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Licon, Mario
(a.k.a. Licon Cabrera, Mario )
Born: 1949 Chihuahua, Mexico
Arrived in Australia: 1992
Biographical excerpt :
Before migrating to Australia, Mario Licon was co-editor of the magazine Germen (1973-1975). He also has had four books of poetry published in Mexico: Divagagavadi (1981), Arco de Tiempo (1985), Nostos en el Umbral (1990) and La Reverberacion de la Ceniza (2004). He continues to write for Mexican magazines including Oasis, Dos Filos and Alforja. In 1999 he was invited to read at the International Week of Poetry in Barcelona. In 2001 he contributed a brief overview of Mexican poetry to the anthol....
from
As part of the post-war reconstruction the Chifley government implemented a significant immigration program which saw the arrival of thousands of new migrants. This policy was administered by future Labor leader Arthur Calwell who is also pictured. Under this program hundreds of thousands of Displaced People and British subjects migrated to Australia.
SOURCE: National Archives Australia
Well, Austin Of England, but then migrated to Australia, and then come back again. Disappoingtingly this was gone by the time we came out of the grounds. Would have been great to chat to the driver and find out about his trip all the way from the land up-side-down.
Private Richard Kelliher VC
Date of birth: 1 September 1910
Place of birth: Ballybranagh, near Tralee, County Kerry, Ireland
Date of death: 28 January 1963
Place of death: Repatriation General Hospital, Heidelberg, Melbourne, VIC
Richard Kelliher was born in Ireland and migrated to Australia in 1929. He was a labourer in Brisbane before enlisting in 1941. Sent to the Middle East, he transferred to the 2/25th after the Syrian campaign. The battalion returned to Australia the following year, then took part in the fighting in the Owen Stanley Range and at Gona. Kelliher spent the first half of 1943 in hospital with malaria, before returning to Papua.
A month later, 13 September 1943 near Nadzab, New Guinea, Kelliher was involved in fighting near Heath's plantation. When several of his platoon, including a section leader, became casualties, Kelliher, on his own initiative, raced forward hurling grenades, killing some of the enemy until forced back. Then he seized a Bren gun, ran to within a short distance, and silenced the enemy in the post. His final action was to rescue the wounded corporal, saving his life.
Kelliher returned to Australia, still suffering spells of malaria, and was discharged in 1945. He took up work as a gardener in Melbourne.
Private Thomas Cooke VC
Date of birth: 5 July 1881
Place of birth: Kaikoura, Marlborough, New Zealand
Date of death: 24-25 July 1916
Place of death: Pozières, France
Thomas Cooke was 35 years old and married with a family when he won the Victoria Cross for his actions on 24-25 July 1916. He had been born in New Zealand and migrated to Australia shortly before the war. He enlisted in the 8th Australian Infantry Battalion, AIF. His hobby was band music, and he played the cornet.
In the initial attack on Pozières his battalion captured vital ground. It then had to hold on under heavy artillery fire and determined enemy counter-attacks. Cooke was part of a Lewis gun team working from a particularly dangerous position. Even after all the others with him had been killed or wounded, he remained fighting at his isolated post. When help finally reached the position, Cooke was found dead at his gun. His body was lost in the later fighting around Pozières.
LONDON GAZETTE
No. 3055 Pte. Thomas Cooke, late Aus. Infy.
For most conspicuous bravery. After a Lewis gun had been disabled, he was ordered to take his gun and gun-team to a dangerous part of the line. Here he did fine work, but came under very heavy fire, with the result that finally he was the only man left. He still stuck to his post, and continued to fire his gun.
When assistance was sent he was found dead beside his gun. He set a splendid example of determination and devotion to duty.
Little hajj:
These are some of my favourite photos I took when I was in the Middle East in January of 2006. I travelled with my father, uncle and grandfather to Saudi Arabia to complete the Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) with some other family friends. Afterwards we met up with my younger sister and went to Lebanon to visit my grandfather's family who he left when he migrated to Australia.
This trip was a life changing experience and I absolutely loved it. Hope to go back someday, but not before I grasp the Arabic language... Could be a while...
It was the chilled out lifestyle of the North Coast that attracted Vicky and her husband to pack up their lives in England 3 years ago and migrate to Australia.
So the new addition to the family, 10 week old Megan was born an Aussie.
Talking about the qualities of mateship Megan cited her best friend. "My best friend is funny, kind and always there for us" Megan said.
The best advice Megan says she was ever given was from her mum, "try not to take things to heart".
Open Producer Portrait of a Stranger tip: High, low and skewed angles can create a more dramatic portrait.
A postcard photo of one of the canals in Ijlst in the late 1930s. The canal has since been filled in, but the street remains the main one of Ijlst. From 1943-47 my parents lived in this small Friesian city.
My mother saved postcards of the places where in the Netherlands she and her growing family had lived, as well as other pictures for the family photo album. As we migrated to Australia in 1951 when the eldest of her children was only 5, this photo album was an important way of keeping us kids in touch with our country of birth.
After an initial church building from the 1870s was used as the site of an Anglican presence in the town, building of a cathedral began in 1887, but work was halted in 1892 through lack of funds after only part of the planned building had been completed. Work was not begun again until 1953, with completion by 1959, resulting in a very warm red brick building on a hill site. The white statue of St. James on the left was added in 1960 - the work of Erwin A. Guth, a German sculptor who migrated to Australia in 1954.
A postcard photo of one of the canals in Ijlst in the late 1930s. The canal has since been filled in, but the street remains the main one of Ijlst. From 1943-47 my parents lived in this small Friesian city.
My mother saved postcards of the places where in the Netherlands she and her growing family had lived, as well as other pictures for the family photo album. As we migrated to Australia in 1951 when the eldest of her children was only 5, this photo album was an important way of keeping us kids in touch with our country of birth.
The Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis), also known as the Komodo monitor, is a large species of lizard found in the Indonesian islands of Komodo, Rinca, Flores, Gili Motang, and Padar. A member of the monitor lizard family Varanidae, it is the largest living species of lizard, growing to a maximum length of 3 metres in rare cases and weighing up to approximately 70 kilograms.
