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The wearing of face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic has received varying recommendations from different public health agencies and governments. The topic has been a subject of debate,[1] with various public health agencies and governments disagreeing on a protocol for wearing face masks. As of early May, 88% of the world's population lives in countries that recommend or mandate the usage of masks in public and 75+ countries have mandated the use of masks.[2] Debates have emerged regarding whether masks should be worn even when social distancing at six feet (2 meters),[3][4][5] whether they should be worn during exercise,[6] worn in the home to reduce viral load,[7][8] and whether there are mitigating factors.[9][7] Additionally, public health agencies of different countries and territories have often changed their recommendations regarding face masks over time.[10] Face masks have been a subject of shortages, and also been made compulsory in some countries.
Types of face masks, from least to most protective, include cloth face masks, medical (non-surgical) masks,[11][12] surgical masks, and filtering facepiece respirators such as N95 masks and FFP masks. Face shields and medical goggles are other types of protective equipment often used together with face masks.
Contents
1Types of masks
1.1Face shields
1.2Cloth masks
1.2.1Sterilizing and re-use
1.3Surgical masks
1.4Disposable filtering respirators
1.4.1Sterilizing and re-use
1.5Elastomeric respirators
1.6Powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs)
1.7Novel face masks (research and development)
2Recommendations
2.1World Health Organization recommendations
2.2US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2.3China and Asia
3Rationale for wearing masks
4Shortages of face masks
4.1Early epidemic in China
4.2National stocks and shortages
4.3N95 and FFP masks
5The mask industry
5.1Manufacturing
5.2Distribution
6Culture
6.1Attitudes
6.2Fashion
7Mask use and policies by country and territory
8References
Types of masks[edit]
Small particles zigzag due to Brownian motion, and are easily captured. Large particles get strained out, or have too much inertia to turn, and hit a fiber. Mid-size particles follow flowlines and are more likely to get through the filter; the hardest size to filter is 0.3 microns diameter.[13]
Certified medical masks are disposable (except some faceshields). They are made of non-woven material. They are mostly multi-layer. Filter material may be made of microfibers with an electrostatic charge; that is, the fibers are electrets. An electret filter increases the chances that smaller particles will veer and hit a fiber, rather than going straight through (electrostatic capture).[13][14][15][better source needed][medical citation needed] Typically, efficiency of the filtering materials decreases when washed or used multiple times.[16]
Many medical masks are respirators; they are designed to protect the wearer. Surgical masks, on the other hand, are meant to protect others against infection transmission from the wearer (so called "source control").[17] Some respirators and masks have valves,[18] which let exhaled air out unfiltered. This makes them bad for source control.[19] It may, however, reduce inwards leakage, thus improving wearer protection.[18]
Face shields[edit]
Person wearing a face shield over a green surgical mask. A simple 3D-printed face shield: curved visor, drawstring lanyard, sheet of transparent plastic curved from side to side.
Person wearing a face shield and a surgical mask.
Main article: Face shield
It is not yet known whether face shields are effective at preventing disease transmission. They protect against splash and splatter. Cough simulation experiments show that they protect[18] the wearer[20] against large drops immediately after the cough, but do not keep out smaller aerosols. The longer it was after the simulated cough, the more particles found their way around. Because there is no evidence they prevent the wearer from getting ill, face shields are used with nose-mouth masks, and to protect nose-mouth masks, but use of face shields alone is not recommended.[18]
Cloth masks[edit]
Homemade cloth face mask
Sneezing. There is limited evidence that cloth masks can significantly reduce aerosol droplet dispersal.[18]
Main article: Cloth face mask
A cloth face mask is a mask made of a common textile, usually cotton, worn over the mouth and nose. Although they are less effective than medical-grade masks, many health authorities recommend that the general public use them because medical-grade masks are in short supply.[21][22]
They were routinely used by healthcare workers starting from the late 19th century until the mid 20th century. In the 1960s they fell out of use in the developed world in favor of modern surgical masks, but their use has persisted in developing countries.[23][24][25]
There were calls for research into the effectiveness of improvised masks even before the emergence of COVID-19, motivated also by past epidemics and modelling of likely mask shortages. However, little research has been done. There are no studies of the use of cloth masks by the general public, one study on the use of cloth masks in hospitals (by healthcare workers, not patients), and many controlled-setting/lab studies of cloth masks' effects on aerosols as of May 2020.[18]
Cloth masks are low-cost and reusable. They vary widely in effectiveness depending on material, fit/seal, and number of layers, among other factors. Unlike disposable masks, there are no legal standards for cloth masks. Fit is important (as with disposable masks). Measures to improve fit, such as an outer layer made from sheer nylon stockings or sheer tights around the head, reduce leakage.[18]
Improvised cloth masks seem to be worse than standard commercial disposable masks, but better than nothing. There is, however, little good evidence on them. A single study gives evidence that an improvised mask was better than nothing, but not as good as soft electret-filter surgical mask, for protecting health care workers simulating treating a simulated infected patient, regardless of whether "patient" or carers wore the mask.[18] Another study had volunteers wear masks they made themselves, to a pattern like that of a standard surgical mask, but with ties rather than earloops,[26] from cotton T-shirts, and found that the number of microscopic particles that leaked inside the homemade masks was twice the number that leaked into the commercial masks, and that the homemade mask let three times as many microorganisms expelled by the wearer escape (median averages). There is limited evidence that cloth masks can significantly reduce droplet dispersal.[18]
Cloth masks are commonly made with one layer, two layers, or two layers with a pocket for a removable-filter interlayer [18] (disposable surgical mask also have three layers, with the filter layer midmost[citation needed]). The CDC recommends more than one layer.[27] There is no research on the usefulness of a filter interlayer, as of May 2020. There were until recently no non-disposable materials designed for making masks (see end of paragraph). Common household fabrics which could be utilized (turned to a new use) as mask materials have been tested.[28][29][30][31] Cloth materials vary widely in filtration efficiency. Some cotton and polyester household fabrics have been found to compare with disposable surgical masks for dry particle filtering. Cotton T-shirt material, pillowcase material, and 70% cotton/30% polyester sweatshirt material are among the common materials that performed well in lab tests, with T-shirts preferred to pillowcases because it was thought that it would probably fit better. Teatowels and vacuum-cleaner bags were effective at filtering, but had a very high air resistance, so were not recommended. Scarves filtered poorly. Surgical sterilisation wrap, a polypropylene non-woven fabric made for wrapping sterilized things to keep them sterile, is designed to filter germs from the air. Using surgical sterilisation wrap to make masks, or as a filter interlayer in cloth masks, has been suggested. There are, however, no tests on using surgical sterilisation wrap for masks, as of May 2020.[18] Other suggested materials for filter interlayers include air filter materials used in ventilation, heating, and air conditioning, some of which are similar to rigid electret masks in the size ranges of particles they filter. Electrostatic cotton and non-woven, meltblown fabric are the conventional materials used in disposible masks, but are not readily available during the COVID-19 epidemic. A new type of filter, a washable electrostatic cotton filter, has been reported since the start of the pandemic; it is said to withstand repeated washing and folding.[18] It is made of electrospun nanofibers; flanking insulating blocks lay these into quasi-aligned nonwoven sheets, which are layered criss-cross to make a meshlike multilayer mask.[32][33] There is a need for research comparing how well these materials work.[18][34]
Sterilizing and re-use[edit]
There is no research on sterilizing and reusing cloth masks, as of May 2020.[18] The CDC recommends doffing the mask by handling only the ear loops or ties, placing it directly in a washing machine, and immediately washing your hands in soap and water for at least 20 seconds. They also recommend handwashing before donning the mask and again immediately after any time you touch it.[35]
There is no information on reusing a interlayer filter, and disposing of it after a single use may be desirable.[18]
Surgical masks[edit]
Main article: Surgical mask
A surgical mask
A surgical mask is a loose-fitting, disposable device that creates a physical barrier between the mouth and nose of the wearer and potential contaminants in the immediate environment. If worn properly, a surgical mask is meant to help block large-particle droplets, splashes, sprays, or splatter that may contain viruses and bacteria, keeping it from reaching the wearer's mouth and nose. Surgical masks may also help reduce exposure of the wearer's saliva and respiratory secretions to others.[36] A surgical mask, by design, does not filter or block very small particles in the air that may be transmitted by coughs, sneezes, or certain medical procedures. Surgical masks also do not provide complete protection from germs and other contaminants because of the loose fit between the surface of the face mask and the face.[36] However, in practice, with respect to some infections like influenza surgical masks appear as effective as respirators (such as N95 or FFP masks).[37] Surgical masks may be labeled as surgical, isolation, dental, or medical procedure masks.[36] Surgical masks are made of a nonwoven fabric created using a melt blowing process.[38][39]
Surgical masks made to different standards in different parts of the world have different ranges of particles which they filter. Similar-looking single-use masks are one-layer and only filter larger particles (e.g. Chinese standard YY/T0969 masks).[40][medical citation needed]
Disposable filtering respirators[edit]
An N95 mask
Main article: Mechanical filter respirator
An N95 mask is a particulate-filtering facepiece respirator that meets the N95 air filtration rating of the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, meaning that it filters at least 95 percent of airborne particles, while not resistant to oil like the P95. It is the most common particulate-filtering facepiece respirator.[41] It is an example of a mechanical filter respirator, which provides protection against particulates, but not gases or vapors.[42] Like the middle layer of[citation needed] surgical masks, the N95 mask is made of four layers[18] of melt-blown nonwoven polypropylene fabric.[43][44][unreliable medical source?] The corresponding face mask used in the European Union is the FFP2 respirator.[45][46]
Hard electret-filter masks like N95 and FFP masks must fit the face to provide full protection. Untrained users often get a reasonable fit, but fewer than one in four gets a perfect fit. Fit testing is thus standard. A line of vaseline on the edge of the mask[47] has been shown to reduce edge leakage[18] in lab tests using manikins that simulate breathing.[47]
Sterilizing and re-use[edit]
Hard electret-filter masks are designed to be disposable, for 8 hours of continuous or intermittent use. One laboratory found that there was a decrease in fit quality after five consecutive donnings.[18]
Hard electret-filter masks are often reused,[citation needed] especially during pandemics when there are shortages. Infectious particles could survive on the masks for up to 24 hours after the end of use, according to studies using models of SARS-CoV-2;[18] In the COVID-19 epidemic, the US CDC recommended that if masks run short, each health care worker should be issued with five masks, one to be used per day, such that each mask spends at least five days stored in a paper bag between each use. If there are not enough masks to do this, they recommend sterilizing the masks between uses.[48] Some hospitals have been stockpiling used masks as a precaution.[49] The US CDC issued guidelines on stretching N95 supplies, recommending extended use over re-use. They highlighted the risk of infection from touching the contaminated outer surface of the mask, which even professionals frequently unintentionally do, and recommended washing hands every time before touching the mask. To reduce mask surface contamination, they recommended face shields, and asking patients to wear masks too ("source masking").[50]
Apart from time, other methods of disinfection have been tested. Physical damage to the masks has been observed when microwaving them, microwaving them in a steam bag, letting them sit in moist heat, and hitting them with excessively high doses of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI). Chlorine-based methods, such as chlorine bleach, may cause residual smell, offgassing of chlorine when the mask becomes moist, and in one study, physical breakdown of the nosepads, causing increased leakage.[18] Fit and comfort do not seem to be harmed by UVGI, moist heat incubation, and microwave-generated steam.[18]
Some methods may not visibly damage the mask, but they ruin the mask's ability to filter. This has been seen in attempts to sterilize by soaking in soap and water, heating dry to 160°C, and treating with 70% isopropyl alcohol, and hydrogen peroxide gas plasma[18] (made under a vacuum with radio waves[51]). The static electrical charge on the microfibers (which attracts or repels particles passing through the mask, making them more likely to move sideways and hit and stick to a fiber[citation needed]) is destroyed by some cleaning methods. UVGI (ultraviolet light), boiling water vapour, and dry oven heating do not seem to reduce the filter efficiency, and these methods successfully decontaminate masks.[18]
UVGI (an ultraviolet method), ethylene oxide, dry oven heating and (highly toxic[citation needed]) vaporized hydrogen peroxide are currently the most-favoured methods in use in hospitals, but none have been properly tested.[18] Where enough masks are available, cycling them and reusing a mask only after letting it sit unused for 5 days is preferred.[48]
Elastomeric respirators[edit]
Main article: Mechanical filter respirator
Elastomeric full-face masks
Elastomeric respirators are reusable devices with exchangeable cartridge filters that offer comparable protection to N95 masks.[52] They were used as a substitute for N95 masks among shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic.[19]
The filters which must be replaced when soiled, contaminated, or clogged. These components may be hard to find amidst shortages; the filters may thus be sterilized, in a way that does not harm the filter, and re-used. In medical use, they must be cleaned and disinfected, as some germs can survive on them for weeks.[19]
Full-face versions of elastomeric respirators seal better and protect the eyes. If they have exhalation valves, then they are counterrecommended in settings where the unfiltered exhaled air might infect others (for instance, surgery). Fitting and inspection is essential to effectiveness.[19]
Powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs)[edit]
A PAPR in a level-3 biosafety lab. Note waist pack and hose to blow air into headpiece.
