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Hoover Dam is a concrete arch-gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, on the border between the U.S. states of Nevada and Arizona. It was constructed between 1931 and 1936 during the Great Depression and was dedicated on September 30, 1935, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Its construction was the result of a massive effort involving thousands of workers, and cost over one hundred lives. It was referred to as Hoover Dam after President Herbert Hoover in bills passed by Congress during its construction, but was named Boulder Dam by the Roosevelt administration. The Hoover Dam name was restored by Congress in 1947.
Since about 1900, the Black Canyon and nearby Boulder Canyon had been investigated for their potential to support a dam that would control floods, provide irrigation water and produce hydroelectric power. In 1928, Congress authorized the project. The winning bid to build the dam was submitted by a consortium named Six Companies, Inc., which began construction of the dam in early 1931. Such a large concrete structure had never been built before, and some of the techniques were unproven. The torrid summer weather and lack of facilities near the site also presented difficulties. Nevertheless, Six Companies turned the dam over to the federal government on March 1, 1936, more than two years ahead of schedule.
Hoover Dam impounds Lake Mead, the largest reservoir in the United States by volume when full. The dam is located near Boulder City, Nevada, a municipality originally constructed for workers on the construction project, about 30 mi (48 km) southeast of Las Vegas, Nevada. The dam's generators provide power for public and private utilities in Nevada, Arizona, and California. Hoover Dam is a major tourist attraction; nearly a million people tour the dam each year. The heavily traveled U.S. Route 93 (US 93) ran along the dam's crest until October 2010, when the Hoover Dam Bypass opened.
As the United States developed the Southwest, the Colorado River was seen as a potential source of irrigation water. An initial attempt at diverting the river for irrigation purposes occurred in the late 1890s, when land speculator William Beatty built the Alamo Canal just north of the Mexican border; the canal dipped into Mexico before running to a desolate area Beatty named the Imperial Valley. Though water from the Imperial Canal allowed for the widespread settlement of the valley, the canal proved expensive to operate. After a catastrophic breach that caused the Colorado River to fill the Salton Sea, the Southern Pacific Railroad spent $3 million in 1906–07 to stabilize the waterway, an amount it hoped in vain would be reimbursed by the federal government. Even after the waterway was stabilized, it proved unsatisfactory because of constant disputes with landowners on the Mexican side of the border.
As the technology of electric power transmission improved, the Lower Colorado was considered for its hydroelectric-power potential. In 1902, the Edison Electric Company of Los Angeles surveyed the river in the hope of building a 40-foot (12 m) rock dam which could generate 10,000 horsepower (7,500 kW). However, at the time, the limit of transmission of electric power was 80 miles (130 km), and there were few customers (mostly mines) within that limit. Edison allowed land options it held on the river to lapse—including an option for what became the site of Hoover Dam.
In the following years, the Bureau of Reclamation (BOR), known as the Reclamation Service at the time, also considered the Lower Colorado as the site for a dam. Service chief Arthur Powell Davis proposed using dynamite to collapse the walls of Boulder Canyon, 20 miles (32 km) north of the eventual dam site, into the river. The river would carry off the smaller pieces of debris, and a dam would be built incorporating the remaining rubble. In 1922, after considering it for several years, the Reclamation Service finally rejected the proposal, citing doubts about the unproven technique and questions as to whether it would, in fact, save money.
Soon after the dam was authorized, increasing numbers of unemployed people converged on southern Nevada. Las Vegas, then a small city of some 5,000, saw between 10,000 and 20,000 unemployed descend on it. A government camp was established for surveyors and other personnel near the dam site; this soon became surrounded by a squatters' camp. Known as McKeeversville, the camp was home to men hoping for work on the project, together with their families. Another camp, on the flats along the Colorado River, was officially called Williamsville, but was known to its inhabitants as "Ragtown". When construction began, Six Companies hired large numbers of workers, with more than 3,000 on the payroll by 1932 and with employment peaking at 5,251 in July 1934. "Mongolian" (Chinese) labor was prevented by the construction contract, while the number of black people employed by Six Companies never exceeded thirty, mostly lowest-pay-scale laborers in a segregated crew, who were issued separate water buckets.
