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Usually you don't see immature neurons in the superficial layers of the dentate gyrus. I think this happens more in mice than in rats. Sometimes I see them all the way in the molecular layer.
Questa mattina, in auto, nel solito tragitto casa-lavoro, con l’autoradio che mi tempestava di canzoncine allegre e i due neuroni del cervello che si nascondevano sotto le lenzuolina dei loro lettini, sono riuscita a fare ben due pensieri distinti e in qualche modo li ho cuciti fra loro.
Pensierino numero 1:
Quando ero piccola volevo fare la scrittorA, e infatti sono una ragionierA.
Nonostante questo, come dire, poco coerente cammino, devo ammettere che sono riuscita a diventare una quasi-scrittorA, anche se tendo a mettere sempre un sacco di numeri nei miei testi…
Alla mia scuola, però, oltre a questo uso compulsivo di numeri devo riconoscere un pregio:
mi ha insegnato a ragionare.
Che uno dice ‘eccheccazzo, hai fatto ragioneria, se non ragioni tu chi ragiona?’
E a quell’uno mi verrebbe da rispondere ‘oh ma fatti un po’ i cazzi tuoi!’ ma siccome sono una personcina carina e gentile spiegherò cosa significa ‘ragionare’.
Nonostante si parli del tempo delle pietre e si andasse ancora a scuola a cavallo dei mammuth, mi ricordo, come fosse ieri, una lezione di ragioneria, che mi ha ‘segnato’ più di tutte le altre.
La prof., che, diciamo, non era un pezzo di pane, e infatti c’è ancora chi se la sogna di notte e si sveglia con i capelli bianchi e poi fa colazione col Maalox, la prof., dicevo, ci disse:
‘oggi facciamo finta di diventare gestori di un negozio di abbigliamento’.
Allora cominciammo ‘comperiamo i jeans!’ e la prof. ‘bene, li mettiamo per terra, sul corso…’
Allora un altro disse ‘comperiamo gli scaffali!’ e la prof. ‘mettiamo anche gli scaffali sul corso’, un altro ‘affittiamo un negozio!’ e la prof. ‘con che soldi?’ e una ragazza ‘andiamo a prenderli in banca!’ e la prof. ‘e in banca danno i soldi a tutti?’ e così via.
Quel giorno più di ogni altro mi insegnò a ‘ragionare’, a guardare sotto il tappeto degli argomenti, dietro gli stipiti delle discussioni, insomma mi insegnò che bisogna farsi mille domande e curiosare e non smettere di chiedere, prima di dire ‘sì, si può fare’.
Il secondo pensierino era meno complesso:
io sono una sempliciotta.
Comunque sia, ragioneria e ragionamenti compresi, io sono così ‘basica’ e ‘beccona’ che la prima reazione alla frase ‘guarda, c’è un asino che vola!’ è: ‘dove? Dove?’ solo dopo comincio con la sfilza di domande:
ma quanto vola? E le ali che apertura hanno? Ma l’asino raglia? E come si nutre? Ma se fa la cacca dove cade che non si vedono cacche di asino in giro? Alla fine capisco che, tanto per cambiare, mi hanno preso il culo, per usare un eufemismo…
il collegamento dei due pensierini è un volo pindarico, ve lo dico subito.
E’ così assurdo che quasi quasi un asino che vola non è così impossibile…
Al telegiornale hanno parlato di un bambino appena nato, problemi fisici così estesi che i dottori hanno dichiarato ‘la morte è la sua salvezza’.
Non entro nell’argomento, perché non è quello l’argomento, è stata solo la ‘miccia’ per il pensiero-pindarico.
Il mio cervellino, dopo la solita fase ‘sempliciotta’ (oddiooddiooddio) ha cominciato a pensare:
quando è stato tempo di votare, tutti si sono tappati il naso, altri non se lo sono tappato, altri hanno volontariamente votato l’attuale Governo.
Personalmente, ogni volta che vado a votare, ci sono delle domande che mi faccio:
quale delle due correnti politiche garantirà la sanità pubblica?
Quale delle due correnti politiche non renderà la scuola privata o, per lo meno cercherà di non farla per pochi eletti?
Quali delle due correnti politiche cercherà di dare opportunità alle persone disagiate, meno abbienti, con problemi fisici?
Quali delle due correnti politiche,anche se solo in maniera parziale, guarderà l’uomo prima del denaro?
Quando mi sono data la risposta a queste domande, allora voto.
Che, sia ben chiaro, in questo caso non era un voto facile per altri motivi: il senso di appartenenza non c’era. Ma non mi viene in mente neanche per due secondi di votare una corrente politica che non risponde affermativamente alle domande di cui sopra.
