows growth in some animals such as insects, but this has been disputed in the case of snakes.

 

Molting occurs periodically throughout the life of a snake. Before each molt, the snake stops eating and often hides or moves to a safe place. Just before shedding, the skin becomes dull and dry looking and the snake's eyes turn cloudy or blue-colored. The inner surface of the old skin liquefies, causing it to separate from the new skin beneath it. After a few days, the eyes become clear and the snake "crawls" out of its old skin, which splits close to the snake's mouth. The snake rubs its body against rough surfaces to aid in the shedding of its old skin. In many cases, the cast skin peels backward over the body from head to tail in one piece, like pulling a sock off inside-out, revealing a new, larger, brighter layer of skin which has formed underneath.

 

A young snake that is still growing may shed its skin up to four times a year, but an older snake may shed only once or twice a year. The discarded skin carries a perfect imprint of the scale pattern, so it is usually possible to identify the snake from the cast skin if it is reasonably intact. This periodic renewal has led to the snake being a symbol of healing and medicine, as pictured in the Rod of Asclepius.

 

Scale counts can sometimes be used to identify the sex of a snake when the species is not distinctly sexually dimorphic. A probe is fully inserted into the cloaca, marked at the point where it stops, then removed and measured against the subcaudal scales. The scalation count determines whether the snake is a male or female, as the hemipenes of a male will probe to a different depth (usually longer) than the cloaca of a female.

 

Skeleton

The skeletons of snakes are radically different from those of most other reptiles (as compared with the turtle here, for example), consisting almost entirely of an extended ribcage.

The skeleton of most snakes consists solely of the skull, hyoid, vertebral column, and ribs, though henophidian snakes retain vestiges of the pelvis and rear limbs.

 

The skull consists of a solid and complete neurocranium, to which many of the other bones are only loosely attached, particularly the highly mobile jaw bones, which facilitate manipulation and ingestion of large prey items. The left and right sides of the lower jaw are joined only by a flexible ligament at the anterior tips, allowing them to separate widely, and the posterior end of the lower jaw bones articulate with a quadrate bone, allowing further mobility. The mandible and quadrate bones can pick up ground-borne vibrations; because the sides of the lower jaw can move independently of one another, a snake resting its jaw on a surface has sensitive stereo auditory perception, used for detecting the position of prey. The jaw–quadrate–stapes pathway is capable of detecting vibrations on the angstrom scale, despite the absence of an outer ear and the lack of an impedance matching mechanism—provided by the ossicles in other vertebrates—for receiving vibrations from the air.

 

The hyoid is a small bone located posterior and ventral to the skull, in the 'neck' region, which serves as an attachment for the muscles of the snake's tongue, as it does in all other tetrapods.

 

The vertebral column consists of between 200 and 400 vertebrae, or sometimes more. The body vertebrae each have two ribs articulating with them. The tail vertebrae are comparatively few in number (often less than 20% of the total) and lack ribs. The vertebrae have projections that allow for strong muscle attachment, enabling locomotion without limbs.

 

Caudal autotomy (self-amputation of the tail), a feature found in some lizards, is absent in most snakes. In the rare cases where it does exist in snakes, caudal autotomy is intervertebral (meaning the separation of adjacent vertebrae), unlike that in lizards, which is intravertebral, i.e. the break happens along a predefined fracture plane present on a vertebra.

 

In some snakes, most notably boas and pythons, there are vestiges of the hindlimbs in the form of a pair of pelvic spurs. These small, claw-like protrusions on each side of the cloaca are the external portion of the vestigial hindlimb skeleton, which includes the remains of an ilium and femur.

 

Snakes are polyphyodonts with teeth that are continuously replaced

 

Snakes and other non-archosaur (crocodilians, dinosaurs + birds and allies) reptiles have a three-chambered heart that controls the circulatory system via the left and right atrium, and one ventricle. Internally, the ventricle is divided into three interconnected cavities: the cavum arteriosum, the cavum pulmonale, and the cavum venosum. The cavum venosum receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and the cavum arteriosum receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium. Located beneath the cavum venosum is the cavum pulmonale, which pumps blood to the pulmonary trunk.

 

The snake's heart is encased in a sac, called the pericardium, located at the bifurcation of the bronchi. The heart is able to move around, owing to the lack of a diaphragm; this adjustment protects the heart from potential damage when large ingested prey is passed through the esophagus. The spleen is attached to the gall bladder and pancreas and filters the blood. The thymus, located in fatty tissue above the heart, is responsible for the generation of immune cells in the blood. The cardiovascular system of snakes is unique for the presence of a renal portal system in which the blood from the snake's tail passes through the kidneys before returning to the heart.

 

The vestigial left lung is often small or sometimes even absent, as snakes' tubular bodies require all of their organs to be long and thin.[71] In the majority of species, only one lung is functional. This lung contains a vascularized anterior portion and a posterior portion that does not function in gas exchange. This 'saccular lung' is used for hydrostatic purposes to adjust buoyancy in some aquatic snakes and its function remains unknown in terrestrial species. Many organs that are paired, such as kidneys or reproductive organs, are staggered within the body, one located ahead of the other.

 

Snakes have no lymph nodes.

 

Venom

Cobras, vipers, and closely related species use venom to immobilize, injure, or kill their prey. The venom is modified saliva, delivered through fangs. The fangs of 'advanced' venomous snakes like viperids and elapids are hollow, allowing venom to be injected more effectively, and the fangs of rear-fanged snakes such as the boomslang simply have a groove on the posterior edge to channel venom into the wound. Snake venoms are often prey-specific, and their role in self-defense is secondary.

 

Venom, like all salivary secretions, is a predigestant that initiates the breakdown of food into soluble compounds, facilitating proper digestion. Even nonvenomous snakebites (like any animal bite) cause tissue damage.

 

Certain birds, mammals, and other snakes (such as kingsnakes) that prey on venomous snakes have developed resistance and even immunity to certain venoms.Venomous snakes include three families of snakes, and do not constitute a formal taxonomic classification group.

 

The colloquial term "poisonous snake" is generally an incorrect label for snakes. A poison is inhaled or ingested, whereas venom produced by snakes is injected into its victim via fangs. There are, however, two exceptions: Rhabdophis sequesters toxins from the toads it eats, then secretes them from nuchal glands to ward off predators; and a small unusual population of garter snakes in the US state of Oregon retains enough toxins in their livers from ingested newts to be effectively poisonous to small local predators (such as crows and foxes).

 

Snake venoms are complex mixtures of proteins, and are stored in venom glands at the back of the head. In all venomous snakes, these glands open through ducts into grooved or hollow teeth in the upper jaw. The proteins can potentially be a mix of neurotoxins (which attack the nervous system), hemotoxins (which attack the circulatory system), cytotoxins (which attack the cells directly), bungarotoxins (related to neurotoxins, but also directly affect muscle tissue), and many other toxins that affect the body in different ways. Almost all snake venom contains hyaluronidase, an enzyme that ensures rapid diffusion of the venom.

 

Venomous snakes that use hemotoxins usually have fangs in the front of their mouths, making it easier for them to inject the venom into their victims. Some snakes that use neurotoxins (such as the mangrove snake) have fangs in the back of their mouths, with the fangs curled backwards. This makes it difficult both for the snake to use its venom and for scientists to milk them. Elapids, however, such as cobras and kraits are proteroglyphous—they possess hollow fangs that cannot be erected toward the front of their mouths, and cannot "stab" like a viper. They must actually bite the victim.

 

It has been suggested that all snakes may be venomous to a certain degree, with harmless snakes having weak venom and no fangs. According to this theory, most snakes that are labelled "nonvenomous" would be considered harmless because they either lack a venom delivery method or are incapable of delivering enough to endanger a human. The theory postulates that snakes may have evolved from a common lizard ancestor that was venomous, and also that venomous lizards like the gila monster, beaded lizard, monitor lizards, and the now-extinct mosasaurs, may have derived from this same common ancestor. They share this "venom clade" with various other saurian species.

