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+++ DISCLAIMER +++
Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based on historical facts. BEWARE!
Some background:
Due to the restrictions of the Versailles treaties, the Reichswehr was already dealing with the increasing mobilization and motorization of the army after the end of the First World War. The realization that the speed of the troop units required appropriate equipment was available early on. However, the Reichswehr suffered from financial constraints and during the Weimar Republic the industry only had limited capacity for series production of larger, armored vehicles.
Nevertheless, at that time the Sd.Kfz. 3 (unarmored half-track transport vehicle/1927), the ARW (eight-wheel car/1928) and the ZRW (ten-wheel car/1928) provided fundamental experience. The findings of these tests and the troop testing with the Sd.Kfz. 3 enabled a more precise specification of the new vehicles to be developed. The "heavy" armored cars were primarily intended for the reconnaissance units of the new armored forces.
The incipient rearmament could only start with a "cheap" solution, though. A three-part armored structure for the chassis of commercially available off-road trucks was developed by the Army Weapons Office, Dept. WaTest 6, in cooperation with the company Deutsche Eisenwerke AG. The typical truck chassis featured front-wheel steering and a driven bogie at the rear (4x6 layout). In June 1929, the companies Magirus, Daimler-Benz and Büssing-NAG were commissioned to develop the desired armored car from it. If you consider that this truck class was developed for a payload of 1.5t, you can already conclude from this that the vehicles, which are now equipped with a significantly heavy armored structure, had little off-road mobility. Even if the appearance of the vehicles supplied by the different manufacturers was similar, there were external distinguishing features by which the manufacturer could be identified. The vehicles were tested in the Reichswehr from 1932 and introduced later.
One of the four crew members (driver, commander, gunner, radio-operator) was used as a reverse driver: with the narrow streets of the time and a turning circle of between 13 and 16m, this function was essential for a truck-sized heavy reconnaissance vehicle. The chassis had the excellent ladder-type configuration, able to withstand the stress of rough rides at high speed. The scout car was 5570 mm long, 1820 mm wide, 2250 mm high and weighed 5.35, 5.7 or 6 tons, depending on the manufacturer. The hull was made of welded steel armor, 5 to 14.5 mm (0.2-0.57 in) thick depending on the angle (bottom to front) with well-sloped plates. The armament consisted of a 2 cm KwK 30 with 200 rounds and a MG 13 with 1300 rounds in a manually operated turret. The fuel supply was 90, 105 or 110 liters, but with a consumption of about 35 or 40 liters per 100 km, this resulted in a completely inadequate range for a scout car.
Having no true alternatives at hand, the armored 4x6 car was accepted and became known as the Sd.Kfz. 231 (6-wheel), and it was subsequently developed into two more vehicles. Up until 1937, 123 vehicles were built as Sd.Kfz. 231 reconnaissance cars and Sd.Kfz. 232 radio trucks. A further 28 were manufactured as Sd.Kfz. 263 (Panzerfunkwagen) command vehicles.
As early as 1932, after testing the pilot series, it was clear that the interim solution of "cheap" 6-wheel vehicles would not meet the future requirements of the armored divisions now planned. It was planned that from 1935/36 at least 18 vehicles of a new type that would meet the requirements for off-road mobility and high road speeds should be produced annually. Büssing-NAG had obviously made a good impression with the ARW and was now commissioned to make the revised vehicle ready for series production, which would become the SdKfz. 231 (8-Rad). The overall concept was completed between 1934 and 1935 and already showed all the features of the future type: all 8 wheels driven and steered, the same speed forwards and backwards, ability to change direction in less than 10 seconds, and a turning circle of "only" 10.5m. The vehicle layout was changed, too: the engine bay was relocated to the rear, the crew compartment was placed at the front end. This improved weight distribution, handling, and the field of view for the main forward driver.
The purpose of the new vehicles was identical to that of the earlier heavy 6-wheel vehicles, they were used on the same sites and so the same ordnance inventory designation was adopted, despite the vehicle’s many modifications. The so-called Sd.Kfz. 231 (8-Rad) was armed, corresponding to its 6-Rad counterpart, with a 2cm KwK 30 and the MG 13 (later MG 34) in a rotating turret. Likewise, the Sd.Kfz. 232 (8-Rad) carried a large, curved bow antenna, and there was a Sd.Kfz. 263 (8-Rad) command vehicle, too.
Nevertheless, the Army Weapons Office demanded a short-term solution for a vehicle based on the 4x6 chassis that offered better off-road performance and armament, namely a 37 mm anti-tank gun, with at least comparable range and armor protection. This interim vehicle was supposed to be ready for service in early 1934. Magirus accepted the challenge and proposed the Sd.Kfz. 241, a 4x8 vehicle. It retained the old overall 6-Rad layout with the front engine under a long bonnet, but it had a fourth steered axle added to lower ground pressure and improve the vehicle’s trench bridging capabilities. The powered two rear axles retained the 6-Rad’s twin wheels, so that the vehicle stood on a total of twelve tires with a relatively large footprint. The armored hull was very similar to the Sd.Kfz. 231 6-Rad, but carried a new, bigger turret with a 3.7 cm KwK 30 L/45 gun and an axis-parallel 7.92 mm MG 34 light machine gun.
The box-shaped turret exploited the hull’s width to the maximum and had a maximum armor of 15 mm, no base and the seat of the commander was attached to the tower wall. The commander sat elevated under a raised cupola in the rear section of the turret, just behind the main gun. He had five viewing slits protected by glass blocks and steel slides for all-round visibility. The gunner/loader, standing to the left of the main gun, had to constantly follow the movement of the turret, which was done by hand. In order to support the gunner when slewing the turret, the commander had an additional handle on the right side. The two crew members also had a turret position indicator.
The cannon was fired electrically via a trigger, the machine gun was operated mechanically with a pedal. To aim and view the outside, the gunner had a gun sight to the left of the gun with an opening in the gun mantlet. Standard access to the vehicle was through low double-doors in the vehicle’ flank, but side exit openings in the turret with two flaps each were also frequently used to board it. Another entry was through the commander cupola’s lid.
With all this extra hardware, the Sd.Kfz. 241’s overall weight rose considerably from the late Sd.Kfz. 231 (6-Rad) nearly 6 tons to 7.5 tons. As a consequence, the chassis had to be reinforced and a more powerful engine was used, a 6-cylinder Maybach HL 42 TRKM w carburetor gasoline engine with 4170 cc capacity and 100 hp (74 kW) output at 3000 rpm.
As expected, the Sd.Kfz. 241 was not a success. Even though the first vehicles were delivered in time in mid-1934, its operational value was rather limited. Off-road capability was, due to the extra weight, the raised center of gravity and the lack of all-wheel drive, just as bad as the 6-Rad vehicles, and the more powerful engine’s higher fuel consumption allowed neither higher range, despite bigger fuel tanks, nor a better street performance. The only real progress was the new 3.7 cm KwK 30’s firepower, which was appreciated by the crews, even though the weapon was only effective against armored targets at close range. At 100 m, 64 mm of vertical armor could be penetrated, but at 500 m this already dropped to 31 mm, any angle in the armor weakened its hitting power even further. The weapon’s maximum range was 5.000m, though, and with HE rounds the Sd.Kfz. 241 could provide indirect fire support. Another factor that limited the vehicle’s effectiveness was that the gun had to be operated by a single crew member who had to load and aim at the same time – there was simply not enough space for a separate loader who would also have increased the gun’s rate of fire from six to maybe twelve rounds per minute. The vehicle’s armor was also inadequate and only gave protection against light firearms, but not against machine guns or heavier weapons. On the other side, the cupola on top of the turret offered the commander in his elevated position a very good all-round field of view, even when under full protection – but this progressive detail was not adopted for the following armored reconnaissance vehicles and remained exclusive to German battle tanks.
Only a total of fifty-five Sd.Kfz. 241s were completed by Magirus in Cologne until 1936, when production of the Sd.Kfz. 231 (8-Rad) vehicle family started and soon replaced the Sd.Kfz. 241, which was primarily operated at the Eastern Front in Poland and Czechoslovakia. By 1940, no Sd.Kfz. 241 was left in any frontline army unit, but a few survivors were grouped together and handed over to police units. Their main gun was either completely deleted or sometimes replaced with a second machine gun, and they were used for urban patrols and riot control duties. However, by 1942, no Sd.Kfz. 241 was left over.
Specifications:
Crew: Four (commander, gunner, driver, radio operator/rear driver)
Weight: 7.5 tons (11.450 lb)
Length: 5,85 metres (19 ft 2 in)
Width: 2,20 metres (7 ft 2 ½ in)
Height: 2,78 metres (9 ft 1 in)
Ground clearance: 28.5 cm (10 in)
Suspension: Torsion bar and leaf springs
Fuel capacity: 150 litres (33 imp gal; 40 US gal)
Armor:
8–15 mm (0.31 – 0.6 in)
Performance:
Maximum road speed: 70 km/h (43.5 mph)
52 km/h (32.3 mph) backwards
Operational range: 250 km (155 miles)
Power/weight: 13 PS/ton
Engine:
Maybach HL42 TRKM water-cooled straight 6-cylinder petrol engine with 100 hp (74 kW),
driving the rear pair of axles
Transmission:
Maybach gearbox with 5-speed forward and 4-speed reverse
Armament:
1× 37 mm KwK 30 L/45 cannon with 70 rounds
1× 7.92 mm MG 34 machine gun mounted co-axially with 1.300 rounds
The kit and its assembly:
This fictional armored car was inspired by a leftover rear axles from an Italeri Sd.Kfz. 231 (6-Rad) model that I converted into a fictional half-track variant some time ago. I wondered if the set could be transplanted under an 8-Rad chassis, to create a kind of missing link to the 8x8 successors of the Sd.Kfz. 231 (6-Rad) with a total of twelve tires on four axles.
The basis became a First to Fight 1:72 Sd.Kfz. 231 (8-Rad) kit – a rather simple and robust affair, apparently primarily intended for tabletop purposes. But the overall impression is good, and it would be modified, anyway, even though the plastic turned out to be rather soft/waxy and the parts’ sprue attachment points a bit wacky.
The hull was “turned around” to drive backwards, so that its rear engine ended up in the front. I eventually only used the rear twin wheels from the Sd.Kfz. 231 (6-Rad), but not its single axles and laminated springs. Instead, I first cut the OOB mudguards in two halves, removed their side skirts and glued them onto the lower hull in reversed order, so that the exhausts and their muffler boxes would end up at the rear of the front fenders. With these in place I checked the axles’ position from the OOB ladder chassis, which is a single, integral part, and found that the rear axles’ position had to be moved by 2mm backwards. Cutting the original piece and re-arranging it was easier to scratch a new rear suspension, and the rocker bars had to be shortened to accept the wider twin wheels.
The original small turret with the 20 mm autocannon was deleted and replaced with core elements from a Panzer III turret, left over from previous conversion projects. Wider than any original turret of the Sd.Kfz. 231/232 family, it had to be narrowed by roughly 5mm – I had to cut a respective plug from the turret’s and the mantlet’s middle section, the deformed hatch was covered under a Panzer III commander cupola. To mate the re-arranged turret with the OOB adapter plate to mount it onto the hull, and to add overall stability to the construction, I filled the interior with 2C putty.
The typical storage bin at the turret’s rear was omitted, though, it would have made it too large for the compact truck chassis. The shape was a perfect stylistic match, even though, with the longer gun barrel, the vehicle reminds a lot of the Soviet BA-10 heavy armored car?
Most small details like the bumpers and the headlights were taken OOB, I added a whip antenna base at the rear and mounted two spare wheels at the back, one of them covered with a tarpaulin (made from paper tissue drenched with white glue, this was also used to create the gun mantlet seals).
Painting and markings:
Typical for German vehicles from the early WWII stages the Sd.Kfz. 241 was painted Panzergrau (RAL 7021; I used Humbrol 67, which is authentic, but mixed it with some 125 to create a slightly lighter shade of grey) overall - quite dull, but realistic. To make the vehicle look more interesting, though, I added authentic contemporary camouflage in the form of low-contrast blotches with RAL 8017, a very dark reddish brown, mixed from Humbrol 160 and some 98. Better, but IMHO still not enough.
After the model received a washing with highly thinned red-brown acrylic artist paint I applied the few decals and gave the parts an overall dry-brushing treatment with grey and dark earth. Everything was sealed with matt acrylic varnish. For even more “excitement”, I decided to add a coat of snow.
For the simulated “frosting” I used white tile grout – which has the benefits of being water-soluble, quite sturdy to touch and the material does not yellow over time like gypsum.
First, the wheels, the chassis and the inside of the wheel arches received a separate treatment with relatively dryly mixed tile grout, simulating snow and dirt clusters. Once thoroughly dried, the wheels were mounted. Then the model was sprayed with low surface tension water and loose tile grout was drizzled over hull and turret, creating a flaky coat of fake snow. Once dry again, everything received another coat of matt acrylic varnish to protect and fixate everything further.
A relatively quick build, done in a few days. The First to Fight kit is very simple and went together well, but I’d use something else the next time due to the odd material it was molded with. The outcome of an 4x8 scout car looks quite plausible, though, like the missing link between the Sd.Kfz. 231 and 232 – the unintended similarity with the Soviet BA-10 heavy armored car was a bit surprising, though. And the snow on the model eventually makes it look a bit more interesting, the stunt was worth the effort.
As part of the Western Area Surge Operation in Sierra Leone to curb the Ebola virus disease outbreak in the country, social mobilization teams are deployed to promote health and to facilitate community acceptance of new surveillance, clinical care and burial procedures in Freetown.
A young girl watches as members of a social mobilization team walk by houses in a Freetown neighbourhood.
UN Photo/Martine Perret
22 December 2014
Freetown, Sierra Leone
Photo # 617536
+++ DISCLAIMER +++
Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based on historical facts. BEWARE!
Some background:
Due to the restrictions of the Versailles treaties, the Reichswehr was already dealing with the increasing mobilization and motorization of the army after the end of the First World War. The realization that the speed of the troop units required appropriate equipment was available early on. However, the Reichswehr suffered from financial constraints and during the Weimar Republic the industry only had limited capacity for series production of larger, armored vehicles.
Nevertheless, at that time the Sd.Kfz. 3 (unarmored half-track transport vehicle/1927), the ARW (eight-wheel car/1928) and the ZRW (ten-wheel car/1928) provided fundamental experience. The findings of these tests and the troop testing with the Sd.Kfz. 3 enabled a more precise specification of the new vehicles to be developed. The "heavy" armored cars were primarily intended for the reconnaissance units of the new armored forces.
The incipient rearmament could only start with a "cheap" solution, though. A three-part armored structure for the chassis of commercially available off-road trucks was developed by the Army Weapons Office, Dept. WaTest 6, in cooperation with the company Deutsche Eisenwerke AG. The typical truck chassis featured front-wheel steering and a driven bogie at the rear (4x6 layout). In June 1929, the companies Magirus, Daimler-Benz and Büssing-NAG were commissioned to develop the desired armored car from it. If you consider that this truck class was developed for a payload of 1.5t, you can already conclude from this that the vehicles, which are now equipped with a significantly heavy armored structure, had little off-road mobility. Even if the appearance of the vehicles supplied by the different manufacturers was similar, there were external distinguishing features by which the manufacturer could be identified. The vehicles were tested in the Reichswehr from 1932 and introduced later.
One of the four crew members (driver, commander, gunner, radio-operator) was used as a reverse driver: with the narrow streets of the time and a turning circle of between 13 and 16m, this function was essential for a truck-sized heavy reconnaissance vehicle. The chassis had the excellent ladder-type configuration, able to withstand the stress of rough rides at high speed. The scout car was 5570 mm long, 1820 mm wide, 2250 mm high and weighed 5.35, 5.7 or 6 tons, depending on the manufacturer. The hull was made of welded steel armor, 5 to 14.5 mm (0.2-0.57 in) thick depending on the angle (bottom to front) with well-sloped plates. The armament consisted of a 2 cm KwK 30 with 200 rounds and a MG 13 with 1300 rounds in a manually operated turret. The fuel supply was 90, 105 or 110 liters, but with a consumption of about 35 or 40 liters per 100 km, this resulted in a completely inadequate range for a scout car.