Their unusually large size has been attributed to island gigantism, since no other carnivorous animals fill the niche on the islands where they live. However, recent research suggests the large size of Komodo dragons may be better understood as representative of a relict population of very large varanid lizards that once lived across Indonesia and Australia, most of which, along with other megafauna, died out after the Pleistocene. Fossils very similar to V. komodoensis have been found in Australia dating to greater than 3.8 million years ago, and its body size remained stable on Flores, one of the handful of Indonesian islands where it is currently found, over the last 900,000 years, "a time marked by major faunal turnovers, extinction of the island's megafauna, and the arrival of early hominids by 880 ka [kiloannums]."
As a result of their size, these lizards dominate the ecosystems in which they live. Komodo dragons hunt and ambush prey including invertebrates, birds, and mammals. It has been claimed that they have a venomous bite; there are two glands in the lower jaw which secrete several toxic proteins. The biological significance of these proteins is disputed, but the glands have been shown to secrete an anticoagulant. Komodo dragon group behaviour in hunting is exceptional in the reptile world. The diet of big Komodo dragons mainly consists of deer, though they also eat considerable amounts of carrion. Komodo dragons also occasionally attack humans in the area of West Manggarai Regency where they live in Indonesia.
Mating begins between May and August, and the eggs are laid in September. About 20 eggs are deposited in abandoned megapode nests or in a self-dug nesting hole. The eggs are incubated for seven to eight months, hatching in April, when insects are most plentiful. Young Komodo dragons are vulnerable and therefore dwell in trees, safe from predators and cannibalistic adults. They take 8 to 9 years to mature, and are estimated to live up to 30 years.
Komodo dragons were first recorded by Western scientists in 1910. Their large size and fearsome reputation make them popular zoo exhibits. In the wild, their range has contracted due to human activities, and they are listed as vulnerable by the IUCN. They are protected under Indonesian law, and a national park, Komodo National Park, was founded to aid protection efforts.
ETYMOLOGY
The Komodo dragon is also known as the Komodo monitor or the Komodo Island monitor in scientific literature, although this is not very common. To the natives of Komodo Island, it is referred to as ora, buaya darat (land crocodile), or biawak raksasa (giant monitor).
EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
The evolutionary development of the Komodo dragon started with the Varanus genus, which originated in Asia about 40 million years ago and migrated to Australia. Around 15 million years ago, a collision between Australia and Southeast Asia allowed the varanids to move into what is now the Indonesian archipelago, extending their range as far east as the island of Timor. The Komodo dragon was believed to have differentiated from its Australian ancestors 4 million years ago. However, recent fossil evidence from Queensland suggests the Komodo dragon evolved in Australia before spreading to Indonesia. Dramatic lowering of sea level during the last glacial period uncovered extensive stretches of continental shelf that the Komodo dragon colonized, becoming isolated in their present island range as sea levels rose afterwards.
DESCRIPTION
In the wild, an adult Komodo dragon usually weighs around 70 kg, although captive specimens often weigh more. According to the Guinness Book of World Records, an average adult male will weigh 79 to 91 kg and measure 2.59 m, while an average female will weigh 68 to 73 kg and measure 2.29 m. The largest verified wild specimen was 3.13 m long and weighed 166 kg, including undigested food. The Komodo dragon has a tail as long as its body, as well as about 60 frequently replaced, serrated teeth that can measure up to 2.5 cm in length. Its saliva is frequently blood-tinged, because its teeth are almost completely covered by gingival tissue that is naturally lacerated during feeding. This creates an ideal culture for the bacteria that live in its mouth. It also has a long, yellow, deeply forked tongue. Komodo dragon skin is reinforced by armoured scales, which contain tiny bones called osteoderms that function as a sort of natural chain-mail. This rugged hide makes Komodo dragon skin poorly suited for making into leather.
SENSES
As with other Varanids, Komodo dragons have only a single ear bone, the stapes, for transferring vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea. This arrangement means they are likely restricted to sounds in the 400 to 2,000 hertz range, compared to humans who hear between 20 and 20,000 hertz. It was formerly thought to be deaf when a study reported no agitation in wild Komodo dragons in response to whispers, raised voices, or shouts. This was disputed when London Zoological Garden employee Joan Proctor trained a captive specimen to come out to feed at the sound of her voice, even when she could not be seen.
The Komodo dragon can see objects as far away as 300 m, but because its retinas only contain cones, it is thought to have poor night vision. The Komodo dragon is able to see in color, but has poor visual discrimination of stationary objects.
The Komodo dragon uses its tongue to detect, taste, and smell stimuli, as with many other reptiles, with the vomeronasal sense using the Jacobson's organ, rather than using the nostrils. With the help of a favorable wind and its habit of swinging its head from side to side as it walks, a Komodo dragon may be able to detect carrion from 4–9.5 km away. It only has a few taste buds in the back of its throat. Its scales, some of which are reinforced with bone, have sensory plaques connected to nerves to facilitate its sense of touch. The scales around the ears, lips, chin, and soles of the feet may have three or more sensory plaques.
BEHAVIOUR AND ECOLOGY
The Komodo dragon prefers hot and dry places, and typically lives in dry, open grassland, savanna, and tropical forest at low elevations. As an ectotherm, it is most active in the day, although it exhibits some nocturnal activity. Komodo dragons are solitary, coming together only to breed and eat. They are capable of running rapidly in brief sprints up to 20 km/h, diving up to 4.5 m, and climbing trees proficiently when young through use of their strong claws. To catch out-of-reach prey, the Komodo dragon may stand on its hind legs and use its tail as a support. As it matures, its claws are used primarily as weapons, as its great size makes climbing impractical.
For shelter, the Komodo dragon digs holes that can measure from 1–3 m wide with its powerful forelimbs and claws. Because of its large size and habit of sleeping in these burrows, it is able to conserve body heat throughout the night and minimize its basking period the morning after. The Komodo dragon hunts in the afternoon, but stays in the shade during the hottest part of the day. These special resting places, usually located on ridges with cool sea breezes, are marked with droppings and are cleared of vegetation. They serve as strategic locations from which to ambush deer.
DIET
Komodo dragons are carnivores. Although they eat mostly carrion, they will also ambush live prey with a stealthy approach. When suitable prey arrives near a dragon's ambush site, it will suddenly charge at the animal and go for the underside or the throat. It is able to locate its prey using its keen sense of smell, which can locate a dead or dying animal from a range of up to 9.5 km. Komodo dragons have been observed knocking down large pigs and deer with their strong tails.