Main article: Powered air-purifying respirator
PAPRs are expensive masks with a battery-powered blower that blows air through a filter to the wearer. Because they create positive pressure, they need not be tightly-fitted.[53] PAPRs typically do not filter exhaust from the wearer.[54] They are not generally designed for healthcare use, as of 2017.[17]
Novel face masks (research and development)[edit]
On 15 April 2020 scientists claimed to have developed a biodegradable material for face masks which is effective at removing particles smaller than 100 nanometres including viruses and has a high breathability.[55][56] Two Israeli companies reportedly have developed antiviral face masks – one of which is infused with antiviral copper oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles, the other is made out of cotton embedded with accelerated copper oxide particles and a nanofiber textile.[57][58][59] Other Israeli researchers have developed a 3D-printed nanoscale fiber sticker coated with antiseptics which can be attached to a traditional mask for extra protection.[59] Other reseachers report that laser-induced graphene may be used to add self-cleaning and photothermal properties to face masks.[59] In March 2020 Jiaxing Huang became the first scientist to receive a $200,000 grant by the United States' National Science Foundation to develop a chemical which can be safely built into common face masks to make them protect against SARS-CoV-2 and self-sanitize passing droplets.[59][60]
Recommendations[edit]
Health organizations have recommended that people cover their mouth and nose with a bent elbow or a tissue when coughing or sneezing, and dispose of any tissue immediately.[61][62] Surgical masks are recommended for those who may be infected,[63][64][65] as wearing a mask can limit the volume and travel distance of expiratory droplets dispersed when talking, sneezing, and coughing.[66]
Masks have also been recommended for use by those who are taking care of someone who may have the disease.[65] The WHO has recommended the wearing of masks by healthy people only if they are at high risk, such as those who are caring for a person with COVID-19, though they also acknowledge that wearing masks may help people avoid touching their face.[65] Several countries have started to encourage the use of face masks by members of the public.[67]
As of May 2020, 88% of the world's population lived in countries where their government and leading disease experts recommended the use of masks in public places to limit the spread of COVID-19.[2]
World Health Organization recommendations[edit]
World Health Organization advice to the public in the context of COVID-19 endorsed the use of masks only under the following conditions:[68]
If you are healthy, you only need to wear a mask if you are taking care of a person with suspected 2019-nCoV infection.
Wear a mask if you are coughing or sneezing.
Masks are effective only when used in combination with frequent hand-cleaning with alcohol-based hand sanitizer or soap and water.
If you wear a mask, then you must know how to use it and dispose of it properly.
— World Health Organization
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention[edit]
Guidance from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on using and making cloth masks during the COVID-19 pandemic[69]
The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended in April 2020 that the general public wear cloth face coverings in public settings where other social distancing measures are difficult to maintain, such as grocery stores and pharmacies, especially in areas of significant community-based transmission, due to the significance of asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic disease transmission.[69][70]
In March 2020, the CDC recommended that if neither respirators nor surgical masks are available, as a last resort, it may be necessary for healthcare workers to use masks that have never been evaluated or approved by NIOSH or homemade masks, though caution should be exercised when considering this option.[71]
In March and April 2020, the CDC faced backlash over their earlier statements advising that most healthy people did not need to wear a mask. The earlier recommendations had been made to try to conserve supplies for medical professionals,[dubious – discuss][medical citation needed] but damaged the agency's credibility.[72][73][74]
In January 2020, there was no evidence on whether masks were useful for people who were not sick in a community setting.[75][dubious – discuss]
China and Asia[edit]
China has specifically recommended the use of disposable non-surgical medical masks by healthy members of the public,[11][76] particularly when coming into close contact (1 metre (3 ft) or less) with other people.[77] Hong Kong recommends wearing a surgical mask when taking public transport or in crowded places.[78][79] Thailand's health officials are encouraging people to make cloth face masks at home and wash them daily.[80] The Taiwanese, South Korean, and Japanese governments have also recommended the use of face masks in public.
When asked about the mistakes that other countries were making in the pandemic in March, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention director-general George Fu Gao said:
"The big mistake in the U.S. and Europe, in my opinion, is that people aren't wearing masks. This virus is transmitted by droplets and close contact. Droplets play a very important role − you've got to wear a mask, because when you speak, there are always droplets coming out of your mouth. Many people have asymptomatic or presymptomatic infections. If they are wearing face masks, it can prevent droplets that carry the virus from escaping and infecting others."[81]
Rationale for wearing masks[edit]
Queue to buy face masks in Hong Kong, 30 January 2020. Everyone in the line is already wearing a disposable medical mask.
File:Qualitative-Real-Time-Schlieren-and-Shadowgraph-Imaging-of-Human-Exhaled-Airflows-An-Aid-to-Aerosol-pone.0021392.s002.ogv
Shadowgraphs. Left, videos of the outer airflow during a sneeze, comparing different methods of covering one's mouth and nose (and none).[82] Right, conversation. Convection also shown.
Among the reasons cited by Chinese health officials for the wearing of masks, even by healthy individuals, are the following:
Asymptomatic transmission. Many people can be infected without symptoms or only with mild symptoms.[83]
Impossibility of appropriate social distancing in many public places at all times.[83]
Cost-benefit mismatch. If only the infected individuals wear a mask, they would possibly have a negative incentive to do so. An infected individual might get nothing positive, but only bear the costs such as inconvenience, purchasing expenses, and even prejudice.[83]
There is no shortage of masks in China, which has been producing 100 million masks per day since early March.[83]
Leading microbiologist Yuen Kwok-yung from the University of Hong Kong cites a large viral load in sputum and saliva of an infected person and asymptomatic cases as the reasons why even healthy individuals should wear a mask.[84][85]
According to Stephen Griffin, a virologist at the University of Leeds, "Wearing a mask can reduce the propensity [of] people to touch their faces, which is a major source of infection without proper hand hygiene."[86] The precautionary principle has also been cited by the British Medical Journal as a reason some may encourage universal face mask wearing.[87]
Asian health officials and experts have been promoting universal masking. For instance, Linfa Wang (a leading infectious disease expert who heads a joint Duke University and National University of Singapore research team) stated that masking is about "preventing the spread of disease rather than preventing getting the disease", remarking that the point is to cover the faces of people who are infected but do not know it, so it is imperative for everyone to wear one in public.[88]
Recent studies have suggested that the required six feet of social distancing is insufficient and based on debunked studies from the 1930s or error.[89][90][1]
Shortages of face masks[edit]
See also: Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic
Early epidemic in China[edit]
People in Wuhan lining up in front of a drug store to buy surgical masks.
A notice at a supermarket in Beijing, which says each person can only buy one pack of surgical masks and one bottle of 84 disinfectant liquid a day.
Chinese electronics manufacturers, such as BYD Electronic, began to produce surgical masks after the outbreak.
As the epidemic accelerated, the mainland market in China saw a shortage of face masks due to increased public demand.[91] In Shanghai, customers had to queue for nearly an hour to buy a pack of face masks; stocks were sold out in another in half an hour.[92] Hoarding and price gouging drove up prices, so the market regulator said it would crack down on such acts.[93][94] In January 2020, price controls were imposed on all face masks on Taobao and Tmall.[95] Other Chinese e-commerce platforms – JD.com,[96] Suning.com,[97] Pinduoduo[98] – did likewise; third-party vendors would be subject to price caps, with violators subject to sanctions.
By March China had quadrupled its production capacity (100 million masks per day).[83]
National stocks and shortages[edit]
In 2006, 156 million masks were added to the US Strategic National Stockpile in anticipation of a flu pandemic.[99] After they were used against the 2009 flu pandemic, neither the Obama administration nor the Trump administration renewed the stocks.[99] By 1 April, the US's Strategic National Stockpile was nearly emptied.[100][clarification needed]
In France, 2009 H1N1-related spending rose to €382 million, mainly on supplies and vaccines, which was later criticised.[101][102] It was decided in 2011 to not replenish its stocks and rely more on supply from China and just-in-time logistics.[101] In 2010, its stock included 1 billion surgical masks and 600 million FFP2 masks; in early 2020 it was 150 millions and zero, respectively.[101] While stocks were progressively reduced, a 2013 rationale stated the aim to reduce costs of acquisition and storage, now distributing this effort to all private enterprises as an optional best practice to ensure their workers' protection.[101] This was especially relevant to FFP2 masks, more costly to acquire and store.[101][103] As the COVID-19 pandemic in France took an increasing toll on medical supplies, masks and PPE supplies ran low, causing national outrage. France needs 40 millions masks per week, according to French president Emmanuel Macron.[104] France instructed its few remaining mask-producing factories to work 24/7 shifts, and to ramp up national production to 40 million masks per month.[104] French lawmakers opened an inquiry on the past management of these strategic stocks.[105] The mask shortage has been called a "scandal d'État" (State scandal).[106]
In late-March/early-April 2020, as Western countries were in turn dependent on China for supplies of masks and other equipment, China was seen as making soft-power play to influence world opinion.[107][12] However, a batch of masks purchased by the Netherlands was reportedly rejected as being sub-standard. The Dutch health ministry issued a recall of 600,000 face masks from a Chinese supplier on 21 March which did not fit properly and whose filters did not work as intended despite them having a quality certificate.[107][12] The Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs responded that the customer should "double-check the instructions to make sure that you ordered, paid for and distributed the right ones. Do not use non-surgical masks for surgical purposes".[12] Eight million of 11 million masks delivered to Canada in May also failed to meet standards.[108][109]
N95 and FFP masks[edit]
A woman in Ukraine wearing an FFP mask after masking in public places was made mandatory.