Having no true alternatives at hand, the armored 4x6 car was accepted and became known as the Sd.Kfz. 231 (6-wheel), and it was subsequently developed into two more vehicles. Up until 1937, 123 vehicles were built as Sd.Kfz. 231 reconnaissance cars and Sd.Kfz. 232 radio trucks. A further 28 were manufactured as Sd.Kfz. 263 (Panzerfunkwagen) command vehicles.
As early as 1932, after testing the pilot series, it was clear that the interim solution of "cheap" 6-wheel vehicles would not meet the future requirements of the armored divisions now planned. It was planned that from 1935/36 at least 18 vehicles of a new type that would meet the requirements for off-road mobility and high road speeds should be produced annually. Büssing-NAG had obviously made a good impression with the ARW and was now commissioned to make the revised vehicle ready for series production, which would become the SdKfz. 231 (8-Rad). The overall concept was completed between 1934 and 1935 and already showed all the features of the future type: all 8 wheels driven and steered, the same speed forwards and backwards, ability to change direction in less than 10 seconds, and a turning circle of "only" 10.5m. The vehicle layout was changed, too: the engine bay was relocated to the rear, the crew compartment was placed at the front end. This improved weight distribution, handling, and the field of view for the main forward driver.
The purpose of the new vehicles was identical to that of the earlier heavy 6-wheel vehicles, they were used on the same sites and so the same ordnance inventory designation was adopted, despite the vehicle’s many modifications. The so-called Sd.Kfz. 231 (8-Rad) was armed, corresponding to its 6-Rad counterpart, with a 2cm KwK 30 and the MG 13 (later MG 34) in a rotating turret. Likewise, the Sd.Kfz. 232 (8-Rad) carried a large, curved bow antenna, and there was a Sd.Kfz. 263 (8-Rad) command vehicle, too.
Nevertheless, the Army Weapons Office demanded a short-term solution for a vehicle based on the 4x6 chassis that offered better off-road performance and armament, namely a 37 mm anti-tank gun, with at least comparable range and armor protection. This interim vehicle was supposed to be ready for service in early 1934. Magirus accepted the challenge and proposed the Sd.Kfz. 241, a 4x8 vehicle. It retained the old overall 6-Rad layout with the front engine under a long bonnet, but it had a fourth steered axle added to lower ground pressure and improve the vehicle’s trench bridging capabilities. The powered two rear axles retained the 6-Rad’s twin wheels, so that the vehicle stood on a total of twelve tires with a relatively large footprint. The armored hull was very similar to the Sd.Kfz. 231 6-Rad, but carried a new, bigger turret with a 3.7 cm KwK 30 L/45 gun and an axis-parallel 7.92 mm MG 34 light machine gun.
The box-shaped turret exploited the hull’s width to the maximum and had a maximum armor of 15 mm, no base and the seat of the commander was attached to the tower wall. The commander sat elevated under a raised cupola in the rear section of the turret, just behind the main gun. He had five viewing slits protected by glass blocks and steel slides for all-round visibility. The gunner/loader, standing to the left of the main gun, had to constantly follow the movement of the turret, which was done by hand. In order to support the gunner when slewing the turret, the commander had an additional handle on the right side. The two crew members also had a turret position indicator.
The cannon was fired electrically via a trigger, the machine gun was operated mechanically with a pedal. To aim and view the outside, the gunner had a gun sight to the left of the gun with an opening in the gun mantlet. Standard access to the vehicle was through low double-doors in the vehicle’ flank, but side exit openings in the turret with two flaps each were also frequently used to board it. Another entry was through the commander cupola’s lid.
With all this extra hardware, the Sd.Kfz. 241’s overall weight rose considerably from the late Sd.Kfz. 231 (6-Rad) nearly 6 tons to 7.5 tons. As a consequence, the chassis had to be reinforced and a more powerful engine was used, a 6-cylinder Maybach HL 42 TRKM w carburetor gasoline engine with 4170 cc capacity and 100 hp (74 kW) output at 3000 rpm.
As expected, the Sd.Kfz. 241 was not a success. Even though the first vehicles were delivered in time in mid-1934, its operational value was rather limited. Off-road capability was, due to the extra weight, the raised center of gravity and the lack of all-wheel drive, just as bad as the 6-Rad vehicles, and the more powerful engine’s higher fuel consumption allowed neither higher range, despite bigger fuel tanks, nor a better street performance. The only real progress was the new 3.7 cm KwK 30’s firepower, which was appreciated by the crews, even though the weapon was only effective against armored targets at close range. At 100 m, 64 mm of vertical armor could be penetrated, but at 500 m this already dropped to 31 mm, any angle in the armor weakened its hitting power even further. The weapon’s maximum range was 5.000m, though, and with HE rounds the Sd.Kfz. 241 could provide indirect fire support. Another factor that limited the vehicle’s effectiveness was that the gun had to be operated by a single crew member who had to load and aim at the same time – there was simply not enough space for a separate loader who would also have increased the gun’s rate of fire from six to maybe twelve rounds per minute. The vehicle’s armor was also inadequate and only gave protection against light firearms, but not against machine guns or heavier weapons. On the other side, the cupola on top of the turret offered the commander in his elevated position a very good all-round field of view, even when under full protection – but this progressive detail was not adopted for the following armored reconnaissance vehicles and remained exclusive to German battle tanks.
Only a total of fifty-five Sd.Kfz. 241s were completed by Magirus in Cologne until 1936, when production of the Sd.Kfz. 231 (8-Rad) vehicle family started and soon replaced the Sd.Kfz. 241, which was primarily operated at the Eastern Front in Poland and Czechoslovakia. By 1940, no Sd.Kfz. 241 was left in any frontline army unit, but a few survivors were grouped together and handed over to police units. Their main gun was either completely deleted or sometimes replaced with a second machine gun, and they were used for urban patrols and riot control duties. However, by 1942, no Sd.Kfz. 241 was left over.
Specifications:
Crew: Four (commander, gunner, driver, radio operator/rear driver)
Weight: 7.5 tons (11.450 lb)
Length: 5,85 metres (19 ft 2 in)
Width: 2,20 metres (7 ft 2 ½ in)
Height: 2,78 metres (9 ft 1 in)
Ground clearance: 28.5 cm (10 in)
Suspension: Torsion bar and leaf springs
Fuel capacity: 150 litres (33 imp gal; 40 US gal)
Armor:
8–15 mm (0.31 – 0.6 in)
Performance:
Maximum road speed: 70 km/h (43.5 mph)
52 km/h (32.3 mph) backwards
Operational range: 250 km (155 miles)
Power/weight: 13 PS/ton
Engine:
Maybach HL42 TRKM water-cooled straight 6-cylinder petrol engine with 100 hp (74 kW),
driving the rear pair of axles
Transmission:
Maybach gearbox with 5-speed forward and 4-speed reverse
Armament:
1× 37 mm KwK 30 L/45 cannon with 70 rounds
1× 7.92 mm MG 34 machine gun mounted co-axially with 1.300 rounds
The kit and its assembly:
This fictional armored car was inspired by a leftover rear axles from an Italeri Sd.Kfz. 231 (6-Rad) model that I converted into a fictional half-track variant some time ago. I wondered if the set could be transplanted under an 8-Rad chassis, to create a kind of missing link to the 8x8 successors of the Sd.Kfz. 231 (6-Rad) with a total of twelve tires on four axles.
The basis became a First to Fight 1:72 Sd.Kfz. 231 (8-Rad) kit – a rather simple and robust affair, apparently primarily intended for tabletop purposes. But the overall impression is good, and it would be modified, anyway, even though the plastic turned out to be rather soft/waxy and the parts’ sprue attachment points a bit wacky.
The hull was “turned around” to drive backwards, so that its rear engine ended up in the front. I eventually only used the rear twin wheels from the Sd.Kfz. 231 (6-Rad), but not its single axles and laminated springs. Instead, I first cut the OOB mudguards in two halves, removed their side skirts and glued them onto the lower hull in reversed order, so that the exhausts and their muffler boxes would end up at the rear of the front fenders. With these in place I checked the axles’ position from the OOB ladder chassis, which is a single, integral part, and found that the rear axles’ position had to be moved by 2mm backwards. Cutting the original piece and re-arranging it was easier to scratch a new rear suspension, and the rocker bars had to be shortened to accept the wider twin wheels.
The original small turret with the 20 mm autocannon was deleted and replaced with core elements from a Panzer III turret, left over from previous conversion projects. Wider than any original turret of the Sd.Kfz. 231/232 family, it had to be narrowed by roughly 5mm – I had to cut a respective plug from the turret’s and the mantlet’s middle section, the deformed hatch was covered under a Panzer III commander cupola. To mate the re-arranged turret with the OOB adapter plate to mount it onto the hull, and to add overall stability to the construction, I filled the interior with 2C putty.
The typical storage bin at the turret’s rear was omitted, though, it would have made it too large for the compact truck chassis. The shape was a perfect stylistic match, even though, with the longer gun barrel, the vehicle reminds a lot of the Soviet BA-10 heavy armored car?
Most small details like the bumpers and the headlights were taken OOB, I added a whip antenna base at the rear and mounted two spare wheels at the back, one of them covered with a tarpaulin (made from paper tissue drenched with white glue, this was also used to create the gun mantlet seals).
Painting and markings:
Typical for German vehicles from the early WWII stages the Sd.Kfz. 241 was painted Panzergrau (RAL 7021; I used Humbrol 67, which is authentic, but mixed it with some 125 to create a slightly lighter shade of grey) overall - quite dull, but realistic. To make the vehicle look more interesting, though, I added authentic contemporary camouflage in the form of low-contrast blotches with RAL 8017, a very dark reddish brown, mixed from Humbrol 160 and some 98. Better, but IMHO still not enough.
After the model received a washing with highly thinned red-brown acrylic artist paint I applied the few decals and gave the parts an overall dry-brushing treatment with grey and dark earth. Everything was sealed with matt acrylic varnish. For even more “excitement”, I decided to add a coat of snow.
For the simulated “frosting” I used white tile grout – which has the benefits of being water-soluble, quite sturdy to touch and the material does not yellow over time like gypsum.
First, the wheels, the chassis and the inside of the wheel arches received a separate treatment with relatively dryly mixed tile grout, simulating snow and dirt clusters. Once thoroughly dried, the wheels were mounted. Then the model was sprayed with low surface tension water and loose tile grout was drizzled over hull and turret, creating a flaky coat of fake snow. Once dry again, everything received another coat of matt acrylic varnish to protect and fixate everything further.
A relatively quick build, done in a few days. The First to Fight kit is very simple and went together well, but I’d use something else the next time due to the odd material it was molded with. The outcome of an 4x8 scout car looks quite plausible, though, like the missing link between the Sd.Kfz. 231 and 232 – the unintended similarity with the Soviet BA-10 heavy armored car was a bit surprising, though. And the snow on the model eventually makes it look a bit more interesting, the stunt was worth the effort.
These plaques list just 16 of the 675 names of former pupils of Cheltenham College who died during the Great War. The names of all 675 are commemorated in the school's chapel.
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At 4pm on the 4th August 1914, the British Government gave orders for the mobilization of the Army.
The Foreign Office issued this statement at 12.15am on the 5th August:
Owing to the summary rejection by the German Government of the request made by His Majesty's Government for assurances that the neutrality of Belguim will be respected, His Majesty's Ambassador at Berlin has received his passports and His Majesty's Government have declared to the German Government that a state of war exists between Great Britain and Germany as from 11pm on the 4th August.
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The Battle of Mons: 23rd August 1914
The Retreat from Mons: 24th August to 5th September
Captain Robert Yardley Sidebottom
26.08.14 La Ferte-sous-Jouarre (killed at Ligny)
2nd Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers, 12th Brigade, 4th Division
An account of the action on August 26th (Regt QM Sgt Frank King / Paul Nettleton)
Colonel Frank Ridley Farrer Boileau
28.08.14 Wimille (wounded at Ham, on the River Somme, France on 27th Aug)
Royal Engineers (attached as GSO1, Chief Staff Officer, 3rd Division General Staff)
--------------------------
"Affair of Nery"
Lieut Claude Norman Champion de Crespigny
01.09.14 Hatfield, Hertfordshire (killed, probably at Néry, nr Compiègne, France)
2nd Dragoon Guards (Queen's Bays), 1st Cavalry Brigade, Cavalry Division
The Queen's Bays were fighting with 'L' Battery, RHA (see below) on the morning of September 1st. "They too had been caught by the German artillery and many of their horses had been killed under them but dismounted they played the part of gallant infantrymen"
"The brigade was hotly engaged and on the Bays fell the brunt of the fighting on Sept 1. Norman, with a few men, was holding an important tactical point and he held it until everyman was killed or wounded. No man could have done more, few would have done as much" Maj-Gen E. H. Allenby writing to Norman's mother (The Times 11th Sept 1914)
A blog by Mary Evans Picture Library
(Luci Gosling) explains how Lieut Champion de Crespigny came to be reburied in Hatfield.
01.09.14 Néry, nr Compiègne
'L' Battery, Royal Horse Artillery, Cavalry Division
"... Lieut Campbell , who had been helping with the ammunition took (the gunner's) seat and kept the firing up without the loss of a second of time. But he had not fired more than a couple of rounds when a shell burst under the shield. The explosion was awful, and the brave young officer was hurled about six yards away from the seat ... He lived only a few minutes"
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3.09.14 Senlis (died of wounds)
1st (King's) Dragoon Guards (attached to 2nd Dragoon Guards (The Queen's Bays)
The Memorial gives the date of death as 10th September. Norfolk County Council gives the date as 4th September. CWGC states 3rd September.
Joined the army in 1905.
Check WO 339/7112.
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The Advance to the Aisne 6th September to 1st October
The Battle of the Marne: 6th to 10th September
2nd Lieut Edward James Vibart Collingwood-Thompson
10.09.14 Chateau of Perreuse, Signy Pereuse (died of wounds)
2nd Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers, 19th Brigade
(Age 20 - only child)
Gazetted 12th September 1913 as 2nd Lieut (on probation)in 3rd Bn, RWF
Lieut Geoffrey Steward Augustus White
10.09.14 La Ferte-sous-Jouarre Memorial (killed at Le Cateau(?))
2nd Battalion, South Lancashire Regt, 7th Brigade, 3rd Division
-------------------------
The Beginning of the Period known as The Race to the Sea
The Battle of the Aisne: 12th to 15th September
2nd Lieut Eric Vickers Tindall
12.09.14 Vailly (Died as a result of shrapnel wounds received at Priez on 11th September, during the Battle of the Marne)
4th Battalion, but attached to 2nd Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corps, 2nd Brigade, 1st Division
Age 21 - born 13th September 1892.
First saw service with the 3rd (Militia) Battalion, Leicestershire Regt., joining on Sept 1911, and was promoted to Lieutenant the following year.
Joined the KRRC as a 2nd Lieutenant in June 1914.
Lieut Archibald John Denroche-Smith
13.09.14 La Ferte-Sous-Jouarre Memorial killed near Vendresse
18th (Queen Mary's Own) Hussars, 2nd Cavalry Brigade, Cavalry Division
13.09.14 La Ferte-Sour-Jouarre Memorial
49th Battery, Royal Field Artillery (40th Brigade, 3rd Division)
(Age 20)
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13.09.14 La Ferte-Sous-Jouarre Memorial
1st Battalion, Queen's Own (Royal West Kent Regt), 13th Brigade, 5th Division
(See the entry for H. J. Vicat on kentfallen website)
Cheltenham College memorial gives his date as 18th Sept. Need to check Service Record at Kew
Joined Royal West Kents in 1905. Made Lieutenant in 1908.
Employed on West Africa Frontier Force 1910 - 1912.
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15.09.14 Vendresse
1st Battalion, Bedfordshire Regt, 13th Brigade, 5th Division
Only son of Mr and Mrs G. D. Ker of Tavistock
Gazetted to Bedfordshire Regt in 1903. Made Captain in 1912.