Komodo dragons eat by tearing large chunks of flesh and swallowing them whole while holding the carcass down with their forelegs. For smaller prey up to the size of a goat, their loosely articulated jaws, flexible skulls, and expandable stomachs allow them to swallow prey whole. The vegetable contents of the stomach and intestines are typically avoided. Copious amounts of red saliva the Komodo dragons produce help to lubricate the food, but swallowing is still a long process (15–20 minutes to swallow a goat). A Komodo dragon may attempt to speed up the process by ramming the carcass against a tree to force it down its throat, sometimes ramming so forcefully, the tree is knocked down. To prevent itself from suffocating while swallowing, it breathes using a small tube under the tongue that connects to the lungs. After eating up to 80% of its body weight in one meal, it drags itself to a sunny location to speed digestion, as the food could rot and poison the dragon if left undigested for too long. Because of their slow metabolism, large dragons can survive on as little as 12 meals a year. After digestion, the Komodo dragon regurgitates a mass of horns, hair, and teeth known as the gastric pellet, which is covered in malodorous mucus. After regurgitating the gastric pellet, it rubs its face in the dirt or on bushes to get rid of the mucus, suggesting, like humans, it does not relish the scent of its own excretions.
The largest animals eat first, while the smaller ones follow a hierarchy. The largest male asserts his dominance and the smaller males show their submission by use of body language and rumbling hisses. Dragons of equal size may resort to "wrestling". Losers usually retreat, though they have been known to be killed and eaten by victors.
The Komodo dragon's diet is wide-ranging, and includes invertebrates, other reptiles (including smaller Komodo dragons), birds, bird eggs, small mammals, monkeys, wild boar, goats, deer, horses, and water buffalo. Young Komodos will eat insects, eggs, geckos, and small mammals. Occasionally, they consume humans and human corpses, digging up bodies from shallow graves. This habit of raiding graves caused the villagers of Komodo to move their graves from sandy to clay ground and pile rocks on top of them to deter the lizards. The Komodo dragon may have evolved to feed on the extinct dwarf elephant Stegodon that once lived on Flores, according to evolutionary biologist Jared Diamond.
The Komodo dragon drinks by sucking water into its mouth via buccal pumping (a process also used for respiration), lifting its head, and letting the water run down its throat.
SALIVA
Auffenberg described the Komodo dragon as having septic pathogens in its saliva (he described the saliva as "reddish and copious"), specifically the bacteria E. coli, Staphylococcus sp., Providencia sp., Proteus morgani, and P. mirabilis. He noted, while these pathogens can be found in the mouths of wild Komodo dragons, they disappear from the mouths of captive animals, due to cleaner diets and the use of antibiotics. This was verified by taking mucous samples from the external gum surfaces of the upper jaws of two freshly captured individuals. Saliva samples were analyzed by researchers at the University of Texas, who found 57 strains of bacteria growing in the mouths of three wild Komodo dragons, including Pasteurella multocida. The rapid growth of these bacteria was noted by Fredeking: "Normally it takes about three days for a sample of P. multocida to cover a Petri dish; ours took eight hours. We were very taken aback by how virulent these strains were". This study supported the observation that wounds inflicted by the Komodo dragon are often associated with sepsis and subsequent infections in prey animals. How the Komodo dragon is unaffected by these virulent bacteria remains a mystery.Research in 2013 suggested that the bacteria in the mouths of komodo dragons are ordinary and similar to those found in other carnivores. They actually have surprisingly good mouth hygiene. As Bryan Fry put it: "After they are done feeding, they will spend 10 to 15 minutes lip-licking and rubbing their head in the leaves to clean their mouth... Unlike people have been led to believe, they do not have chunks of rotting flesh from their meals on their teeth, cultivating bacteria." The observation of prey dying of sepsis would then be explained by the natural instinct of water buffalos, who are not native to the islands where the Komodo dragon lives, to run into water when attacked. The warm, feces filled water would then cause the infections. The study used samples from 16 captive dragons (10 adults and six neonates) from three U.S. zoos.
VENOM
In late 2005, researchers at the University of Melbourne speculated the perentie (Varanus giganteus), other species of monitors, and agamids may be somewhat venomous. The team believes the immediate effects of bites from these lizards were caused by mild envenomation. Bites on human digits by a lace monitor (V. varius), a Komodo dragon, and a spotted tree monitor (V. scalaris) all produced similar effects: rapid swelling, localized disruption of blood clotting, and shooting pain up to the elbow, with some symptoms lasting for several hours.
In 2009, the same researchers published further evidence demonstrating Komodo dragons possess a venomous bite. MRI scans of a preserved skull showed the presence of two glands in the lower jaw. The researchers extracted one of these glands from the head of a terminally ill specimen in the Singapore Zoological Gardens, and found it secreted several different toxic proteins. The known functions of these proteins include inhibition of blood clotting, lowering of blood pressure, muscle paralysis, and the induction of hypothermia, leading to shock and loss of consciousness in envenomated prey. As a result of the discovery, the previous theory that bacteria were responsible for the deaths of Komodo victims was disputed.
Kurt Schwenk, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Connecticut, finds the discovery of these glands intriguing, but considers most of the evidence for venom in the study to be "meaningless, irrelevant, incorrect or falsely misleading". Even if the lizards have venom-like proteins in their mouths, Schwenk argues, they may be using them for a different function, and he doubts venom is necessary to explain the effect of a Komodo dragon bite, arguing that shock and blood loss are the primary factors.
Other scientists such as Washington State University's Biologist Kenneth V. Kardong and Toxicologists Scott A. Weinstein and Tamara L. Smith, have stated that this allegation of venom glands "has had the effect of underestimating the variety of complex roles played by oral secretions in the biology of reptiles, produced a very narrow view of oral secretions and resulted in misinterpretation of reptilian evolution". According to these scientists "reptilian oral secretions contribute to many biological roles other than to quickly dispatch prey". These researchers concluded that, "Calling all in this clade venomous implies an overall potential danger that does not exist, misleads in the assessment of medical risks, and confuses the biological assessment of squamate biochemical systems".