 

Venomous snakes are classified in two taxonomic families:

Elapids – cobras including king cobras, kraits, mambas, Australian copperheads, sea snakes, and coral snakes.

Viperids – vipers, rattlesnakes, copperheads/cottonmouths, and bushmasters.

There is a third family containing the opistoglyphous (rear-fanged) snakes (as well as the majority of other snake species):

 

Colubrids – boomslangs, tree snakes, vine snakes, cat snakes, although not all colubrids are venomous.

 

Reproduction

Although a wide range of reproductive modes are used by snakes, all employ internal fertilization. This is accomplished by means of paired, forked hemipenes, which are stored, inverted, in the male's tail. The hemipenes are often grooved, hooked, or spined—designed to grip the walls of the female's cloaca. The clitoris of the female snake consists of two structures located between the cloaca and the scent glands.

 

Most species of snakes lay eggs which they abandon shortly after laying. However, a few species (such as the king cobra) construct nests and stay in the vicinity of the hatchlings after incubation. Most pythons coil around their egg-clutches and remain with them until they hatch. A female python will not leave the eggs, except to occasionally bask in the sun or drink water. She will even "shiver" to generate heat to incubate the eggs.

 

Some species of snake are ovoviviparous and retain the eggs within their bodies until they are almost ready to hatch. Several species of snake, such as the boa constrictor and green anaconda, are fully viviparous, nourishing their young through a placenta as well as a yolk sac; this is highly unusual among reptiles, and normally found in requiem sharks or placental mammals. Retention of eggs and live birth are most often associated with colder environments.

 

Sexual selection in snakes is demonstrated by the 3,000 species that each use different tactics in acquiring mates. Ritual combat between males for the females they want to mate with includes topping, a behavior exhibited by most viperids in which one male will twist around the vertically elevated fore body of its opponent and force it downward. It is common for neck-biting to occur while the snakes are entwined.

 

Facultative parthenogenesis

Parthenogenesis is a natural form of reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization. Agkistrodon contortrix (copperhead) and Agkistrodon piscivorus (cottonmouth) can reproduce by facultative parthenogenesis, meaning that they are capable of switching from a sexual mode of reproduction to an asexual mode. The most likely type of parthenogenesis to occur is automixis with terminal fusion, a process in which two terminal products from the same meiosis fuse to form a diploid zygote. This process leads to genome-wide homozygosity, expression of deleterious recessive alleles, and often to developmental abnormalities. Both captive-born and wild-born copperheads and cottonmouths appear to be capable of this form of parthenogenesis.

 

Reproduction in squamate reptiles is almost exclusively sexual. Males ordinarily have a ZZ pair of sex-determining chromosomes, and females a ZW pair. However, the Colombian Rainbow boa (Epicrates maurus) can also reproduce by facultative parthenogenesis, resulting in production of WW female progeny. The WW females are likely produced by terminal automixis.

 

Embryonic Development

Snake embryonic development initially follows similar steps as any vertebrate embryo. The snake embryo begins as a zygote, undergoes rapid cell division, forms a germinal disc, also called a blastodisc, then undergoes gastrulation, neurulation, and organogenesis. Cell division and proliferation continues until an early snake embryo develops and the typical body shape of a snake can be observed. Multiple features differentiate the embryologic development of snakes from other vertebrates, two significant factors being the elongation of the body and the lack of limb development.

 

The elongation in snake body is accompanied by a significant increase in vertebra count (mice have 60 vertebrae, whereas snakes may have over 300). This increase in vertebrae is due to an increase in somites during embryogenesis, leading to an increased number of vertebrae which develop. Somites are formed at the presomitic mesoderm due to a set of oscillatory genes that direct the somitogenesis clock. The snake somitogenesis clock operates at a frequency 4 times that of a mouse (after correction for developmental time), creating more somites, and therefore creating more vertebrae. This difference in clock speed is believed to be caused by differences in Lunatic fringe gene expression, a gene involved in the somitogenesis clock.

 

There is ample literature focusing on the limb development/lack of development in snake embryos and the gene expression associated with the different stages. In basal snakes, such as the python, embryos in early development exhibit a hind limb bud that develops with some cartilage and a cartilaginous pelvic element, however this degenerates before hatching. This presence of vestigial development suggests that some snakes are still undergoing hind limb reduction before they are eliminated. There is no evidence in basal snakes of forelimb rudiments and no examples of snake forelimb bud initiation in embryo, so little is known regarding the loss of this trait. Recent studies suggests that hind limb reduction could be due to mutations in enhancers for the SSH gene, however other studies suggested that mutations within the Hox Genes or their enhancers could contribute to snake limblessness. Since multiple studies have found evidence suggesting different genes played a role in the loss of limbs in snakes, it is likely that multiple gene mutations had an additive effect leading to limb loss in snakes.

 

Behavior

Snake coiled on a stick in Oklahoma. It was brumating in a large pile of wood chips, found by this landscaper after he bulldozed the pile in late autumn 2018.

In regions where winters are too cold for snakes to tolerate while remaining active, local species will enter a period of brumation. Unlike hibernation, in which the dormant mammals are actually asleep, brumating reptiles are awake but inactive. Individual snakes may brumate in burrows, under rock piles, or inside fallen trees, or large numbers of snakes may clump together in hibernacula.

 

Feeding and diet

All snakes are strictly carnivorous, preying on small animals including lizards, frogs, other snakes, small mammals, birds, eggs, fish, snails, worms, and insects. Snakes cannot bite or tear their food to pieces so must swallow their prey whole. The eating habits of a snake are largely influenced by body size; smaller snakes eat smaller prey. Juvenile pythons might start out feeding on lizards or mice and graduate to small deer or antelope as an adult, for example.

 

The snake's jaw is a complex structure. Contrary to the popular belief that snakes can dislocate their jaws, they have an extremely flexible lower jaw, the two halves of which are not rigidly attached, and numerous other joints in the skull, which allow the snake to open its mouth wide enough to swallow prey whole, even if it is larger in diameter than the snake itself. For example, the African egg-eating snake has flexible jaws adapted for eating eggs much larger than the diameter of its head.  This snake has no teeth, but does have bony protrusions on the inside edge of its spine, which it uses to break the shell when eating eggs.

 

The majority of snakes eat a variety of prey animals, but there is some specialization in certain species. King cobras and the Australian bandy-bandy consume other snakes. Species of the family Pareidae have more teeth on the right side of their mouths than on the left, as they mostly prey on snails and the shells usually spiral clockwise.

 

Some snakes have a venomous bite, which they use to kill their prey before eating it. Other snakes kill their prey by constriction, while some swallow their prey when it is still alive.

 

After eating, snakes become dormant to allow the process of digestion to take place; this is an intense activity, especially after consumption of large prey. In species that feed only sporadically, the entire intestine enters a reduced state between meals to conserve energy. The digestive system is then 'up-regulated' to full capacity within 48 hours of prey consumption. Being ectothermic ("cold-blooded"), the surrounding temperature plays an important role in the digestion process. The ideal temperature for snakes to digest food is 30 °C (86 °F). There is a huge amount of metabolic energy involved in a snake's digestion, for example the surface body temperature of the South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus) increases by as much as 1.2 °C (2.2 °F) during the digestive process. If a snake is disturbed after having eaten recently, it will often regurgitate its prey to be able to escape the perceived threat. When undisturbed, the digestive process is highly efficient; the snake's digestive enzymes dissolve and absorb everything but the prey's hair (or feathers) and claws, which are excreted along with waste.

 

Hooding and spitting

Hooding (expansion of the neck area) is a visual deterrent, mostly seen in cobras (elapids), and is primarily controlled by rib muscles.[98] Hooding can be accompanied by spitting venom towards the threatening object,[99] and producing a specialized sound; hissing. Studies on captive cobras showed that 13 to 22% of the body length is raised during hooding.