16.09.14 Vendresse died of wounds received at the Battle of the Aisne
44th Battery, Royal Field Artillery
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17.09.14 Paissy
1st Battalion, The Queen's (Royal West Surrey Regt)
Mess photo taken in August 1914 (Regimental Museum website)
Joined Royal West Surrey Regt in 1885. Made Captain in 1895 and Major in 1903. Promoted to Lieut-Colonel in 1913.
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17.09.14 Vailly died of wounds nr Craonee
1st Battalion, Northamptonshire Regt
(Age 20)
2nd Lieut Paul Chancourt Girardot
17.09.14 Soupir-sur-Aisne
2nd Battalion, Oxford and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry
(Age 18: Only son: joined army in February 1914)
18.09.14 Vailly-sur-Aisne (died of wounds, incurred at the Battle of the Aisne, at Mont de Soisson Hospital)
1st Battalion, Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry
(Age 22)
Gentleman Cadet, Royal Military College to 2nd Lieutenant in DCLI, effective 4th Sept 1912 (London Gazette)
Major William Stopford Sarsfield
20.09.14 Vailly-sur-Aisne (died of wounds)
2nd Battalion, Connaught Rangers
20.09.14 La Ferte-sous-Juarre Memorial
2nd Battalion, Connaught Rangers
Joined the army in 1909
20.09.14 Vendresse-Beaulne
2nd Battalion, Highland Light Infantry
(Age 22)
Gazetted to the HLI from the Special Reserve in 1913
2nd Lieut Charles Martin Stanuell
20.09.14 La Fert-sous-Jouarre Memorial
2nd Battalion, Durham Light Infantry
(Age 20)
Gazetted to the DLI at the start of 1914
Lieut John Cadwallader Coker (Mention in Despatches)
26.09.14 Vendresse-Beaulne (died of wounds)
1st Battalion, South Wales Borderers
Joined the SWB in 1908
26.9.14 Vendress (killed nearby)
Special Reserve, Royal Engineers
(Age 22)
04.10.14 Vieille-Chapelle, nr Bethune
2nd Battalion, attached to 1st Battalion, Gordon Highlanders
Only son. Joined army in 1901 and served in South Africa.
Promoted to Lieutenant in 1906, and Captain in 1911.
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Battle of La Bassee: 10th October to 2nd November
2nd Lieut Gordon Thomas Harcourt Morse
12.10.14 Vieille-Chapelle (killed nr La Bassee)
4th Battalion, Middlesex Regt
(Age 20 years & 10 months: A notice in The Times gives the date of his death as being between 12th and 14th October)
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Capt Cecil Glendower Percival Gilliat
14.10.14 Hazebrouck (died of wounds at Meteren)
1st Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regt
SEE ALSO: Captain Reginald H. C. Gilliat
06.04.15 Lavantie
5th Battalion, Leinster Regt, attached 1st (formerly 2nd) Battalion, Connaught Rangers
Twin brothers, and only sons of Mr and Mrs Cecil Gilliat of Cheltenham
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18.10.14 Touret Memorial (killed nr Illies)
1st Battalion, Lincolnshire Regt
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First Battle of Ypres:
Langemark: 21st to 24th October
Lieut Cyril Egremont Gaitskill
19.10.14 Armentieres (died of wounds)
2nd Battalion, Leinster Regt
(Age 21)
Lieut Richard Terrick Stainforth
19.10.14 Ypres (died of wounds nr Ypres)
2nd Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regt
(Age 20)
20.10.14 Ploegsteert Memorial (died of wounds nr Lille)
2nd Battalion, Durham Light Infantry
Lieut Archdale Maurice Stratford Tandy
20.10.14 Le Touret Memorial (killed nr Le Pilly)
2nd Battalion, Royal Irish Regt
21.10.14 Cuinchy (killed nr Lorgies)
1st Battalion, Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry
(Age 18)
WO 372/6/189611
Lieut Charles R. Ripley Mentioned in Despatches
22.10.14 Ploegsteert Memorial killed nr Lille
2nd Battalion, York and Lancaster Regt
Captain Edward Frederick Maltby Urquhart
23.10.14 Boezinge killed at Pilkem
1st Battalion, Black Watch (Highlanders)
23.10.14 Menin Gate Memorial killed nr Zonnebeke
1st Battalion, South Staffordshire Regt
Lieut Gerard Ferrers Nixon Mentioned in Despatches
24.10.14 Lavantie killed at Neuve Chapelle
129th Battery, Royal Field Artillery
24.10.14 Le Touret Memorial killed at La Plinche
3rd Battalion (attached to 2nd Battalion), Royal Scots Guards
Lieut William Gordon Tollemache Hope-Johnstone
25.10.14 Le Touret Memorial killed at Neuve Chapelle
4th Battalion, Royal Fusiliers
2nd Lieut George Baird Bayley Mentioned in Despatches
26.10.14 Menin Gate Memorial killed at Ypres
2nd Battalion, King's Own Scottish Borderers
(Age 20)
KOSB T2/1
2nd Lieut Jack Maynard Harding
26.10.14 Le Touret Memorial killed at Ypres
1st Battalion, Queen's Own (Royal West Kent Regt)
(Age 20)
WO 339/11118
Capt (& Adjutant) George Bruce Legard (Twice Mentioned in Despatches)
27.10.14 Souchez (killed nr Neuve Chapelle)
1st Battalion, Queen's Own (Royal West Kent Regt)
WO 339/5986
28.10.14 Le Touret Memorial (killed nr Neuve Chapelle)
attd. 21st Coy. 3rd Sappers and Miners, Royal Engineers
Gheluvelt
30.10.14 Menin Gate Memorial (killed nr Ypres)
35th Brigade, Royal Field Artillery
Lieut Graham Eardley Dunsterville
30.10.14 Le Touret Memorial (killed nr Festubert)
1st Battalion, Devonshire Regt
WO 339/5984
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31.10.14 Langemark (killed nr Messines)
5th Dragoon Guards (Princess Charlotte of Wales's)
A webpage about the Crawshay family in the Great War states that he died on 14th November 1914, and was originally recorded as Missing in Action, and recorded as such on the Menin Gate Memorial.
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01.11.14 Menin Gate Memorial (killed nr Messines)
1/14th (County of London) Battalion (London Scottish)
(Age 24, son of Mr and Mrs William W. McKay of Overbury, Watford)
The London Scottish at Messines (Blog)
It was a little surprised to find a Private soldier amongst all the Officers named on the College Memorial plaques, but I believe that, in August 1914, there were so many young men trying to enlist as officers that there were just not enough vacancies to meet the demand. I assume that Pte McKay was not a serving soldier on the day war was declared.
86 men of the London Scottish died on 1st November 1914. Browsing through their names on the CWGC Roll of Honour, it seems likely that the regiment had a higher than usual number of 'officer candidates' in the ranks.
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02.11.14 Ploegsteert (killed nr Armentieres - )
1st Battalion, East Lancashire Regt
See Anglo Boer War website for more information
London Gazette 17th January 1902 (p374)
List of Officers brought to attention in connection with operations ...
Lieut G. Clayhills "For good leading in capture of laager on Dec 3rd 1901"
London Gazette 31st October 1902 (p 6902)
The King has been graciously pleased to give orders for the following appointments ...
To be made Companion of the Distinguished Service Order
Lieutenant George Clayhills
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02.11.14 Menin Gate Memorial (killed nr Ypres)
2nd Battalion, Royal Sussex Regt
02.11.14 Lavantie
1st Battalion, Connaught Rangers
Capt George Millais James (Mentioned in Despatches)
03.11.14 Menin Gate Memorial
1st Battalion, The Buffs (East Kent Regt), attached as Brigade Major, 22nd Infantry Brigade, 7th Division.
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03.11.14 Dranouter, nr Ypres (Died of Wounds incurred nr Messines )
4th Dragoon Guards (Royal Irish)
Memorial records his death as 3rd November. Another sources gives 4th November.
The CWGC Roll states 13th November. Since there's a short obituary in The Times on 11th November, I shall stick to the 3rd as the date he died.
Commissioned into the Royal Field Artillery in January 1900. Promoted to Lieutenant in April 1901. Mentioned in Despatches while serving in the Anglo Boer War. Resigned his commission in 1903 but rejoined from the Reserve of Officers in 1914, going to France on 18th October.
(Possible) Service Record: WO 339/39038 + Medal Card: WO 372/16/140800
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04.11.14 Menin Gate Memorial
4th Dragoon Guards (Royal Irish)
Captain Kenneth Forbes-Robertson
07.11.14 Ploegsteert Memorial (killled at Ploegsteert Wood)
1st Battalion, attached to 2nd Battalion, Seaforth Highlanders
07.11.14 Ploegsteert Wood
2nd Battalion, Royal Iniskilling Fusiliers
Major William Griffith Baynes Phibbs
08.11.14 Llangefni. Died in London after serving in the trenches (CWGC has date of death as 5th Nov)
1st Battalion, Royal Irish Fusiliers
11.11.14 Le Havre (accidentaly killed at Le Havre)
Lancashire Fusiliers, attached No. 7 Gen. Base Depot
Age 57. Promoted to Brevet Colonel in 1906.
WO 372/15/90504
Nonne Boschen: 11th November
11.11.14 Menin Gate Memorial
(from 10th November, C. O. of) 5th Field Company, Royal Engineers
His nephew, Lieut Albert Tyler, R. E. died the following day in exactly the same location.
Capt Boyce Anthony Combe (Lieutenant on CWGC Roll of Honour)
11.11.14 Menin Gate Memorial
6th Battalion (attached to 4th Battalion), Royal Fusiliers
Promoted to acting captain a few days before his death.
One of 64 men from 4th Battalion who died that day. Most have no known grave.
13.11.14 Lavantie (died at Sailly-sur-Lys)
Royal Engineers
Captain Hugh Vincent Corbett Turnbull
13.11.14 Menin Gate Memorial
2nd Battalion, King's Own Scottish Borderers
Captain George Raleigh Kerr Evatt
14.11.14 Fleurbaix, nr Armentières (died at Le Boutillerie)
'A' Company, 1st Battalion, Middlesex Regt
2nd Lieut Harold Rolleston Stables
15.11.14 Menin Gate Memorial
5th Battalion, attached to 1st Battalion, Cheshire Regt
18.11.14 Menin Gate Memorial
46th Battery, 39th Brigade, Royal Field Artillery
Major Reginald William Sidney Elliott
23.11.14 Bethune
7th Gurkha Rifles, Indian Army
23.11.14 Bethune (died at La Bassee)
31st Punjabis, attached to 58th Vaughan's Rifles (Frontier Force), Indian Army
Captain Herbert Connell Whipple
24.11.14 Bailleul (Died of Wounds incurred at Messines)
1st Battalion, Devonshire Regt
Lieut Ralph Ivan Meynell Davidson
24.11.14 La Gorgue (Died of Wounds incurred at Festubert)
1st Battalion Manchester Regt
WO 339/7376
Lieut (possibly Acting Capt) Edward Durham
26.11.14 Le Touret Memorial (Died at Fauquissart)
2nd Battalion, Rifle Brigade
Major William Richard Norton Annesley D.S.O.
29.11.14 St. Andrews, Scotland (Died in London)
Queen's Own (Royal West Kent Regiment) attached to General Staff
Capt Clive Guise Moores Mentioned in Despatches
30.11.14 Bailleul (Died of Wounds nr Kemmel)
Royal Engineers
08.12.14 London (Died in Bournemouth)
Reserve of Officers, Yorkshire Regt#
18.12.14 Beuvry (Died at Givenchy)
20th Duke of Cambridge's Own Infantry (Brownlow's Punjabis), Indian Army
attached to 129th Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis
Lieut Hubert Raynsford Gordon Kerr
19.12.14 Le Touret Memorial (Died at Givenchy)
1st Battalion, Highland Light Infantry
Capt Harry Norman Lee Mentioned in Despatches
19.12.14 Neuve Chapelle Memorial (Died at La Bassee)
59th Scinde Rifles (Frontier Force), Indian Army
19.12.14 Merville (Died of Wounds at Armentieres)
1st Battalion, attached to 2nd Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers
(Age 21 - Gazetted 2nd Lieut on 8th December 1914)
Capt Jestyn Llewelyn Mansel (also ppears on the Caerleon memorial)
20.12.14 Le Touret Memorial
7th Dragoon Guards (Princess Royal's)
21.12.14 Le Touret Memorial (Died at Festubert)
1st Battalion, attached to 2nd Battalion, Royal Munster Fusiliers
2nd Lieut Edward Charles Walters
22.12.14 Festubert
3rd Battalion, attached to 1st Battalion, Gloucestershire Regt
(Age 24)
23.12.14 Le Touret Memorial (Died at Givenchy)
1st Battalion, Manchester Regt
28.12.14 Wimereux (Died of Wounds)
55th Field Company, Royal Engineers
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There must have been a book produced by the college in the ealy 1920's listing all those who served, and including obituaries of all those who died. I'm sure it would make fascinating reading.
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There's an interesting book by John Lewis-Stempel on the sacrifice of the young officers who left school or university to go to war ...
"As young lieutenants and captains in the front line of the 1914-18 war, they were the first to scramble over the top of their trenches into the rain of bullets from the well-defended German lines, setting an example to their men to follow.
The average life expectancy was just six weeks. In the first year one in seven of them were killed and one in five were wounded - by far the highest casualty rate in the war. About 33,000 officers were left disabled at the war’s end."
USAID hosted a Signature Event —Shared Progress: Modernizing Development Finance on September 22, 2016 in New York City, NY. Running concurrently to the United Nations General Asembly, the event highlighted the challenges and opportunities for financing current and future development goals.
During the event, UAID Administrator Gayle Smith and Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Christine Lagarde, discussed how to foster an enabling environment for private investment and increasing domestic resource mobilization. A panel of speakers also offered recommendations on how to make better use of the three streams of finance in order to improve development outcomes.
Photo by Ellie Van Houtte/USAID
Format: Fotopositiv
Dato / Date: Fredag 2 Oktober 1964
Fotograf / Photographer: Schrøder / Ukjent
Sted / Place: Melhus, Trøndelag
Wikipedia: Verneplikt
Wikipedia: Mobilization
Eier / Owner Institution: Trondheim byarkiv, The Municipal Archives of Trondheim
Arkivreferanse / Archive reference: TOR.h49.b04.F28912
Billedtekst: Det var tilløp til kødannelse foran legekontorene.
Adresseavisen lørdag 3 oktober 1964 s. 5:
40 prosent av artilleristene søkte utsettelse av repetisjonsøvelsene
Skolegang og sen innhøsting de vanligste begrunnelser
Innrykking under full musikk og god stemning på Melhus i går
Nærmere 1000 mann rykket inn til repetisjonsøvelser i Trøndelag i går, infanterister på Leinstrand og artillerister på Melhus. Adresseavisen besøkte artillerileiren på Melhus i går hvor mannskapene ble legeundersøkt før de ble sendt til sine respektive oppsetningssteder for å få utlevert materiell, og det lot til at stemningen i leiren var meget god. Det skyldtes ikke minst Forsvarets Distriktsmusikkorps som i de årle morgentimer, fra ca. 7.30 og et par timer utover hilste soldatene med feiende marsjer ved leirporten. En psykisk oppstrammer som sikkert gjorde godt.
Det blir regimentsjefen selv, oberst Rolf Hauge som skal lede bataljonen under øvelsen. Denne nokså sjeldne foreteelse skyldes at man på grunn av stor militær aktivitet andre steder i landet hadde vanskelig for å skaffe reserve da bataljonssjefen ble syk under befalskurset og måtte legges inn på sykehus. Og obersten resonnerte vel som så at han kunne ha godt av en repetisjonsøvelse han også.
2 uker på Hjerkinn
Oberst Hauge forteller at avdelingen skal ligge i telt på Melhus frem til 7.-8. oktober da man i to omganger kjører i kolonne til Hjerkinn hvor man skal ligge til den 20. oktober. Dimisjon skjer på Melhus den 21. Avdelingen starter allerede i dag med skyting på Jonsvannet der man skal avvikle skyteprøvene med håndvåpen og mindre avdelingsvåpen. På Hjerkinn skal man så drive teknisk artilleriskyting for å få trimmet avdelingen. Man skal denne gang ikke ha noen øvelse i KR-forband, men vil avslutte repetisjonen med øvelser først i batteriforband og de siste dager i bataljonsforband, da man bl.a. skal skyte konsentrert med samtlige bataljonens kanoner.