N95 and FFP masks were in short supply and high demand during the COVID-19 pandemic.[110][101] Production of N95 masks was limited due to constraints on the supply of nonwoven polypropylene fabric (which is used as the primary filter), as well as the cessation of exports from China.[43][111] China controls 50 percent of global production of masks, and facing its own coronavirus epidemic, dedicated all its production for domestic use, only allowing exports through government-allocated humanitarian assistance.[43]
In March 2020, US President Donald Trump applied the Defense Production Act against the American company 3M, which allows the Federal Emergency Management Agency to obtain N95 respirators from 3M.[112][113] White House trade adviser Peter Navarro stated that there were concerns that 3M products were not making their way to the US.[112] 3M replied that it has not changed the prices it charges, and was unable to control the prices its dealers or retailers charge.[112]
In early April 2020, Berlin politician Andreas Geisel alleged that a shipment of 200,000 N95 masks that it had ordered from American producer 3M's China facility were intercepted in Bangkok and diverted to the United States. Berlin police president Barbara Slowik stated that she believed "this is related to the US government's export ban."[114] 3M said they had no knowledge of the shipment, stating "We know nothing of an order from the Berlin police for 3M masks that come from China," and the US government denied that any confiscation had taken place and said that they use appropriate channels for all their purchases.[114][115] Berlin police later confirmed that the shipment was not seized by US authorities, but was said to have simply been bought at a better price, widely believed to be from a German dealer or China. This revelation outraged the Berlin opposition, whose CDU parliamentary group leader Burkard Dregger accused Geisel of "deliberately misleading Berliners" in order "to cover up its own inability to obtain protective equipment". FDP interior expert Marcel Luthe said "Big names in international politics like Berlin's senator Geisel are blaming others and telling US piracy to serve anti-American clichés."[116] Politico Europe reported that "the Berliners are taking a page straight out of the Trump playbook and not letting facts get in the way of a good story."[117] The Guardian also reported that "There is no solid proof Trump [nor any other American official] approved the [German] heist".[118]
Jared Moskowitz, head of the Florida Division of Emergency Management, accused 3M of selling N95 masks directly to foreign countries for cash, instead of the US. Moskowitz stated that 3M agreed to authorized distributors and brokers to represent they were selling the masks to Florida, but instead his team for the last several weeks "get to warehouses that are completely empty." He then said the 3M-authorized US distributors later told him the masks Florida contracted for never showed up because the company instead prioritized orders that came in later, for higher prices, from foreign countries (including Germany, Russia, and France). As a result, Moskowitz highlighted the issue on Twitter, saying he decided to “troll” 3M.[119][120][121] Forbes reported that "roughly 280 million masks from warehouses around the US had been purchased by foreign buyers [on March 30, 2020] and were earmarked to leave the country, according to the broker — and that was in one day", causing massive critical shortages of masks in the US.[122][123]
As more and more countries restricted the export of N95 masks, Novo Textiles in British Columbia had plans to become the number-one manufacturer in Canada.[124] AMD Medicom in Quebec also plans to become the second Canadian manufacturer of N95 masks, with a contract to supply the Government of Canada.[125]
The mask industry[edit]
Manufacturing[edit]
The government of Taiwan instituted a mask rationing system. With population of 24 million, Taiwan has been producing more than 10 million masks per day since March.
The U.S. National Guard sews facemasks
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This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2020)
As of 2019, mainland China manufactured half the world output of masks.[126] As Covid-19 spread, enterprises in several countries quickly started or increased the production of face masks.[127] Cottage industries and volunteer groups also emerged, manufacturing cloth masks for localised use. They used various patterns, including some with a bend-to-fit nosepiece inserts. Individual hospitals developed and requested a library of specific patterns.[128][129][130][131]
Distribution[edit]
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This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2020)
Some clinical stockpiles have proved inadequate in scale, and markets have expanded as non-medical consumers started obeying mandated mask-wearing or determined that masks might help or encourage them. Worldwide demand for face masks has resulted in masks shipping around the globe as a result of commercial transactions or of donations.[132]
Culture[edit]
A sign language interpreter (on the right) is wearing a transparent mask to allow lip reading.
Attitudes[edit]
In East Asian societies, a primary reason for mask-wearing is to protect others from oneself.[133][134] It is seen as a collective responsibility to reduce the transmission of the virus.[135] The broad assumption behind the act is that anyone, including seemingly healthy people, can be a carrier of the coronavirus.[134] A face mask is thus seen as a symbol of solidarity.[135] Elsewhere, the need for mask-wearing is often seen in an individual's perspective where masks only serve to protect oneself.[133]
Cultural norms and social pressure may also impede mask-wearing in public.[136] According to the Hong Kong doctor and infectious disease expert Joseph Tsang, the promotion of universal masking may resolve perceptions against mask-wearing, because mask-wearing is intimidating if few people wear masks due to cultural barriers, but if all people wear masks it shows a message that people are in this together.[88]
In the western world, the public usage of masks still often carries a large stigma,[133][135][137] as it is seen as a sign of sickness.[137] This stigmatization is a large obstacle to overcome, because people may feel too ashamed to wear a mask in public and therefore opt to not wear one.[138] Secondly, it is heavily racialized as an Asian phenomenon.[135] This has been reinforced in a lot of media discourses, where unrelated stories about the pandemic are often accompanied by imagery of Asian people in masks.[139] The focus on race has brought hostility towards Asians who are confronted with the choice to mask as precaution while they face discrimination for it.[140] However, there is also a divide within the western world, as seen in the Czech Republic and Slovakia where mass mobilization has occurred to reinforce the solidarity in mask-wearing since March 2020.[133]
On social media, there has been an effort with the #masks4all campaign to encourage people to use masks.[141] Mask-wearing has been called a prosocial behavior in which one protects others within their community.[142][143]
In the US, mask-wearing was politicized and is seen as a political statement by some people. Democrats were more likely than Republicans to say that they are wearing a mask when leaving home, 76% to 59% according to one poll.[144]
Fashion[edit]
Face masks have had an impact on fashion, with the masks themselves becoming a fashion statements, haute couture brands having pivoted to address both public health and aesthetic needs.[145][146][147][148]
Mask use and policies by country and territory[edit]
See also: COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory and National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic
Beijing Subway advises passengers to wear masks when taking trains
Argentina Argentina: After appearance of three asymptomatic cases, the capital Buenos Aires introduced compulsory masking since 14 April. Wearing a mask was made obligatory for everyone on public transit and everyone who contacts with the public in their position. Violators can face a fine. Authorities also prohibited the sale of N95 face masks to non-medical workers, suggesting the general public to use home-made masks instead.[149]
Austria Austria: Everyone entering a supermarket, a grocery store, or a drug store or using public transportation must wear a face mask, mandatory since 14 April.[150][151][152]
The Bahamas Bahamas: On 19 April, the prime minister announced that wearing a mask or covering one's face with clothing is mandatory in public. Employers must provide their employees who are serving the general public with masks.[153]
Bahrain Bahrain: The Kingdom made wearing face masks in public areas compulsory for citizens and residents as well as shop workers.[154]
Benin Benin: From 8 April, Benin's authorities began enforcing the mandatory wearing of face masks to halt the coronavirus.[155]
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina: Wearing a face mask is compulsory.[156][157]
Bulgaria Bulgaria: Bulgaria's government passed an order imposing an obligation to wear face masks on 30 March. The order was cancelled the next day and changed into a recommendation, due to legal complaints.[158]
Cambodia Cambodia: Many Cambodians started wearing face masks soon after the outbreak began in Wuhan. Businesses started to require customers to wear masks.[159]
Cameroon Cameroon: On 6 April, mayor of Douala announced that wearing a mask will be mandatory to slow the spread of coronavirus.[160]
Canada Canada: Since 6 April, health officials recommend wearing non-medical masks in situations where physical distancing from others is difficult (like buying groceries, or public transit).[161]
Chile Chile: From 8 April, Chilean Health Minister announced wearing a mask is mandatory in public transit.[162]
China China: Healthy individuals are advised to wear disposable medical masks in public places.[11][77] Some local governments require wearing masks when going outside. Shanghai makes wearing masks mandatory in public places.[163]
Colombia Colombia: In response to the most recent recommendations of the WHO, Colombia changed its policy on the use of masks and made it mandatory throughout the country for the use of public transport during the coronavirus emergency.[164]
Cuba Cuba: On 11 March, the government urged citizens to make their own masks, while the textile industry was drafted to fabricate them. People were advised to carry several cloth masks with them, depending on how many hours they plan to spend in public areas.[165] Later, wearing a mask was made mandatory.[166]
Czech Republic Czech Republic: Forbidden to go out in public without wearing a mask, or covering one's nose and mouth.[167]
Dominican Republic: Since 16 April, the use of face mask is mandatory in all public spaces and in the workplace.[168]
Democratic Republic of the Congo DR Congo: Since 20 April, wearing masks in the capital of Kinshasa is mandatory.[169]
Ecuador Ecuador: On 8 April, the Emergency Operations Committee (COE) decided to make face masks obligatory in public spaces.[170]
Ethiopia Ethiopia: The Council of Ministers approved a regulation that outlaws handshakes, and obligates the use of face masks in public places.[171]
France France: On 3 March, the government issued a degree announcing requisition of stocks of FFP2 and anti-splash masks until 31 May 2020.[172]
Gabon Gabon: On 10 April, the Gabonese government announced individuals in all parts of the country are required to wear masks in public to limit the spread of COVID-19.[173]
Germany Germany: On 31 March, city-county Jena, Thuringia, was the first large German city to introduce an obligation to wear masks, or makeshift masks including scarves, in supermarkets, public transport, and buildings with public traffic, from 6 April, very successfully. On 2 April, the Robert Koch Institute, the federal epidemic authority, changed its previous recommendation that only people with symptoms should wear masks to also include people without symptoms.[174][175] County Nordhausen, Thuringia, followed the example of Jena, since 13 April, several other cities later. German chancellor Merkel and state governors first gave "strong advice" to wear face masks in public from 20 April, Saxony made it mandatory from that day, Saxony-Anhalt followed from 23 April and (the rest of) Thurinigia from 24 April, finally the governors agreed to make it mandatory, so most other states followed from 27 April, except Schleswig-Holstein, from 29 April, and Berlin, where shops were excluded first, they were included from 29 April.[176]
Guinea Guinea: Guinean President Alpha Conde decided to make wearing masks compulsory.[177]
Honduras Honduras: From 7 April, Honduras President announced all citizens will now be required to cover their mouths when they are outside.[178]
Hong Kong Hong Kong: Members of the public are recommended to wear a surgical mask when taking public transport or staying in crowded places.[78]
India India: From 9 April, masking is compulsory in the state of Odisha. When leaving their home, people must cover their mouth and nose with masks or multilayered cloth (like handkerchief, dupatta, towel, etc.).[179]
Indonesia Indonesia: Citizens were ordered to wear face masks when they leave the house.[180]
Republic of Ireland Ireland: Starting monday 18th of May, the use of cloth face covering is recommend in enclosed public spaces where it's difficult to maintain social distance.[181][182]
Israel Israel: All residents are asked to wear face masks when in public.[183]
Italy Italy: Regions of Lombardy and Tuscany made wearing a face mask compulsory before going out in early April.[184]
Ivory Coast Ivory Coast: From April, 26 masks have become compulsory to enter shopping malls or supermarkets in the Southern suburb of Abidjan, Marcory.[185]
Japan Japan: Masks have been widely used by healthy individuals despite absence of official advice to do so.[186] On 1 March, prime minister Shinzo Abe enacted a policy in Hokkaido instructing manufacturers to sell face masks directly to the government, which would then deliver them to residents.[187]
Kenya Kenya: Wearing a face mask is compulsory since April 4. The government has Kenyans to strictly observe social distancing, which has been proved to one of the most efficient ways of preventing infection risks.[188]
Liberia Liberia: From 21 April, it is now compulsory to wear a face mask or covering in public.[189]
Lithuania Lithuania: Wearing a face mask or any other means of covering one's nose and mouth in public places is compulsory since 10 April 2020.