 

Locomotion

The lack of limbs does not impede the movement of snakes. They have developed several different modes of locomotion to deal with particular environments. Unlike the gaits of limbed animals, which form a continuum, each mode of snake locomotion is discrete and distinct from the others; transitions between modes are abrupt.

 

Lateral undulation

Lateral undulation is the sole mode of aquatic locomotion, and the most common mode of terrestrial locomotion In this mode, the body of the snake alternately flexes to the left and right, resulting in a series of rearward-moving "waves". While this movement appears rapid, snakes have rarely been documented moving faster than two body-lengths per second, often much less. This mode of movement has the same net cost of transport (calories burned per meter moved) as running in lizards of the same mass.

 

Terrestrial lateral undulation is the most common mode of terrestrial locomotion for most snake species. In this mode, the posteriorly moving waves push against contact points in the environment, such as rocks, twigs, irregularities in the soil, etc. Each of these environmental objects, in turn, generates a reaction force directed forward and towards the midline of the snake, resulting in forward thrust while the lateral components cancel out. The speed of this movement depends upon the density of push-points in the environment, with a medium density of about 8[clarification needed] along the snake's length being ideal. The wave speed is precisely the same as the snake speed, and as a result, every point on the snake's body follows the path of the point ahead of it, allowing snakes to move through very dense vegetation and small openings.

 

When swimming, the waves become larger as they move down the snake's body, and the wave travels backwards faster than the snake moves forwards. Thrust is generated by pushing their body against the water, resulting in the observed slip. In spite of overall similarities, studies show that the pattern of muscle activation is different in aquatic versus terrestrial lateral undulation, which justifies calling them separate modes. All snakes can laterally undulate forward (with backward-moving waves), but only sea snakes have been observed reversing the motion (moving backwards with forward-moving waves).

 

Sidewinding

Most often employed by colubroid snakes (colubrids, elapids, and vipers) when the snake must move in an environment that lacks irregularities to push against (rendering lateral undulation impossible), such as a slick mud flat, or a sand dune, sidewinding is a modified form of lateral undulation in which all of the body segments oriented in one direction remain in contact with the ground, while the other segments are lifted up, resulting in a peculiar "rolling" motion. This mode of locomotion overcomes the slippery nature of sand or mud by pushing off with only static portions on the body, thereby minimizing slipping. The static nature of the contact points can be shown from the tracks of a sidewinding snake, which show each belly scale imprint, without any smearing. This mode of locomotion has very low caloric cost, less than 1⁄3 of the cost for a lizard to move the same distance. Contrary to popular belief, there is no evidence that sidewinding is associated with the sand being hot.

 

Concertina

When push-points are absent, but there is not enough space to use sidewinding because of lateral constraints, such as in tunnels, snakes rely on concertina locomotion. In this mode, the snake braces the posterior portion of its body against the tunnel wall while the front of the snake extends and straightens. The front portion then flexes and forms an anchor point, and the posterior is straightened and pulled forwards. This mode of locomotion is slow and very demanding, up to seven times the cost of laterally undulating over the same distance. This high cost is due to the repeated stops and starts of portions of the body as well as the necessity of using active muscular effort to brace against the tunnel walls.

 

Arboreal

The movement of snakes in arboreal habitats has only recently been studied. While on tree branches, snakes use several modes of locomotion depending on species and bark texture. In general, snakes will use a modified form of concertina locomotion on smooth branches, but will laterally undulate if contact points are available. Snakes move faster on small branches and when contact points are present, in contrast to limbed animals, which do better on large branches with little 'clutter'.

 

Gliding snakes (Chrysopelea) of Southeast Asia launch themselves from branch tips, spreading their ribs and laterally undulating as they glide between trees. These snakes can perform a controlled glide for hundreds of feet depending upon launch altitude and can even turn in midair.

 

Rectilinear

The slowest mode of snake locomotion is rectilinear locomotion, which is also the only one where the snake does not need to bend its body laterally, though it may do so when turning. In this mode, the belly scales are lifted and pulled forward before being placed down and the body pulled over them. Waves of movement and stasis pass posteriorly, resulting in a series of ripples in the skin. The ribs of the snake do not move in this mode of locomotion and this method is most often used by large pythons, boas, and vipers when stalking prey across open ground as the snake's movements are subtle and harder to detect by their prey in this manner.

 

Interactions with humans

Snakes do not ordinarily prey on humans. Unless startled or injured, most snakes prefer to avoid contact and will not attack humans. With the exception of large constrictors, nonvenomous snakes are not a threat to humans. The bite of a nonvenomous snake is usually harmless; their teeth are not adapted for tearing or inflicting a deep puncture wound, but rather grabbing and holding. Although the possibility of infection and tissue damage is present in the bite of a nonvenomous snake, venomous snakes present far greater hazard to humans.  The World Health Organization (WHO) lists snakebite under the "other neglected conditions" category.

 

Documented deaths resulting from snake bites are uncommon. Nonfatal bites from venomous snakes may result in the need for amputation of a limb or part thereof. Of the roughly 725 species of venomous snakes worldwide, only 250 are able to kill a human with one bite. Australia averages only one fatal snake bite per year. In India, 250,000 snakebites are recorded in a single year, with as many as 50,000 recorded initial deaths. The WHO estimates that on the order of 100,000 people die each year as a result of snake bites, and around three times as many amputations and other permanent disabilities are caused by snakebites annually.

 

The treatment for a snakebite is as variable as the bite itself. The most common and effective method is through antivenom (or antivenin), a serum made from the venom of the snake. Some antivenom is species-specific (monovalent) while some is made for use with multiple species in mind (polyvalent). In the United States for example, all species of venomous snakes are pit vipers, with the exception of the coral snake. To produce antivenom, a mixture of the venoms of the different species of rattlesnakes, copperheads, and cottonmouths is injected into the body of a horse in ever-increasing dosages until the horse is immunized. Blood is then extracted from the immunized horse. The serum is separated and further purified and freeze-dried. It is reconstituted with sterile water and becomes antivenom. For this reason, people who are allergic to horses are more likely to have an allergic reaction to antivenom. Antivenom for the more dangerous species (such as mambas, taipans, and cobras) is made in a similar manner in South Africa, Australia , and India, although these antivenoms are species-specific.

 

Snake charmers

In some parts of the world, especially in India, snake charming is a roadside show performed by a charmer. In such a show, the snake charmer carries a basket containing a snake that he seemingly charms by playing tunes with his flutelike musical instrument, to which the snake responds. The snake is in fact responding to the movement of the flute, not the sound it makes, as snakes lack external ears (though they do have internal ears).

 

The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 in India technically prohibits snake charming on the grounds of reducing animal cruelty. Other types of snake charmers use a snake and mongoose show, where the two animals have a mock fight; however, this is not very common, as the animals may be seriously injured or killed. Snake charming as a profession is dying out in India because of competition from modern forms of entertainment and environment laws proscribing the practice. Many Indians have never seen snake charming and it is becoming a folktale of the past.

 

Trapping

The Irulas tribe of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu in India have been hunter-gatherers in the hot, dry plains forests, and have practiced the art of snake catching for generations. They have a vast knowledge of snakes in the field. They generally catch the snakes with the help of a simple stick. Earlier, the Irulas caught thousands of snakes for the snake-skin industry. After the complete ban of the snake-skin industry in India and protection of all snakes under the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972, they formed the Irula Snake Catcher's Cooperative and switched to catching snakes for removal of venom, releasing them in the wild after four extractions. The venom so collected is used for producing life-saving antivenom, biomedical research and for other medicinal products. The Irulas are also known to eat some of the snakes they catch and are very useful in rat extermination in the villages.

 

Despite the existence of snake charmers, there have also been professional snake catchers or wranglers. Modern-day snake trapping involves a herpetologist using a long stick with a V-shaped end. Some television show hosts, like Bill Haast, Austin Stevens, Steve Irwin, and Jeff Corwin, prefer to catch them using bare hands.