REPRODUCTION
Mating occurs between May and August, with the eggs laid in September. During this period, males fight over females and territory by grappling with one another upon their hind legs, with the loser eventually being pinned to the ground. These males may vomit or defecate when preparing for the fight. The winner of the fight will then flick his long tongue at the female to gain information about her receptivity. Females are antagonistic and resist with their claws and teeth during the early phases of courtship. Therefore, the male must fully restrain the female during coitus to avoid being hurt. Other courtship displays include males rubbing their chins on the female, hard scratches to the back, and licking. Copulation occurs when the male inserts one of his hemipenes into the female's cloaca. Komodo dragons may be monogamous and form "pair bonds", a rare behavior for lizards. Female Komodos lay their eggs from August to September and may use several types of locality; in one study, 60% laid their eggs in the nests of orange-footed scrubfowl (a moundbuilder or megapode), 20% on ground level and 20% in hilly areas. The females make many camouflage nests/holes to prevent other dragons from eating the eggs. Clutches contain an average of 20 eggs, which have an incubation period of 7–8 months. Hatching is an exhausting effort for the neonates, which break out of their eggshells with an egg tooth that falls off soon after. After cutting themselves out, the hatchlings may lie in their eggshells for hours before starting to dig out of the nest. They are born quite defenseless and are vulnerable to predation. Sixteen youngsters from a single nest were on average 46.5 cm long and weighed 105.1 grams. Young Komodo dragons spend much of their first few years in trees, where they are relatively safe from predators, including cannibalistic adults, as juvenile dragons make up 10% of their diets. The habit of cannibalism may be advantageous in sustaining the large size of adults, as medium-sized prey on the islands is rare. When the young approach a kill, they roll around in fecal matter and rest in the intestines of eviscerated animals to deter these hungry adults. Komodo dragons take approximately three to five years to mature, and may live for up to 50 years.
PARTHENOGENESIS
A Komodo dragon at London Zoo named Sungai laid a clutch of eggs in late 2005 after being separated from male company for more than two years. Scientists initially assumed she had been able to store sperm from her earlier encounter with a male, an adaptation known as superfecundation. On 20 December 2006, it was reported that Flora, a captive Komodo dragon living in the Chester Zoo in England, was the second known Komodo dragon to have laid unfertilized eggs: she laid 11 eggs, and seven of them hatched, all of them male. Scientists at Liverpool University in England performed genetic tests on three eggs that collapsed after being moved to an incubator, and verified Flora had never been in physical contact with a male dragon. After Flora's eggs' condition had been discovered, testing showed Sungai's eggs were also produced without outside fertilization. On 31 January 2008, the Sedgwick County Zoo in Wichita, Kansas, became the first zoo in the Americas to document parthenogenesis in Komodo dragons. The zoo has two adult female Komodo dragons, one of which laid about 17 eggs on 19–20 May 2007. Only two eggs were incubated and hatched due to space issues; the first hatched on 31 January 2008, while the second hatched on 1 February. Both hatchlings were males.
Komodo dragons have the ZW chromosomal sex-determination system, as opposed to the mammalian XY system. Male progeny prove Flora's unfertilized eggs were haploid (n) and doubled their chromosomes later to become diploid (2n) (by being fertilized by a polar body, or by chromosome duplication without cell division), rather than by her laying diploid eggs by one of the meiosis reduction-divisions in her ovaries failing. When a female Komodo dragon (with ZW sex chromosomes) reproduces in this manner, she provides her progeny with only one chromosome from each of her pairs of chromosomes, including only one of her two sex chromosomes. This single set of chromosomes is duplicated in the egg, which develops parthenogenetically. Eggs receiving a Z chromosome become ZZ (male); those receiving a W chromosome become WW and fail to develop, meaning that only males are produced by parthenogenesis in this species.
It has been hypothesized that this reproductive adaptation allows a single female to enter an isolated ecological niche (such as an island) and by parthenogenesis produce male offspring, thereby establishing a sexually reproducing population (via reproduction with her offspring that can result in both male and female young). Despite the advantages of such an adaptation, zoos are cautioned that parthenogenesis may be detrimental to genetic diversity.
HISTORY
DISCOVERY BY THE WESTERN WORLD
Komodo dragons were first documented by Europeans in 1910, when rumors of a "land crocodile" reached Lieutenant van Steyn van Hensbroek of the Dutch colonial administration. Widespread notoriety came after 1912, when Peter Ouwens, the director of the Zoological Museum at Bogor, Java, published a paper on the topic after receiving a photo and a skin from the lieutenant, as well as two other specimens from a collector. The first two live Komodo dragons to arrive in Europe were exhibited in the Reptile House at London Zoo when it opened in 1927. Joan Beauchamp Procter made some of the earliest observations of these animals in captivity and she demonstrated the behaviour of one of these animals at a Scientific Meeting of the Zoological Society of London in 1928. The Komodo dragon was the driving factor for an expedition to Komodo Island by W. Douglas Burden in 1926. After returning with 12 preserved specimens and 2 live ones, this expedition provided the inspiration for the 1933 movie King Kong. It was also Burden who coined the common name "Komodo dragon." Three of his specimens were stuffed and are still on display in the American Museum of Natural History.
STUDIES
The Dutch, realizing the limited number of individuals in the wild, outlawed sport hunting and heavily limited the number of individuals taken for scientific study. Collecting expeditions ground to a halt with the occurrence of World War II, not resuming until the 1950s and 1960s, when studies examined the Komodo dragon's feeding behavior, reproduction, and body temperature. At around this time, an expedition was planned in which a long-term study of the Komodo dragon would be undertaken. This task was given to the Auffenberg family, who stayed on Komodo Island for 11 months in 1969. During their stay, Walter Auffenberg and his assistant Putra Sastrawan captured and tagged more than 50 Komodo dragons. The research from the Auffenberg expedition would prove to be enormously influential in raising Komodo dragons in captivity. Research after that of the Auffenberg family has shed more light on the nature of the Komodo dragon, with biologists such as Claudio Ciofi continuing to study the creatures.
CONSERVATION
The Komodo dragon is a vulnerable species and is on the IUCN Red List. There are approximately 4,000 to 5,000 living Komodo dragons in the wild. Their populations are restricted to the islands of Gili Motang (100), Gili Dasami (100), Rinca (1,300), Komodo (1,700), and Flores (perhaps 2,000). However, there are concerns that there may presently be only 350 breeding females. To address these concerns, the Komodo National Park was founded in 1980 to protect Komodo dragon populations on islands including Komodo, Rinca, and Padar. Later, the Wae Wuul and Wolo Tado Reserves were opened on Flores to aid with Komodo dragon conservation.