Luxembourg Luxembourg: From 20 April, wearing a mask is mandatory in places where it is not possible to keep enough distance to others such as supermarkets or on public transport.[190]
Malaysia Malaysia: Masks have been widely used by healthy individuals despite absence of official advice to do so.[191] On 17 March, Malaysia banned exports of medical and surgical masks, to meet local demand.[192] In April, the government was set to distribute 24.62 million masks, four for each household, while advising people to only use them if they have symptoms.[180]
Mexico Mexico: From 17 April, all Mexico City Metro passengers must wear masks while inside stations and on trains, Mayor Claudia Sheinbaum announced on 15 April.[193]
Mongolia Mongolia: Wearing a mask is now mandatory while riding public transportation in Ulaanbaatar. Public officials and news broadcasters had even adopted to wearing masks through press conferences and news broadcasts.[194]
Morocco Morocco: Wearing a face mask is compulsory.[195]
Mozambique Mozambique: The Mozambican government announced on 8 April that wearing face masks is now compulsory on all forms of passenger transport, and wherever groups of people are gathered.[196]
North Macedonia North Macedonia: As of 22 April, citizens of Kumanovo, Tetovo, and Prilep must wear protective masks and gloves outside their homes, at public places, outdoor and indoor areas, markets, and shops announced the government.[197]
Pakistan Pakistan: The Balochistan government on 18 April told citizens to wear face masks when going outside. According to provincial government spokesperson Liaquat Shahwani, citizens have been urged to wear masks or to cover their faces with any cloth in the wake of the COVID-19 outbreak.[198]
Panama Panama: Panama has made it obligatory to wear a face mask whenever going outside, while also recommending the manufacture of a homemade cloth face mask to those who cannot purchase face masks.[199]
Peru Peru: From 7 April, the Peruvian government started distributing free masks after decreeing their mandatory use in the streets to chase away the new coronavirus, said President Martin Vizcarra.[200]
Philippines Philippines: From 2 April, the government required all those living in areas under enhanced community quarantine to wear face masks.[201]
Poland Poland: Since 16 April, covering lips and nose is compulsory before leaving one's house (e.g., by a disposable mask, cloth mask, or scarf).[202]
Russia Russia: Khabarovsk has made the wearing of face masks obligatory to fight the spike in respiratory diseases and prevent the spread of the coronavirus.[203]
Rwanda Rwanda: On 20 April, Cabinet Minister of Health Daniel Ngamije said the latest guidelines require everyone to wear a mask in public, and at home during the lockdown and thereafter.[169]
Scotland Scotland: On 28 April, the First Minister for Scotland Nicola Sturgeon advised the voluntary use of cloth face masks in enclosed spaces such as shops and public transport (but not generally in public), while noting their limitation.[204]
Singapore Singapore: Masks have been widely used by healthy individuals despite initial absence of official advice to do so.[205] General mask-wearing was no longer discouraged from 3 April,[206] and made mandatory outside of one's residence from 14 April.[207]
Spain Spain: Wearing masks has been required since 4 May while on public transportation, which includes taxis, trains and buses. The government is providing masks to the majority of people riding public transportation, regardless of if they have a mask on.[208][209]
Slovakia Slovakia: Forbidden to go out in public without wearing a mask or covering one's nose and mouth.[167][156]
Slovenia Slovenia: From 29 March, wearing a face mask, even one made at home, or equivalents such as scarves that cover the mouth and nose is mandatory along with protective gloves; the decree stipulates that masks and gloves need to be worn in indoor public spaces.[210]
South Africa South Africa: On 10 April, Minister of Health recommended that the general public use cloth face masks when going out in public (in addition to hand-washing and social distancing).[211] After 1 May, covering one's nose and mouth will be mandatory in public (with a cloth mask, scarf, T-shirt, etc.).[212]
South Korea South Korea: Masks have been widely used by healthy individuals despite absence of official advice to do so.[213] The government implemented a policy of centralized procurement and rationing of face masks, purchasing 80 percent of national production since early March.[214]
Sweden Sweden: Sweden's Public Health Agency doubts the effectiveness of face masks, and the agency does not recommend public use of face masks.[215] The government has also warned that wearing them might create a false sense of security.[216]
Taiwan Taiwan: On 21 January, the government announced a temporary ban on the export of face masks.[217] On 6 February, the government instituted a mask rationing system.[218] Taiwan has been producing ten million masks per day since mid-March.[219] On 1 April, passengers on trains and intercity buses were required to wear face masks,[220] unmasked riders facing a fine.[221]
Turkey Turkey: Residents will be required to wear masks at markets, as Turkish president announced.[222]
Ukraine Ukraine: Since 6 April, wearing a face mask is required by the government in public places. In Kyiv, public places were clarified to include parks and streets.[223]
United States United States: On 6 April, the CDC recommended the wearing of non-medical cloth face coverings when in public places.[224][225] Since 17 April, residents of New York, must wear masks in public; New Jersey and Maryland issued similar requirements for their residents.[226]
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan: Officials made protective masks mandatory in all major cities in order to prevent the spread of coronavirus. Officials on 22 March said citizens not wearing masks in public in major cities would be fined $22 for the first offense and $67 for repeat offenses.[227]
Venezuela Venezuela: The government ordered the country’s citizens to wear face masks in public in response to the arrival of the novel coronavirus.[228]
Vietnam Vietnam: Since 16 March, everyone must wear a face mask when going to public places (such as grocery stores, transportation hubs, and public transport).[229]
Zambia Zambia: The government made it mandatory to wear face masks to minimise the spread in the country.[230]
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pand...
Everyone knows! At present, the melt-blown cloth and mask industries have entered a critical period of industrial adjustment and technological upgrading, and high quality is the mainstream of the market.
Public information shows that melt-blown material has 25g and 50g, filtration efficiency has 90%, 95%, and 99%, and other several levels are usually referred to like 90%, 95%, and 99%, respectively on behalf of 90%, 95%, and 99%, of the non-oily particles. Current EU standards require melt-blown at 95L/min flow conditions under the test, the filtration efficiency should be more than 94%. From this point of view, PFE less than 90% of melt-blown cloth has not met the export standard requirements of masks.
So, how to save the low-filter melt-blown fabric?
Qingzi Nano "nanofiber melt-blown machine", through the processing of the filtering effect 90% melt-blown cloth, the final filtering effect (PFE) can reach 95~99%!
When the filter effect is less than 90%, the melt-blown cloth can increase the profit many times after the equipment processing reaches level 95 and 99.
◆ Technical Advantages
Pure physical interception, no static decay, stable filtering effect.
Stable equipment, less maintenance, once the power is on, it can be produced immediately.
◆ Equipment Introduction
Model: MF05-001
Final filtration efficiency (PFE) after processing: 95~99%;
Delivery date: 10-15 days;
Equipment composition: spinning module + winding module + electric control module + liquid supply module
Floor area: 7.5m (l) *1m (w) *1.6m (h)
Equipment power: 7.5KW
Production workers: one person can operate the equipment, the operation and maintenance is simple, no experience, education, basic
requirements for production personnel
Width: 300 mm
Production speed: 10~15m/min;
Recommended production rate (m/min)Width of the substrate (mm)Daily Working hours (HR)Daily output length (m)Daily output area (㎡)Reference output (KG)The raw material cost of processing one ton of melt-blown cloth
10-151752012000210070879~1465 USD
10-1526020120003120100879~1465 USD
Parameters:
Integrated design of winding, unwinding, and drying;
Precision feeding system: corrosion resistance, high-voltage resistance;
Safeguard system;
Technical electrospinning multi-nozzle array system;
Speed of roll-to-roll: 0-5 m/min, adjustable;
Electrospinning high-voltage supply: 0-50 kV, adjustable;
The effective width of the nanofiber layer: 300 mm.
Electrospinning technology: electrically charged polymer solution or melt is stretched and refined in a high-voltage electrostatic field, accompanied by solvent volatilization or melt solidification, and becomes micro-nano-level fiber, which is deposited on the receiving device to form nanofiber film material with a certain accumulation density.
Features of electrospinning materials: High porosity; Small aperture; High specific surface area.
Application: air filtration, water filtration, battery diaphragm, electrode material, tissue engineering, drug sustained release, drug delivery, dressings, artificial skin, heavy metal ion adsorption, gas sensor, waterproof and moisture permeable clothing, catalyst, reinforcement, etc.