 

Consumption

Although snakes are not commonly thought of as food, their consumption is acceptable in some cultures and may even be considered a delicacy. Snake soup is popular in Cantonese cuisine, consumed by locals in the autumn to warm their bodies. Western cultures document the consumption of snakes only under extreme circumstances of hunger, with the exception of cooked rattlesnake meat, which is commonly consumed in Texas and parts of the Midwestern United States.

 

In Asian countries such as China, Taiwan, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Cambodia, drinking the blood of a snake—particularly the cobra—is believed to increase sexual virility. When possible, the blood is drained while the cobra is still alive, and it is usually mixed with some form of liquor to improve the taste.

 

The use of snakes in alcohol is accepted in some Asian countries. In such cases, one or more snakes are left to steep in a jar or container of liquor, as this is claimed to make the liquor stronger (as well as more expensive). One example of this is the Habu snake, which is sometimes placed in the Okinawan liqueur Habushu (ハブ酒), also known as "Habu Sake".

 

Snake wine (蛇酒) is an alcoholic beverage produced by infusing whole snakes in rice wine or grain alcohol. First recorded as being consumed in China during the Western Zhou dynasty, this drink is considered an important curative and is believed to reinvigorate a person according to traditional Chinese medicine

 

Pets

In the Western world, some snakes are kept as pets, especially docile species such as the ball python and corn snake. To meet the demand, a captive breeding industry has developed. Snakes bred in captivity are considered preferable to specimens caught in the wild and tend to make better pets. Compared with more traditional types of companion animal, snakes can be very low-maintenance pets; they require minimal space, as most common species do not exceed 5 feet (1.5 m) in length, and can be fed relatively infrequently—usually once every five to 14 days. Certain snakes have a lifespan of more than 40 years if given proper care.

 

Symbolism

In ancient Mesopotamia, Nirah, the messenger god of Ištaran, was represented as a serpent on kudurrus, or boundary stones. Representations of two intertwined serpents are common in Sumerian art and Neo-Sumerian artwork and still appear sporadically on cylinder seals and amulets until as late as the thirteenth century BC. The horned viper (Cerastes cerastes) appears in Kassite and Neo-Assyrian kudurrus and is invoked in Assyrian texts as a magical protective entity. A dragon-like creature with horns, the body and neck of a snake, the forelegs of a lion, and the hind-legs of a bird appears in Mesopotamian art from the Akkadian Period until the Hellenistic Period (323 BC–31 BC). This creature, known in Akkadian as the mušḫuššu, meaning "furious serpent", was used as a symbol for particular deities and also as a general protective emblem. It seems to have originally been the attendant of the Underworld god Ninazu, but later became the attendant to the Hurrian storm-god Tishpak, as well as, later, Ninazu's son Ningishzida, the Babylonian national god Marduk, the scribal god Nabu, and the Assyrian national god Ashur.

 

In Egyptian history, the snake occupies a primary role with the Nile cobra adorning the crown of the pharaoh in ancient times. It was worshipped as one of the gods and was also used for sinister purposes: murder of an adversary and ritual suicide (Cleopatra). The ouroboros was a well-known ancient Egyptian symbol of a serpent swallowing its own tail. The precursor to the ouroboros was the "Many-Faced", a serpent with five heads, who, according to the Amduat, the oldest surviving Book of the Afterlife, was said to coil around the corpse of the sun god Ra protectively. The earliest surviving depiction of a "true" ouroboros comes from the gilded shrines in the tomb of Tutankhamun. In the early centuries AD, the ouroboros was adopted as a symbol by Gnostic Christians and chapter 136 of the Pistis Sophia, an early Gnostic text, describes "a great dragon whose tail is in its mouth". In medieval alchemy, the ouroboros became a typical western dragon with wings, legs, and a tail.

 

In the Bible, King Nahash of Ammon, whose name means "Snake", is depicted very negatively, as a particularly cruel and despicable enemy of the ancient Hebrews.

 

The ancient Greeks used the Gorgoneion, a depiction of a hideous face with serpents for hair, as an apotropaic symbol to ward off evil. In a Greek myth described by Pseudo-Apollodorus in his Bibliotheca, Medusa was a Gorgon with serpents for hair whose gaze turned all those who looked at her to stone and was slain by the hero Perseus. In the Roman poet Ovid's Metamorphoses, Medusa is said to have once been a beautiful priestess of Athena, whom Athena turned into a serpent-haired monster after she was raped by the god Poseidon in Athena's temple. In another myth referenced by the Boeotian poet Hesiod and described in detail by Pseudo-Apollodorus, the hero Heracles is said to have slain the Lernaean Hydra, a multiple-headed serpent which dwelt in the swamps of Lerna.

 

The legendary account of the foundation of Thebes mentioned a monster snake guarding the spring from which the new settlement was to draw its water. In fighting and killing the snake, the companions of the founder Cadmus all perished – leading to the term "Cadmean victory" (i.e. a victory involving one's own ruin).

 

Three medical symbols involving snakes that are still used today are Bowl of Hygieia, symbolizing pharmacy, and the Caduceus and Rod of Asclepius, which are symbols denoting medicine in general.

 

One of the etymologies proposed for the common female first name Linda is that it might derive from Old German Lindi or Linda, meaning a serpent.

 

India is often called the land of snakes and is steeped in tradition regarding snakes. Snakes are worshipped as gods even today with many women pouring milk on snake pits (despite snakes' aversion for milk). The cobra is seen on the neck of Shiva and Vishnu is depicted often as sleeping on a seven-headed snake or within the coils of a serpent. There are also several temples in India solely for cobras sometimes called Nagraj (King of Snakes) and it is believed that snakes are symbols of fertility. There is a Hindu festival called Nag Panchami each year on which day snakes are venerated and prayed to. See also Nāga.

 

In India there is another mythology about snakes. Commonly known in Hindi as "Ichchhadhari" snakes. Such snakes can take the form of any living creature, but prefer human form. These mythical snakes possess a valuable gem called "Mani", which is more brilliant than diamond. There are many stories in India about greedy people trying to possess this gem and ending up getting killed.

 

The snake is one of the 12 celestial animals of Chinese zodiac, in the Chinese calendar.

 

Many ancient Peruvian cultures worshipped nature. They emphasized animals and often depicted snakes in their art.

 

Religion

Snakes are used in Hinduism as a part of ritual worship. In the annual Nag Panchami festival, participants worship either live cobras or images of Nāgas. Lord Shiva is depicted in most images with a snake coiled around his neck. Puranic literature includes various stories associated with snakes, for example Shesha is said to hold all the planets of the Universe on his hoods and to constantly sing the glories of Vishnu from all his mouths. Other notable snakes in Hinduism are Vasuki, Takshaka, Karkotaka, and Pingala. The term Nāga is used to refer to entities that take the form of large snakes in Hinduism and Buddhism.

 

Snakes have been widely revered in many cultures, such as in ancient Greece where the serpent was seen as a healer.[148] Asclepius carried a serpent wound around his wand, a symbol seen today on many ambulances. In Judaism, the snake of brass is also a symbol of healing, of one's life being saved from imminent death.

 

In religious terms, the snake and jaguar were arguably the most important animals in ancient Mesoamerica. "In states of ecstasy, lords dance a serpent dance; great descending snakes adorn and support buildings from Chichen Itza to Tenochtitlan, and the Nahuatl word coatl meaning serpent or twin, forms part of primary deities such as Mixcoatl, Quetzalcoatl, and Coatlicue." In the Maya and Aztec calendars, the fifth day of the week was known as Snake Day.

 

In some parts of Christianity, the redemptive work of Jesus Christ is compared to saving one's life through beholding the Nehushtan (serpent of brass). Snake handlers use snakes as an integral part of church worship, to demonstrate their faith in divine protection. However, more commonly in Christianity, the serpent has been depicted as a representative of evil and sly plotting, as seen in the description in Genesis of a snake tempting Eve in the Garden of Eden. Saint Patrick is purported to have expelled all snakes from Ireland while converting the country to Christianity in the 5th century, thus explaining the absence of snakes there.

