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A motor neuron can die when nitrated HSP90 binds to P2x7. (Graphic courtesy of Oregon State University)
Maturation of presynaptic transmitter secretion machinery is a critical step in synaptogenesis. Here we report that a brief train of presynaptic action potentials rapidly converts early nonfunctional contacts between cultured hippocampal neurons into functional synapses by enhancing presynaptic glutamate release. The enhanced release was confirmed by a marked increase in the number of depolarization-induced FM4-64 puncta in the presynaptic axon. This rapid presynaptic maturation can be abolished by treatments that interfered with presynaptic BDNF and Cdc42 signaling or actin polymerization. Activation of Cdc42 by applying BDNF or bradykinin mimicked the effect of electrical activity in promoting synaptic maturation. Furthermore, activity-induced increase in presynaptic actin polymerization, as revealed by increased concentration of actin-YFP at axon boutons, was abolished by inhibiting BDNF and Cdc42 signaling. Thus, rapid presynaptic maturation induced by neuronal activity is mediated by presynaptic activation of the Cdc42 signaling pathway.
Neural stem cells must balance self renewal with differentiation into either neurons (red) or glial cells (blue and green). Nagao et al. show that this is coordinated by the protooncoprotein Myc and the tumor suppressor p19(ARF). (JCB 183(7) TOC2)
This image is available to the public to copy, distribute, or display under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.
Reference: Nagao et al. (2008) J. Cell Biol. 183:1243-1257.
Published on: December 29, 2008.
Doi: 10.1083/jcb.200807130.
Read the full article at:
Excitatory pyramidal neuron of cortex highlighting structure of soma and apical dendrite, the leading branch that reaches from cell body to higher layers of cortex..
Render by Amy Sterling from reconstructions by Seung Lab, Princeton Neuroscience Institute using images acquired by The Allen Institute. Funded by IARPA MICrONS. Rendered in Cinema 4D using Otoy Octane GPU renderer.
Un animale si paralizza di fronte al predatore quando non può scappare. Una persona resta inerme di fonte all'aggressore. In comune lo stesso meccanismo biologico, spesso alla base dell'intenso trauma che la vittima vive. Un documentario fra psicologia comparata, psicoterapia e medicina legale.
Disponibile integralmente on-line il documentario di Carlo Alfredo Clerici, Concetta Feo e Laura Veneroni, realizzato dal CTU dell'Università degli Studi di Milano (www.ctu.unimi.it).
Sullo stesso tema è stato pubblicato il volume "Ipnosi animale, immobilità tonica e basi biologiche di trauma e dissociazione" di Carlo Alfredo Clerici e Laura Veneroni, con i contributi di Cesare Albasi e Concetta Feo. Prefazione di Marco Poli. Editrice Aracne, Roma 2011. Un'ampia anteprima è disponibile su www.scribd.com/doc/52192689/Ipnosi-animale-immobilita-ton...
Watch this video on Vimeo. Video created by Carlo Alfredo Clerici.
Carlo Alfredo Clerici e Laura Veneroni sono anche autori del volume "La psicologia clinica in ospedale. Consulenza e modelli d'intervento", Il Mulino, Bologna 2014.
Faculty and students from Fresno State and the Universidad Panamericana (Aguascalientes) make cheese in the Fresno State creamery as part of the Cows to Neuron dual study abroad program, photo by Geoff Thurner, June 17, 2022, Copyright 2022.
EXPLORE, EXPERIENCE AND WONDER
Activities to stimulate, inspire and amuse your little grey cells....
Art and Science on the Brain
Wonder Street Fair 7-9 April 2013
Barbican Centre, London
Festival of Neuroscience - BNA 2013
A unique experience with outstanding speakers presenting the latest developments in research into the brain and CNS organised by British Neuroscience Association and supported by Wellcome Trust
In Naked Knotted Neurons, a group of protesters, some injured, some choking on tear gas, escape violent confrontation with police and other forces by staggering into a safe house they find in the midst of chaos. Strangers to one another, they soon discover they are from different worlds: all were involved in protests, but in different places and times. A trio of dieties, Fate, Chance and Destiny, have gathered them together to charge them with a task: to create a new Hero to solve the world’s most intractable, knotted problems. How to get this message across? Puppets, riddles, and audience participation reveal the secrets the protesters need to fulfill this task.
Following their run at the International Fringe Festival in Edinburgh, Scotland, the Penn Theatre Ensemble presented the company-devised piece Naked Knotted Neurons at Annenberg Center Live on September 4th and 5th, 2015.
Testing Ankyrin-G (which goes to axon initial segment, pseudocolored to blue) with one of my GFP constructs (the green is transfection here) and Hoechst (pseudocolored to red, highlighting cell nuclei)
Leica DMRE 40x
"Dixie is not from the south as her name might suggest. She is comfortable around strangers loves a good game of Candy Land. Her interests include hopping frolicking and planting herbs. She likes to put almost anything in her mouth...please be careful. Dixie is another mischeivious neuron that is a manifestation of my own rebellious neurons that cause a movement disorder.
(1)
Connectome
In their words:
"A connectome is a synapse-resolution mapping of connections between
all neurons in a model organism's brain. In other words, a
synapse-resolution circuit diagram of the brain. Current approaches to
mapping the connectomes of model organisms employ serial block face
scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) and transmission electron
microscopy (TEM). The only connectome that has been mapped out to date
has been from the flatworm, C. elegans, which has only around 300
neurons."