As part of the contract, Six Companies, Inc. was to build Boulder City to house the workers. The original timetable called for Boulder City to be built before the dam project began, but President Hoover ordered work on the dam to begin in March 1931 rather than in October. The company built bunkhouses, attached to the canyon wall, to house 480 single men at what became known as River Camp. Workers with families were left to provide their own accommodations until Boulder City could be completed, and many lived in Ragtown. The site of Hoover Dam endures extremely hot weather, and the summer of 1931 was especially torrid, with the daytime high averaging 119.9 °F (48.8 °C). Sixteen workers and other riverbank residents died of heat prostration between June 25 and July 26, 1931.
The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or "Wobblies"), though much-reduced from their heyday as militant labor organizers in the early years of the century, hoped to unionize the Six Companies workers by capitalizing on their discontent. They sent eleven organizers, several of whom were arrested by Las Vegas police. On August 7, 1931, the company cut wages for all tunnel workers. Although the workers sent the organizers away, not wanting to be associated with the "Wobblies", they formed a committee to represent them with the company. The committee drew up a list of demands that evening and presented them to Crowe the following morning. He was noncommittal. The workers hoped that Crowe, the general superintendent of the job, would be sympathetic; instead, he gave a scathing interview to a newspaper, describing the workers as "malcontents".
On the morning of the 9th, Crowe met with the committee and told them that management refused their demands, was stopping all work, and was laying off the entire work force, except for a few office workers and carpenters. The workers were given until 5 p.m. to vacate the premises. Concerned that a violent confrontation was imminent, most workers took their paychecks and left for Las Vegas to await developments. Two days later, the remainder were talked into leaving by law enforcement. On August 13, the company began hiring workers again, and two days later, the strike was called off. While the workers received none of their demands, the company guaranteed there would be no further reductions in wages. Living conditions began to improve as the first residents moved into Boulder City in late 1931.
A second labor action took place in July 1935, as construction on the dam wound down. When a Six Companies manager altered working times to force workers to take lunch on their own time, workers responded with a strike. Emboldened by Crowe's reversal of the lunch decree, workers raised their demands to include a $1-per-day raise. The company agreed to ask the Federal government to supplement the pay, but no money was forthcoming from Washington. The strike ended.
Before the dam could be built, the Colorado River needed to be diverted away from the construction site. To accomplish this, four diversion tunnels were driven through the canyon walls, two on the Nevada side and two on the Arizona side. These tunnels were 56 ft (17 m) in diameter. Their combined length was nearly 16,000 ft, or more than 3 miles (5 km). The contract required these tunnels to be completed by October 1, 1933, with a $3,000-per-day fine to be assessed for any delay. To meet the deadline, Six Companies had to complete work by early 1933, since only in late fall and winter was the water level in the river low enough to safely divert.
Tunneling began at the lower portals of the Nevada tunnels in May 1931. Shortly afterward, work began on two similar tunnels in the Arizona canyon wall. In March 1932, work began on lining the tunnels with concrete. First the base, or invert, was poured. Gantry cranes, running on rails through the entire length of each tunnel were used to place the concrete. The sidewalls were poured next. Movable sections of steel forms were used for the sidewalls. Finally, using pneumatic guns, the overheads were filled in. The concrete lining is 3 feet (1 m) thick, reducing the finished tunnel diameter to 50 ft (15 m). The river was diverted into the two Arizona tunnels on November 13, 1932; the Nevada tunnels were kept in reserve for high water. This was done by exploding a temporary cofferdam protecting the Arizona tunnels while at the same time dumping rubble into the river until its natural course was blocked.
Following the completion of the dam, the entrances to the two outer diversion tunnels were sealed at the opening and halfway through the tunnels with large concrete plugs. The downstream halves of the tunnels following the inner plugs are now the main bodies of the spillway tunnels. The inner diversion tunnels were plugged at approximately one-third of their length, beyond which they now carry steel pipes connecting the intake towers to the power plant and outlet works. The inner tunnels' outlets are equipped with gates that can be closed to drain the tunnels for maintenance.
To protect the construction site from the Colorado River and to facilitate the river's diversion, two cofferdams were constructed. Work on the upper cofferdam began in September 1932, even though the river had not yet been diverted. The cofferdams were designed to protect against the possibility of the river's flooding a site at which two thousand men might be at work, and their specifications were covered in the bid documents in nearly as much detail as the dam itself. The upper cofferdam was 96 ft (29 m) high, and 750 feet (230 m) thick at its base, thicker than the dam itself. It contained 650,000 cubic yards (500,000 m3) of material.