 

In Christianity and Judaism, the snake makes its infamous appearance in the first book of the Bible when a serpent appears before Adam and Eve and tempts them with the forbidden fruit from the Tree of Knowledge. The snake returns in the Book of Exodus when Moses turns his staff into a snake as a sign of God's power, and later when he makes the Nehushtan, a bronze snake on a pole that when looked at cured the people of bites from the snakes that plagued them in the desert. The serpent makes its final appearance symbolizing Satan in the Book of Revelation: "And he laid hold on the dragon the old serpent, which is the devil and Satan, and bound him for a thousand years."

 

In Neo-Paganism and Wicca, the snake is seen as a symbol of wisdom and knowledge. Additionally, snakes are sometimes associated with Hecate, the Greek goddess of witchcraft.

 

Medicine

Several compounds from snake venoms are being researched as potential treatments or preventatives for pain, cancers, arthritis, stroke, heart disease, hemophilia, and hypertension, and to control bleeding (e.g. during surgery).

The article “Immediacy, Hypermediacy, and Remediation” The digital medium wants to erase itself, so that the viewer stands in the same relationship to the content as she would if she were confronting the original medium” (pg. 45). Much like film, video games attempt to maximize the size of their screening by pushing for higher quality. As televisions are being designed to with stand higher resolution and with thinner borders, video games are taking advantage by borrowing content from film. When films are displayed in theater the lights are turned off, the sound is vibrate, and the borders surrounding the film are nonexistent. The tactic of the presenting medium is used to close off the surrounding world. Film wants to be seen and only seen as to eliminate the surrounding borders the medium on which film is present form. Film captures the attention of the viewer as to distract from the surrounding area. Video games are borrowing from film as to keep the viewer to solely focus on the video game. The picture provided shows Gabe Newell enthralled by the video game while paying no attention to his surrounding area. While the sun is out as shown through the window blinds, Newell in the picture has no clue of the sunlight; the size of the television captures his entire sight. The borders of the television are slick and thin enough so he can fully focus on his video game.

Well I did not know what to write about on this picture and I did not feel like leaving a "no comments", so I am going to teach you an English phrase which I found on the internet including the words rocking horse. The phrase says: "rare as rocking horse shit", a metaphor for something exceedingly rare or more likely, nonexistent.

Mendon Ponds Park is owned and very poorly maintained by the County of Monroe, NY.

 

Unfortunately, this extraordinary property is rapidly deteriorating due to an egregious lack of care. Trails are not cleared of debris... signs are useless. Park maintenance is essentially nonexistent. They do have a marketing department. Seriously, the taxpayers are paying the salaries of a county parks marketing department.

 

Email Mendon Ponds Park complaints to: countyexecutive@monroecounty.gov

United Houma Nation Relief Center

4400 LA Hwy 1

Raceland, Louisiana

Lafourche Parish

 

The United Houma Nation (UHN) is a state recognized tribe of approximately 17,000 tribal citizens residing within a six-parish service area encompassing 4,570 square miles. The six parishes, Terrebonne, Lafourche, Jefferson, St. Mary, St. Bernard and Plaquemines parishes are located along the southeastern coast of Louisiana. Within this area, distinct tribal communities are situated among the interwoven bayous and canals where Houmas traditionally earned a living. Although by land and road these communities are distant, they were historically very close by water. However, boat travel is no longer a viable option due to the effects of coastal erosion, which has left these waterways either nonexistent or impassable and often treacherous.

  

unitedhoumanation.org/

 

Oil and the Houma Nation in History:

 

unitedhoumanation.org/node/14

 

Oil from Macando and it's impact on the Houma Nation:

 

www.indiancountrytoday.com/archive/95612344.html

Christmas is usually my favorite time of the year, but this year it seems to bringing me down. The economy sucks so badly right now that me and a couple of my sons have been unable to find a job, my husband has all of the pressure on his shoulders of getting all of our bills paid and Christmas is looking pretty bleak, if not nonexistent right now. I wish that I could find something so that I could help relieve some of the pressure off of my husband's shoulders. :(

 

To top it all off, we have been talking about moving back to NY, which would be soooo great. I miss my family so much and Christmases there in NY just seemed to be better even when work was slow. These are the thoughts that have been going through my head non-stop lately. I almost didn't even put up our tree, but a couple of days ago, I decided to put it up..if nothing more than to lift our spirits some.

Pequaming, Michigan

 

Originally home to Chippewa tribes, the site was named for "Pequa quaming," a narrow neck of land almost surrounded by water. The point at Pequaming is in the shape of a bear; the head is called Picnic Point; the tail at the lumberyard, the legs are the two sand beaches, and the back is the shore line.

 

In 1877, Charles Hebard and H.C. Thurber purchased a large tract of land on Keweenaw Point, favored especially for its deep, protected harbor and easy access to timber. The mill began its operations with a capital of $200,000, with stock owned mostly by the Hebard and Thurber families. The mill site was initially leased from David King, chief of the local Chippewa tribe, and then purchased from his heirs after his death. The company purchased the town site from Mrs. Eliza Bennett in 1877.

 

The mill operated under the name of Hebard and Thurber until the partnership was dissolved; Herber became sole proprietor and renamed his company Charles Hebard and Sons.

 

At its peak, the company employed a force of two hundred men in the mill, and three hundred in the surrounding woods, and had a stumpage of 100,000 acres (400 km²) of timber lands in Marquette, Baraga, Houghton, and Keweenaw counties. The company owned the buildings and surrounding land, but was known as the "lumberman's utopia" because rent and water were free, and wood could be obtained from the mill for a very small sum per load. The town included the mill, a company store, offices, boarding houses, hotel, livery stable, bath houses, churches, schools, parks, a band and orchestra, ice rink, and over 100 houses.

 

The Pequaming mill was the first large-scale lumbering and milling operation in the Lake Superior region, and in the years between 1880 and 1900, the mill cut an average of over 30,000,000 board feet (70,000 m3), 25,000,000 board feet (59,000 m3) in boards and 7,000,000 board feet (20,000 m3) in lath). When officials realized the white pine supply was nearly exhausted, they switched to hemlock and cedar. The pine was made into 1x4 lumber, the cedar into shingles, and hemlock into lath; other products included rail ties and hemlock bark for tanneries. For shipment, the products were loaded into box cars, which were placed onto scows and towed across the bay to Baraga, and then shipped by rail to their destinations. The original sawmill operated until 1887, when it burned in a fire of unknown origins, and was replaced by a larger mill within 60 days.

 

When Charles Hebard died in 1904, his sons Daniel and Charles inherited the company and continued operations. "The Bungalow" was constructed in 1913.

 

In 1923, the Hebards were approached by Ford Motor Company, who wanted to purchase their timber stands only. Mindful of Pequaming's future, the Hebards convinced Ford to purchase the mill and surrounding town as well, and entered into secret negotiations with the hope of completing the sale before operations began. On September 8, 1923, Ford Motor Company purchased the mill and surrounding town for the sum of $2,850,000; the purchase included the double band sawmill, lath and shingle mills, 40,000 acres (160 km²) of timber land, 30,000,000 board feet (70,000 m3) of lumber, 3,000,000 board feet (7,000 m3) of cut logs, the town land and buildings, the railroad, and towing and water equipment.

 

Renovations on the mill began, and entailed removing the lath and shingle mills, altering the eastern face, dismantling the old burner, and adding a new powerhouse on the west side that housed a 1,000 horsepower (750 kW) triple expansion marine engine from a World War I Liberty boat. After repair and refitting, the sawmill reopened on September 24, with a work force that received $5 per day for an eight-hour shift instead of the previous $3.50 for a longer day.