Komodo dragons avoid encounters with humans. Juveniles are very shy and will flee quickly into a hideout if a human comes closer than about 100 metres. Older animals will also retreat from humans from a shorter distance away. If cornered, they will react aggressively by gaping their mouth, hissing, and swinging their tail. If they are disturbed further, they may start an attack and bite. Although there are anecdotes of unprovoked Komodo dragons attacking or preying on humans, most of these reports are either not reputable or caused by defensive bites. Only a very few cases are truly the result of unprovoked attacks by abnormal individuals, which lost their fear towards humans.
Volcanic activity, earthquakes, loss of habitat, fire, loss of prey due to poaching, tourism, and illegal poaching of the dragons themselves have all contributed to the vulnerable status of the Komodo dragon. Under Appendix I of CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species), commercial trade of skins or specimens is illegal.
On Padar, a former population of the Komodo dragon became extinct, of which the last individuals were seen in 1975. It is widely assumed that the Komodo dragon died out on Padar after a strong decline of the populations of large ungulate prey, for which poaching was most likely responsible.
IN CAPTIVITY
Komodo dragons have long been great zoo attractions, where their size and reputation make them popular exhibits. They are, however, rare in zoos because they are susceptible to infection and parasitic disease if captured from the wild, and do not readily reproduce. As of May 2009, there were 13 European, 2 African, 35 North American, 1 Singaporean, and 2 Australian institutions that kept Komodo dragons.
The first Komodo dragons were displayed at London Zoo in 1927. A Komodo dragon was exhibited in 1934 at the National Zoo in Washington, D.C., but it lived for only two years. More attempts to exhibit Komodo dragons were made, but the lifespan of these animals was very short, averaging five years in the National Zoological Park. Studies done by Walter Auffenberg, which were documented in his book The Behavioral Ecology of the Komodo Monitor, eventually allowed for more successful managing and reproducing of the dragons in captivity.
A variety of behaviors have been observed from captive specimens. Most individuals are relatively tame within a short time, and are capable of recognizing individual humans and discriminating between familiar keepers. Komodo dragons have also been observed to engage in play with a variety of objects, including shovels, cans, plastic rings, and shoes. This behavior does not seem to be "food-motivated predatory behavior".
Even seemingly docile dragons may become unpredictably aggressive, especially when the animal's territory is invaded by someone unfamiliar. In June 2001, a Komodo dragon seriously injured Phil Bronstein, the then husband of actress Sharon Stone, when he entered its enclosure at the Los Angeles Zoo after being invited in by its keeper. Bronstein was bitten on his bare foot, as the keeper had told him to take off his white shoes and socks, which the keeper stated could potentially excite the Komodo dragon as they were the same color as the white rats the zoo fed the dragon. Although he escaped, Bronstein needed to have several tendons in his foot reattached surgically.
IN POPULARE CULTURE
Komodo dragons are used as a main theme in Komodo (1999), Curse of the Komodo (2004) and Komodo vs. Cobra (2005).
The comedy team of Bob and Ray performed a popular sketch entitled "The Komodo Dragon Expert."
The plot of the 1990 film, The Freshman, involves a university freshman, an aging mobster and a Komodo dragon.
In the 2012 James Bond film Skyfall, one of the Chinese henchmen in a casino that Bond visits in Macau is overtaken, dragged off and presumably killed by a Komodo dragon.
WIKIPEDIA
There are many hurdles to moving earlier than receiving the gorgeous visa, whether or not this is a transient house visa to allow the holder to work in Australia for a restrained time or the coveted everlasting house visa which permits the holder and his or her household to continue to be and work in Australia on an awful lot greater unrestricted basis. Visit here to know more: aussiegermantranslation.com.au/migrating-to-australia-usi...
Here’s an interesting and uncommon visitor, Pectoral Sandpiper (Calidris melanotus). This amazing little bird nests in near Arctic Siberia and Nth America. A few migrate to Australia and are usually seen singly on the edges of fresh water wetlands. This is the second I’ve seen at Jerrabomberra Wetlands in the last 5 years. It’s happily working the edges of a pond in the wetlands, being occasionally harassed by a pair of Black-fronted Dotterels. Seen at Jerrabomberra Wetlands ACT.
Fringed by trees and date palms in a secluded area of the Seppelts property is the Seppelts mausoleum of the Seppelts clan. The family's history in Australia dates back to 1849 when Silesian chemist Joseph Ernst Seppelt migrated to Australia and settled in the Barossa Valley. His country of origin, Silesia, is in what is now Poland.
Shave:
These are some of my favourite photos I took when I was in the Middle East in January of 2006. I travelled with my father, uncle and grandfather to Saudi Arabia to complete the Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) with some other family friends. Afterwards we met up with my younger sister and went to Lebanon to visit my grandfather's family who he left when he migrated to Australia.
This trip was a life changing experience and I absolutely loved it. Hope to go back someday, but not before I grasp the Arabic language... Could be a while...
Why take an interest in something so insignificant? It was in this neighbourhood that my ancestors lived for a time. They migrated to Australia in 1866.
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Artist || Atong Atem (b.1994 in South Sudan)
Title || Red dust sticks to you (2022)
digital print
148.2 × 118.2 cm
Exhibitor || The Ian Potter Center, Melbourne
Exhibition || Melbourne Now
Artist's Website || www.atongatem.com/
Artist's Instagram || www.instagram.com/atongatem/
www.ngv.vic.gov.au/melbourne-now/artists/atong-atem/
www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/work/149749/
Atong Atem is a South Sudanese artist who was born in Ethiopia and migrated to Australia as a child. With an ongoing interest in portraiture, Atem uses photography to explore and examine postcolonial practices among the African diaspora in Melbourne. Many of her photographs take the form of self-portraits and portraits of friends, as well as installation and video works exploring migrant stories, cultures and identities.
For Melbourne Now, Atem premieres three new photographic self-portraits. Composed in the vibrant, staged yet intimate style she has become known for, Atem’s portraits draw – and build – on the history of studio photography in Africa, in particular the work of renowned Malian photographers Malick Sidibé and Seydou Keïta. In Patron saint of lap dogs, 2022, and Maria of Mars, 2022, radiant circles of light frame the artist’s face (and that of her canine companion) against intricate, textural backdrops. In Red dust sticks to you, 2022, a brick-coloured backdrop and make-up recall the hues of the Australian outback. Also featured in Melbourne Now are two of Atem’s neon works from 2021, both referencing native Australian flora in an unquestionably urban medium.