(2)
ConnectomeViewer
In their words:
"The field of Connectomics research benefits from recent advances in
structural neuroimaging technologies on all spatial scales. The need
for software tools to visualize and analyse the emerging data is
urgent. ... The Connectome Viewer application was developed to meet
the needs of basic and clinical neuroscientists, as well as complex
network scientists, providing an integrative, extensible platform to
visualize and analyze Connectomics data.With the Connectome File
Format, interlinking different datatypes such as networks, surface
data, and volumetric data is easy and might provide new ways of
analyzing and interacting with data."
In addition to the viewer, this site also provides quite a variety of
that can be used to test different features and functions.
(3)
Human Connectome Project
In their words:
"The HCP will map the human connectome as accurately as possible in a
large number of normal adults and will make this data freely available
to the scientific community using a powerful, user-friendly
informatics platform."
"Successful charting of the human connectome in normal adults will be
enormously informative. Even more importantly, it will pave the way
for studies that reveal how brain circuitry changes during development
and aging and how it differs in numerous neurological and psychiatric
disorders. In short, it will transform our understanding of the human
brain in health and disease."
(4)
BrainMaps
In their words:
"Brain atlases have traditionally been one resolution and
non-interactive. The next-generation brain atlas is multiresolution,
highly interactive, and fully integrated with the latest research
literature. This is BrainMaps.org, a complete online brain atlas
founded on the principle that a brain atlas is a dynamic, interactive,
multiresolution research and didactic tool that facilitates brain
exploration and knowledge discovery."
As if that isn't enough, BrainMaps also has an API for
developers and and open source /
OpenGL-based 3D
viewer!
(5)
BrainMeta
In their words:
"BrainMeta was established for the purpose of accelerating the
development of neuroscience through web-based initiatives, which
include the development, implementation and support of a wide range of
neuroinformatics tools, services, and databases."
(6)
Allen Institute for Brain Science: Brain Atlas
In their words:
"A growing collection of online public resources integrating extensive
gene expression and neuroanatomical data, complete with a novel suite
of search and viewing tools."
(7)
Brain Museum: Comparative Mammalian Brain Collections
www.brainmuseum.org/index.html
In their words:
"This web site provides browsers with images and information from one
of the world's largest collection of well-preserved, sectioned and
stained brains of mammals. Viewers can see and download photographs of
brains of over 100 different species of mammals (including humans)
representing over 20 Mammalian Orders."
(8)
MSU: Brain Biodiversity Bank
www.msu.edu/~brains/index.html
In their words:
"The Brain Biodiversity Bank refers to the repository of images of and
information about brain specimens contained in the collections
associated with the National Museum of Health and Medicine at the
Armed Forces Institute of Pathology in Washington, DC. These
collections include, besides the Michigan State University Collection,
the Welker Collection from the University of Wisconsin, the
Yakovlev-Haleem Collection from Harvard University, the Meyer
Collection from the Johns Hopkins University, and the Huber-Crosby and
Crosby-Lauer Collections from the University of Michigan.
Our purpose here is to provide some examples of ways in which images
and information from the Collections, in digital format, can be used
in educational, research and commercial enterprises. Millions of
beautifully stained sections from hundreds of different brains,
assembled in many locations over the past century can be made
available for a broad variety of purposes."
Want more pics?
Wikipedia: List of neuroscience databases
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_neuroscience_databases
Want more neuro imaging software?
UCLA: Laboratory of Neuro-Imaging
Neurons and astrocytes isolated from rat hippocampus stained for DNA (blue), neuronal-specific βIII-tubulin (green) and astrocyte-specific GFAP (red).
Neurobiology
In Naked Knotted Neurons, a group of protesters, some injured, some choking on tear gas, escape violent confrontation with police and other forces by staggering into a safe house they find in the midst of chaos. Strangers to one another, they soon discover they are from different worlds: all were involved in protests, but in different places and times. A trio of dieties, Fate, Chance and Destiny, have gathered them together to charge them with a task: to create a new Hero to solve the world’s most intractable, knotted problems. How to get this message across? Puppets, riddles, and audience participation reveal the secrets the protesters need to fulfill this task.
Following their run at the International Fringe Festival in Edinburgh, Scotland, the Penn Theatre Ensemble presented the company-devised piece Naked Knotted Neurons at Annenberg Center Live on September 4th and 5th, 2015.
Salk #researchers and #collaborators have achieved critical insight into the size of #neural connections, putting the #memory capacity of the #brain far higher than common estimates. The new work also answers a longstanding question as to how the brain is so energy efficient and could help #engineers build #computers that are incredibly powerful but also #conserve #energy .
"This is a real bombshell in the field of #neuroscience," says Terry Sejnowski, Salk professor and co-senior author of the paper, which was published in eLife. "We discovered the key to unlocking the design principle for how #hippocampal #neurons function with low energy but high computation power. Our new measurements of the brain's memory capacity increase conservative estimates by a factor of 10 to at least a #petabyte, in the same ballpark as the #World #Wide #Web ."
Our memories and thoughts are the result of patterns of #electrical and #chemical activity in the brain. A key part of the activity happens when branches of neurons, much like electrical wire, interact at certain junctions, known as synapses. An output 'wire' (an axon) from one neuron connects to an input 'wire' (a dendrite) of a second neuron. Signals travel across the synapse as chemicals called neurotransmitters to tell the receiving neuron whether to convey an electrical signal to other neurons. Each neuron can have thousands of these synapses with thousands of other neurons.
Painting by Machiko Edmondson. Armory Week 2009. Art Comments coverage at www.artcomments.com. New York, NY