 

By the end of February 1925, Ford had connected the Hebard railroad to the Ford railroad in L'Anse, allowing each plant to specialize in one type of wood. Lumber from the Pequaming mill was generally shipped by water to plants in Dearborn, Edgewater, and Chester, mostly in the form of crating lumber. The better grades of lumber were sent by rail to Iron Mountain for use in the auto manufacturing plants. During its peak, the sawmill provided flooring for floorboards, truck boxes, and wood panels for station wagons.

 

By 1933, car sales has decreased enough, due to the Great Depression, that the demand for lumber was nearly nonexistent. As the mill was idled during that period, Henry Ford created other work for residents by establishing a cooperative farm east of town. As an additional measure, the company store adjusted its food prices and donated clothing and shoes to employees and their families. Ford also used the town as a model for his theories on self-reliance and education; he established a vocational school in his summer home (to be used during the school year), and also opened four one-room elementary and intermediate schools in September 1935. In 1937, the company built a high school, which contained state-of-the-art home economics food and clothing labs and a library, as well as the first fluorescent lights in a Michigan school.

 

In 1935, the company decided to ship its products by truck, and instituted "just in time" shipping for its logging operations. After the United States entered in World War II, the company's ships were diverted, which resulted in the lumber being trucked to L'Anse and then shipped by rail. However, a shortage of truck tires and increased shipping costs prompted the company to close the mill on October 9, 1942, with the last logs sawed on October 28. Many employees were offered jobs in L'Anse, and the town was eventually abandoned.

 

Early buildings still in existence today include the water tower, the company store, Henry Ford's summer home and guest house (the "Bungalow"), several houses, and the ruins of the sawmill powerhouse. Today the area boasts many new homes and summer residences.

 

A post office operated here from May 17, 1880, until January 31, 1944.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pequaming,_Michigan

 

This is a part of Overnight Photo Trip September 2008.

Refugee children in Mangaize camp in Niger. Education activities in Mangaize are nonexistent, though some 80 children are walking the two to three kilometers to the nearest village to attend the local school. Still, most of the ~1,500 children have not attended school since February 2012.

This Stromberg WA3-219 ("Mode

 

This Stromberg WA3-219 (Model W) carburetor was original equipment, as a production option to the Carter BBS and Holley 1920, on 1963 (only) Dodge and Plymouth B- and C-body cars (only) with 225 engine and automatic transmission (only). No variant of this carb was used on any other model or year. I have no idea why Chrysler would've spent what had to be a real whackload of money for tooling an

 

This Stromberg WA3-219 (Model W) carburetor was original equipment, as a production option to the Carter BBS and Holley 1920, on 1963 (only) Dodge and Plymouth B- and C-body cars (only) with 225 engine and automatic transmission (only). No variant of this carb was used on any other model or year. I have no idea why Chrysler would've spent what had to be a real whackload of money for tooling and production of such a low-volume carburetor. Was there a strike at Holley or Carter that reduced the supply of 1920s and BBSs...? One interesting tidbit: The WA3 has the largest venturi of any 1bbl used from the factory on a slant-6 engine.

 

I've tried a few of these over the years. Haven't made one run quite right. Kits and parts are almost nonexistent. But the casting and build qu

 

This Stromberg WA3-219 (Model W) carburetor was original equipment, as a production option to the Carter BBS and Holley 1920, on 1963 (only) Dodge and Plymouth B- and C-body cars (only) with 225 engine and automatic transmission (only). No variant of this carb was used on any other model or year. I have no idea why Chrysler would've spent what had to be a real whackload of money for tooling and production of such a low-volume carburetor. Was there a strike at Holley or Carter that reduced the supply of 1920s and BBSs...? One interesting tidbit: The WA3 has the largest venturi of any 1bbl used from the factory on a slant-6 engine.

 

I've tried a few of these over the years. Haven't made one run quite right. Kits and parts are almost nonexistent. But the casting and build quality are quite excellent, typical of Stromberg carburetors of the era.

>nonexistent file.

Hand held picture of the almost full moon this evening.

 

Played with the contrast and cropped to give the moon a moody feel.

 

Missing my tripod, but hopefully will be here soon, light pollution here is almost nonexistent..great!

 

Best viewed on black (press L)

Ahead of service, from aboard the now-retired Queen of Vancovuer (her predecessor) for the now-nonexistent 6am sailing out of Tsawwassen Terminal near Vancouver.

© Stephanie Fysh 2006; all rights reserved

The CARE/Crawley Building at the University of Cincinnati is an addition to the medical center and serves as a shared campus space for the Schools of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Nursing. The addition is connected to the existing building by a full height atrium, which is nearly entirely clad in glass and is fully laced by glassed bottomed bridges. Creating a space which is totally unique and allowing the main structure of the building to feel almost nonexistent.

During weekend trip to Kibuye from Kigali, Rwanda, I spent a lot of hours taking to Odario about life through my nonexistent French. We became fast friends because listening is all we could do.

Residents stretch their hands to receive clothes in Cabaret, Haiti, Wednesday, Sept. 10, 2008. Four tropical storms in less than a month have caused floods throughout Haiti, killing at least 300 people. Shipments of food and pledges of more poured in from around the world, but distribution of the emergency supplies was hampered by the impoverished country's chronic insecurity and the poor and often nonexistent network of roads and other infrastructure. (AP Photo/Ramon Espinosa).

“I think it is still pretty hard to be succinct and adequately describe the events of last year, especially since we are continuing to respond to COVID-19 right now in so many ways. For me personally, I can easily go back to the first 4-6 months of 2020, when we were just drinking from a fire hose. So many things were changing so rapidly, and I cannot express enough appreciation to the teams of people who put their heart and soul into doing whatever was necessary to support all of the critical response activities, changes in processes and policies, and rapid decision-making that included incredible ingenuity and innovation.

 

Although the Command Center team members were all experienced in emergency response, there was no playbook for COVID-19. We had to work in lockstep, meet quickly, and respond daily to enormous and rapid changes in processes and systems to protect our staff, patients, and the public. Often this was done multiple times daily, seven days per week. I was so thankful to be working with a team that was thoughtful and used constructive conflict resolution and problem-solving to make very solid decisions. It was deeply humbling and an incredible opportunity for learning so many valuable lessons in emergency response and leadership.

 

One area of intense emotion for me came very early in the pandemic, when it became apparent that our normal channels of PPE may be severely constrained – if not nonexistent – in a short amount of time. The knowledge that we may not be able to procure the supplies needed to protect our staff was something I never even considered possible. It was also frightening. However, through the intense devotion of so many individuals from the supply chain, infection prevention, clinical staff, and the UAB community, we have been able to bring in alternative supplies to meet the needs of our health care teams.

 

I want to emphasize the critical importance of the teamwork and the drive of so many UAB staff and employees who were completely selfless in their efforts to step out of their own job roles to take on whatever tasks were asked of them. This teamwork included the team that stood up a reprocessing system for our N95 respirators, as well as our local community, which donated funds and meals for our health care heroes and other in-kind gifts, so that we could continue to care for our patients and families. The list of actions and activities of kindness and support is endless, and the incredible thing is that it has not stopped to this day, as we continue to battle the pandemic and serve our community.”

Mendon Ponds Park is owned and very poorly maintained by the County of Monroe, NY.

 

Unfortunately, this extraordinary property is rapidly deteriorating due to an egregious lack of care. Trails are not cleared of debris... signs are useless. Park maintenance is essentially nonexistent. They do have a marketing department. Seriously, the taxpayers are paying the salaries of a county parks marketing department.

 

Email Mendon Ponds Park complaints to: countyexecutive@monroecounty.gov

~Franz Kafka

One of my final shots; the air had gone from totally calm to a light breeze, and big rain drops were starting to splatter down. As if they knew what was coming - and in a way, they must have - the insects in my alfalfa patch just wanted to hunker down and wait out the storm. I know that it is fanciful to refer to an insect "wanting" anything... but who can resist anthropomorphizing when confronted by a face like this?