Peter Rozsy believes that Migrating to Australia is becoming an attractive choice for more and more individuals. Numerous masses from South East Asia, the UK, and South Africa have considered moving to Australia for various reasons says Peter Rozsy. Many have heard from friends living and working in Australia that the nation delivers multiple profitable opportunities.
Title: William Leith Ligertwood
Collection: Sherwin
Place: Adelaide, SA
Date: 1881
Inscription: Father William Leith Ligertwood [Inscription on separate sheet - William Leith Ligertwood son of William Leith Ligertwood and Agnes Coutts. Born 05-10-1853 Auchmull in Newhills Aberdeen Old Machar Scotland. Migrated to Australia married Margaret Anderson 01-6-1881. A builder - one of his buildings still standing is St Giles Presbyterian Church, Norwood. Died Maylands 30-05-1915.]
After an initial church building from the 1870s was used as the site of an Anglican presence in the town, building of a cathedral began in 1887, but work was halted in 1892 through lack of funds after only part of the planned building had been completed. Work was not begun again until 1953, with completion by 1959, resulting in a very warm red brick building on a hill site. The white statue of St. James was added in 1960 - the work of Erwin A. Guth, a German sculptor who migrated to Australia in 1954.
The memorial plaque of Francis John Innocent (circa 1884 - 12 February 1954) at Karrakatta Cemetery. He married Harriet Louisa Shaw, daughter of Ebor (or Eber) Shaw and Sophia Shaw on 13 December 1911 at Wesleyan Church, Lamb Hall Road, Longwood, Huddersfield, Yorkshire, England. They migrated to Australia and lived in Mann Street Cottesloe.
August 2013 | Cairns Esplanade, Queensland, Australia | There are three recognized subspecies of Bar-tailed Godwit. The "baueri" subspecies breeds across the Arctic tundra of northeastern Asia and western Alaska and migrates to Australia and New Zealand for the non-breeding season. Birds breeding in Alaska regularly undertake a non-stop trans-Pacific flight spanning over 12,000km and lasting over 9 days during their southbound migration; all without stopping to feed, drink or rest!
Ebenezer Lutheran Church and the Wends.
The Sorbs or Wends came from a specific region of Eastern Germany where they spoke Slavic language related to Polish, but totally unrelated to German. When the Sorbs/Wends settled in SA the English settlers assumed they were German because they all spoke German and they attended Lutheran churches. But the Wends were a different ethnic group. Today 35,000 people still speak Sorbian in Germany, despite the persecution they suffered from the Nazis during World War Two. After the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, the Congress of Vienna redrew the
map of Europe and Lusatia, where the Sorbs lived, was ceded to Prussia from Saxony. The Prussians oppressed the Sorbs/Wends and after 1830 many migrated to Australia (as well as Canada etc.) Although the first Sorbs/Wends arrived in SA in 1848 the largest migration was in 1853-54 after the great European famine of 1848 and the consequent revolutions. The three major Wendish settlements in SA were St Kitts (near Dutton), Peters Hill (near Riverton) and Ebenezer (near Nuriootpa) but there were other settlements too such as Rosedale and Hope Valley. The lack of Wendish pastors meant that few Wends were ever taught or preached at by Wends. Only at Ebenezer were children ever taught in Wendish language but church services were conducted in Wendish at Peters Hill and Ebenezer.
The Ebenezer- Neukirch area a few kilometres north of Nuriootpa appealed to early settlers because of the flat terrain. Johann Dallwitz, a Wend was one of the first white settlers here in 1852 and he is credited with having named the place Ebenezer which is a Biblical phrase meaning “hitherto hath the Lord helped us”. Most of the original 72 Wendish settlers at Ebenezer came to SA on the ship Helene in 1851. A Wendish Lutheran congregation was formed here in 1852 and the first St. John’s Lutheran church was erected in 1859. Dallwitz came to be the teacher at the Lutheran school. The thatched roof church was demolished and replaced in 1905 with this grand church we see today. The Lutheran school here is especially important as it was the only school in Australia to teach in the Wendish or Sorbian language. Dallwitz retired in 1863 when his son took over the school until 1908. In 1871 a new bigger school room was built and it still remains albeit in poor condition today.
The Lutheran church here is important too for a number of reasons. Firstly inside is a Lemke pipe organ hand built by a Barossa Valley resident in 1875. It was built for the original church and was moved into the current 1905 church. Secondly it was from this church that the Great Trek of 1868 started. At that time a group of four Wendish and four German families set out, like the Boers of South Africa, with their covered wagons on a long trek with all their possessions to the new agricultural region of the Riverina in New South Wales. They settled at Walla Walla where their descendants still live. Thirdly the church is important because it was the home of one of the two major Lutheran Synods of SA. A split between two early Lutheran pastors in SA led to divisions within the Lutheran churches in Australia for over 100 years. Basically, followers of Pastor Kavel (Hahndorf/Bethany) ending up forming ELIS, the Immanuel College synod whilst those followers of Pastor Fritsche (Lobethal) formed ELSA (Evangelical Lutheran Synod Australia.) But there were also independent churches and other small Lutheran synods in SA. The independents and ELIS (Immanuel Synod) members met here at Ebenezer in 1921 and formed UELCA – the United Evangelical Lutheran Church of Australia. The driving force behind this amalgamation in 1921 was the ending of World War One and the need for Australian Lutheran synods to take charge of the many German missionaries in Papua New Guinea. It was 1956 before the Evangelical Lutheran Synod Australia (ELSA) amalgamated with UECLA (the former ELIS) to form a single Lutheran church synod in Australia- LCA, Lutheran Church of Australia.
Hundreds of Australasian Gannets nest on the rock at Muriwai Beach near Auckland on the North Island of New Zealand, a colony which was established around 1975. One gannet flies above, showing off his wingspan which can reach about 6 feet or 180 centimeters.
The gannet colony starts to reconnect at Muriwai Beach in August and a single egg is laid somewhere September and November. The egg is incubated for approximately 44 days and the chicks will stay in the colony until February or March. For a 2 to 6 year period, the Australasian Gannets will migrate to Australia and then return to the coastal shores of New Zealand.
Australian Government made some changes in Australia Citizenship, Read CareerOverseas news to get latest visa and Immigration Updates. More Info at news.careeroverseas.com/australian-government-proposed-ci...