When the cofferdams were in place and the construction site was drained of water, excavation for the dam foundation began. For the dam to rest on solid rock, it was necessary to remove accumulated erosion soils and other loose materials in the riverbed until sound bedrock was reached. Work on the foundation excavations was completed in June 1933. During this excavation, approximately 1,500,000 cu yd (1,100,000 m3) of material was removed. Since the dam was an arch-gravity type, the side-walls of the canyon would bear the force of the impounded lake. Therefore, the side-walls were also excavated to reach virgin rock, as weathered rock might provide pathways for water seepage. Shovels for the excavation came from the Marion Power Shovel Company.
The men who removed this rock were called "high scalers". While suspended from the top of the canyon with ropes, the high-scalers climbed down the canyon walls and removed the loose rock with jackhammers and dynamite. Falling objects were the most common cause of death on the dam site; the high scalers' work thus helped ensure worker safety. One high scaler was able to save a life in a more direct manner: when a government inspector lost his grip on a safety line and began tumbling down a slope towards almost certain death, a high scaler was able to intercept him and pull him into the air. The construction site had become a magnet for tourists. The high scalers were prime attractions and showed off for the watchers. The high scalers received considerable media attention, with one worker dubbed the "Human Pendulum" for swinging co-workers (and, at other times, cases of dynamite) across the canyon. To protect themselves against falling objects, some high scalers dipped cloth hats in tar and allowed them to harden. When workers wearing such headgear were struck hard enough to inflict broken jaws, they sustained no skull damage. Six Companies ordered thousands of what initially were called "hard boiled hats" (later "hard hats") and strongly encouraged their use.
The cleared, underlying rock foundation of the dam site was reinforced with grout, forming a grout curtain. Holes were driven into the walls and base of the canyon, as deep as 150 feet (46 m) into the rock, and any cavities encountered were to be filled with grout. This was done to stabilize the rock, to prevent water from seeping past the dam through the canyon rock, and to limit "uplift"—upward pressure from water seeping under the dam. The workers were under severe time constraints due to the beginning of the concrete pour. When they encountered hot springs or cavities too large to readily fill, they moved on without resolving the problem. A total of 58 of the 393 holes were incompletely filled. After the dam was completed and the lake began to fill, large numbers of significant leaks caused the Bureau of Reclamation to examine the situation. It found that the work had been incompletely done, and was based on less than a full understanding of the canyon's geology. New holes were drilled from inspection galleries inside the dam into the surrounding bedrock. It took nine years (1938–47) under relative secrecy to complete the supplemental grout curtain.
The first concrete was poured into the dam on June 6, 1933, 18 months ahead of schedule. Since concrete heats and contracts as it cures, the potential for uneven cooling and contraction of the concrete posed a serious problem. Bureau of Reclamation engineers calculated that if the dam were to be built in a single continuous pour, the concrete would take 125 years to cool, and the resulting stresses would cause the dam to crack and crumble. Instead, the ground where the dam would rise was marked with rectangles, and concrete blocks in columns were poured, some as large as 50 ft square (15 m) and 5 feet (1.5 m) high. Each five-foot form contained a set of 1-inch (25 mm) steel pipes; cool river water would be poured through the pipes, followed by ice-cold water from a refrigeration plant. When an individual block had cured and had stopped contracting, the pipes were filled with grout. Grout was also used to fill the hairline spaces between columns, which were grooved to increase the strength of the joints.
The concrete was delivered in huge steel buckets 7 feet high (2.1 m) and almost 7 feet in diameter; Crowe was awarded two patents for their design. These buckets, which weighed 20 short tons (18.1 t; 17.9 long tons) when full, were filled at two massive concrete plants on the Nevada side, and were delivered to the site in special railcars. The buckets were then suspended from aerial cableways which were used to deliver the bucket to a specific column. As the required grade of aggregate in the concrete differed depending on placement in the dam (from pea-sized gravel to 9 inches [230 mm] stones), it was vital that the bucket be maneuvered to the proper column. When the bottom of the bucket opened up, disgorging 8 cu yd (6.1 m3) of concrete, a team of men worked it throughout the form. Although there are myths that men were caught in the pour and are entombed in the dam to this day, each bucket deepened the concrete in a form by only 1 inch (25 mm), and Six Companies engineers would not have permitted a flaw caused by the presence of a human body.