Torniamo al volo pindarico:
il bambino appena nato è stato tolto alla famiglia, il giudice ha detto che dovrà continuare a vivere, i medici stessi hanno dichiarato che sarà una sofferenza continua per quell’esserino.
E così mi sono detta:
l’attuale Governo lotterà, con la sua amica Chiesa, per togliere o ‘abortire’ la 194;
l’attuale governo però farà di tutto per privatizzare la Sanità;
l’attuale Governo farà scuole per pochi e ‘taglierà’ gli ultimi pezzetti di assistenza ai ragazzini con problemi, che torneranno ad essere i ‘paria’ della Società;
l’attuale Governo è per il soldo, per la competizione, per il bello e il sano e non darà opportunità a chi vuole cooperare, lavorare in gruppo, non guarda al lato estetico e magari ha problemi fisici;
quindi, l’attuale Governo:
farà nascere bambini con gravi problemi fisici, al limite della disperazione;
i genitori dovranno pagare di tasca propria le cure, l’assistenza, ecc.;
non avranno possibilità, in caso i problemi non fossero totali, di mandarlo in una scuola pubblica, perché non ci saranno insegnanti che potranno occuparsi di loro;
i bambini diventeranno un ‘peso’ per la Società e come tali saranno trattati.
Ergo:
chi ha votato l’attuale Governo forse doveva fare qualche lezione di ragioneria con la mia prof. ‘prima’….non avendo avuto tale possibilità ora dovrà pregare tutti i Santi (magari potrà farsi consigliare dal Papa quelli più ‘attivi’) che la salute sia sempre dalla sua, e che non abbia un problema uno, o si pentirà di essere nato.
Chi ha votato l’attuale Governo perché i Rom sono brutti e cattivi, i gay sono brutti e cattivi, gli extra-comunitari sono brutti e cattivi, insomma sono tutti brutti e cattivi, sarà il caso si guardi allo specchio e si faccia una sola domanda: cosa sarà di me, se avrò una malattia grave, di lunga durata, che richiederà cure costose, assistenza, e non potrò lavorare, e non potrò garantire uno stipendio che mantenga la mia famiglia?
Una
Sola
Domanda
La risposta non è 42, per una volta…
Poi per fortuna sono arrivata al lavoro e mi sono data ai numeri, che, in sostanza, sono meno imbecilli di noi uomini.
Amen.
Neurons (red) converted from glial cells using a new NeuroD1-based gene therapy in mice.
It’s a race against time when someone suffers a stroke caused by a blockage of a blood vessel supplying the brain. Unless clot-busting treatment is given within a few hours after symptoms appear, vast numbers of the brain’s neurons die, often leading to paralysis or other disabilities. Thanks to gene therapy, some encouraging strides are now being made towards being able to replace those lost neurons.
In a recent study in Molecular Therapy, NIH-funded researchers reported that, in their mouse and rat models of ischemic stroke, gene therapy could actually convert the brain’s glial (support) cells into new, fully functional neurons. Even better, after gaining the new neurons, the animals had improved motor and memory skills.
Read more on the NIH Director's Blog: directorsblog.nih.gov/2019/09/24/gene-therapy-shows-promi...
Credit: Chen Laboratory, Penn State, University Park
NIH support from: National Institute on Aging; National Institute of Mental Health
Multipolar neuron in embryonic mouse brain (~E16 or so). Neuron was transfected with a plasmid expressing GFP. Blue colorization is from DAPI staining and represents DNA of nearby cells.
A major aim of the NIH-led Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies® (BRAIN) Initiative is to develop new technologies that allow us to look at the brain in many different ways on many different scales.
Here you get a close-up look at pyramidal neurons located in the hippocampus, a region of the mammalian brain involved in memory. While this tiny sample of mouse brain is densely packed with many pyramidal neurons, researchers used new ExLLSM technology to zero in on just three. This super-resolution, 3D view reveals the intricacies of each cell’s structure and branching patterns.
Read more on the NIH Director's Blog: bit.ly/2TSOng1
Credit: Yang Lab/University of California and K. Chung/MIT
NIH support from: NIMH, NINDS, and NIBIB
A neuron has a soma (cell body) from which processes emerge. The processes that receive information from synapses are called dendrites, while the process that carry the information from the soma is called the axon. Neurons have only one axon. The axon emerges from the axon hillock and is covered by glial cells, in this case an oligodendrocyte of the CNS, that form the myelin. If the neuron was in the PNS, its axon would be covered by other glial cells called Schwann cells. Gaps between the myelin are called nodes of Ranvier. The axon ends in branches at the axon terminal and the branches enlarge at their ends to form synaptic end bulbs. (Image credit: "Labeled parts of a neuron" by Chiara Mazzasette is licensed under CC BY 4.0 / A derivative from the original work)
Hand stitched and bound shibori techniques on habotai silk
Image: Pinegate Photographics, Cardiff
Endogenous, meaning ‘from within’, refers to her own Endogenous Depression, but also to the act of giving her inner-most feelings a physical form. This series of sculptures has become the means by which she externalises her continuing battle with depression. Whilst the sculptures represent her inner self, bound by the constraints of depression, their inherent purity and beauty are a testament to the new confidence and inner peace she has gained through her art.