Tawaf:
These are some of my favourite photos I took when I was in the Middle East in January of 2006. I travelled with my father, uncle and grandfather to Saudi Arabia to complete the Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) with some other family friends. Afterwards we met up with my younger sister and went to Lebanon to visit my grandfather's family who he left when he migrated to Australia.
This trip was a life changing experience and I absolutely loved it. Hope to go back someday, but not before I grasp the Arabic language... Could be a while...
From the family photo album - our family home in Groningen, where we lived from 1947 until we migrated to Australia in 1951.
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In a series of 5 photos, I wish to convey the rich and vibrant history of Alex Peterfreund and Philip Phillips, founders of Phillips Shirts.
The hardship of migrating to Australia, endless travelling through to colorful and brilliant vibe Phillips Shirts represents today.
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After an initial church building from the 1870s was used as the site of an Anglican presence in the town, building of a cathedral began in 1887, but work was halted in 1892 through lack of funds after only part of the planned building had been completed. Work was not begun again until 1953, with completion by 1959, resulting in a very warm red brick building on a hill site. This statue of St. James was added in 1960 - the work of Erwin A. Guth, a German sculptor who migrated to Australia in 1954.
It was a farewell party for Pak Lam and his parents, in a few days time, the family will migrate to Australia permanently, or at least for several years. Pak Lam is five years old, when I asked him whether Australia is somewhere close or somewhere faraway, he answered with doubts, ‘somewhere close?’. The next time Pak Lam meets his cousins might be when he is a teenager. The physical separation of family, one would assumed can be compensated by web communication technology, but in most time these technologies create psychological boundaries. Judging it this way, the farewell could be an impactful event in Pak Lam’s life.
After India gained its independence in 1947 and Israel was established as a nation, most of the Malabar Jews emigrated from Kerala to Israel in the mid-1950s. Most of the Paradesi Jews, however, preferred to migrate to Australia and other Commonwealth countries.
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A close as I got, which is closer than previous attempts. Very shy for a tough looking bird. They make the best sound, a sort of conversational cackle...
www.birdsinbackyards.net/images/audio/eurystomus-oriental...
Dollarbirds migrate to Australia in summer from Asia.
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A ceremony and plaque dedicated to the families who migrated to Australia from Nieder-Weisel in the mid 1800s was held on 3rd October 2010.
Butzbach/Nieder-Weisel, Germany
The Postcard
A postcad bearing no publisher's name that was posted in Port Saïd, although the date of posting is not legible. It was sent to:
Mrs. Torson & Miss Hamilton,
49, St. Leonard's Avenue,
Hove 3,
Sussex,
England.
The message on the divided back was as follows:
"Friday - Approaching Port Saïd.
Dear All,
Having a simply glorious time.
Everything is perfect - meals,
cabins and weather.
The glorious Mediterranean
Sea certainly is what we have
ever read about it.
We've had no sickness and
don't expect any now.
The weather has got warmer
every day since we left Tilbury,
and we expect the real heat
once we are going through
the Suez Canal and Red Sea
tomorrow.
We hope to read Aden on
Wednesday and can't wait
for it.
We all send our love to
everyone and will keep in
touch later as we get nearer
to Australia.
Love,
All the Ball family."
RMS Strathaird
RMS Strathaird, later TSS Strathaird, was an ocean liner of the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (P&O).
She was the second of five sister ships in what came to be called the "Strath" class.
All previous P&O steamships had black-painted hulls and funnels, but Strathaird and her sisters were painted with white hulls and buff funnels, which earned them the nickname "The Beautiful White Sisters" or just "The White Sisters".
Strathaird and her sister ship RMS Strathnaver were Royal Mail Ships that worked P&O's regular liner route between Tilbury in Essex, England and Brisbane in Queensland, Australia.
In 1935, they were joined by the third ship of the class, RMS Strathmore.
Strathaird remained in service for almost 30 years, being scrapped in 1961.
-- Building the Strathaird
The Vickers-Armstrong shipyard at Barrow-in-Furness built all five "Strath" class liners. Strathaird was launched on the 18th. July 1931. She was completed in January 1932, and left Tilbury on her maiden voyage on the 12th. February 1932.
In 1929, P&O had introduced its first large turbo-electric liner, RMS Viceroy of India. The company chose the same propulsion system for Strathnaver and Strathaird, but the "Straths" were slightly larger ships, and accordingly their turbo-electric equipment was much more powerful; they were about 3 knots (5.6 km/h) faster than Viceroy of India.
Strathaird was very similar to Strathnaver. Each had four water-tube boilers and two auxiliary boilers. The boilers had a combined heating surface of 56,000 square feet (5,203 m2) and supplied steam at 425 lbf/in2 to two turbo generators. These supplied current to two electric motors.
British Thomson-Houston of Rugby, Warwickshire built the turbo-generators and motors. The motors drove a pair of screw propellers.
Like Strathnaver, Strathaird had three funnels but only the middle one served as a smoke stack: the first and third funnels were dummies.
Strathaird and Strathnaver were each equipped with direction finding equipment, an echo sounding device and a gyrocompass.
As built, Strathaird had accommodation for 498 first class and 668 tourist class passengers.
-- RMS Strathaird in Service
Strathaird joined Strathnaver on the Tilbury — Brisbane route via the Suez Canal. However, in December 1932, Strathaird became the first P&O ship to work a cruise, when she took a five-day excursion from Sydney to Norfolk Island. Later in the 1930's, she made occasional cruises from UK ports.
-- RMS Strathaird in WWII
In 1939 or 1940, the two sisters were requisitioned as troop ships. Strathaird made two convoy voyages taking troops from Australasia to the Middle East Theatre of WWII and then went to Liverpool for a refit.
This was interrupted in June 1940 when Strathaird was ordered to take part in Operation Aerial to evacuate British and Allied personnel from western France. Strathaird evacuated 6,000 civilians and troops from the port of Brest.
In 1941, she supported the transfer of the first unit of Foresters from British Honduras (Belize) to Trinidad before transporting 114 Foresters to Greenock, Scotland. She remained a troop ship until the end of 1946 when she was returned to P&O.
-- RMS Strathaird After WWII
P&O had Vickers-Armstrong refit and overhaul Strathaird, starting in 1947 and completing work in January 1948. Her capacity for first class passengers was increased to 573, and her tourist class accommodation was reduced to 496. This reduced her total passenger capacity from 1,166 to 1,069.