Mange søker utsettelse
Repetisjonsøvelsene var lagt såpass sent på høsten slik at man normalt ikke skulle komme iveien for innhøstingen. Det dårlige været i høst har gjort at en lang rekke av de innkalte har hatt visse vanskeligheter, og ca. 40 pst. av de innkalte korporaler og menige hadde søkt utsettelse. Bestemmelsene sier imidlertid at man ikke kan sette opp en styrke mindre enn 90 pst. av mobiliseringsstyrken, så det har vært veldig vanskelig å innvilge ansøkningene. Vi har vurdert ansøkningene efter beste skjønn, men har måttet være meget strenge. De aller fleste har dokumentert ganske vektige grunner for å få utsettelse, og de har hatt anledning til å anke til Distriktskommandoen om vi har gitt avslag. Men det ser iallfall ut i dag til at oppmøtet er ganske fulltallig, sier obersten.
Det er kommet inn et nytt moment når det gjelder utsettelsesgrunner, nemlig alle de skoler vi har fått i dag, fra yrkes- og tekniske skoler til høyskoler og universiteter, og det later til at de fleste av disse skoler er lukkede studier. Og det er ille om man skal miste et år pga. 21 dagers øvelser, men vi må holde oss til bestemmelsene.
Vanskelig å skaffe halm
Den dårlige høsten har også på annen måte skapt visse vanskeligheter for regimentet. Det har nemlig vært nesten håpløst å skaffe halm. Dessuten er jorden så rå at det lett blir mugglukt i teltene. Man har for å avhjelpe dette kjøpt inn ruller med plast som legges i bunnen og så har man halm eller høy oppå, og det ser ut til at det skal holde fuktigheten ute, så den plasten skal man ta med seg på fjellet også. Mannskapene kommer forøvrig inn til en ferdig og velordnet leir, satt opp av arbeidskommandoen og av befal som har gjort en fin innsats efter avsluttede befalsøvelser.
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På Klett rykket sanitetskompani, sambandskompani og stabskompani av KR 12 inn til øvelser. De kommer under øvelsen til stort sett å ligge i Lånke og på Frigård, og vil avslutte med en liten manøver i forbindelse med en stabøvelse lagt opp for Forsvarsdistrikt 12.
Sky is the limit for one of the first female Apache pilots
www.army.mil/article/227154/sky_is_the_limit_for_one_of_t...
Leslie Herlick was the first female warrant officer in her battalion after being assigned to 2nd Battalion, 101st Aviation Regiment, 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault). She went to flight school after the ban against women flying combat helicopters was lifted 26 years ago.
FORT CAMPBELL, Ky. -- When she joined the Army, Leslie Herlick was too short to join the Military Police.
But sitting in the cockpit of an AH-64 Apache attack helicopter several years later, she could be as tall as she wanted.
Herlick is now the training resource coordinator for Fort Campbell's Directorate of Plans, Training, Mobilization and Security. She doesn't talk about her past very much and many who know her have no idea that she was among the first women to take to the skies after Congress lifted a restriction that kept women from flying combat helicopters.
That was in 1993.
Herlick saw an ad in the Army Times looking for women to apply for flight school and decided that's what she wanted to do. It never occurred to her that she might not be accepted.
"I've always liked to do things that maybe other people say they want to do, but I do them," Herlick said. "I'm willing to try."
Then assigned to 1st Psychological Operations Battalion, Fort Bragg, North Carolina, the 23-year-old was selected for Warrant Officer Candidate School before attending flight school from the fall 1994 to May 1995 at Fort Rucker, Alabama.
While many of the other students had experience working with motors or even servicing aircraft, Herlick had a lot to learn. And she did.
She learned to fly using instruments, tactic and night vision goggles. She trained on simulators and in small bird TH-67 training helicopters, Huey utility helicopters and OH-58 Kiowa utility choppers.
After getting their wings, graduates were asked to select the helicopters they most wanted to fly.
Herlick selected the Apache and based on her grades and performance, she got her wish.
She spent more time learning to shoot Hellfire missiles and everything else she needed to know. Her young son learned all the parts of helicopters along with her as Herlick studied through November 1995.
"He grew up with mom doing that stuff, so it was never a big deal to him," she said. "He'll tell me now, 'I didn't realize the stuff you did,' because it was normal to him."
Proving herself
Herlick's first duty station as a pilot was 2nd Battalion, 101st Aviation Regiment, 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault).
She was the first female warrant officer in her battalion. Because being a woman in PsycOps was so common, Herlick didn't realize that for some it would make a difference.
"Some of the pilots had never worked with women before," she said. "I really had to prove myself more than a new male coming in. It wasn't enough to be just as good as them. I had to be better."
But Herlick isn't one to back down from a challenge.
"It took a lot of months and hard work to show them I was one of them," she said.
Pilot in command
Herlick shies away from being called a "pioneer." She points out she wasn't the first woman to fly an Apache helicopter and those women who came after her deserve more credit than she does because they flew in combat.
Herlick did win the acceptance of the men who doubted her and three years after being stationed in Fort Campbell she worked her way from the front seat of the helicopter as a co-pilot gunner to the back seat where she was the pilot in command.
In February 1999 she as assigned to the 1st Armored Division, 501st, and stationed in Germany.
She flew a NATO peacekeeping mission in Kosovo in 2000.
In October of that year she spent some of her time on the ground talking to women who didn't have the same rights as American women. They shared their stories of devastation and loss. Herlick and several other military women shared their stories of empowerment.
She would later go on to other careers that allowed her to help women, veterans and children.
11 days after 9/11
Herlick was just 11 days away from giving birth to her second son when Sept. 11, 2001, changed the trajectory of the United States Army.
She had already submitted her resignation and flying combat missions was no longer an option. She says the women who did are the ones who deserve recognition.
"I had already planned to get out because I wanted to be able to raise my kids and see my kids grow up and take them to football practice and softball," Herlick said.
In the ensuing years she had several careers.
She worked at Survivor Outreach, providing support for Gold Star Families. She was a victim advocate for the Army's Sexual Harassment/Assault Response and Prevention Program, providing support for sexual assault victims and helping them through the process of reporting assaults to the military. She worked at a Department of Veterans Affairs call center, providing veterans and Families with information to help them get benefits and guide them through the process.
Herlick also earned bachelor's and master's degrees and decided to become a teacher. She taught second, third and fifth grades at Sango Elementary School in the Clarksville-Montgomery County School System.
Career opportunities led her back to Fort Campbell in 2014.
Coming full circle
Herlick's Army career began right out of high school when she left the Detroit area behind.
At 5-foot-4 "and a half" she was just shy of the height she needed to pursue her first career choice in military law enforcement, but she knew she wanted to be airborne.
After basic training, she went to Fort Bragg for advanced individual training and attended airborne school at Fort Benning, Georgia. She became a jumpmaster, with 42 jumps over her career.
Herlick started work in PsyOps, "winning the hearts and minds of the enemy" in 1989 and took part in Operation Just Cause in Panama in December of that year.
She was disappointed that she couldn't jump or be with the combat units because she was a woman and eventually the desire for more freedom led Herlick apply for flight school.
She was still a pilot in command when she left the Army and while there are few visible reminders of that past in her office at division headquarters, it's always a part of her.
Now her presence is felt in a different way.
Herlick helps plan and carry out training, looks at needs and comes up with ways to address them.
She doesn't waste time wondering what her life may have been like if she were a little taller or dwell too much on things she has done. She's too busy looking ahead.
"That was a long time ago," Herlick said. "I'm more about what I'm doing now."
These German reservists have been called up to their regiment in 1914. The blurred train sign references Munich and the older soldier on the platform appears to have a Bavarian crest on his helmet so these are Bavarians who have left their jobs and families to join the war effort. The photographer was located in Traunstein which is a town in southeastern Bavaria.
USAID hosted a Signature Event —Shared Progress: Modernizing Development Finance on September 22, 2016 in New York City, NY. Running concurrently to the United Nations General Asembly, the event highlighted the challenges and opportunities for financing current and future development goals.
During the event, UAID Administrator Gayle Smith and Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Christine Lagarde, discussed how to foster an enabling environment for private investment and increasing domestic resource mobilization. A panel of speakers also offered recommendations on how to make better use of the three streams of finance in order to improve development outcomes.
Photo by Ellie Van Houtte/USAID
Due to the increasing hostilities between the countries of Geo and Volsci, the government has decided to begin a general mobilization of some of its troops.
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This is the 21st Mechanized Infantry Division on their way to being deployed to border city of New Brick City, as deterrent to a possible armed conflict.
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Instead of showing you a simple picture of my current Modern Army, I wanted to make it a big more elaborate. So my Army consists of 1 Cheiftain MBT, 1 FV432, 2 Land Rover Snatch, 1 Land Rover Wolf, 1 MWMIK Jackal, 1 FV102 Striker, 2 General Utility Trucks, 1 Rapier Missile Launcher, and 1 V-150 Commando. Most vehicles are form Brickmania.
•
I plan to increase it substantially to include a couple more Chieftains and to expand on the CVRT collection by a lot! And I also might changed the trucks in the future. (Which are based on the Armorbrick GAZ-66 truck!
Let me know what you guys think!
December 12, about 50 to 60 RMP's lining both sides of 42nd St. between 5th Ave. & Ave. of the Americas.
Due to the increasing hostilities between the countries of Geo and Volsci, the government has decided to begin a general mobilization of some of its troops.
•
This is the 21st Mechanized Infantry Division on their way to being deployed to border city of New Brick City, as deterrent to a possible armed conflict.
•
Instead of showing you a simple picture of my current Modern Army, I wanted to make it a big more elaborate. So my Army consists of 1 Cheiftain MBT, 1 FV432, 2 Land Rover Snatch, 1 Land Rover Wolf, 1 MWMIK Jackal, 1 FV102 Striker, 2 General Utility Trucks, 1 Rapier Missile Launcher, and 1 V-150 Commando. Most vehicles are form Brickmania.
•
I plan to increase it substantially to include a couple more Chieftains and to expand on the CVRT collection by a lot! And I also might changed the trucks in the future. (Which are based on the Armorbrick GAZ-66 truck!
Let me know what you guys think!
USAID hosted a Signature Event —Shared Progress: Modernizing Development Finance on September 22, 2016 in New York City, NY. Running concurrently to the United Nations General Asembly, the event highlighted the challenges and opportunities for financing current and future development goals.
During the event, UAID Administrator Gayle Smith and Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Christine Lagarde, discussed how to foster an enabling environment for private investment and increasing domestic resource mobilization. A panel of speakers also offered recommendations on how to make better use of the three streams of finance in order to improve development outcomes.
Photo by Ellie Van Houtte/USAID
CSW63 – UN Women hosts Youth Mobilization Spaces
Aya Chebbi, African Union, Youth Envoy, moderates panelists, from left, Helene Molinier, Senior Policy Advisor on Innovation, Director for the Innovation and Technology Facility, UN Women, Asa Regner, Deputy Executive Director, UN Women, Jaha Dukureh, Safe Hands for Girls, UN Women Goodwill Ambassador, Yvonne H. Chow, Young Art Activist, The Hip-Hop Dance Conservatory, and Caroline Atim, Disability Activist, ,South Sudan, during the opening session at the Scandinavia House on Friday, 15, March, 2019.
Groups engage in a space where effective, dynamic, influential young advocates are self-organizing, networking and mobilizing towards gender equality.
Photo: UN Women/Amanda Voisard
USAID hosted a Signature Event —Shared Progress: Modernizing Development Finance on September 22, 2016 in New York City, NY. Running concurrently to the United Nations General Asembly, the event highlighted the challenges and opportunities for financing current and future development goals.
During the event, UAID Administrator Gayle Smith and Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Christine Lagarde, discussed how to foster an enabling environment for private investment and increasing domestic resource mobilization. A panel of speakers also offered recommendations on how to make better use of the three streams of finance in order to improve development outcomes.
Photo by Ellie Van Houtte/USAID
USAID hosted a Signature Event —Shared Progress: Modernizing Development Finance on September 22, 2016 in New York City, NY. Running concurrently to the United Nations General Asembly, the event highlighted the challenges and opportunities for financing current and future development goals.
During the event, UAID Administrator Gayle Smith and Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Christine Lagarde, discussed how to foster an enabling environment for private investment and increasing domestic resource mobilization. A panel of speakers also offered recommendations on how to make better use of the three streams of finance in order to improve development outcomes.
Photo by Ellie Van Houtte/USAID
USAID hosted a Signature Event —Shared Progress: Modernizing Development Finance on September 22, 2016 in New York City, NY. Running concurrently to the United Nations General Asembly, the event highlighted the challenges and opportunities for financing current and future development goals.
During the event, UAID Administrator Gayle Smith and Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Christine Lagarde, discussed how to foster an enabling environment for private investment and increasing domestic resource mobilization. A panel of speakers also offered recommendations on how to make better use of the three streams of finance in order to improve development outcomes.
Photo by Ellie Van Houtte/USAID
USAID hosted a Signature Event —Shared Progress: Modernizing Development Finance on September 22, 2016 in New York City, NY. Running concurrently to the United Nations General Asembly, the event highlighted the challenges and opportunities for financing current and future development goals.
During the event, UAID Administrator Gayle Smith and Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Christine Lagarde, discussed how to foster an enabling environment for private investment and increasing domestic resource mobilization. A panel of speakers also offered recommendations on how to make better use of the three streams of finance in order to improve development outcomes.
Photo by Ellie Van Houtte/USAID
Mobilization of a piling rig onto a temporary access platform on BC Highway 1, the Malahat at the Tunnel Hill washout location. For more information on the work happening at the site, visit the project recovery site: www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/transportation-projects/bc-hig...
USAID hosted a Signature Event —Shared Progress: Modernizing Development Finance on September 22, 2016 in New York City, NY. Running concurrently to the United Nations General Asembly, the event highlighted the challenges and opportunities for financing current and future development goals.
During the event, UAID Administrator Gayle Smith and Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Christine Lagarde, discussed how to foster an enabling environment for private investment and increasing domestic resource mobilization. A panel of speakers also offered recommendations on how to make better use of the three streams of finance in order to improve development outcomes.
Photo by Ellie Van Houtte/USAID
Due to the increasing hostilities between the countries of Geo and Volsci, the government has decided to begin a general mobilization of some of its troops.
•
This is the 21st Mechanized Infantry Division on their way to being deployed to border city of New Brick City, as deterrent to a possible armed conflict.
•
Instead of showing you a simple picture of my current Modern Army, I wanted to make it a big more elaborate. So my Army consists of 1 Cheiftain MBT, 1 FV432, 2 Land Rover Snatch, 1 Land Rover Wolf, 1 MWMIK Jackal, 1 FV102 Striker, 2 General Utility Trucks, 1 Rapier Missile Launcher, and 1 V-150 Commando. Most vehicles are form Brickmania.
•
I plan to increase it substantially to include a couple more Chieftains and to expand on the CVRT collection by a lot! And I also might changed the trucks in the future. (Which are based on the Armorbrick GAZ-66 truck!
Let me know what you guys think!
Letter on reverse addressed to a Frau Preus and postmarked with stamps "3. M.G.K. Res. Inf. Rgt. 80" & "Feldpostexped 21. Reserve-Div".
3rd Maschinengewehr-Kompagnie, Reserve-Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 80, 21st Reserve-Infanterie-Division.
The 21st Reserve Division (21. Reserve-Division) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I. The Division was formed on mobilization of the German Army in August 1914. The Division was raised primarily in the Prussian Province of Hesse-Nassau.
The 21st Reserve Division fought on the Western Front, participating in the opening German offensive which led to the Allied Great Retreat and ended with the First Battle of the Marne. Thereafter, the Division remained in the line in the Champagne region until June 1916.
In July 1916, the Division entered the Battle of Verdun. It returned to the Champagne in September and then went back to Verdun in December 1916-January 1917. In the Spring of 1917, the Division fought in the Second Battle of the Aisne, also known as the Third Battle of Champagne.