The act of hand stitching and binding the fabric is as important to her as the resulting sculpture. The concept of “the hand healing the mind” is a significant aspect of her work; the repetitive rhythmical action of stitching or binding the cloth being a meditative one. By becoming “one with the cloth” one is taken out of oneself. The act of engaging with the cloth removes one from depressive self-absorption. The realisation of her own depression has led to her preoccupation with how other sufferers envision their own condition. Her resolve is to explore/record these through an extensive series of sculptural pieces.
Her work records the actions found within shibori; stitching, binding, gathering, manipulating and folding - not through the expected dye process, but purely as texture and form. It was whilst in Japan as part of her Embroiderers' Guild mature scholarship studies (May/June 2002) that she first observed the artisans who had spent their entire lives manipulating cloth prior to its being dyed. As a trained musician, she was fascinated to see that the repetitive shibori actions were not only represented on the cloth as pattern and texture, but were also imprinted upon the artisans hands and minds. She wished to learn more about these traditional techniques in order that these skills would not be lost with the passing generations, whilst at the same time developing her own personal shibori vocabulary suitable for the 21st Century.
Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are sensory neurons that form on the outside of the spinal cord and extend axons throughout our bodies as part of our peripheral nervous system during development. This DRG has been grown in medium conditioned by endothelial cells, and shows significantly longer axonal extensions from the center of the explant (circular region of dense staining for β-III tubulin, red) than explants grown in standard medium. Isolating the factors that are responsible for this enhanced growth is essential to understand how vascular and neuronal systems pattern together during development. These findings will be used to develop 3D model systems to study these processes and direct the angiogenic response in regenerating tissues to ultimately encourage re-innervation.
This image was chosen as a winner of the 2016 NIH funded research image call.
This image is not owned by the NIH. It is shared with the public under license. If you have a question about using or reproducing this image, please contact the creator listed in the credits. All rights to the work remain with the original creator.
Credit: Jonathan Grasman and David Kaplan, Tufts University
A mouse CA1 pyramidal cell (green) is being contacted by a neurogliaform inhibitory interneuron (red). Credit: McBain Laboratory, NICHD/NIH
Three views of an olfactory projection neuron in the brain of an adult locust: Dorsal (top), anterior (bottom left), and lateral (bottom right). Credit: T. Miyazaki, NICHD
In mice with a particular ALS-causing mutation, a hyperactive enzyme called Cdk5 normally kills spinal cord neurons (pictured above). New IRP research has identified a promising way to reign in Cdk5 to prevent those toxic effects.
Read more: irp.nih.gov/blog/post/2019/11/reining-in-runaway-enzyme-h...
Credit: S. Jeong, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH
GFP expressing neurons in the Drosophila larval (maggot) body wall. This picture was snapped from a live specimen using epiflourescence microscope equipped with an EM-CCD camera.
Neurons (also neurones or nerve cells or nerve fibers) are a major class of cells (parenchyma) in the nervous system. In vertebrates, neurons are found in the brain, the spinal cord and in the nerves and ganglia of the peripheral nervous system. Their main role is to process and transmit information. Morphologically, a prototypical neuron is composed of a cell body, a dendritic tree and an axon. In the classical view of the neuron, the cell body and dendritic tree receive inputs from other neurons, and axon transmits output signals. Neurons have excitable membranes, which allow them to generate and propagate electrical impulses. Neurons make connections with other neurons and transmit information to them via synaptic transmission. Different types of neurons have different shapes, possess specific electrical properties adopted for their function and use different neurotransmitters.
An NIH study has uncovered specialized mouse neurons that play a unique role in pain.
More information: www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-study-uncovers-...
Credit: Jeremy and Nichole Swan
A fluorescent microscopic image of neural precursors generated from human embryonic stem cells. The neural cell bodies are visible in red and the nuclei in blue.
This photo was taken in the lab of Xianmin Zeng at the Buck Institute for Age Research.
Learn more about CIRM-funded stem cell research: www.cirm.ca.gov
Transferrin receptor (TfR) is labelled red in the somatodendritic domain of hippocampal neurons. The axon initial segment (AIS) is green and F-actin protein is blue. Credit: G.G. Farías and J.S. Bonifacino, NICHD
Les neurones à GnRH (cellules visualisées en rouges) qui naissent dans le nez au cours du développement embryonnaire, utilisent les fibres olfactives (marquage vert et bleu) pour migrer dans le cerveau jusqu'à l'hypothalamus pendant la vie fœtale. De là, ils orchestreront plus tard la fertilité.