Her dummy first and third funnels were removed, which made Strathaird look more like her later sisters Stratheden, Strathallan and Strathmore.
In 1954, P&O had Strathaird refitted again. First class was abolished and all accommodation was made tourist class, which increased total passenger capacity from 1,069 to 1,252.
Strathaird made her first departure from Tilbury in her new form on the 8th. April 1954. On the postcard she only has one funnel, therefore the card was posted between 1954 and 1961.
At the beginning of the 1960's, Strathnaver and Strathaird were almost three decades old and no longer reliable enough for mail and passenger service, so P&O replaced both ships with SS Canberra.
P&O sold Strathnaver and Strathaird for scrap to Shun Fung Ironworks of Hong Kong. Strathaird left Tilbury on the 17th. June 1961 for Hong Kong, where she became the first of the "Strath" class liners to be scrapped. Strathnaver followed her to the breakers in 1962.
-- RMS Strathaird Statistics
Christened 18th. July 1931 by Lady Margaret Shaw
Tonnage 22,284 GRT000
Length 638.7 feet (194.7 m)
Beam 80.2 feet (24.4 m)
Draught 29 feet 2 inches (8.9 m)
Depth 33.1 feet (10.1 m)
Installed Powe 6,315 NHP
Propulsion turbo-electric transmission;
Speed 22 knots (41 km/h; 25 mph)
Crew 490.
-- Notable Passengers of the Strathaird
Notable passengers of the Strathaird included:
(a) Egon Kisch
In November 1934, the Czechoslovak Communist writer, journalist and opponent of Nazism Egon Kisch sailed on the Strathaird to Australia.
He went there in order to speak at a conference organised by the communist Movement Against War and Fascism to mark the Centenary of Melbourne.
However when the ship called at Fremantle Harbour on the 6th. November, Federal authorities boarded her. They told Kisch that he would be excluded from Australia under the Immigration Restriction Act 1901, and placed him in the custody of Strathaird's master, Captain Carter.
On the 12th. November, Strathaird reached Melbourne, where a barrister for the Communist International Labor Defense organisation boarded her and served Captain Carter with a writ of habeas corpus.
This was to allow Kisch ashore in order to make his case for entry to the country. However Australian authorities still did not allow Kisch ashore, so on the 13th. November, as Strathaird was leaving Melbourne, he leapt from the deck and landed on Station Pier, breaking his right leg.
Victoria Police detained him and put him back aboard, but as Strathaird continued to Sydney Harbour Kisch's supporters took his case to the High Court of Australia, which ruled his exclusion from the country to be invalid.
On the 16th. November, Strathaird reached Sydney Harbour, where Federal authorities tried to use the Immigration Restriction Act dictation test to exclude him.
NSW police took Kisch into custody but released him on bail and, after further legal process, he remained in Australia speaking to public meetings until March 1935.
(b) Cricket Teams
Strathaird carried the 1948 Australian cricket team, nicknamed "The Invincibles", to England.
In September–October 1960, Strathaird carried members of the West Indies cricket team, who had been playing league cricket in England, from Tilbury to Fremantle and took them back in February–March 1961.
(c) David Hill
Australian public administrator and businessman David Hill migrated to Australia together with two brothers aboard the Strathaird in April 1959.
(d) Olivia Newton-John
Olivia Newton-John was a passenger, when as a young girl aged 5, she traveled to Australia from England with her family.
The plaque reads,
"The Reuniting Family
This art piece was commissioned by the Grollo-Ruzzene Foundation to commemorate Italian Immigration and all migrants, to Australia.
"Sculptured by Michael Meszaros, who captured the moment of the reuniting family.
"Unveiled by
"The Honourable Sir James Gobbo, AC, CVO, Former Governor of [Victoria], who came from a migrant family.
"16th December 2008.
". . . The father, joyfully, welcomes his family, with out-stretched arms. In one hand a felt hat, typically worn at the time and in the other a simple bunch of flowers."
". . . The bunch of flowers consists of the Calla Lily, a common white flower that grows profusely around Northern Italy, symbolic of the common people that migrated to Australia from Europe. The Eucalyptus branch, native to Australia symbolises and recognises the indigenous peoples, the traditional owners of this land."
2023 May 25.
Richard Godfrey Rivers (Government buildings, Franklin Square, Hobart) c.1920.
On the 27th of July 1899 Tasmanians went to the polls in what was to prove to be the final Federal Referendum. The colony voted overwhelmingly in favour of Federation, with 13,437 voting Yes and only 791 N0, the highest affirmative vote in Australia. The achievement of Federation was marked by reading of the proclamation of Her Majesty, Queen Victoria. The occurred in Hobart at the complex of public buildings and Supreme Cour of Tasmania that se see in the illustration. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court , Sir Jonh S. Dodds, took the oath as Administrator of Tasmania in front of a desappointingly small crowd in Macquarie Street. as Chief Justice, Dodds administered the government from the 14th of August 1900 to 8th November 1901, and entertained the Duke and Duchess of York at the Government House when they visited Tasmania after the opening of the first Federal Parliament.
Viewed from Franklin Square in the illustration , the complex of public buildings and Supreme Court is still existant today . Constructed of fine sandstone, these are impressive examples of the Victorian Classical Revival style. The public buildings were designed by W.W, Eldrige and built in 1883-7, with a third story added in the twentieth century; the Supreme Court was designed by W.P. Kay and built in 1860-1910. Prior to Federation, the public buildings housed seccons of the colonial administration; after Federation they served as offices for number of Federal departments.
Godfrey Rivers was born in 1859 in Plymouth, United kingdom. After training as an artist in London from 1877-63, he eventually migrated to Australia in 1889. The following year he left Sydney for Brisbane in order to take up a teaching appointment at the Brisbane Technical College. Rivers quickly immersed himself in the cultural life of the city and became an influential figure in the Brisbane art world. He served terms as president of the Queensland Art Society and was also instrumental in the establishment of the Queensland National Art Gallery, becoming its Honorary Curator from 1895 to 1915 In 1915 he left Brisbane for Hobart, where he died in 1925.
Peter Rozsy says that Australia is a widespread option for immigration thanks to its high quality of life, prosperous economy and diverse residents that is already home to tens of thousands of expats from all over the globe. If you’re thinking of making the move, Peter Rozsy can offer you expert advice and representation for moving to, and gaining permanent residency in, Australia.