Polluted waste treatment: heavy metal ion adsorption, acid-base treatment, organic waste gas treatment, organic wastewater treatment, small molecule pollutant adsorption, etc.;
Filtering separation: suspension particles, PM2.5 mask, air filtration, water filter, sifting, oil-water separation, extraction, seawater desalination, etc.;
Biological medicine: air-filtration, drug delivery, dressing, drug extract, tissue engineering scaffold, biological testing, cosmetics, anti-microbial, artificial organ, enzyme immobilization, etc.;
New energy: organic solar cells, li-ion electrode material, sodium-ion battery material, fuel cell, li-ion battery separator, photocatalytic hydrolysis, etc.;
Electronic information: gas sensors, humidity sensors bioinstrumentation, flexible circuit, microfluidic chip, micro/nanodevice, etc.;
Catalysis: organic wastewater and gas catalytic treatment, photocatalysis, chemocatalysis, etc.;
Defense industry: missile insulation, stealth wave-absorbing, light isolated material, electromagnetic shielding, etc.;
Other: food processing, composite enhancing, antiseptic, waterproof and moisture permeable, aerogel, high temperature insulating, keeping warm, etc.
Common Electrospinning Materials
1. Water solubility
PEO polyoxyethylene
PVA polyvinyl alcohol
PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone
2. Water-insoluble
PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
PAN polyacrylonitrile
PU polyurethane
PA Nylon, polyamide
PS polystyrene
PC polycarbonate
CA cellulose acetate
PMMA polymethyl methacrylate
PET Polyethylene terephthalate
3. Biocompatibility
PCL polycaprolactone
PLA polylactic acid
CS chitosan
SA Sodium Alginate
SF silk fibroin
HA hyaluronic acid
Qingzi Nano has designed three solutions for the air filtration industry combined with our nanofiber mass production equipment.
1. Nano antibacterial membrane, antibacterial efficiency up to 99.99%. It can be added to the vehicle-mounted filter screen, filter element, air filter, and HEPA to filter bacteria in the air.
2. Add a layer of nanofiber film to melt-blown cloth, hot air cotton, etc. to improve the filtration efficiency, which can reach PFE 95-99% stably, the filtration efficiency will not reduce, and the service life will be longer.
3. Spin a layer of nanofilm on a spunbonded cloth to make a pure nanofilm with high filtration efficiency and low wind resistance. Monolayer nanofilm PFE 65-85% with the resistance of 17-25 Pa. It can be used in a window screen, air purifier, and other products.
Air Filtration
Although the traditional fiber air filtration materials can effectively intercept the micron solid particles, the filtration efficiency of the submicron solid particles is low. Nanofibers have the characteristics of small diameter and large specific surface area, which can further enhance the interception of suspended particles. By electrospinning technology system of the preparation of nanometer fiber membrane with good fiber uniformity, controllable pore size distribution, the characteristics of the structure can be adjusted, according to the actual use of the environment demand to choose different polymer materials, which could be prepared for the different particle size of solid particles of high-efficiency low resistance air filtration material, do the special environment of application scenarios have larger development prospects.
High-Temperature Filtration
PM2.5 Masks
High-Efficiency Cartridge Filter
Haze Screening
HEPA Filter
Air Conditioning Filter
Application of Nanofiber Membrane Masks
The production principle of the nanofiber air filter is different from that of melt-blown cloth. Contrast melt-blown fabric with air drawing process, nanofiber air filter material using electrostatic wiredrawing, the fiber is finer, and the new product upstream materials will not be limited to polypropylene, as long as it is able to dissolve in the solvent of polymers, including polyurethane, eps olefins, polystyrene, etc. It can be used for textile, much lower production cost than traditional melt-blown cloth. Nanofiber membrane adopts advanced electrospinning nanofiber technology, and the pore diameter of the nanofiber membrane is about 100~500nm. Compared with the fiber prepared by the melt-blown process, the pore diameter is smaller and the antibacterial property is better. It effectively blocks filtering dust and PM2.5 particles with filtration efficiency up to 99.99% and effectively inhibits more than 650 bacterial viruses such as the influenza virus, MERS, SARS, and bacteria.
A. Nanofiber membrane replaces melt-blown cloth as the core filter layer of masks, with the following advantages:
1) The resistance, BFE, PFE, etc. are superior to the melt-blown cloth.
2) Instead of relying on electrostatic adsorption, physical interception is adopted, relying on the principle of physical pore filtration, that is, finer 'mesh' is used to achieve filtration effect.No static electret treatment is required, longer protection effect, no static disappears.
B. Nanofiber film melt-blown composite
1) Melt-blown cloth composite nanofiber processing, easily on 95+, stable 95+, to solve the export problem, easily oily, salt test!
2) Through equipment processing up to 95, 99, solve the problem of low filtration efficiency melt-blown inventory backlog, effective use of existing resources, and can increase the profit of many times! (At present, the price of low-quality melt-blown cloth on the market falls to about 1,465 USD. After processing the melt-blown cloth with the Qingzi Nano production line, it can be sold directly according to 95+ and 99+ melt-blown cloth, and there is no static electricity to disappear. Customers do not need to worry about the product being randomly inspected and disqualified after export.)
3) The processing cost of one ton of melt-blown cloth is the only US $879~ US $1465!
Winnie Chan
International Trade Manager
Mob./Whatsapp: +86 18520902852
QQ: 1130008454
WeChat: QingziNano
E-mail: winnie@qingzitech.com
Tel.：+86 757-89956076
Web. : www.qingzitech.net/
Facebook: www.facebook.com/LeptonChina/
Twitter: twitter.com/?lang=zh-cn
www.famica.store/product-page/mascherina-ffp2-kn95-kings-...
5 box da 5 mascherine (25 totali) FFP2/KN95 - KINGS RAM ADULTO
- MASCHERINA PROTETTIVA FFP2/KN95
- MONOUSO
- 4 STRATI IN TESSUTO NON TESSUTO TNT (TNT spunbond, 2 TNT meltbrown, TNT Spunbond)
- CON ELASTICI AURICOLARI E NASELLO REGOLABILE
- CON CERTIFICAZIONE CE
Questo prodotto è destinato alla protezione delle vie respiratorie. Se indossato correttamente, contribuirà a a ridurre al minimo la contaminazione causata da microrganismi espirati e ridurre la potenziale esposizione dell’utente a particelle e fluidi corporei.
Composizione:
- 4 STRATI:
2 strati in materiale di tipo Spunbond (TNT tessuto non tessuto) in esterno e in interno.
Tessuto a 2 strati TNT prodotto con tecnologia meltblown al centro.
- 2 elastici per le orecchie
-1 clip per il naso
Avvertenze:
Indossare sempre la mascherina in modo che la stessa copra sia naso che bocca. Non toccare il corpo della mascherina con le dita, bensì rimuoverla afferrandola tramite elastici. Eseguire una disinfezione co5 box da 5 mascherine (25 totali) FFP2/KN95 - KINGS RAM ADULTOmpleta delle mani dopo la rimozione della mascherina. Smaltire, come da norme vigenti nel proprio comune la mascherina usata quando non è più necessaria.
Conservare in luogo fresco e asciutto con una buona ventilazione.
Non utilizzare oltre la data di scadenza indicata sul confezionamento.
We produce different kinds of non woven fabric and earloop, nose wire for medical face masks, surgical face masks and dust-proof face mask, covering nearly all the raw material in the face mask raw material market and the medical products market. And we also accept OEM, ODM orders. We have a mature technique and well experience to satisfy our customers. sarpimar.com
n this video, we are talking about the basic components of an HVAC Filter System.
Know more about HVAC Filter System - www.parknonwoven.com/hvac-air-filter-media/
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The melt-blown material is extruded by heating and then ejected by hot air through the fine hole of the nozzle. Micron or even submicron fibers are formed under the traction and stretching of hot wind. The melt-blown filter membrane commonly used in face masks is 25g of melt-blown material. Before the electrostatic electret treatment, the filtration efficiency of melt-blown materials is relatively low, about 30% to 40% of the aerosol filtration performance.
If electret masterbatch is added to the spinning PP masterbatch, the filtration performance of the melt-blown cloth material can be greatly improved after electrostatic treatment, and even the single-layer melt-blown material can achieve more than 95% particle filtration performance.But the electrostatic electret process of each manufacturer is different, therefore, the electrostatic retention capacity of melt-blown cloth is not the same.The filtration performance of most electret materials declines rapidly after the electret treatment.
Therefore, most of the domestic melt-blown material filtration performance stability is very poor. More than 90% of the melt-blown cloth filtration performance in 30%-90% of the filtration efficiency, so the quality is uneven.Mask manufacturers can easily buy fake mask filters because they don't know the technology. This is why many of the masks exported domestically are substandard. The main reason is the instability of the core filter material.
Another kind of water electret process can ensure that the electret on polypropylene is permanent, the electric field distribution is uniform, the capture ability is strong, is a relatively mature technology for the preparation of high efficiency and low resistance melt-blown materials. The water electret process can achieve stable N95 material properties at a lower gram weight. But the domestic water electret equipment is not much, the production capacity is also relatively low, in addition to the operating cost of equipment is also relatively high. Therefore, there is a limited amount of melt-blown materials that can satisfy the N95 properties in China. On the market a lot of melt-blown cloth factory take BFE95% melt-blown material as N95 material sale, cause a lot of face mask manufacturer who do not understand the market is deceived.
via
Today, nonwovens are much more than just a fabric. Nonwovens are used in numerous markets such as the automotive or clothing industry, in the construction or medical sector, for numerous purposes. It is also used in the electrical industry: As phase insulation in the production of electric motors, as a resin carrier in laminates or as layer insulation in the production of transformers.
Advantages of nonwovens
Basically, nonwoven offers many advantages as a technical textile. Due to its composition of different fibers, the material can be adapted to its subsequent application in terms of composition, bonding of the fibers and manufacturing process. Spunbonded nonwovens, for example, are suitable as a material for manufacturing numerous hygiene articles such as baby diapers or bandages, but also for technical applications or the construction industry.
Production of nonwovens
Nonwovens are manufactured using innovative technologies and, depending on the production process, are perfectly tailored to the needs of the respective application areas. The product portfolio comprises numerous technical textiles and fabrics – including nonwovens such as staple fiber nonwovens, spunbond nonwovens, meltblown nonwovens or wetlaid nonwovens.
Differentiation of nonwovens
There are 4 types of nonwovens:
Staple fiber nonwovens
Spunbond nonwovens
Meltblown nonwovens
Wetlaid nonwovens
To the individual nonwoven types
Staple fiber nonwovens
Staple fiber nonwovens are used for technical textiles with high elasticity and variable basis weight. Staple fiber nonwovens are made from staple fibers that nonwoven manufacturers usually buy in. These fibers are opened and blended before processing. Nonwovens are formed on carding machines with rotating rolls. If high basis weights are to be achieved, crosslappers are used.
Depending on the application, a wide range of raw materials can be processed, e.g. synthetic fibers including viscose as well as natural, glass and carbon fibers.
Raw materials used for staple fiber nonwovens
Synthetic fibers including viscose, natural, glass and carbon fibers.