©Vincent Prévot ; European Research Council/Agence Nationale de la Recherche Médicale/Métropole Européenne de Lille/Inserm.licence CC-BY-NC 4.0 international
Image accompagnant le communiqué de presse publié le 17 septembre 2020 : "Puberté précoce : une piste d’explication pour certains cas ?" presse.inserm.fr/puberte-precoce-une-piste-dexplication-p...
En savoir plus :
Jusqu’à récemment, il était communément admis que c’était l’accélération de la croissance qui déclenchait la puberté. Or, une équipe de recherche de l’Inserm, du CHU de Lille et de l’Université de Lille, au sein du laboratoire Lille Neuroscience et Cognition, a découvert en 2020 chez la souris un mécanisme associé au pic de croissance prépubère et au déclenchement d’une puberté précoce. Ce mécanisme est régulé par les neurones à GnRH, les chefs d’orchestre de la fertilité, via l’expression de leur protéine Nrp1. Ces travaux, publiés dans The EMBO Journal, remettent en question les connaissances sur les déclencheurs de la puberté et ouvrent la voie à l’étude de ce mécanisme chez l’humain et à son implication possible dans certains cas de puberté précoce.
In a study conducted by NIDA intramural scientists, details of the role of glutamate, the brain’s excitatory chemical, in a drug reward pathway were identified for the first time. (Pictured –partial view of labelled neurons in reward circuitry that starts in dorsal raphe; ventral tegmental area)
Credit: National Institute of Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health
Scientists can delay death as it spreads through cells from head to tail in the nematode worm. False memories have been planted into the minds of mice using flashes of light to trigger neurons. Stem cells integrated into the retinas of blind mice can form new photoreceptor cells. A new cancer drug, PAC-1, has treated pet dogs with cancer before starting clinical trials in humans. A biodegradable silk implant stops epilepsy progressing in rats. The Mouse Genetics Project has discovered new roles for over 900 genes related to human diseases.
Larval zebrafish are optically clear, allowing researchers to observe the nervous system as it develops and monitor the activity of neurons during behavior. In this image, 6 day-old zebrafish swim near the water's surface.
Credit: J. Swan and K. Tabor, Burgess Laboratory, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health
The stainless steel sculpture "Neuron" by Roxy Paine. Outside the Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney for the 17th Biennale.
Stroking the leg, and watching the electrical spikes in the nervous system.
As I rubbed the pinned cockroach leg hairs, the neuron spikes were visible on the iPad. They have a simple single neuron per hair system to jack into.
We then ran it backward, and got the leg to dance to a hip hop tun. I wanted to teach it jiu-jitsu. =)
"The real truth of the matter is, as you and I know, that a financial element in the larger centers has owned the Government ever since the days of Andrew Jackson."
– Franklin D. Roosevelt, letter to Col. Edward Mandell House (21 November 1933)
"Aphorisms are short, pithy sayings; they are individual passages that can be recited and remain intelligible out of context; they can stand on their own without further support."
– Dr. Louis Groarke
"The antagonism between science and religion, about which we hear so much, appears to me to be purely factitious — fabricated, on the one hand, by short-sighted religious people who confound a certain branch of science, theology, with religion; and, on the other, by equally short-sighted scientific people who forget that science takes for its province only that which is susceptible of clear intellectual comprehension; and that, outside the boundaries of that province, they must be content with imagination, with hope, and with ignorance."
– Thomas Huxley, "The interpreters of Genesis and the interpreters of Nature" (1885).
Neurons receive input from other neurons through synapses, most of which are located along the dendrites on tiny projections called spines.
Two NIH-funded studies in mice are offering a possible answer about what makes sleep essential to good health. The two research teams used different approaches to reach the same conclusion: the brain’s neural connections grow stronger during waking hours, but scale back during snooze time. This sleep-related phenomenon apparently keeps neural circuits from overloading, ensuring that mice (and, quite likely humans) awaken with brains that are refreshed and ready to tackle new challenges.
More information: directorsblog.nih.gov/2017/02/14/how-sleep-resets-the-brain/
Credit: The Center for Sleep and Consciousness, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine
This image is not owned by the NIH. It is shared with the public under license. If you have a question about using or reproducing this image, please contact the creator listed in the credits. All rights to the work remain with the original creator.
NIH funding from: National Institute of Mental Health; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; National Institute of General Medical Sciences
A neuron from the AIs of the future?
This has NOT been photoshopped.
Was created using long exposure and various LED lights.
www.medical-explorer.com/alzheimers.php
Hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease include neuritic plaques,(outside neurons), and neurofibrillary tangles (inside eurons).