In November 1917, the Division saw action in the tank battle at Cambrai. The Division participated in the 1918 German Spring Offensive. It faced the Allied Hundred Days Offensive, and fought in the Second Battle of the Somme (1918) (also called the Third Battle of the Somme). Allied intelligence rated the Division as second class.
________________________________________________________________________
Notes:
Reserve-Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 80 (+MG.-Kp.)
Aufgestellt in Wiesbaden (R.Stb., II.), Oberlahnstein (I.) und Höchst (III.)
Unterstellung:21. Res.Div.
Kommandeur:Oberstleutnant Transfeldt (Füs.R.Nr. 80)
I.:Major Frhr. v. Lersner (Füs.R.Nr. 80) verst.: 14.7.15
II.:Major Crämer (Füs.R.Nr. 80)
III.:Major Schenk (Füs.R.Nr. 80) gef.: 24.9.15
Das IV. Bataillon wurde Ende Oktober 1916 aufgestellt und trat als I. Bataillon zum R.I.R.Nr. 441 (s. S. 230)
Verluste:106 Offz. , 3150 Uffz. und Mannschaften.
Alb. 1.
USAID hosted a Signature Event —Shared Progress: Modernizing Development Finance on September 22, 2016 in New York City, NY. Running concurrently to the United Nations General Asembly, the event highlighted the challenges and opportunities for financing current and future development goals.
During the event, UAID Administrator Gayle Smith and Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Christine Lagarde, discussed how to foster an enabling environment for private investment and increasing domestic resource mobilization. A panel of speakers also offered recommendations on how to make better use of the three streams of finance in order to improve development outcomes.
Photo by Ellie Van Houtte/USAID
+++ DISCLAIMER +++
Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based on historical facts. BEWARE!
Some background:
Due to the restrictions of the Versailles treaties, the Reichswehr was already dealing with the increasing mobilization and motorization of the army after the end of the First World War. The realization that the speed of the troop units required appropriate equipment was available early on. However, the Reichswehr suffered from financial constraints and during the Weimar Republic the industry only had limited capacity for series production of larger, armored vehicles.
Nevertheless, at that time the Sd.Kfz. 3 (unarmored half-track transport vehicle/1927), the ARW (eight-wheel car/1928) and the ZRW (ten-wheel car/1928) provided fundamental experience. The findings of these tests and the troop testing with the Sd.Kfz. 3 enabled a more precise specification of the new vehicles to be developed. The "heavy" armored cars were primarily intended for the reconnaissance units of the new armored forces.
The incipient rearmament could only start with a "cheap" solution, though. A three-part armored structure for the chassis of commercially available off-road trucks was developed by the Army Weapons Office, Dept. WaTest 6, in cooperation with the company Deutsche Eisenwerke AG. The typical truck chassis featured front-wheel steering and a driven bogie at the rear (4x6 layout). In June 1929, the companies Magirus, Daimler-Benz and Büssing-NAG were commissioned to develop the desired armored car from it. If you consider that this truck class was developed for a payload of 1.5t, you can already conclude from this that the vehicles, which are now equipped with a significantly heavy armored structure, had little off-road mobility. Even if the appearance of the vehicles supplied by the different manufacturers was similar, there were external distinguishing features by which the manufacturer could be identified. The vehicles were tested in the Reichswehr from 1932 and introduced later.
One of the four crew members (driver, commander, gunner, radio-operator) was used as a reverse driver: with the narrow streets of the time and a turning circle of between 13 and 16m, this function was essential for a truck-sized heavy reconnaissance vehicle. The chassis had the excellent ladder-type configuration, able to withstand the stress of rough rides at high speed. The scout car was 5570 mm long, 1820 mm wide, 2250 mm high and weighed 5.35, 5.7 or 6 tons, depending on the manufacturer. The hull was made of welded steel armor, 5 to 14.5 mm (0.2-0.57 in) thick depending on the angle (bottom to front) with well-sloped plates. The armament consisted of a 2 cm KwK 30 with 200 rounds and a MG 13 with 1300 rounds in a manually operated turret. The fuel supply was 90, 105 or 110 liters, but with a consumption of about 35 or 40 liters per 100 km, this resulted in a completely inadequate range for a scout car.
Having no true alternatives at hand, the armored 4x6 car was accepted and became known as the Sd.Kfz. 231 (6-wheel), and it was subsequently developed into two more vehicles. Up until 1937, 123 vehicles were built as Sd.Kfz. 231 reconnaissance cars and Sd.Kfz. 232 radio trucks. A further 28 were manufactured as Sd.Kfz. 263 (Panzerfunkwagen) command vehicles.
As early as 1932, after testing the pilot series, it was clear that the interim solution of "cheap" 6-wheel vehicles would not meet the future requirements of the armored divisions now planned. It was planned that from 1935/36 at least 18 vehicles of a new type that would meet the requirements for off-road mobility and high road speeds should be produced annually. Büssing-NAG had obviously made a good impression with the ARW and was now commissioned to make the revised vehicle ready for series production, which would become the SdKfz. 231 (8-Rad). The overall concept was completed between 1934 and 1935 and already showed all the features of the future type: all 8 wheels driven and steered, the same speed forwards and backwards, ability to change direction in less than 10 seconds, and a turning circle of "only" 10.5m. The vehicle layout was changed, too: the engine bay was relocated to the rear, the crew compartment was placed at the front end. This improved weight distribution, handling, and the field of view for the main forward driver.
The purpose of the new vehicles was identical to that of the earlier heavy 6-wheel vehicles, they were used on the same sites and so the same ordnance inventory designation was adopted, despite the vehicle’s many modifications. The so-called Sd.Kfz. 231 (8-Rad) was armed, corresponding to its 6-Rad counterpart, with a 2cm KwK 30 and the MG 13 (later MG 34) in a rotating turret. Likewise, the Sd.Kfz. 232 (8-Rad) carried a large, curved bow antenna, and there was a Sd.Kfz. 263 (8-Rad) command vehicle, too.
Nevertheless, the Army Weapons Office demanded a short-term solution for a vehicle based on the 4x6 chassis that offered better off-road performance and armament, namely a 37 mm anti-tank gun, with at least comparable range and armor protection. This interim vehicle was supposed to be ready for service in early 1934. Magirus accepted the challenge and proposed the Sd.Kfz. 241, a 4x8 vehicle. It retained the old overall 6-Rad layout with the front engine under a long bonnet, but it had a fourth steered axle added to lower ground pressure and improve the vehicle’s trench bridging capabilities. The powered two rear axles retained the 6-Rad’s twin wheels, so that the vehicle stood on a total of twelve tires with a relatively large footprint. The armored hull was very similar to the Sd.Kfz. 231 6-Rad, but carried a new, bigger turret with a 3.7 cm KwK 30 L/45 gun and an axis-parallel 7.92 mm MG 34 light machine gun.
The box-shaped turret exploited the hull’s width to the maximum and had a maximum armor of 15 mm, no base and the seat of the commander was attached to the tower wall. The commander sat elevated under a raised cupola in the rear section of the turret, just behind the main gun. He had five viewing slits protected by glass blocks and steel slides for all-round visibility. The gunner/loader, standing to the left of the main gun, had to constantly follow the movement of the turret, which was done by hand. In order to support the gunner when slewing the turret, the commander had an additional handle on the right side. The two crew members also had a turret position indicator.
The cannon was fired electrically via a trigger, the machine gun was operated mechanically with a pedal. To aim and view the outside, the gunner had a gun sight to the left of the gun with an opening in the gun mantlet. Standard access to the vehicle was through low double-doors in the vehicle’ flank, but side exit openings in the turret with two flaps each were also frequently used to board it. Another entry was through the commander cupola’s lid.
With all this extra hardware, the Sd.Kfz. 241’s overall weight rose considerably from the late Sd.Kfz. 231 (6-Rad) nearly 6 tons to 7.5 tons. As a consequence, the chassis had to be reinforced and a more powerful engine was used, a 6-cylinder Maybach HL 42 TRKM w carburetor gasoline engine with 4170 cc capacity and 100 hp (74 kW) output at 3000 rpm.
As expected, the Sd.Kfz. 241 was not a success. Even though the first vehicles were delivered in time in mid-1934, its operational value was rather limited. Off-road capability was, due to the extra weight, the raised center of gravity and the lack of all-wheel drive, just as bad as the 6-Rad vehicles, and the more powerful engine’s higher fuel consumption allowed neither higher range, despite bigger fuel tanks, nor a better street performance. The only real progress was the new 3.7 cm KwK 30’s firepower, which was appreciated by the crews, even though the weapon was only effective against armored targets at close range. At 100 m, 64 mm of vertical armor could be penetrated, but at 500 m this already dropped to 31 mm, any angle in the armor weakened its hitting power even further. The weapon’s maximum range was 5.000m, though, and with HE rounds the Sd.Kfz. 241 could provide indirect fire support. Another factor that limited the vehicle’s effectiveness was that the gun had to be operated by a single crew member who had to load and aim at the same time – there was simply not enough space for a separate loader who would also have increased the gun’s rate of fire from six to maybe twelve rounds per minute. The vehicle’s armor was also inadequate and only gave protection against light firearms, but not against machine guns or heavier weapons. On the other side, the cupola on top of the turret offered the commander in his elevated position a very good all-round field of view, even when under full protection – but this progressive detail was not adopted for the following armored reconnaissance vehicles and remained exclusive to German battle tanks.
Only a total of fifty-five Sd.Kfz. 241s were completed by Magirus in Cologne until 1936, when production of the Sd.Kfz. 231 (8-Rad) vehicle family started and soon replaced the Sd.Kfz. 241, which was primarily operated at the Eastern Front in Poland and Czechoslovakia. By 1940, no Sd.Kfz. 241 was left in any frontline army unit, but a few survivors were grouped together and handed over to police units. Their main gun was either completely deleted or sometimes replaced with a second machine gun, and they were used for urban patrols and riot control duties. However, by 1942, no Sd.Kfz. 241 was left over.
Specifications:
Crew: Four (commander, gunner, driver, radio operator/rear driver)
Weight: 7.5 tons (11.450 lb)
Length: 5,85 metres (19 ft 2 in)
Width: 2,20 metres (7 ft 2 ½ in)
Height: 2,78 metres (9 ft 1 in)
Ground clearance: 28.5 cm (10 in)
Suspension: Torsion bar and leaf springs
Fuel capacity: 150 litres (33 imp gal; 40 US gal)
Armor:
8–15 mm (0.31 – 0.6 in)
Performance:
Maximum road speed: 70 km/h (43.5 mph)
52 km/h (32.3 mph) backwards
Operational range: 250 km (155 miles)
Power/weight: 13 PS/ton
Engine:
Maybach HL42 TRKM water-cooled straight 6-cylinder petrol engine with 100 hp (74 kW),
driving the rear pair of axles
Transmission:
Maybach gearbox with 5-speed forward and 4-speed reverse
Armament:
1× 37 mm KwK 30 L/45 cannon with 70 rounds
1× 7.92 mm MG 34 machine gun mounted co-axially with 1.300 rounds
The kit and its assembly:
This fictional armored car was inspired by a leftover rear axles from an Italeri Sd.Kfz. 231 (6-Rad) model that I converted into a fictional half-track variant some time ago. I wondered if the set could be transplanted under an 8-Rad chassis, to create a kind of missing link to the 8x8 successors of the Sd.Kfz. 231 (6-Rad) with a total of twelve tires on four axles.
The basis became a First to Fight 1:72 Sd.Kfz. 231 (8-Rad) kit – a rather simple and robust affair, apparently primarily intended for tabletop purposes. But the overall impression is good, and it would be modified, anyway, even though the plastic turned out to be rather soft/waxy and the parts’ sprue attachment points a bit wacky.
The hull was “turned around” to drive backwards, so that its rear engine ended up in the front. I eventually only used the rear twin wheels from the Sd.Kfz. 231 (6-Rad), but not its single axles and laminated springs. Instead, I first cut the OOB mudguards in two halves, removed their side skirts and glued them onto the lower hull in reversed order, so that the exhausts and their muffler boxes would end up at the rear of the front fenders. With these in place I checked the axles’ position from the OOB ladder chassis, which is a single, integral part, and found that the rear axles’ position had to be moved by 2mm backwards. Cutting the original piece and re-arranging it was easier to scratch a new rear suspension, and the rocker bars had to be shortened to accept the wider twin wheels.
The original small turret with the 20 mm autocannon was deleted and replaced with core elements from a Panzer III turret, left over from previous conversion projects. Wider than any original turret of the Sd.Kfz. 231/232 family, it had to be narrowed by roughly 5mm – I had to cut a respective plug from the turret’s and the mantlet’s middle section, the deformed hatch was covered under a Panzer III commander cupola. To mate the re-arranged turret with the OOB adapter plate to mount it onto the hull, and to add overall stability to the construction, I filled the interior with 2C putty.
The typical storage bin at the turret’s rear was omitted, though, it would have made it too large for the compact truck chassis. The shape was a perfect stylistic match, even though, with the longer gun barrel, the vehicle reminds a lot of the Soviet BA-10 heavy armored car?
Most small details like the bumpers and the headlights were taken OOB, I added a whip antenna base at the rear and mounted two spare wheels at the back, one of them covered with a tarpaulin (made from paper tissue drenched with white glue, this was also used to create the gun mantlet seals).
Painting and markings:
Typical for German vehicles from the early WWII stages the Sd.Kfz. 241 was painted Panzergrau (RAL 7021; I used Humbrol 67, which is authentic, but mixed it with some 125 to create a slightly lighter shade of grey) overall - quite dull, but realistic. To make the vehicle look more interesting, though, I added authentic contemporary camouflage in the form of low-contrast blotches with RAL 8017, a very dark reddish brown, mixed from Humbrol 160 and some 98. Better, but IMHO still not enough.
After the model received a washing with highly thinned red-brown acrylic artist paint I applied the few decals and gave the parts an overall dry-brushing treatment with grey and dark earth. Everything was sealed with matt acrylic varnish. For even more “excitement”, I decided to add a coat of snow.
For the simulated “frosting” I used white tile grout – which has the benefits of being water-soluble, quite sturdy to touch and the material does not yellow over time like gypsum.
First, the wheels, the chassis and the inside of the wheel arches received a separate treatment with relatively dryly mixed tile grout, simulating snow and dirt clusters. Once thoroughly dried, the wheels were mounted. Then the model was sprayed with low surface tension water and loose tile grout was drizzled over hull and turret, creating a flaky coat of fake snow. Once dry again, everything received another coat of matt acrylic varnish to protect and fixate everything further.
A relatively quick build, done in a few days. The First to Fight kit is very simple and went together well, but I’d use something else the next time due to the odd material it was molded with. The outcome of an 4x8 scout car looks quite plausible, though, like the missing link between the Sd.Kfz. 231 and 232 – the unintended similarity with the Soviet BA-10 heavy armored car was a bit surprising, though. And the snow on the model eventually makes it look a bit more interesting, the stunt was worth the effort.
Tuxla, Chiapas, Mexique.
Strong demonstration in the streets of the city, teachers in anger. men with red bandana zapatismo symbol.
1-3 thru 1-6 start to merge into trail formation to land at Hood AAF. A/2-135 GSAB deployed to Ft. Hood TX for their Mobilization process and training.
+++ DISCLAIMER +++
Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based on historical facts. BEWARE!
Some background:
Due to the restrictions of the Versailles treaties, the Reichswehr was already dealing with the increasing mobilization and motorization of the army after the end of the First World War. The realization that the speed of the troop units required appropriate equipment was available early on. However, the Reichswehr suffered from financial constraints and during the Weimar Republic the industry only had limited capacity for series production of larger, armored vehicles.
Nevertheless, at that time the Sd.Kfz. 3 (unarmored half-track transport vehicle/1927), the ARW (eight-wheel car/1928) and the ZRW (ten-wheel car/1928) provided fundamental experience. The findings of these tests and the troop testing with the Sd.Kfz. 3 enabled a more precise specification of the new vehicles to be developed. The "heavy" armored cars were primarily intended for the reconnaissance units of the new armored forces.