Meltblown nonwovens
Meltblown nonwovens are very fine, melt-spun microfibers for a wide variety of applications. The meltblown process is similar to spunbond technology. At the nozzle tip, a hot gas stream flows at high velocity around the extruded, molten polymer. The turbulent hot gas flow below the nozzle scatters the filaments from about 500 microns below the nozzle to about 1 micron on the collection belt.
Compared to spunbond technology, the required melt flow index (MFI) value of the polymer is very high, and the throughput through the single spinneret is very low. The low throughput through very small nozzle holes and the high melt index provide the basis for spinning very fine fibers.
Spunbond nonwovens
Unlike staple fiber nonwoven technology, spunbond technology eliminated the costly first process step of fiber spinning. In this process, synthetic polymers are extruded as granules of different geometries. The molten polymer, mainly polypropylene, polyester or polyethylene, is spun into continuous filaments using spinnerets.
These filaments are first cooled and stretched with air below the spinnerets, and finally deposited on a collecting belt – a process that takes place continuously. In this process, polyester must be spun at higher speeds than polypropylene in order to achieve the desired quality characteristics such as titer, strength, elongation and shrinkage.
Wetlaid nonwovens
In this process, staple fibers of up to 12 mm staple length are dispersed in water in large tanks, often blended with viscose or wood pulp. The water-fiber pulp dispersion is then pumped onto an inclined screen and continuously deposited. The water is extracted, filtered and returned to the process.
In addition to synthetic fibers, glass, ceramic and carbon fibers are also used in this process. To distinguish wetlaid nonwovens from papers, wetlaid nonwovens must process more than 30 percent by weight of fibers with a slenderness ratio greater than 300.
Contract slitting and cutting of nonwovens
We slit nonwovens from all manufacturers into narrow cut rolls on our slitting lines.
The post Nonwovens: Materials, Technologies & Applications appeared first on Dr. Dietrich Müller GmbH.
www.mueller-ahlhorn.com/nonwovens-materials-technologies-...
www.gc-nonwoven.com/product/ssmms-nonwoven-fabrics/ssmms-...
SSMMS non-woven fabrics SMS White Nonwoven 15g
Features: SMS/SMMS/SSMMS Are Produced On The Same Production Line. The Production Line Has Three Spunbond Spinnerets And Two Meltblown Die Heads. The Nozzles And Die Heads Are Adjusted And The Filaments Are Laid And Finally Formed By Hot Rolling. This Kind Of Non-Woven Fabric Has The Advantages Of Uniform Cloth Surface, High Strength And Good Filtering Performance.
Special Treatments: Hydrophilic, Super-Soft
Applications:
Medical: Surgical Gowns, Protective Clothing, Surgical Drapes, Surgical Kits, Etc.
Hygiene: Baby Diapers, Sanitary Napkins, Adult Diapers, Etc.
Sandersville SW1500 #1300 works MBT Meltblown Technologies Inc. while #1400 waits. Sandersville,GA, 7/18/14.
In the early stage of the epidemic, coupled with the Spring Festival holiday, China also faced the problem of insufficient supply of masks.And melt-blown cloth is the "heart" of the mask, if the surgical mask does not have melt-blown cloth, it is no different from a piece of ordinary cloth.Melt-blown cloth became the focus of resources, market competition continues to be white-hot, the price has soared, the price of each ton of melt-blown cloth has risen from the beginning of the year 2825 USD to 84739-98862 USD, still in short supply.
According to the China textile industry association's public information shows that melt-blown cloth, the full name of melt-blown non-woven cloth, is the core material of surgical masks.This kind of mask generally adopts three layers of non-woven fabric structure, in which the inner and outer two layers are mainly made of spunbonded non-woven fabric, and the middle layer is generally melt-blown fabric.Spun-bonded nonwoven fabric and melt-blown fabric from raw material to process completely different, the former high fat soluble polypropylene, dissolve fat range mainly in 31-44, and the middle layer is fat soluble polypropylene, dissolve fat calls for more than 45, fiber diameter of the two are completely different, the former requirement at 20 microns, and melt-blown fiber diameter of only 2 microns.
Because it is a medical material, the production of the degree of cleanliness, aseptic control and other technical aspects have very high requirements, a regular production line investment in nearly 1.5 million USD.But as the epidemic spread around the world, the demand for masks exploded, as the raw material of the melt-blown cloth all the way up, production and trade gradually towards disorder, resulting in chaos.
How to do?
It is urgent to find alternative products!
Nanofiber membranes can replace melt-blown cloth as a filter material for masks and solve the problem of repeated use of masks, chinanews.com reported recently. Premier Li Keqiang has asked the Drug Regulatory Authorities to speed up the review and, once approved, increase mass production. Li stressed that masks are now "weapons" for medical workers and "shields" for ordinary people.
The detection performance of Qingzi Nano nanofiber membrane products
Test ItemQingzi Nano ProductGovernment StandardComparative Result
Bacterial Filtration Efficiency (BFE)97%95%Exceed√
Non-oily Particulate Filtration Efficiency (PFE)67.4%≥30%Exceed√
Pressure Difference10.9PA≤49PAExceed√
The nanofilm filter membrane independently developed by our company single layer has bacterial filtration efficiency (BFE) of 97% and non-oily particulate filtration efficiency (PFE) of 67.4%. The pressure difference is less than 10.9pa, which is far higher than the standard of medical surgical mask. If two layers of nanofiltration membrane are made, the filtration effect of N95 can be achieved. This membrane formulation will be provided with the equipment.
High quality 3 Layers Anti-virus disposable mask
texinstru.com/product/flat-disposable-masks/
Application:
Hospital, dental, room-cleaning, food preparation, and industrial environments.
Style: Flat Ear-Loops Type
Material: 20 – 25g non – woven fabric.
Mask Size: 17.5 cm x 9.5 cm
Middle Filter : 25g Meltblown Non – woven Fabrics
Function: Clinical, hospital, housework, gardening and maintenance for filtering dust, pollen, and bacteria
Packing: 50 pcs / box, 2000 pcs / CTN
Note: We offer a price range( based on box package) below, the price of one box will decrease as you buy more.
Our company launched the "nanofiber melt-blown machine", through the secondary processing of 50~70% of the filtering effect of the melt-blown cloth, the final product melt-blown cloth performance can reach 90~98% (the specific finished product filtering effect depends on the inherent basic filtering effect of the melt-blown cloth and the speed of the secondary processing).
After processing by the equipment, it passed the inspection and test, and the finished product conforms to the national standard of high-quality masks GBT32610-2016 and GB2626-2006. In addition, the addition of nanofibers can significantly improve the physical filtration performance of the product, and the filtration life can be more than 3 times that of electrostatic electret melt-blown cloth.
Our company has the equipment that can replace melt-blown cloth, also have the equipment that can make the best partner with melt-blown cloth, melt-blown machine.
Equipment Parameter
1.Equipment name: nanofiber melt-blown machine;
2.Investment return cycle: 15-20 days;
3.Width: 660mm;
4.Melt-blown cloth requirements: PFE > 50%, 25gsm;
5.Final filtration efficiency (PFE) after processing: 90-98% (meet the performance requirements of double-layer KN95 or single-layer KN95 mask);
6.Delivery date: 15-20 days;
7.Daily production capacity (24h) ≥250kg
8.Equipment composition: spinning module + rewinding module + drying module + electronic control module + liquid supply module;
9.Floor area: 9m (length) ×2.8m (width) ×2.5m (height);
10.Equipment power: < 100kw;
11.Raw material cost: the raw material cost of nanofibers needed to process 1 ton of melt-blown cloth is $847-1411 (depending on the filtration efficiency of melt-blown cloth).
12.Source of raw materials: after the customer orders the equipment, provide turnkey service, including filter film formula and training services, and purchase the raw materials directly from our company;
13.Production workers: the equipment operation and maintenance is simple, the production personnel have no experience, education, basic requirements, one person can operate the equipment.
How to choose the filter material equipment?
As nanofibers industrialization leading enterprises, Qingzi Nano early in 2004 began to set up the team, has been developed and selling series of industrialization of the nanofiber production line, have a reliable production technology solutions, but for the material of this outbreak instead of melt-blown fabric production provide a full range of production equipment and production instruction, can rapid delivery, let you mass production immediately, and solve the problem of melt-blown material shortage.
Enterprise Background
As early as 2004, the technical team of Foshan Lepton Precision M&C Tech Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as Qingzi Nano) was established. The company is located in Foshan national high-tech industrial development zone, focusing on the research and development of electrospinning nano-fiber technology and equipment. In view of the epidemic situation, our company cooperated with The State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment of the Guangdong University of Technology, The Numerical Control Equipment Collaborative Innovation Research Institute of the Nanhai District Guangdong University of Technology, and the Jihua Laboratory to develop the production equipment scheme of the nano-fiber filtration membrane.
Best wishes to you,
Yours sincerely,
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陈颖仪 Winnie Chan
Sales & Marketing
Mob./Whatsapp: +86 18520902852
QQ: 1130008454
Wechat:
Tel.：+86 757-89956076
Facebook Twitter Alibaba
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佛山轻子精密测控技术有限公司
Foshan Lepton Precision M&C Tech Co., Ltd
地址：广东省佛山市南海区狮山镇信息大道南33号力合科技产业中心71栋103室（528225）
Add.: Room 103, Building 71, Lihe Science Industrial Center, 33 Information Avenue South, Shishan Town, Nanhai District, Foshan City, Guangdong Province, China.
官网 : www.qingzitech.com
Web. : www.qingzitech.net
This gray general absorbent roll is made of one layer of lint-free spun-bond fabric that is ultrasonically bonded to one layer of meltblown polypropylene sorbent.Dimpled pattern allows pad to quickly soak up liquids. Keep it shape even when completely saturated. Perforated so you save money by using only what you need. Gray color masks dirt for longer use. Can be wrung out and reused. Flame resistant in original state, will melt when exposed to high heat.
Usage: Our general purpose absorbent roll is great for everyday maintenance, repair and general operations. Absorbs all water based fluids, oil, diesel, gas, coolants, cutting fluids, hydraulic fluids, vegetable oil, acetone, turpentine, ether, MEK, hexane, trichloroethylene, etc.
Feature:
Fast-acting for quick response
High performance melt blown polypropylene
Sonic bonded to absorb quickly
Dark color fosters longer use
Lint-free spun-bond fabric
Perforated to save you money
Use only what you need
Reusable
Dimpled to help absorption
Mat keeps it shape even if saturated
Spun bond fabric provides added strength
Absorbs all liquids - water and hydrocarbons
Have on hand for general maintenance
This gray general absorbent pad is made of one layer of lint-free spun-bond fabric that is ultrasonically bonded to one layer of meltblown polypropylene sorbent.Dimpled pattern allows pad to quickly soak up liquids. Keep it shape even when completely saturated. Perforated so you save money by using only what you need. Gray color masks dirt for longer use. Can be wrung out and reused.Flame resistant in original state, will melt when exposed to high heat.