 

Tech info: I prefer natural light to flash when shooting insects, but that sometimes entails the use of slow shutter speeds. In this case, with the macro focused as close as it would go, ISO set at 400 to keep the digital noise low, I had to stop down the aperture because of the very shallow depth of field. This was only possible because my subject was less active than some of the other critters I photographed that morning. It hid behind an alfalfa stem and watched me. With an aperture of f/25 and shutter speed at 1/5 second, even in relative stillness many shots are going to be unsharp. Therefore I fired a long burst on "continuous" (formerly called motor drive), and out of a dozen frames I managed one or two where my subject was still and the slight tremble from the wind nonexistent.

 

Don't use this image on websites, blogs or other media without explicit permission.

© James R. Page - all rights reserved.

which doesn't actually exist

 

My Playing 11 App Download, A dream sport is a kind of game, reliably played utilizing the Internet, where people accumulate nonexistent or virtual social occasions produced using center individuals of real players of an ace game. These social events battle thinking about the quantifiable demonstration of those players in real games.

 

My Cricket 11 is considered as a “Capacity based challenge.” The round of limits can be depicted as a game wherein the limits of people taking part in any electronic dream sports gaming, for example, ipl dream association and expect an otherworldly part rather than the direct karma of people.

 

League 11 App is an online dream sports gaming is viewed as a genuine practice from one side of the world to the other with express states being an exemption. Online dream sports gaming is completely settled on Game of Skills, wherein the clients structure their own social affairs and are relegated spotlights taking into account field execution of their picked players.

 

MyMaster11 is completely genuine as it offers associations, Fun Features, Programs and Contests related with dream cricket (Fantasy IPL), dream football, dream kabaddi, dream volleyball, dream ball and dream hockey. The associations, troubles and adventures related with online dream sports gaming presented by MyMaster11.

 

www.mymaster11.com/

The pictures are of the Alabama Disaster Communications Unit (COMU). The unit is made of equipment and trained state certified personal that provide on scene communications for first responders. The team sets up and manages temporary communications infrastructure to augment existing communications infrastructure or add nonexistent communications infrastructure for the response to a disaster or pre-planned event in Alabama. The COMU consists of over 30 state certified Communications Unit Leaders (COML) Communications Technicians (COMT) and Tactical Dispatchers made up of State ,County and municipal communication professionals. As well as several communications vehicles , tower trailers, and radio cache’s that are prepositioned throughout Alabama known as the Alabama Strategic Technology Reserve (STR)

  

Only at this one point,that of the fire or Severity within God,is there any mention of an exterior outburst of power,Tokpa de-Dina.This is no doubt connected to characteristic Zoharic notions of the Godhead as an organism.In numerous passages and in the most divers images,evil is conceived of as a product of seperation and excretion,facilitating the maintenance of the organism in its original structure.The fire of divine severity melts and refines the power of judgment,known as the sacred gold;however,the dross is externalized,becoming the "shells" (kelippoth) in which the holy is either nonexistent,or present only as a spark,concealed and glowing within the dross.In the language of the Zohar,this is the Sitra Ahra,the "Other Side",which is the opposite of the holy and schemes to seize it and draw it over to its own side.Thus,both the nature and the origin of evil are explained in term of one unified view.The Other Side is the fire of divine severity,externalized and made independent,where it becomes an entire hierarchical system,a counterworld ruled by Satan.

Stuck in an amazingly tedious meeting? All you need to do is beat out your trusted Hand or Htc and tap out a concept to one of your co-workers across the table: DID YOU SEE THE GAME LAST NIGHT?

 

Chances are you've observed about such texting technological innovation. But what's this technology's name? Is this technological innovation something that is truly valuable to the financial world? Or is it simply coming us to the past's classrooms—giving us a new way to complete paperwork behind the instructor's again.

  

What is this technological innovation we're discussing about?

 

Today, technological innovation is going towards the long run of the wifi web. Mobile cellphone gadgets such as palmtops, handhelds, and mobile phones are becoming all the wrath. Individuals want these gadgets to do everything from accessibility their e-mail records, to implement the Online, to accessibility personal and business details.

 

One form of assistance that is available is a technological innovation known as SMS (Short Messaging Service). SMS is the technological innovation that allows texts to be obtained and sent over mobile gadgets.

  

Why use SMS?

 

SMS is a very cost-effective strategy of interaction. 160 character types take up as much area as a one-second speech call. Email messages are offered instantly (or when the cellphone is converted on). Like e-mail, they can also be evaluated or saved in your cellphone for as long as you wish. SMS messages can also be sent out to enormous categories of individuals with the single click of a option.

 

SMS also allows for specific texting. This is where SMS can take on a variety of different concept types (including voicemail, e-mail and fax) and allows customers to accessibility them from their mobile cellphone.

  

Is SMS really that popular?

 

Yes! Folks deliver each other well over a billion dollars messages monthly. This fact may be challenging to believe if you reside in the U. s. Declares, where SMS assistance is essentially nonexistent.

 

There are a variety of reasons why the SMS is slowly to take off in the U. s. Declares. The reason is that the U. s. Declares does not use the electronic wifi person interface conventional (GSM—more on this in a moment) that is necessary for SMS to operate. Although GSM is beginning to develop in the U. s. Declares, the change is slowly.

  

How does a mobile cellphone have enough area to shop information?

 

Most mobile gadgets can be fixed with SIM (Subscriber Recognition Module) credit charge playing cards. SMS Ship These are nasty credit charge playing cards that, when placed in the again of a mobile cellphone, shop various types of details.

  

Isn't composing messages on a mobile cellphone (like a phone) difficult?

 

You might be considering that writing on a small phone papan ketik is challenging, even for nimble little palms. Well, most gadgets contain 'predictive input', a kind of software that allows it to think what you are composing and try to complete the phrase for you. Besides, a lot of people abbreviate their terms anyway. Unless you're not trying to create a novel on your cellphone you should have no problems.

 

Can my mobile cellphone use SMS?

 

For a program to implement SMS, it must be SMS-enabled. Also, it must be linked with one of the GSM techniques that assistance SMS. Have a look at with your program provider to figure out whether a program is able to get SMS messages.

  

What do you mean by 'SMS-enabled'?

 

SMS-enabled means that only gadgets with SMS technological innovation developed into them will be able to accessibility and implement SMS. Most mobile cellphone makes such as Ericcson, Samsung, and Htc offer SMS-enabled products.

  

What is GSM? What is a GSM Network?

 

GSM appears for International Systems for Mobile Communication. SMS you can find on GSM techniques for SMS interaction.

 

Back in the beginning 80's, analogue cellular phone were increasing in European countries. Each nation began creating it's own program. These techniques were incompatible with everyone else's products and operate. It was not a good scenario. For one, mobile products was restricted to restricted to their nationwide limitations. Thus, marketplaces were restricted for each form of products.

 

The Folks recognized this beginning on, and developed a team to suggest a new, globally program. This new globally program became GSM. Gradually professional solutions became available in the beginning Nineties and GSM techniques have propagate globally.

 

GSM is a electronic program, which is what allows SMS functions to are available. Most nations around the world use the GSM standard—the U. s. Declares is one of the few nations around the world to benefit use of CDMA and TDMA expectations over GSM (though there are GSM techniques throughout the US). SMSSHIPCDMA and TDMA allow incredibly restricted SMS functions.

 

GSM allows for messages to be sent from point-to-point, or in a cell-broadcast strategy (point-to-omnipoint).

 

So, is GSM to stay the conventional for SMS communication?

 

Probably not.

 

The community needs more and more Online functions from their mobile gadgets. And GSM, in all its complexness, is having difficulties maintaining up. GSM was never developed to assistance textual content details, let alone a lot of textual content such that the wifi Online would provide. Using GSM for anything more than SMS would become a slowly and complicated strategy.

 

With that said, it seems that GPRS (General Supply R / c Service) is being recognized as the new best thing. GPRS would allow the submitting of Online details through mobile gadgets at a broadband.