The incipient rearmament could only start with a "cheap" solution, though. A three-part armored structure for the chassis of commercially available off-road trucks was developed by the Army Weapons Office, Dept. WaTest 6, in cooperation with the company Deutsche Eisenwerke AG. The typical truck chassis featured front-wheel steering and a driven bogie at the rear (4x6 layout). In June 1929, the companies Magirus, Daimler-Benz and Büssing-NAG were commissioned to develop the desired armored car from it. If you consider that this truck class was developed for a payload of 1.5t, you can already conclude from this that the vehicles, which are now equipped with a significantly heavy armored structure, had little off-road mobility. Even if the appearance of the vehicles supplied by the different manufacturers was similar, there were external distinguishing features by which the manufacturer could be identified. The vehicles were tested in the Reichswehr from 1932 and introduced later.
One of the four crew members (driver, commander, gunner, radio-operator) was used as a reverse driver: with the narrow streets of the time and a turning circle of between 13 and 16m, this function was essential for a truck-sized heavy reconnaissance vehicle. The chassis had the excellent ladder-type configuration, able to withstand the stress of rough rides at high speed. The scout car was 5570 mm long, 1820 mm wide, 2250 mm high and weighed 5.35, 5.7 or 6 tons, depending on the manufacturer. The hull was made of welded steel armor, 5 to 14.5 mm (0.2-0.57 in) thick depending on the angle (bottom to front) with well-sloped plates. The armament consisted of a 2 cm KwK 30 with 200 rounds and a MG 13 with 1300 rounds in a manually operated turret. The fuel supply was 90, 105 or 110 liters, but with a consumption of about 35 or 40 liters per 100 km, this resulted in a completely inadequate range for a scout car.
Having no true alternatives at hand, the armored 4x6 car was accepted and became known as the Sd.Kfz. 231 (6-wheel), and it was subsequently developed into two more vehicles. Up until 1937, 123 vehicles were built as Sd.Kfz. 231 reconnaissance cars and Sd.Kfz. 232 radio trucks. A further 28 were manufactured as Sd.Kfz. 263 (Panzerfunkwagen) command vehicles.
As early as 1932, after testing the pilot series, it was clear that the interim solution of "cheap" 6-wheel vehicles would not meet the future requirements of the armored divisions now planned. It was planned that from 1935/36 at least 18 vehicles of a new type that would meet the requirements for off-road mobility and high road speeds should be produced annually. Büssing-NAG had obviously made a good impression with the ARW and was now commissioned to make the revised vehicle ready for series production, which would become the SdKfz. 231 (8-Rad). The overall concept was completed between 1934 and 1935 and already showed all the features of the future type: all 8 wheels driven and steered, the same speed forwards and backwards, ability to change direction in less than 10 seconds, and a turning circle of "only" 10.5m. The vehicle layout was changed, too: the engine bay was relocated to the rear, the crew compartment was placed at the front end. This improved weight distribution, handling, and the field of view for the main forward driver.
The purpose of the new vehicles was identical to that of the earlier heavy 6-wheel vehicles, they were used on the same sites and so the same ordnance inventory designation was adopted, despite the vehicle’s many modifications. The so-called Sd.Kfz. 231 (8-Rad) was armed, corresponding to its 6-Rad counterpart, with a 2cm KwK 30 and the MG 13 (later MG 34) in a rotating turret. Likewise, the Sd.Kfz. 232 (8-Rad) carried a large, curved bow antenna, and there was a Sd.Kfz. 263 (8-Rad) command vehicle, too.
Nevertheless, the Army Weapons Office demanded a short-term solution for a vehicle based on the 4x6 chassis that offered better off-road performance and armament, namely a 37 mm anti-tank gun, with at least comparable range and armor protection. This interim vehicle was supposed to be ready for service in early 1934. Magirus accepted the challenge and proposed the Sd.Kfz. 241, a 4x8 vehicle. It retained the old overall 6-Rad layout with the front engine under a long bonnet, but it had a fourth steered axle added to lower ground pressure and improve the vehicle’s trench bridging capabilities. The powered two rear axles retained the 6-Rad’s twin wheels, so that the vehicle stood on a total of twelve tires with a relatively large footprint. The armored hull was very similar to the Sd.Kfz. 231 6-Rad, but carried a new, bigger turret with a 3.7 cm KwK 30 L/45 gun and an axis-parallel 7.92 mm MG 34 light machine gun.
The box-shaped turret exploited the hull’s width to the maximum and had a maximum armor of 15 mm, no base and the seat of the commander was attached to the tower wall. The commander sat elevated under a raised cupola in the rear section of the turret, just behind the main gun. He had five viewing slits protected by glass blocks and steel slides for all-round visibility. The gunner/loader, standing to the left of the main gun, had to constantly follow the movement of the turret, which was done by hand. In order to support the gunner when slewing the turret, the commander had an additional handle on the right side. The two crew members also had a turret position indicator.
The cannon was fired electrically via a trigger, the machine gun was operated mechanically with a pedal. To aim and view the outside, the gunner had a gun sight to the left of the gun with an opening in the gun mantlet. Standard access to the vehicle was through low double-doors in the vehicle’ flank, but side exit openings in the turret with two flaps each were also frequently used to board it. Another entry was through the commander cupola’s lid.
With all this extra hardware, the Sd.Kfz. 241’s overall weight rose considerably from the late Sd.Kfz. 231 (6-Rad) nearly 6 tons to 7.5 tons. As a consequence, the chassis had to be reinforced and a more powerful engine was used, a 6-cylinder Maybach HL 42 TRKM w carburetor gasoline engine with 4170 cc capacity and 100 hp (74 kW) output at 3000 rpm.
As expected, the Sd.Kfz. 241 was not a success. Even though the first vehicles were delivered in time in mid-1934, its operational value was rather limited. Off-road capability was, due to the extra weight, the raised center of gravity and the lack of all-wheel drive, just as bad as the 6-Rad vehicles, and the more powerful engine’s higher fuel consumption allowed neither higher range, despite bigger fuel tanks, nor a better street performance. The only real progress was the new 3.7 cm KwK 30’s firepower, which was appreciated by the crews, even though the weapon was only effective against armored targets at close range. At 100 m, 64 mm of vertical armor could be penetrated, but at 500 m this already dropped to 31 mm, any angle in the armor weakened its hitting power even further. The weapon’s maximum range was 5.000m, though, and with HE rounds the Sd.Kfz. 241 could provide indirect fire support. Another factor that limited the vehicle’s effectiveness was that the gun had to be operated by a single crew member who had to load and aim at the same time – there was simply not enough space for a separate loader who would also have increased the gun’s rate of fire from six to maybe twelve rounds per minute. The vehicle’s armor was also inadequate and only gave protection against light firearms, but not against machine guns or heavier weapons. On the other side, the cupola on top of the turret offered the commander in his elevated position a very good all-round field of view, even when under full protection – but this progressive detail was not adopted for the following armored reconnaissance vehicles and remained exclusive to German battle tanks.
Only a total of fifty-five Sd.Kfz. 241s were completed by Magirus in Cologne until 1936, when production of the Sd.Kfz. 231 (8-Rad) vehicle family started and soon replaced the Sd.Kfz. 241, which was primarily operated at the Eastern Front in Poland and Czechoslovakia. By 1940, no Sd.Kfz. 241 was left in any frontline army unit, but a few survivors were grouped together and handed over to police units. Their main gun was either completely deleted or sometimes replaced with a second machine gun, and they were used for urban patrols and riot control duties. However, by 1942, no Sd.Kfz. 241 was left over.
Specifications:
Crew: Four (commander, gunner, driver, radio operator/rear driver)
Weight: 7.5 tons (11.450 lb)
Length: 5,85 metres (19 ft 2 in)
Width: 2,20 metres (7 ft 2 ½ in)
Height: 2,78 metres (9 ft 1 in)
Ground clearance: 28.5 cm (10 in)
Suspension: Torsion bar and leaf springs
Fuel capacity: 150 litres (33 imp gal; 40 US gal)
Armor:
8–15 mm (0.31 – 0.6 in)
Performance:
Maximum road speed: 70 km/h (43.5 mph)
52 km/h (32.3 mph) backwards
Operational range: 250 km (155 miles)
Power/weight: 13 PS/ton
Engine:
Maybach HL42 TRKM water-cooled straight 6-cylinder petrol engine with 100 hp (74 kW),
driving the rear pair of axles
Transmission:
Maybach gearbox with 5-speed forward and 4-speed reverse
Armament:
1× 37 mm KwK 30 L/45 cannon with 70 rounds
1× 7.92 mm MG 34 machine gun mounted co-axially with 1.300 rounds
The kit and its assembly:
This fictional armored car was inspired by a leftover rear axles from an Italeri Sd.Kfz. 231 (6-Rad) model that I converted into a fictional half-track variant some time ago. I wondered if the set could be transplanted under an 8-Rad chassis, to create a kind of missing link to the 8x8 successors of the Sd.Kfz. 231 (6-Rad) with a total of twelve tires on four axles.
The basis became a First to Fight 1:72 Sd.Kfz. 231 (8-Rad) kit – a rather simple and robust affair, apparently primarily intended for tabletop purposes. But the overall impression is good, and it would be modified, anyway, even though the plastic turned out to be rather soft/waxy and the parts’ sprue attachment points a bit wacky.
The hull was “turned around” to drive backwards, so that its rear engine ended up in the front. I eventually only used the rear twin wheels from the Sd.Kfz. 231 (6-Rad), but not its single axles and laminated springs. Instead, I first cut the OOB mudguards in two halves, removed their side skirts and glued them onto the lower hull in reversed order, so that the exhausts and their muffler boxes would end up at the rear of the front fenders. With these in place I checked the axles’ position from the OOB ladder chassis, which is a single, integral part, and found that the rear axles’ position had to be moved by 2mm backwards. Cutting the original piece and re-arranging it was easier to scratch a new rear suspension, and the rocker bars had to be shortened to accept the wider twin wheels.
The original small turret with the 20 mm autocannon was deleted and replaced with core elements from a Panzer III turret, left over from previous conversion projects. Wider than any original turret of the Sd.Kfz. 231/232 family, it had to be narrowed by roughly 5mm – I had to cut a respective plug from the turret’s and the mantlet’s middle section, the deformed hatch was covered under a Panzer III commander cupola. To mate the re-arranged turret with the OOB adapter plate to mount it onto the hull, and to add overall stability to the construction, I filled the interior with 2C putty.
The typical storage bin at the turret’s rear was omitted, though, it would have made it too large for the compact truck chassis. The shape was a perfect stylistic match, even though, with the longer gun barrel, the vehicle reminds a lot of the Soviet BA-10 heavy armored car?
Most small details like the bumpers and the headlights were taken OOB, I added a whip antenna base at the rear and mounted two spare wheels at the back, one of them covered with a tarpaulin (made from paper tissue drenched with white glue, this was also used to create the gun mantlet seals).
Painting and markings:
Typical for German vehicles from the early WWII stages the Sd.Kfz. 241 was painted Panzergrau (RAL 7021; I used Humbrol 67, which is authentic, but mixed it with some 125 to create a slightly lighter shade of grey) overall - quite dull, but realistic. To make the vehicle look more interesting, though, I added authentic contemporary camouflage in the form of low-contrast blotches with RAL 8017, a very dark reddish brown, mixed from Humbrol 160 and some 98. Better, but IMHO still not enough.
After the model received a washing with highly thinned red-brown acrylic artist paint I applied the few decals and gave the parts an overall dry-brushing treatment with grey and dark earth. Everything was sealed with matt acrylic varnish. For even more “excitement”, I decided to add a coat of snow.
For the simulated “frosting” I used white tile grout – which has the benefits of being water-soluble, quite sturdy to touch and the material does not yellow over time like gypsum.
First, the wheels, the chassis and the inside of the wheel arches received a separate treatment with relatively dryly mixed tile grout, simulating snow and dirt clusters. Once thoroughly dried, the wheels were mounted. Then the model was sprayed with low surface tension water and loose tile grout was drizzled over hull and turret, creating a flaky coat of fake snow. Once dry again, everything received another coat of matt acrylic varnish to protect and fixate everything further.
A relatively quick build, done in a few days. The First to Fight kit is very simple and went together well, but I’d use something else the next time due to the odd material it was molded with. The outcome of an 4x8 scout car looks quite plausible, though, like the missing link between the Sd.Kfz. 231 and 232 – the unintended similarity with the Soviet BA-10 heavy armored car was a bit surprising, though. And the snow on the model eventually makes it look a bit more interesting, the stunt was worth the effort.
+++ DISCLAIMER +++
Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based on historical facts. BEWARE!
Some background:
Due to the restrictions of the Versailles treaties, the Reichswehr was already dealing with the increasing mobilization and motorization of the army after the end of the First World War. The realization that the speed of the troop units required appropriate equipment was available early on. However, the Reichswehr suffered from financial constraints and during the Weimar Republic the industry only had limited capacity for series production of larger, armored vehicles.
Nevertheless, at that time the Sd.Kfz. 3 (unarmored half-track transport vehicle/1927), the ARW (eight-wheel car/1928) and the ZRW (ten-wheel car/1928) provided fundamental experience. The findings of these tests and the troop testing with the Sd.Kfz. 3 enabled a more precise specification of the new vehicles to be developed. The "heavy" armored cars were primarily intended for the reconnaissance units of the new armored forces.
The incipient rearmament could only start with a "cheap" solution, though. A three-part armored structure for the chassis of commercially available off-road trucks was developed by the Army Weapons Office, Dept. WaTest 6, in cooperation with the company Deutsche Eisenwerke AG. The typical truck chassis featured front-wheel steering and a driven bogie at the rear (4x6 layout). In June 1929, the companies Magirus, Daimler-Benz and Büssing-NAG were commissioned to develop the desired armored car from it. If you consider that this truck class was developed for a payload of 1.5t, you can already conclude from this that the vehicles, which are now equipped with a significantly heavy armored structure, had little off-road mobility. Even if the appearance of the vehicles supplied by the different manufacturers was similar, there were external distinguishing features by which the manufacturer could be identified. The vehicles were tested in the Reichswehr from 1932 and introduced later.
One of the four crew members (driver, commander, gunner, radio-operator) was used as a reverse driver: with the narrow streets of the time and a turning circle of between 13 and 16m, this function was essential for a truck-sized heavy reconnaissance vehicle. The chassis had the excellent ladder-type configuration, able to withstand the stress of rough rides at high speed. The scout car was 5570 mm long, 1820 mm wide, 2250 mm high and weighed 5.35, 5.7 or 6 tons, depending on the manufacturer. The hull was made of welded steel armor, 5 to 14.5 mm (0.2-0.57 in) thick depending on the angle (bottom to front) with well-sloped plates. The armament consisted of a 2 cm KwK 30 with 200 rounds and a MG 13 with 1300 rounds in a manually operated turret. The fuel supply was 90, 105 or 110 liters, but with a consumption of about 35 or 40 liters per 100 km, this resulted in a completely inadequate range for a scout car.
Having no true alternatives at hand, the armored 4x6 car was accepted and became known as the Sd.Kfz. 231 (6-wheel), and it was subsequently developed into two more vehicles. Up until 1937, 123 vehicles were built as Sd.Kfz. 231 reconnaissance cars and Sd.Kfz. 232 radio trucks. A further 28 were manufactured as Sd.Kfz. 263 (Panzerfunkwagen) command vehicles.
As early as 1932, after testing the pilot series, it was clear that the interim solution of "cheap" 6-wheel vehicles would not meet the future requirements of the armored divisions now planned. It was planned that from 1935/36 at least 18 vehicles of a new type that would meet the requirements for off-road mobility and high road speeds should be produced annually. Büssing-NAG had obviously made a good impression with the ARW and was now commissioned to make the revised vehicle ready for series production, which would become the SdKfz. 231 (8-Rad). The overall concept was completed between 1934 and 1935 and already showed all the features of the future type: all 8 wheels driven and steered, the same speed forwards and backwards, ability to change direction in less than 10 seconds, and a turning circle of "only" 10.5m. The vehicle layout was changed, too: the engine bay was relocated to the rear, the crew compartment was placed at the front end. This improved weight distribution, handling, and the field of view for the main forward driver.