Usage: This general purpose absorbent pad is great for everyday maintenance, repair and general operations. Absorbs all water based fluids, oil, diesel, gas, coolants, cutting fluids, hydraulic fluids, vegetable oil, acetone, turpentine, ether, MEK, hexane, trichloroethylene, etc.
Feature:
Fast-acting for quick response
High performance melt blown polypropylene
Sonic bonded to absorb quickly
Dark color fosters longer use
Lint-free spun-bond fabric
Perforated to save youmoney
Use only what you need
Reusable
Dimpled to help absorption
Mat keeps it shape even if saturated
Spun bond fabric provides added strength
Absorbs all liquids - water and hydrocarbons
Have on hand for general maintenance
Polypropylene or #PPMeltblownNonwovenFabric is made up of Polypropylene and its fiber diameter can be 1 to 5 microns with excellent oil absorption, heat insulation, filtration, and shielding capacity and properties. You get various anti-wrinkle fluffy structures and voids for PP #Meltblown #nonwoven #fabric. #nonwovenfabric #pp #Polypropylene #PoojaHegde #PPMeltblown #Nonwoven #Fabric #PPMeltblownnonwovenfabric #facemask
eltblown Media is used in respirators, cabin air filters, and industrial and residential HVAC systems. With liquid grade nonwovens, customers get graded density melt blown filter fabric to filter potable waters, industrial process fluids, food and beverage products, and pharmaceutical. PP is a fire-resistant material.
Applications Introduction
◆ The nanofiltration membrane produced by the equipment can replace the melt-blown cloth as the core layer of the mask.
◆ Width: 1200 mm;
◆ Equipment composition: winding and unwinding system + liquid supply cart + electric cabinet + spinning workshop + drying device;
◆ Production capacity: 4000~8000㎡/24h (meet the material required for the production of 100,000 to 200,000 face masks).
Advantages
1.It conforms to YY0469 standard of the medical-surgical mask;
2.The filtration efficiency of the double layer nanofiber membrane can reach more than 95%, which conforms to the national KN95 requirements;
Mainly depends on the physical interception, does not need the static electret, does not exist the static electricity vanishes.
Product Introduction
◆ PFE 95+ was achieved by processing the melt-blown cloth;
◆ Width: 660 mm;
◆ Equipment composition: winding and unwinding system + liquid supply cart + electric cabinet + spinning workshop + drying device;
◆Maximum production speed: 12~13 m/min;
◆ Capacity: ≥250 KG/Day;
◆ Raw material cost: $843-1,404 for the nanofibers needed to process a ton of melt-blown cloth.
Everyone knows! At present, the melt-blown cloth and mask industries have entered a critical period of industrial adjustment and technological upgrading, and high quality is the mainstream of the market.
Public information shows that melt-blown material has 25g and 50g, filtration efficiency has 92%, 95%, and 99% and other several grades, is usually referred to like 90%, 95%, and 99%, respectively on behalf of 90%, 95% and 99% of non-oily particles. Current EU standards require melt-blown at 95L/min flow conditions under the test, the filtration efficiency of more than 94%. From this point of view, less than 90% of the melt-blown fabric has not met the export standards of masks demand.
So, how to save the low-filter melt-blown fabric?
-- Qingzi Nano "nanofiber melt-blown machine", through more than 50% of the melt-blown cloth processing, the final filtering effect (PFE) can reach 95~99%!
-- When the melt-blown cloth of less than 90% is processed by the equipment to reach level 95 and 99, the profit can be increased by many times!
◆ Technical Advantages
Pure physical interception, no static decay, stable filtering effect.
◆ Equipment Introduction
Final filtration efficiency (PFE) after processing: 95~99%;
Delivery date: 10-15 days;
Width: 300mm, 660mm;
Production speed: 12~30m/min;
For further information, please send an e-mail: winnie@qingzitech.com
FFP1, FFP2, FFP3 meltblown polypropylene is mainly used for manufacturing industrial dust-proof face masks, cup shape face masks, and other protective face masks. To make FFP1, FFP2, FFP3 dust mask, visit - www.parknonwoven.com/pp-melt-blown-filter-media/
Our yellow chemical absorbent pads are ultrasonically bonded with one layer of spun-bond polypropylene and one layer of meltblown polypropylene .Dimpled pattern speed wicking to quickly soak chemicals and gives added strength. Retain it shape even when completely saturated. Perforated so you save money by using only what you need.
Use our chemical spill cleanup absorbent pads to soak up spills of acids, bases or unknown liquids. It is made from 100% polypropylene to absorb most aggressive or caustic fluids.Sonic bonded "dimples" add strength and fast wicking power. The Chemical Spill Cleanup Absorbent Pads bright yellow color is highly visible and indicates caution around spills.
Application:
Use on hazardous or unknown liquid spills. Absorb all liquids including water. For aggressive fluids, such as caustic soda, hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, sodium hydroxide and nitric acid.
Feature:
Keep shape even saturated
For aggressive fluids.
Bonded & Dimpled
Bright caution color
Perforated
The customer reflects the shortcoming of melt-blown cloth on the market: so-called filter efficiency 99% melt-blown cloth, 10 days lost filter efficiency completely. In the factory, the melt-blown cloth can be glued to the hand. But after a few days, only about 30% of the filtering effect is left!
We consulted professionals and they said there are surface charges and body charges. Body charge is easier to last. Surface charge, more on the surface. For example, the filter material made performed very well in the previous test and stuck to the hand. However, the surface charge also tends to decay, making the filter effect less persistent.
Qingzi Nano's equipment produce nanofibers membranes as the mask filter. No need to do electret treatment, longer service life, more skin-friendly bonding, suitable for long-term wear.
How to establish differentiated products of masks in the post-epidemic era? Choosing electrospinning technology is the most economical and fastest way to establish differentiated products.
How to use electrospinning technology to make differentiated products?
1. Endow the mask with antibacterial and bactericidal properties, up to 99.95% antibacterial properties can be reached.
2. Make some masks with auxiliary therapeutic functions. For example, adding relevant traditional Chinese medicine preparations into the nanofibers can make the mask have such as auxiliary treatment of rhinitis, motion sickness, respiratory tract related chronic diseases and other related chronic diseases. Or add some refreshing substances, so that the use of masks more comfort customers.
Model: TP301
Materials: 4 layers, 66.7%Non-woven fabric ,33.3%Meltblown fabric
Executive Standard: EN149:2001+A1:2009 FFP3 NR
The customer reflects the shortcoming of melt-blown cloth on the market: so-called filter efficiency 99% melt-blown cloth, 10 days lost filter efficiency completely. In the factory, the melt-blown cloth can be glued to the hand. But after a few days, only about 30% of the filtering effect is left!
We consulted professionals and they said there are surface charges and body charges. Body charge is easier to last. Surface charge, more on the surface. For example, the filter material made performed very well in the previous test and stuck to the hand. However, the surface charge also tends to decay, making the filter effect less persistent.
Qingzi Nano's equipment produce nanofibers membranes as the mask filter. No need to do electret treatment, longer service life, more skin-friendly bonding, suitable for long-term wear.
How to establish differentiated products of masks in the post-epidemic era? Choosing electrospinning technology is the most economical and fastest way to establish differentiated products.
How to use electrospinning technology to make differentiated products?
1. Endow the mask with antibacterial and bactericidal properties, up to 99.95% antibacterial properties can be reached.
2. Make some masks with auxiliary therapeutic functions. For example, adding relevant traditional Chinese medicine preparations into the nanofibers can make the mask have such as auxiliary treatment of rhinitis, motion sickness, respiratory tract related chronic diseases and other related chronic diseases. Or add some refreshing substances, so that the use of masks more comfort customers.
Our white oil only absorbent pads are bonded ultrasonically with one layer of lint-free spun-bond fabric and one layer of meltblown polypropylene .Dimpled pattern speeds wicking to quickly soak up oil. Retain it shape even when completely saturated. Perforated so you save money by using only what you need. Can be wrung out and reused.
Feature:
1 Absorb hydrocarbon only
2 Repel water, Float on water
3 Sonic bonded to absorb quickly
4 Can be wrung out and reused.
5 Lint-free spun-bond fabric
6 Perforated to save money
7 Use only what you need
Usage: Oil absorbent, dimpled, bonded absorbent pads are appropriate for use in traffic areas and low lint applications.Repels water based fluids and absorbs oil based fluids.Suitable for industrial and environmental applications for quick absorption of oil. Absorb all hydrocarbons such as oil, gasoline, fuel oil, diesel and lubricating oils. Oil Absorbent Pads are one of our best sellers
Our yellow chemical absorbent rolls are ultrasonically bonded with one layer of spun-bond polypropylene and one layer of meltblown polypropylene. Dimpled pattern speeds wicking to quickly soak chemicals and gives added strength. Retain it shape even when completely saturated. Perforated so you save money by using only what you need.
Use our chemical spill cleanup absorbent rolls to soak up spills of acids, bases or unknown liquids. It is made from 100% polypropylene to absorb most aggressive or caustic fluids.Sonic bonded "dimples" add strength and fast wicking power. The Chemical Spill Cleanup Absorbent Rolls bright yellow color is highly visible and indicates caution around spills.
Application: Use on hazardous or unknown liquid spills. Absorb all liquids including water. For aggressive fluids, such as caustic soda, hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, sodium hydroxide and nitric acid.
Feature:
Keep shape even saturated
For aggressive fluids.
Bonded & Dimpled
Bright caution color
Perforated
Feature:
* Oil absorbent only
* Highly and quickly absorbency
* Any size and thickness
* Made from Meltblown PP
Application:
1.It is maily used for water ,oil truck,tanks ,piplines,machinery to deal with oil, The application of the enviroment.
2.It could be applied to the leakage around the containment of the machines and the leakage will be controlled in a certain range.
3.It completely choose 100% hydrophilic pp to fill.
4.It just absorb oil ,and it doest absorb water.
5.It is very environmental and the speed of absrobence is very fast .
1.Used to improve the filtration efficiency of the melt-blown cloth;
2.Nanoscience and technology power new devices;
3.After the secondary processing, fully reach the N95-N99 level.
There are a lot of sub-standard melt-blown fabrics now. Nanotechnology to create new equipment to help you secondary processing melt-blown cloth, after processing completely reach the N95-N99 level.
Our pink chemical absorbent pads are ultrasonically bonded with one Layer of spun-bond polypropylene and one Layer of meltblown polypropylene .Dimpled pattern speed wicking to quickly soak chemicals and gives added strength. Retain it shape even when completely saturated. Perforated so you save money by using only what you need.
Use our chemical spill cleanup absorbent pads to soak up spills of acids, bases or unknown Liquids. It is made from 100% polypropylene to absorb most aggressive or caustic fluids.Sonic bonded "dimples" add strength and fast wicking power. The Chemical Spill Cleanup Absorbent Pads bright yellow color is highly visible and indicates caution around spills.