Experts believe that GPRS will be able to produce details at a rate of up to 100,000 parts per second.

 

Currently, GSM can produce details at a rate of 9,600 parts per second.

 

What's point-to-point?

 

A point-to-point SMS concept is where a person delivers a concept to another client in their assistance. Once their concept is sent, an reputation of bill is offered to the emailer.

  

What's cell-broadcast mode?

 

Cell­broadcast strategy, or point-to-omnipoint, SMS messages are those such as visitors up-dates or information up-dates that are sent by solutions to several bought customers within a given mobile phone area.

  

Where can I find out more details about SMS?

 

If you've never tried SMS, I desire you to confirm it out. It's an amazingly realistic, trusted, and cost-effective strategy of interaction.

 

For more details about smsship, check out our site several content and up-dates on the newest improvements with SMS. Also, you should check out for great details about anything and everything taking place within the GSM community today—including SMS and much more.

A wonderfully iridescent Calomyrmex worker in a defensive posture. When threatened, they run around frantically with their gasters raised and often exude a horrible smelling fluid from a gland near their mandibles that deters predators and probably serves to alert (recruit) nestmates.

 

Two undescribed species (JDM 190 and JDM 751) are known to occur in the Pilbara region along with C. glauerti, but I am unsure which one this is. Pubescence on the gaster is seemingly nonexistent.

All the pieces that made up this completely faked photo were taken on 8/8/2008. It's the nonexistent intersection of 8th Ave. and 8th St. and the nonexistent 8 train going to 888th St.

Originally built between 1793 and 1797 during the Second Spanish Period, this Spanish Colonial and Neoclassical-style cathedral is the fourth church to occupy a prominent position at the heart of the city of St. Augustine. The original church, built of flammable materials, stood from 1565 until 1586, when it was burned during an attack by English Privateer Sir Francis Drake. Not even a year later, the church was rebuilt of palm logs, with a straw roof, which succumbed to fire in 1599. In 1605, thanks to a tithe from Spain, a timber church was constructed, which stood until a failed English attack on the city in 1702 by James Moore, then-governor of Carolina colony. There were attempts to rebuild the church during the First Spanish Period, starting in 1707, but these went nowhere, and the money intended for the church’s reconstruction were misallocated by corrupt officials. Instead, during the remainder of the First Spanish Period, mass was held in the St. Augustine Hospital. Following the transfer of governance of Florida to the British in 1763, the need for a new Catholic church was nonexistent, as the catholic population of the colony fled to other Spanish colonies. At the start of the Second Spanish Period in 1784, the need for a new church became more apparent, and work on the current cathedral’s Coquina stone walls began in 1793. The facade of the church features Neoclassical elements around the front doorway, with the Spanish Colonial style being employed on the roofline and limited fenestration on the front facade. The church stood in its original configuration until a fire in 1887 destroyed the timber roof structure and did major damage to the interior. Following the fire, Henry Flagler led the effort to have the cathedral rebuilt, with James Renwick, Jr. designing an expansion of the old building, giving it a rectangular cruciform layout, and adding the Spanish Renaissance-style bell tower and European-style transept to the building. The interior was rebuilt to feature exposed decorative timbers that supported the roof structure, and a decorative polychromatic tile floor. The building has since received a few more additions, which house a chapel, service areas, and offices, as well as a building to the rear of the cathedral along Treasury Street, built in the Mediterranean Revival style, which houses the offices of the Diocese of St. Augustine. Today, the cathedral remains a prominent landmark in the city, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and listed as a National Historic Landmark as part of the St. Augustine Town Plan Historic District in 1970.

two hundred eighty two.

 

Guys guys, I like Friday's off of school.

I'm gobsmacked by several things here. First, the light was nonexistent. Yet the Sony A7RII performed extremely well at incredibly high ISO. Second, using knowledge developed around a digital Zone System, I knew precisely where I wanted the tonal values and was able to place them accordingly. Third, I am happy to confirm the dynamic range of the sensor extends usefully to below Zone 0 (Zone -2!), even at such high ISO settings. Fourth, 1950s German optics can do the trick. These images were made using a triplet wide angle. Who would design such a thing and make it work? Micro-contrast is something to be seen, otherwise you wouldn't believe it.

This Stromberg WA3-219 ("Mode

 

This Stromberg WA3-219 (Model W) carburetor was original equipment, as a production option to the Carter BBS and Holley 1920, on 1963 (only) Dodge and Plymouth B- and C-body cars (only) with 225 engine and automatic transmission (only). No variant of this carb was used on any other model or year. I have no idea why Chrysler would've spent what had to be a real whackload of money for tooling an

 

This Stromberg WA3-219 (Model W) carburetor was original equipment, as a production option to the Carter BBS and Holley 1920, on 1963 (only) Dodge and Plymouth B- and C-body cars (only) with 225 engine and automatic transmission (only). No variant of this carb was used on any other model or year. I have no idea why Chrysler would've spent what had to be a real whackload of money for tooling and production of such a low-volume carburetor. Was there a strike at Holley or Carter that reduced the supply of 1920s and BBSs...? One interesting tidbit: The WA3 has the largest venturi of any 1bbl used from the factory on a slant-6 engine.

 

I've tried a few of these over the years. Haven't made one run quite right. Kits and parts are almost nonexistent. But the casting and build qu

 

This Stromberg WA3-219 (Model W) carburetor was original equipment, as a production option to the Carter BBS and Holley 1920, on 1963 (only) Dodge and Plymouth B- and C-body cars (only) with 225 engine and automatic transmission (only). No variant of this carb was used on any other model or year. I have no idea why Chrysler would've spent what had to be a real whackload of money for tooling and production of such a low-volume carburetor. Was there a strike at Holley or Carter that reduced the supply of 1920s and BBSs...? One interesting tidbit: The WA3 has the largest venturi of any 1bbl used from the factory on a slant-6 engine.

 

I've tried a few of these over the years. Haven't made one run quite right. Kits and parts are almost nonexistent. But the casting and build quality are quite excellent, typical of Stromberg carburetors of the era.

A short test roll in my yard. ISO 6, mucho contrasto, grain almost nonexistent.

  

Now closed.

* The Clan Kateda is pleased to welcome you to this event: "the Biggest Tournement of Samorai"

  

* As each season we are pleased to receive the greatest, bravest, most heroic fighters of the world, If you want to be part of the legend and show everyone that you are the best, we are glad to welcome you come among us to wear with honor the title of champion and pocketing the modest sum of One Million Lindens.

  

* Championship progress :

 

The Championship starting the 14th April in 4 am SL time

 

Each referee teleport fighters in groups of 16 on a suitable arena, fighting knockout rounds is 2 of 3 winning rounds at the end of this first round winner of each group will be focused on another group and that until the quarter-finals

the 8 finalists will be awarded the $ 25,000 Lindens and will continue until the final confrontation where the champion gets the sum of one million.

  

* Rules of the championship:

Only Katana CSi are allowed, no further attack will be tolerated

Prohibit flight

The anti push and any shield is not allowed

insult or non-compliance during the competition will be sanctioned

Anything that is not part of the settlement is approved

rounds can not go beyond 3 except for the final which is 5 rounds

the crash in the middle of a fight in court postpones round, the lag must be logically nonexistent if indeed this happened we would not be responsible

  

* Inscription:

All registration made outside of a terminal Kateda or who have not been registered with the shogun "xiu Kateda" is not valid for competition

The Registration fee is $ 2500l

Catch up can be done in the first round for the sum of the $ 500 to settle in the same way as when registering

Rectractation any one week before the competition will not be refunded.

A note "Form" is to be removed from the terminal, to be completed and returned to the shogun Xiu Kateda once your made payment

Terminal place: maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Ultima/32/235/21

For further information contact the leaders of the Clan;

  

Xiu Kateda (xiu zobovic) "Shogun Clan Kateda"