The purpose of the new vehicles was identical to that of the earlier heavy 6-wheel vehicles, they were used on the same sites and so the same ordnance inventory designation was adopted, despite the vehicle’s many modifications. The so-called Sd.Kfz. 231 (8-Rad) was armed, corresponding to its 6-Rad counterpart, with a 2cm KwK 30 and the MG 13 (later MG 34) in a rotating turret. Likewise, the Sd.Kfz. 232 (8-Rad) carried a large, curved bow antenna, and there was a Sd.Kfz. 263 (8-Rad) command vehicle, too.
Nevertheless, the Army Weapons Office demanded a short-term solution for a vehicle based on the 4x6 chassis that offered better off-road performance and armament, namely a 37 mm anti-tank gun, with at least comparable range and armor protection. This interim vehicle was supposed to be ready for service in early 1934. Magirus accepted the challenge and proposed the Sd.Kfz. 241, a 4x8 vehicle. It retained the old overall 6-Rad layout with the front engine under a long bonnet, but it had a fourth steered axle added to lower ground pressure and improve the vehicle’s trench bridging capabilities. The powered two rear axles retained the 6-Rad’s twin wheels, so that the vehicle stood on a total of twelve tires with a relatively large footprint. The armored hull was very similar to the Sd.Kfz. 231 6-Rad, but carried a new, bigger turret with a 3.7 cm KwK 30 L/45 gun and an axis-parallel 7.92 mm MG 34 light machine gun.
The box-shaped turret exploited the hull’s width to the maximum and had a maximum armor of 15 mm, no base and the seat of the commander was attached to the tower wall. The commander sat elevated under a raised cupola in the rear section of the turret, just behind the main gun. He had five viewing slits protected by glass blocks and steel slides for all-round visibility. The gunner/loader, standing to the left of the main gun, had to constantly follow the movement of the turret, which was done by hand. In order to support the gunner when slewing the turret, the commander had an additional handle on the right side. The two crew members also had a turret position indicator.
The cannon was fired electrically via a trigger, the machine gun was operated mechanically with a pedal. To aim and view the outside, the gunner had a gun sight to the left of the gun with an opening in the gun mantlet. Standard access to the vehicle was through low double-doors in the vehicle’ flank, but side exit openings in the turret with two flaps each were also frequently used to board it. Another entry was through the commander cupola’s lid.
With all this extra hardware, the Sd.Kfz. 241’s overall weight rose considerably from the late Sd.Kfz. 231 (6-Rad) nearly 6 tons to 7.5 tons. As a consequence, the chassis had to be reinforced and a more powerful engine was used, a 6-cylinder Maybach HL 42 TRKM w carburetor gasoline engine with 4170 cc capacity and 100 hp (74 kW) output at 3000 rpm.
As expected, the Sd.Kfz. 241 was not a success. Even though the first vehicles were delivered in time in mid-1934, its operational value was rather limited. Off-road capability was, due to the extra weight, the raised center of gravity and the lack of all-wheel drive, just as bad as the 6-Rad vehicles, and the more powerful engine’s higher fuel consumption allowed neither higher range, despite bigger fuel tanks, nor a better street performance. The only real progress was the new 3.7 cm KwK 30’s firepower, which was appreciated by the crews, even though the weapon was only effective against armored targets at close range. At 100 m, 64 mm of vertical armor could be penetrated, but at 500 m this already dropped to 31 mm, any angle in the armor weakened its hitting power even further. The weapon’s maximum range was 5.000m, though, and with HE rounds the Sd.Kfz. 241 could provide indirect fire support. Another factor that limited the vehicle’s effectiveness was that the gun had to be operated by a single crew member who had to load and aim at the same time – there was simply not enough space for a separate loader who would also have increased the gun’s rate of fire from six to maybe twelve rounds per minute. The vehicle’s armor was also inadequate and only gave protection against light firearms, but not against machine guns or heavier weapons. On the other side, the cupola on top of the turret offered the commander in his elevated position a very good all-round field of view, even when under full protection – but this progressive detail was not adopted for the following armored reconnaissance vehicles and remained exclusive to German battle tanks.
Only a total of fifty-five Sd.Kfz. 241s were completed by Magirus in Cologne until 1936, when production of the Sd.Kfz. 231 (8-Rad) vehicle family started and soon replaced the Sd.Kfz. 241, which was primarily operated at the Eastern Front in Poland and Czechoslovakia. By 1940, no Sd.Kfz. 241 was left in any frontline army unit, but a few survivors were grouped together and handed over to police units. Their main gun was either completely deleted or sometimes replaced with a second machine gun, and they were used for urban patrols and riot control duties. However, by 1942, no Sd.Kfz. 241 was left over.
Specifications:
Crew: Four (commander, gunner, driver, radio operator/rear driver)
Weight: 7.5 tons (11.450 lb)
Length: 5,85 metres (19 ft 2 in)
Width: 2,20 metres (7 ft 2 ½ in)
Height: 2,78 metres (9 ft 1 in)
Ground clearance: 28.5 cm (10 in)
Suspension: Torsion bar and leaf springs
Fuel capacity: 150 litres (33 imp gal; 40 US gal)
Armor:
8–15 mm (0.31 – 0.6 in)
Performance:
Maximum road speed: 70 km/h (43.5 mph)
52 km/h (32.3 mph) backwards
Operational range: 250 km (155 miles)
Power/weight: 13 PS/ton
Engine:
Maybach HL42 TRKM water-cooled straight 6-cylinder petrol engine with 100 hp (74 kW),
driving the rear pair of axles
Transmission:
Maybach gearbox with 5-speed forward and 4-speed reverse
Armament:
1× 37 mm KwK 30 L/45 cannon with 70 rounds
1× 7.92 mm MG 34 machine gun mounted co-axially with 1.300 rounds
The kit and its assembly:
This fictional armored car was inspired by a leftover rear axles from an Italeri Sd.Kfz. 231 (6-Rad) model that I converted into a fictional half-track variant some time ago. I wondered if the set could be transplanted under an 8-Rad chassis, to create a kind of missing link to the 8x8 successors of the Sd.Kfz. 231 (6-Rad) with a total of twelve tires on four axles.
The basis became a First to Fight 1:72 Sd.Kfz. 231 (8-Rad) kit – a rather simple and robust affair, apparently primarily intended for tabletop purposes. But the overall impression is good, and it would be modified, anyway, even though the plastic turned out to be rather soft/waxy and the parts’ sprue attachment points a bit wacky.
The hull was “turned around” to drive backwards, so that its rear engine ended up in the front. I eventually only used the rear twin wheels from the Sd.Kfz. 231 (6-Rad), but not its single axles and laminated springs. Instead, I first cut the OOB mudguards in two halves, removed their side skirts and glued them onto the lower hull in reversed order, so that the exhausts and their muffler boxes would end up at the rear of the front fenders. With these in place I checked the axles’ position from the OOB ladder chassis, which is a single, integral part, and found that the rear axles’ position had to be moved by 2mm backwards. Cutting the original piece and re-arranging it was easier to scratch a new rear suspension, and the rocker bars had to be shortened to accept the wider twin wheels.
The original small turret with the 20 mm autocannon was deleted and replaced with core elements from a Panzer III turret, left over from previous conversion projects. Wider than any original turret of the Sd.Kfz. 231/232 family, it had to be narrowed by roughly 5mm – I had to cut a respective plug from the turret’s and the mantlet’s middle section, the deformed hatch was covered under a Panzer III commander cupola. To mate the re-arranged turret with the OOB adapter plate to mount it onto the hull, and to add overall stability to the construction, I filled the interior with 2C putty.
The typical storage bin at the turret’s rear was omitted, though, it would have made it too large for the compact truck chassis. The shape was a perfect stylistic match, even though, with the longer gun barrel, the vehicle reminds a lot of the Soviet BA-10 heavy armored car?
Most small details like the bumpers and the headlights were taken OOB, I added a whip antenna base at the rear and mounted two spare wheels at the back, one of them covered with a tarpaulin (made from paper tissue drenched with white glue, this was also used to create the gun mantlet seals).
Painting and markings:
Typical for German vehicles from the early WWII stages the Sd.Kfz. 241 was painted Panzergrau (RAL 7021; I used Humbrol 67, which is authentic, but mixed it with some 125 to create a slightly lighter shade of grey) overall - quite dull, but realistic. To make the vehicle look more interesting, though, I added authentic contemporary camouflage in the form of low-contrast blotches with RAL 8017, a very dark reddish brown, mixed from Humbrol 160 and some 98. Better, but IMHO still not enough.
After the model received a washing with highly thinned red-brown acrylic artist paint I applied the few decals and gave the parts an overall dry-brushing treatment with grey and dark earth. Everything was sealed with matt acrylic varnish. For even more “excitement”, I decided to add a coat of snow.
For the simulated “frosting” I used white tile grout – which has the benefits of being water-soluble, quite sturdy to touch and the material does not yellow over time like gypsum.
First, the wheels, the chassis and the inside of the wheel arches received a separate treatment with relatively dryly mixed tile grout, simulating snow and dirt clusters. Once thoroughly dried, the wheels were mounted. Then the model was sprayed with low surface tension water and loose tile grout was drizzled over hull and turret, creating a flaky coat of fake snow. Once dry again, everything received another coat of matt acrylic varnish to protect and fixate everything further.
A relatively quick build, done in a few days. The First to Fight kit is very simple and went together well, but I’d use something else the next time due to the odd material it was molded with. The outcome of an 4x8 scout car looks quite plausible, though, like the missing link between the Sd.Kfz. 231 and 232 – the unintended similarity with the Soviet BA-10 heavy armored car was a bit surprising, though. And the snow on the model eventually makes it look a bit more interesting, the stunt was worth the effort.
+++ DISCLAIMER +++
Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based on historical facts. BEWARE!
Some background:
Due to the restrictions of the Versailles treaties, the Reichswehr was already dealing with the increasing mobilization and motorization of the army after the end of the First World War. The realization that the speed of the troop units required appropriate equipment was available early on. However, the Reichswehr suffered from financial constraints and during the Weimar Republic the industry only had limited capacity for series production of larger, armored vehicles.
Nevertheless, at that time the Sd.Kfz. 3 (unarmored half-track transport vehicle/1927), the ARW (eight-wheel car/1928) and the ZRW (ten-wheel car/1928) provided fundamental experience. The findings of these tests and the troop testing with the Sd.Kfz. 3 enabled a more precise specification of the new vehicles to be developed. The "heavy" armored cars were primarily intended for the reconnaissance units of the new armored forces.
The incipient rearmament could only start with a "cheap" solution, though. A three-part armored structure for the chassis of commercially available off-road trucks was developed by the Army Weapons Office, Dept. WaTest 6, in cooperation with the company Deutsche Eisenwerke AG. The typical truck chassis featured front-wheel steering and a driven bogie at the rear (4x6 layout). In June 1929, the companies Magirus, Daimler-Benz and Büssing-NAG were commissioned to develop the desired armored car from it. If you consider that this truck class was developed for a payload of 1.5t, you can already conclude from this that the vehicles, which are now equipped with a significantly heavy armored structure, had little off-road mobility. Even if the appearance of the vehicles supplied by the different manufacturers was similar, there were external distinguishing features by which the manufacturer could be identified. The vehicles were tested in the Reichswehr from 1932 and introduced later.
One of the four crew members (driver, commander, gunner, radio-operator) was used as a reverse driver: with the narrow streets of the time and a turning circle of between 13 and 16m, this function was essential for a truck-sized heavy reconnaissance vehicle. The chassis had the excellent ladder-type configuration, able to withstand the stress of rough rides at high speed. The scout car was 5570 mm long, 1820 mm wide, 2250 mm high and weighed 5.35, 5.7 or 6 tons, depending on the manufacturer. The hull was made of welded steel armor, 5 to 14.5 mm (0.2-0.57 in) thick depending on the angle (bottom to front) with well-sloped plates. The armament consisted of a 2 cm KwK 30 with 200 rounds and a MG 13 with 1300 rounds in a manually operated turret. The fuel supply was 90, 105 or 110 liters, but with a consumption of about 35 or 40 liters per 100 km, this resulted in a completely inadequate range for a scout car.
Having no true alternatives at hand, the armored 4x6 car was accepted and became known as the Sd.Kfz. 231 (6-wheel), and it was subsequently developed into two more vehicles. Up until 1937, 123 vehicles were built as Sd.Kfz. 231 reconnaissance cars and Sd.Kfz. 232 radio trucks. A further 28 were manufactured as Sd.Kfz. 263 (Panzerfunkwagen) command vehicles.
As early as 1932, after testing the pilot series, it was clear that the interim solution of "cheap" 6-wheel vehicles would not meet the future requirements of the armored divisions now planned. It was planned that from 1935/36 at least 18 vehicles of a new type that would meet the requirements for off-road mobility and high road speeds should be produced annually. Büssing-NAG had obviously made a good impression with the ARW and was now commissioned to make the revised vehicle ready for series production, which would become the SdKfz. 231 (8-Rad). The overall concept was completed between 1934 and 1935 and already showed all the features of the future type: all 8 wheels driven and steered, the same speed forwards and backwards, ability to change direction in less than 10 seconds, and a turning circle of "only" 10.5m. The vehicle layout was changed, too: the engine bay was relocated to the rear, the crew compartment was placed at the front end. This improved weight distribution, handling, and the field of view for the main forward driver.
The purpose of the new vehicles was identical to that of the earlier heavy 6-wheel vehicles, they were used on the same sites and so the same ordnance inventory designation was adopted, despite the vehicle’s many modifications. The so-called Sd.Kfz. 231 (8-Rad) was armed, corresponding to its 6-Rad counterpart, with a 2cm KwK 30 and the MG 13 (later MG 34) in a rotating turret. Likewise, the Sd.Kfz. 232 (8-Rad) carried a large, curved bow antenna, and there was a Sd.Kfz. 263 (8-Rad) command vehicle, too.
Nevertheless, the Army Weapons Office demanded a short-term solution for a vehicle based on the 4x6 chassis that offered better off-road performance and armament, namely a 37 mm anti-tank gun, with at least comparable range and armor protection. This interim vehicle was supposed to be ready for service in early 1934. Magirus accepted the challenge and proposed the Sd.Kfz. 241, a 4x8 vehicle. It retained the old overall 6-Rad layout with the front engine under a long bonnet, but it had a fourth steered axle added to lower ground pressure and improve the vehicle’s trench bridging capabilities. The powered two rear axles retained the 6-Rad’s twin wheels, so that the vehicle stood on a total of twelve tires with a relatively large footprint. The armored hull was very similar to the Sd.Kfz. 231 6-Rad, but carried a new, bigger turret with a 3.7 cm KwK 30 L/45 gun and an axis-parallel 7.92 mm MG 34 light machine gun.
The box-shaped turret exploited the hull’s width to the maximum and had a maximum armor of 15 mm, no base and the seat of the commander was attached to the tower wall. The commander sat elevated under a raised cupola in the rear section of the turret, just behind the main gun. He had five viewing slits protected by glass blocks and steel slides for all-round visibility. The gunner/loader, standing to the left of the main gun, had to constantly follow the movement of the turret, which was done by hand. In order to support the gunner when slewing the turret, the commander had an additional handle on the right side. The two crew members also had a turret position indicator.
The cannon was fired electrically via a trigger, the machine gun was operated mechanically with a pedal. To aim and view the outside, the gunner had a gun sight to the left of the gun with an opening in the gun mantlet. Standard access to the vehicle was through low double-doors in the vehicle’ flank, but side exit openings in the turret with two flaps each were also frequently used to board it. Another entry was through the commander cupola’s lid.
With all this extra hardware, the Sd.Kfz. 241’s overall weight rose considerably from the late Sd.Kfz. 231 (6-Rad) nearly 6 tons to 7.5 tons. As a consequence, the chassis had to be reinforced and a more powerful engine was used, a 6-cylinder Maybach HL 42 TRKM w carburetor gasoline engine with 4170 cc capacity and 100 hp (74 kW) output at 3000 rpm.