A total of 3,250,000 cubic yards (2,480,000 cubic meters) of concrete was used in the dam before concrete pouring ceased on May 29, 1935. In addition, 1,110,000 cu yd (850,000 m3) were used in the power plant and other works. More than 582 miles (937 km) of cooling pipes were placed within the concrete. Overall, there is enough concrete in the dam to pave a two-lane highway from San Francisco to New York. Concrete cores were removed from the dam for testing in 1995; they showed that "Hoover Dam's concrete has continued to slowly gain strength" and the dam is composed of a "durable concrete having a compressive strength exceeding the range typically found in normal mass concrete". Hoover Dam concrete is not subject to alkali–silica reaction (ASR), as the Hoover Dam builders happened to use nonreactive aggregate, unlike that at downstream Parker Dam, where ASR has caused measurable deterioration.
With most work finished on the dam itself (the powerhouse remained uncompleted), a formal dedication ceremony was arranged for September 30, 1935, to coincide with a western tour being made by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The morning of the dedication, it was moved forward three hours from 2 p.m. Pacific time to 11 a.m.; this was done because Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes had reserved a radio slot for the President for 2 p.m. but officials did not realize until the day of the ceremony that the slot was for 2 p.m. Eastern Time. Despite the change in the ceremony time, and temperatures of 102 °F (39 °C), 10,000 people were present for the President's speech, in which he avoided mentioning the name of former President Hoover, who was not invited to the ceremony. To mark the occasion, a three-cent stamp was issued by the United States Post Office Department—bearing the name "Boulder Dam", the official name of the dam between 1933 and 1947. After the ceremony, Roosevelt made the first visit by any American president to Las Vegas.
Most work had been completed by the dedication, and Six Companies negotiated with the government through late 1935 and early 1936 to settle all claims and arrange for the formal transfer of the dam to the Federal Government. The parties came to an agreement and on March 1, 1936, Secretary Ickes formally accepted the dam on behalf of the government. Six Companies was not required to complete work on one item, a concrete plug for one of the bypass tunnels, as the tunnel had to be used to take in irrigation water until the powerhouse went into operation.
There were 112 deaths reported as associated with the construction of the dam. The first was Bureau of Reclamation employee Harold Connelly who died on May 15, 1921, after falling from a barge while surveying the Colorado River for an ideal spot for the dam. Surveyor John Gregory ("J.G.") Tierney, who drowned on December 20, 1922, in a flash flood while looking for an ideal spot for the dam was the second person. The official list's final death occurred on December 20, 1935, when Patrick Tierney, electrician's helper and the son of J.G. Tierney, fell from one of the two Arizona-side intake towers. Included in the fatality list are three workers who took their own lives on site, one in 1932 and two in 1933. Of the 112 fatalities, 91 were Six Companies employees, three were Bureau of Reclamation employees, and one was a visitor to the site; the remainder were employees of various contractors not part of Six Companies.
Ninety-six of the deaths occurred during construction at the site. Not included in the official number of fatalities were deaths that were recorded as pneumonia. Workers alleged that this diagnosis was a cover for death from carbon monoxide poisoning (brought on by the use of gasoline-fueled vehicles in the diversion tunnels), and a classification used by Six Companies to avoid paying compensation claims. The site's diversion tunnels frequently reached 140 °F (60 °C), enveloped in thick plumes of vehicle exhaust gases. A total of 42 workers were recorded as having died from pneumonia and were not included in the above total; none were listed as having died from carbon monoxide poisoning. No deaths of non-workers from pneumonia were recorded in Boulder City during the construction period.
The initial plans for the facade of the dam, the power plant, the outlet tunnels and ornaments clashed with the modern look of an arch dam. The Bureau of Reclamation, more concerned with the dam's functionality, adorned it with a Gothic-inspired balustrade and eagle statues. This initial design was criticized by many as being too plain and unremarkable for a project of such immense scale, so Los Angeles-based architect Gordon B. Kaufmann, then the supervising architect to the Bureau of Reclamation, was brought in to redesign the exteriors. Kaufmann greatly streamlined the design and applied an elegant Art Deco style to the entire project. He designed sculpted turrets rising seamlessly from the dam face and clock faces on the intake towers set for the time in Nevada and Arizona—both states are in different time zones, but since Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, the clocks display the same time for more than half the year.
At Kaufmann's request, Denver artist Allen Tupper True was hired to handle the design and decoration of the walls and floors of the new dam. True's design scheme incorporated motifs of the Navajo and Pueblo tribes of the region. Although some were initially opposed to these designs, True was given the go-ahead and was officially appointed consulting artist. With the assistance of the National Laboratory of Anthropology, True researched authentic decorative motifs from Indian sand paintings, textiles, baskets and ceramics. The images and colors are based on Native American visions of rain, lightning, water, clouds, and local animals—lizards, serpents, birds—and on the Southwestern landscape of stepped mesas. In these works, which are integrated into the walkways and interior halls of the dam, True also reflected on the machinery of the operation, making the symbolic patterns appear both ancient and modern.