Application:
Use on hazardous or unknown Liquid spills. Absorb all Liquids including water. For aggressive fluids, such as caustic soda, hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, sodium hydroxide and nitric acid.
#Meltblown Oil Absorbent #Pads are used to contain spillage across various industries. The melt-blown material helps to deal will all types of spills, leakages, and drips, helping to contain them in the first place or clean up afterward. Meltblown oil absorbent pads are ideal for jobs where you need to absorb liquids quickly.
View - www.parknonwoven.com/pp-oil-and-chemical-absorbent-material/
Our white oil only absorbent pads are bonded ultrasonically with one layer of lint-free spun-bond fabric and one layer of meltblown polypropylene. Repels water based fluids and absorbs oil based fluids. Dimpled pattern speeds wicking to quickly soak up oil. Retain it shape even when completely saturated. Suitable for industrial and environmental applications for quick absorption of oil. Oil Absorbent Pads are one of our best sellers.
Feature:
1.Dimpled
2.Absorb oil only
3.Can be wrung out and reused
4.Perforated to save money
5.Lint-free spun-bond fabric
6.Fast and effective absorb
Know More About HVAC Filter- www.parknonwoven.com/buying-an-hvac-filter-or-dealing-in-...
#textile #fabrics #nonwoven #meltblown #medical #Automobile #N95 #people #humanresource #humanresource #MaskMedia #ParkIndustries #ParkNonWoven #vocalforlocal #fightagainstcorona
Budget Oil Pads and Rolls are made for budget-minded consumers who need quality absorbents
Looking for a great deal in an oil absorbent pad? Fulangs line of oil-only absorbent pads and rolls are tailor made for the budget-minded consumer. Budget oil-only absorbent pads are perfect for cleaning up your basic oil drips and spills. These basic absorbents are the perfect solution in this economy to equip companies of all sizes and budgets with absorbent solutions for a safe, compliant and productive work environment.
Made from meltblown polypropylene, these single-ply oil absorbent pads make it a great value-priced solution for a good quality, economical absorbent
Budget Oil-Only Absorbent Pad absorbs up to 20 times their weight
Dimpled for additional durability
Perforated to minimize waste - Use only what you need
Cost effective with less disposal costs
Economical - Low cost alternative
Low linking finish
Easy to dispose - Hassle-free
Reduce liability risks
Choose from pads or rolls
Oil sorbent pads absorb up to 23 times their own weight
A great oil spill pad for those on a tight budget
These new oil sorbent pads offer superior absorbency at a great price
Absorb more than meltblown polypropylene pads, that typically absorb between 10 to 14 times their weight
This white oil-only absorbent is specifically designed to maximize absorbency while minimizing waste and disposal costs
White oil pads selectively absorb oil, not water
These pads are perforated so you can fold or tear them into an easy to use oil absorbent wipe
Offer greater strength and absorbency - and all in a more cost-effective absorbent
Oil only type
Absorbs up to 26 gal per case
This absorbent is an Earth-friendly universal absorbent roll perfect for absorbing hydrocarbons, water or petroleum based liquids
Single sided laminated absorbents offer environmentally friendly spill cleanup solutions and a cleaner, safer alternative to meltblown polypropylene sorbents. These green absorbent pads offer all the benefits of double sided laminated sorbent pads but without the cost of the second cover. The exposed core provides greater traction on floors than double-sided products. Single sided laminated absorbent pads and rolls are made of 85% American grown natural, renewable and recycled materials. These mid-range absorbent mats are a cost-effective alternative to double-sided laminated sorbent products. These Earth-friendly absorbents are available in Gray (universal) and White (Oil-Only) and offer better slip resistance than double-sided products.
1-Lint-free top spun bond covers
2-Absorbs 20% more oil and oil based liquids than comparable polypropylene sorbents
3-Contains recycled and renewable materials
4-Choose from pads or rolls
Medical-grade non-woven polypropylene fabric is disposable and does not need to be cleaned. Medical non-woven fabrics use spunbond, meltblown, and spunbond (SMS) processes compressed. It has the characteristics of anti-bacterial, hydrophobic, breathable, and no dander. You can find the existence of our medical non-woven fabric widely in the production of surgical gowns, surgical bedsheets, surgical caps, and so on. National Bridge provides inspection reports that meet the requirements and product batch inspection reports, quality standards can meet the requirements of GB/T19633 and YY/T0698.2.
Benefits of PP Medical Grade Nonwoven Fabric
The medical non-woven fabrics are porous and have strong ventilation and air permeability. The non-woven fabric has low moisture content, so it has good filterability.
The medical non-woven is non-toxic and does not contain other chemical ingredients, which will not irritate people. The fabric is also environmentally friendly and pollution-free
The medical non-woven material is non-toxic and does not contain other chemical ingredients, which will not irritate people. The fabric is also environmentally friendly and pollution-free.
The medical non-woven fabric has good elasticity, the strength of the fabric is non-directional, and it also has a waterproof effect. The medical non-woven fabric has moderate softness and can recover...
The medical non-woven fabric has good elasticity, the strength of the fabric is non-directional, and it also has a waterproof effect. The medical non-woven fabric has moderate softness and can recover by itself after deformation.
The medical non-woven fabric is anti bacterial and chemical, having strong corrosion resistance, even if it is corroded, it will not affect the performance of the fabric.
The medical-grade NWPP fabric is anti bacterial and chemical, having strong corrosion resistance, even if it is corroded, it will not affect the performance of the fabric.
Function of Medical Grade Nonwoven PP Fabric
Medical Grade Non-woven PP Fabric is widely used by medical products manufacturers to produce products like disposable masks, surgical gowns, protective clothing, patient gowns, surgical covers, surgical caps, shoe covers, bedsheets, etc. If the medical non-woven fabric is placed outdoors, the longest service life is only 90 days. If it is placed indoors, it will naturally decompose within 8 years. The medical non-woven fabric is a new type of environmentally friendly material.
www.canuxi-nbi.com/products/medical-grade-nonwoven-polypr...
N95 Mask Media For Respirator - Park Non Woven
Know More About HVAC Filter- www.parknonwoven.com/buying-an-hvac-filter-or-dealing-in-...
#textile #fabrics #nonwoven #meltblown #medical #Automobile #N95 #people #humanresource #humanresource #MaskMedia #ParkIndustries #ParkNonWoven #vocalforlocal #fightagainstcorona
Available price - £30.00
KN95/FFP2 Disposable Fold Flat Face Mask
CE & FDA Approved
First layer ：Non-woven fabrics 32g/m2
Second layer ：Heat-seal filter cotton 50g/m2
Third layer: Meltblown electrostatic filter 55g/m2
Fourth layer: Non-woven fabrics 25g/m2
Visit here - midlandmedicalsupplies.com/shop/ols/products/kn95-face-ma...
via
Our company has actively participated in the fight against Corona. Of course, we developed our hygiene concept based on the recommendations of the German Federal Ministry of Health and the RKI.
However, it was clear at an early stage that we also wanted to use our expertise in manufacturing and logistics to make a contribution:
We developed the following activities in the individual areas:
Converting plant: nonwovens on contract.
At the Converting plant in Durmersheim, large quantities of meltblown nonwovens as well as staple nonwovens are converted according to the specifications of the new masking manufacturers. In some cases, multilayer structures are cut and made available to customers. Nonwovens are further processed by all major manufacturers. In the course of increasing demand, the machine inventory was increased by two slitter rewinders.
Flexibles plant: face visors, 3D printing and valves
At the Flexibles plant, a face visor was developed as part of a research project and also led to the corresponding certification. For many other manufacturers of visors, we die-cut the actual films and assisted with the appropriate certifications.
In the 3D printing department, we printed up to 500 face visor mounts per day and completed and shipped them with the foils and cut rubber strands punched in the die cutting department.
For manufacturers of masks, we delivered valves assembled. Here we sourced injection molded parts and die-cut the valve diaphragms ourselves.
Composites plant: Partition walls
The Composites plant focused on the production of partition walls made of transparent plastics for the retail trade, schools and the catering industry. Many standard variants have been delivered, but we have also produced many special designs.
The post Activities against Corona appeared first on Dr. Dietrich Müller GmbH.
"PARK specializes in the production of a variety of products under Non-Woven and Polymer category. The entire machinery of our plants have been imported from the best brands and the products we manufacture cater to garments, automobiles and footwear industries. The products at our facilities are manufactured in an environment-friendly and quality focused manner to ensure that we do our best towards sustainable development.
Know more - www.parknonwoven.com/";
MedicMall Marketplace offers you the best medical face mask made from polypropylene (PP) Non-woven fabric with high efficiency, low - resistance meltblown and electrostatic cotton. These masks are 3 layers of protection, suitable for all face shapes and attach quickly attached to the face and have a comfortable ear loop for all-day wearing. These medical face masks are latex-free and these masks are the best disposable face masks in Australia and have also memory metal strips. You can buy medical face masks online at the MedicMall Marketplace portal. It has a nose piece: Adjustable metal w/ padded foam inside mask for increased comfort with liquid barrier protection.
Visit: www.medicmall.com.au/products/covid-19-prevention-and-con...
KF80/94 PP Meltblown Nonwoven Fabric
The KF standard is the Korean mainstream mask standard issued by the Korean Food and Drug Administration (MFDS). The KF polypropylene melt-blown non-woven fabric series can be divided into KF80 (filtration efficiency>80%) and KF94 (filtration efficiency>94%). As a professional meltblown nonwoven fabric factory in China, Canuxi provided high-quality KF80/94 melt-blown non-woven polypropylene fabrics at great prices. Feel free to contact us at any time.
KF80/94 PP Melt Blown Non-Woven Fabric for 3ply Surgical Face Mask Specification
Weight40gsmWidth175mm/260mm/custom
Leng/Roll1500m/rCore Diameter7.6cm
Roll Diameter58cmColorWhite 01/Black 05
Packing: 3 rolls wrapped by PE film and packed with carton.
Korea Standards for KF80/94 PP Melt-blown Fabric
StandardKF80KF94
FILTRATION EFFICIENCY TO NaCl PARTICULATE MATTER %≥82≥97
Differential Pressure (Pa)≤100Pa≤120Pa
KF80/94 Melt-Blown Non-Woven Polypropylene Fabric Features
KF80/94 PP meltblown nonwoven fabric is a special style of medical melt-blown cloth for KF80/94 face mask as per Korea's quality standard.
KF80/94 Melt-Blown Non-Woven Polypropylene Fabric Features
KF80/94 meltblown nonwoven polypropylene fabric is made of 100% polypropylene and is 100% eco-friendly.
KF80/94 Melt-Blown Non-Woven Polypropylene Fabric Features
KF80/94 polypropylene melt-blown non-woven fabrics are high filtration efficiency and low resistance.