As expected, the Sd.Kfz. 241 was not a success. Even though the first vehicles were delivered in time in mid-1934, its operational value was rather limited. Off-road capability was, due to the extra weight, the raised center of gravity and the lack of all-wheel drive, just as bad as the 6-Rad vehicles, and the more powerful engine’s higher fuel consumption allowed neither higher range, despite bigger fuel tanks, nor a better street performance. The only real progress was the new 3.7 cm KwK 30’s firepower, which was appreciated by the crews, even though the weapon was only effective against armored targets at close range. At 100 m, 64 mm of vertical armor could be penetrated, but at 500 m this already dropped to 31 mm, any angle in the armor weakened its hitting power even further. The weapon’s maximum range was 5.000m, though, and with HE rounds the Sd.Kfz. 241 could provide indirect fire support. Another factor that limited the vehicle’s effectiveness was that the gun had to be operated by a single crew member who had to load and aim at the same time – there was simply not enough space for a separate loader who would also have increased the gun’s rate of fire from six to maybe twelve rounds per minute. The vehicle’s armor was also inadequate and only gave protection against light firearms, but not against machine guns or heavier weapons. On the other side, the cupola on top of the turret offered the commander in his elevated position a very good all-round field of view, even when under full protection – but this progressive detail was not adopted for the following armored reconnaissance vehicles and remained exclusive to German battle tanks.
Only a total of fifty-five Sd.Kfz. 241s were completed by Magirus in Cologne until 1936, when production of the Sd.Kfz. 231 (8-Rad) vehicle family started and soon replaced the Sd.Kfz. 241, which was primarily operated at the Eastern Front in Poland and Czechoslovakia. By 1940, no Sd.Kfz. 241 was left in any frontline army unit, but a few survivors were grouped together and handed over to police units. Their main gun was either completely deleted or sometimes replaced with a second machine gun, and they were used for urban patrols and riot control duties. However, by 1942, no Sd.Kfz. 241 was left over.
Specifications:
Crew: Four (commander, gunner, driver, radio operator/rear driver)
Weight: 7.5 tons (11.450 lb)
Length: 5,85 metres (19 ft 2 in)
Width: 2,20 metres (7 ft 2 ½ in)
Height: 2,78 metres (9 ft 1 in)
Ground clearance: 28.5 cm (10 in)
Suspension: Torsion bar and leaf springs
Fuel capacity: 150 litres (33 imp gal; 40 US gal)
Armor:
8–15 mm (0.31 – 0.6 in)
Performance:
Maximum road speed: 70 km/h (43.5 mph)
52 km/h (32.3 mph) backwards
Operational range: 250 km (155 miles)
Power/weight: 13 PS/ton
Engine:
Maybach HL42 TRKM water-cooled straight 6-cylinder petrol engine with 100 hp (74 kW),
driving the rear pair of axles
Transmission:
Maybach gearbox with 5-speed forward and 4-speed reverse
Armament:
1× 37 mm KwK 30 L/45 cannon with 70 rounds
1× 7.92 mm MG 34 machine gun mounted co-axially with 1.300 rounds
The kit and its assembly:
This fictional armored car was inspired by a leftover rear axles from an Italeri Sd.Kfz. 231 (6-Rad) model that I converted into a fictional half-track variant some time ago. I wondered if the set could be transplanted under an 8-Rad chassis, to create a kind of missing link to the 8x8 successors of the Sd.Kfz. 231 (6-Rad) with a total of twelve tires on four axles.
The basis became a First to Fight 1:72 Sd.Kfz. 231 (8-Rad) kit – a rather simple and robust affair, apparently primarily intended for tabletop purposes. But the overall impression is good, and it would be modified, anyway, even though the plastic turned out to be rather soft/waxy and the parts’ sprue attachment points a bit wacky.
The hull was “turned around” to drive backwards, so that its rear engine ended up in the front. I eventually only used the rear twin wheels from the Sd.Kfz. 231 (6-Rad), but not its single axles and laminated springs. Instead, I first cut the OOB mudguards in two halves, removed their side skirts and glued them onto the lower hull in reversed order, so that the exhausts and their muffler boxes would end up at the rear of the front fenders. With these in place I checked the axles’ position from the OOB ladder chassis, which is a single, integral part, and found that the rear axles’ position had to be moved by 2mm backwards. Cutting the original piece and re-arranging it was easier to scratch a new rear suspension, and the rocker bars had to be shortened to accept the wider twin wheels.
The original small turret with the 20 mm autocannon was deleted and replaced with core elements from a Panzer III turret, left over from previous conversion projects. Wider than any original turret of the Sd.Kfz. 231/232 family, it had to be narrowed by roughly 5mm – I had to cut a respective plug from the turret’s and the mantlet’s middle section, the deformed hatch was covered under a Panzer III commander cupola. To mate the re-arranged turret with the OOB adapter plate to mount it onto the hull, and to add overall stability to the construction, I filled the interior with 2C putty.
The typical storage bin at the turret’s rear was omitted, though, it would have made it too large for the compact truck chassis. The shape was a perfect stylistic match, even though, with the longer gun barrel, the vehicle reminds a lot of the Soviet BA-10 heavy armored car?
Most small details like the bumpers and the headlights were taken OOB, I added a whip antenna base at the rear and mounted two spare wheels at the back, one of them covered with a tarpaulin (made from paper tissue drenched with white glue, this was also used to create the gun mantlet seals).
Painting and markings:
Typical for German vehicles from the early WWII stages the Sd.Kfz. 241 was painted Panzergrau (RAL 7021; I used Humbrol 67, which is authentic, but mixed it with some 125 to create a slightly lighter shade of grey) overall - quite dull, but realistic. To make the vehicle look more interesting, though, I added authentic contemporary camouflage in the form of low-contrast blotches with RAL 8017, a very dark reddish brown, mixed from Humbrol 160 and some 98. Better, but IMHO still not enough.
After the model received a washing with highly thinned red-brown acrylic artist paint I applied the few decals and gave the parts an overall dry-brushing treatment with grey and dark earth. Everything was sealed with matt acrylic varnish. For even more “excitement”, I decided to add a coat of snow.
For the simulated “frosting” I used white tile grout – which has the benefits of being water-soluble, quite sturdy to touch and the material does not yellow over time like gypsum.
First, the wheels, the chassis and the inside of the wheel arches received a separate treatment with relatively dryly mixed tile grout, simulating snow and dirt clusters. Once thoroughly dried, the wheels were mounted. Then the model was sprayed with low surface tension water and loose tile grout was drizzled over hull and turret, creating a flaky coat of fake snow. Once dry again, everything received another coat of matt acrylic varnish to protect and fixate everything further.
A relatively quick build, done in a few days. The First to Fight kit is very simple and went together well, but I’d use something else the next time due to the odd material it was molded with. The outcome of an 4x8 scout car looks quite plausible, though, like the missing link between the Sd.Kfz. 231 and 232 – the unintended similarity with the Soviet BA-10 heavy armored car was a bit surprising, though. And the snow on the model eventually makes it look a bit more interesting, the stunt was worth the effort.
USAID hosted a Signature Event —Shared Progress: Modernizing Development Finance on September 22, 2016 in New York City, NY. Running concurrently to the United Nations General Asembly, the event highlighted the challenges and opportunities for financing current and future development goals.
During the event, UAID Administrator Gayle Smith and Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Christine Lagarde, discussed how to foster an enabling environment for private investment and increasing domestic resource mobilization. A panel of speakers also offered recommendations on how to make better use of the three streams of finance in order to improve development outcomes.
Photo by Ellie Van Houtte/USAID
USAID hosted a Signature Event —Shared Progress: Modernizing Development Finance on September 22, 2016 in New York City, NY. Running concurrently to the United Nations General Asembly, the event highlighted the challenges and opportunities for financing current and future development goals.
During the event, UAID Administrator Gayle Smith and Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Christine Lagarde, discussed how to foster an enabling environment for private investment and increasing domestic resource mobilization. A panel of speakers also offered recommendations on how to make better use of the three streams of finance in order to improve development outcomes.
Photo by Ellie Van Houtte/USAID
Mobilization of a piling rig onto a temporary access platform on BC Highway 1, the Malahat at the Tunnel Hill washout location. For more information on the work happening at the site, visit the project recovery site: www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/transportation-projects/bc-hig...
USAID hosted a Signature Event —Shared Progress: Modernizing Development Finance on September 22, 2016 in New York City, NY. Running concurrently to the United Nations General Asembly, the event highlighted the challenges and opportunities for financing current and future development goals.
During the event, UAID Administrator Gayle Smith and Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Christine Lagarde, discussed how to foster an enabling environment for private investment and increasing domestic resource mobilization. A panel of speakers also offered recommendations on how to make better use of the three streams of finance in order to improve development outcomes.
Photo by Ellie Van Houtte/USAID
USAID hosted a Signature Event —Shared Progress: Modernizing Development Finance on September 22, 2016 in New York City, NY. Running concurrently to the United Nations General Asembly, the event highlighted the challenges and opportunities for financing current and future development goals.
During the event, UAID Administrator Gayle Smith and Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Christine Lagarde, discussed how to foster an enabling environment for private investment and increasing domestic resource mobilization. A panel of speakers also offered recommendations on how to make better use of the three streams of finance in order to improve development outcomes.
Photo by Ellie Van Houtte/USAID
Piling - Mobilization of piling rig on to temporary access platform. For more information on the project, visit the project website: www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/transportation-projects/bc-hig...
A postcard that captures these older Saxons as they are called up for service in the Great War. Their faces show a range of emotions from elation to gloom. They are old enough to leave behind careers and families. Some of them would never come back to the life they left behind.
USAID hosted a Signature Event —Shared Progress: Modernizing Development Finance on September 22, 2016 in New York City, NY. Running concurrently to the United Nations General Asembly, the event highlighted the challenges and opportunities for financing current and future development goals.
During the event, UAID Administrator Gayle Smith and Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Christine Lagarde, discussed how to foster an enabling environment for private investment and increasing domestic resource mobilization. A panel of speakers also offered recommendations on how to make better use of the three streams of finance in order to improve development outcomes.
Photo by Ellie Van Houtte/USAID
Due to the increasing hostilities between the countries of Geo and Volsci, the government has decided to begin a general mobilization of some of its troops.
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This is the 21st Mechanized Infantry Division on their way to being deployed to border city of New Brick City, as deterrent to a possible armed conflict.
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Instead of showing you a simple picture of my current Modern Army, I wanted to make it a big more elaborate. So my Army consists of 1 Cheiftain MBT, 1 FV432, 2 Land Rover Snatch, 1 Land Rover Wolf, 1 MWMIK Jackal, 1 FV102 Striker, 2 General Utility Trucks, 1 Rapier Missile Launcher, and 1 V-150 Commando. Most vehicles are form Brickmania.
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I plan to increase it substantially to include a couple more Chieftains and to expand on the CVRT collection by a lot! And I also might changed the trucks in the future. (Which are based on the Armorbrick GAZ-66 truck!
Let me know what you guys think!
USAID hosted a Signature Event —Shared Progress: Modernizing Development Finance on September 22, 2016 in New York City, NY. Running concurrently to the United Nations General Asembly, the event highlighted the challenges and opportunities for financing current and future development goals.
During the event, UAID Administrator Gayle Smith and Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Christine Lagarde, discussed how to foster an enabling environment for private investment and increasing domestic resource mobilization. A panel of speakers also offered recommendations on how to make better use of the three streams of finance in order to improve development outcomes.
Photo by Ellie Van Houtte/USAID
Due to the increasing hostilities between the countries of Geo and Volsci, the government has decided to begin a general mobilization of some of its troops.
•
This is the 21st Mechanized Infantry Division on their way to being deployed to border city of New Brick City, as deterrent to a possible armed conflict.
•
Instead of showing you a simple picture of my current Modern Army, I wanted to make it a big more elaborate. So my Army consists of 1 Cheiftain MBT, 1 FV432, 2 Land Rover Snatch, 1 Land Rover Wolf, 1 MWMIK Jackal, 1 FV102 Striker, 2 General Utility Trucks, 1 Rapier Missile Launcher, and 1 V-150 Commando. Most vehicles are form Brickmania.
•
I plan to increase it substantially to include a couple more Chieftains and to expand on the CVRT collection by a lot! And I also might changed the trucks in the future. (Which are based on the Armorbrick GAZ-66 truck!
Let me know what you guys think!
State and federal elected officials and senior military leaders join families, friends and fellow Soldiers to mark the official start of federal active duty for Task Force Red Dragon Nov. 27, 2021, at the National D-Day Memorial in Bedford, Virginia. More than 1,000 Virginia and Kentucky Army National Guard Soldiers are mobilizing as Task Force Red Dragon under the command of the Lynchburg-based 1st Battalion, 116th Infantry Regiment, 116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, to provide a security force in support of Combined Joint Task Force - Horn of Africa. It is the largest VNG single-unit mobilization since World War II. The Troutville-based 29th Infantry Division Band provided music for the ceremony, and members of the Virginia Defense Force volunteered their time to assist with traffic management and parking. Read more about the TF Red Dragon federal active duty mobilization at go.usa.gov/xFK9K. (U.S. National Guard photo by Cotton Puryear)
Flower bouquets show that the photo was taken during the mobilization or marching of soldiers from the city where they were trained. In the middle, you can see a soldier in visor cap in a fabric cover. Maybe a paramedic?
USAID hosted a Signature Event —Shared Progress: Modernizing Development Finance on September 22, 2016 in New York City, NY. Running concurrently to the United Nations General Asembly, the event highlighted the challenges and opportunities for financing current and future development goals.
During the event, UAID Administrator Gayle Smith and Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Christine Lagarde, discussed how to foster an enabling environment for private investment and increasing domestic resource mobilization. A panel of speakers also offered recommendations on how to make better use of the three streams of finance in order to improve development outcomes.
Photo by Ellie Van Houtte/USAID
Oklahoma Army National Guardsman, Sgt. James Elkins, III, member of Headquarters Company, 1st Battalion, 179th Infantry Regiment, 45th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (IBCT), conducts squad-level lane training Nov. 22, 2016, during pre-mobilization at Camp Gruber Training Center (CGTC), near Braggs, Oklahoma, in preparation for their deployment to Ukraine. The 179th is the first of two six-month rotations to the Ukraine as part of the Joint Multinational Training Group-Ukraine, a training mission focused on providing defensive and security training to Ukrainian forces within the U.S. Security Cooperation agreement. (U.S. Army National Guard photo by 1st Lt. Leanna Litsch)
Reginald Booker, an Anacostia organizer, speaks to the crowd at an antiwar rally on the Washington Monument grounds sponsored by the Washington Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam July 15, 1967.
Booker urged black families to have more babies to offset the killings of black people at home and in Vietnam.
Also shown from left to right are Dagmar Wilson, Women’s Strike for Peace; and Herb Kelsey, director of the Washington Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam.
Ray Robinson, a former boxer who headed a group called Soul Sessions, Inc., told the crowd of about 300 that the slow progress of black Americans has discredited non-violence and peaceful protest.
Wilson praised boxer Muhammed Ali who was then under sentence for refusing to serve in the U.S. Army.
“He is one of the great heroes of our time. His action may turn the course of history. He deserves two Nobel prizes,” Wilson said.
Robert Greenblatt, a co-chair of the National Mobilization, told the gathering that white college students should drop out of school in protest of deferments for the armed services for students, which he said discriminated against black Americans who lacked the opportunity for higher education.
“Take one or two courses if you want, but not enough to qualify as a full-time student,” Greenblatt urged.
Reginald Booker was a community organizer, antiwar activist and chair of the Emergency Committee on the Transportation Crisis (ECTC). Booker’s emphatic denunciations of freeways built for white suburbs at the expense of black residents in the city helped galvanize opposition to new roads.
Booker's in-your-face style was exemplified by his naming his Anacostia group "Niggers, Inc."
Booker co-chaired the ECTC with Sammie Abbott, an acid-tongued left-wing activist who got his start as a union organizer in the Buffalo, N.Y. steel mills in the 1930s. The two made a perfect pair.
The ECTC led a series of demonstrations and civil disobedience actions to halt the construction of freeways in the District of Columbia and instead provide funding to build the Washington Metro system in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
The group’s flamboyant actions played a key role in turning the tide of public opinion away from freeways and toward construction of Washington, D.C.’s mass transportation system.
For a detailed account of Booker’s activism, victories and defeats, see washingtonareaspark.com/2020/01/28/the-d-c-black-liberati...
For more information and related images, see flic.kr/s/aHskVENBnt
Photo by Schmick. The image is courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.