With the agreement of Kaufmann and the engineers, True also devised for the pipes and machinery an innovative color-coding which was implemented throughout all BOR projects. True's consulting artist job lasted through 1942; it was extended so he could complete design work for the Parker, Shasta and Grand Coulee dams and power plants. True's work on the Hoover Dam was humorously referred to in a poem published in The New Yorker, part of which read, "lose the spark, and justify the dream; but also worthy of remark will be the color scheme".
Complementing Kaufmann and True's work, sculptor Oskar J. W. Hansen designed many of the sculptures on and around the dam. His works include the monument of dedication plaza, a plaque to memorialize the workers killed and the bas-reliefs on the elevator towers. In his words, Hansen wanted his work to express "the immutable calm of intellectual resolution, and the enormous power of trained physical strength, equally enthroned in placid triumph of scientific accomplishment", because "the building of Hoover Dam belongs to the sagas of the daring." Hansen's dedication plaza, on the Nevada abutment, contains a sculpture of two winged figures flanking a flagpole.
Surrounding the base of the monument is a terrazzo floor embedded with a "star map". The map depicts the Northern Hemisphere sky at the moment of President Roosevelt's dedication of the dam. This is intended to help future astronomers, if necessary, calculate the exact date of dedication. The 30-foot-high (9.1 m) bronze figures, dubbed "Winged Figures of the Republic", were both formed in a continuous pour. To put such large bronzes into place without marring the highly polished bronze surface, they were placed on ice and guided into position as the ice melted. Hansen's bas-relief on the Nevada elevator tower depicts the benefits of the dam: flood control, navigation, irrigation, water storage, and power. The bas-relief on the Arizona elevator depicts, in his words, "the visages of those Indian tribes who have inhabited mountains and plains from ages distant."
Excavation for the powerhouse was carried out simultaneously with the excavation for the dam foundation and abutments. The excavation of this U-shaped structure located at the downstream toe of the dam was completed in late 1933 with the first concrete placed in November 1933. Filling of Lake Mead began February 1, 1935, even before the last of the concrete was poured that May. The powerhouse was one of the projects uncompleted at the time of the formal dedication on September 30, 1935; a crew of 500 men remained to finish it and other structures. To make the powerhouse roof bombproof, it was constructed of layers of concrete, rock, and steel with a total thickness of about 3.5 feet (1.1 m), topped with layers of sand and tar.
In the latter half of 1936, water levels in Lake Mead were high enough to permit power generation, and the first three Allis Chalmers built Francis turbine-generators, all on the Nevada side, began operating. In March 1937, one more Nevada generator went online and the first Arizona generator by August. By September 1939, four more generators were operating, and the dam's power plant became the largest hydroelectricity facility in the world. The final generator was not placed in service until 1961, bringing the maximum generating capacity to 1,345 megawatts at the time. Original plans called for 16 large generators, eight on each side of the river, but two smaller generators were installed instead of one large one on the Arizona side for a total of 17. The smaller generators were used to serve smaller communities at a time when the output of each generator was dedicated to a single municipality, before the dam's total power output was placed on the grid and made arbitrarily distributable.
Before water from Lake Mead reaches the turbines, it enters the intake towers and then four gradually narrowing penstocks which funnel the water down towards the powerhouse. The intakes provide a maximum hydraulic head (water pressure) of 590 ft (180 m) as the water reaches a speed of about 85 mph (140 km/h). The entire flow of the Colorado River usually passes through the turbines. The spillways and outlet works (jet-flow gates) are rarely used. The jet-flow gates, located in concrete structures 180 feet (55 m) above the river and also at the outlets of the inner diversion tunnels at river level, may be used to divert water around the dam in emergency or flood conditions, but have never done so, and in practice are used only to drain water from the penstocks for maintenance. Following an uprating project from 1986 to 1993, the total gross power rating for the plant, including two 2.4 megawatt Pelton turbine-generators that power Hoover Dam's own operations is a maximum capacity of 2080 megawatts. The annual generation of Hoover Dam varies. The maximum net generation was 10.348 TWh in 1984, and the minimum since 1940 was 2.648 TWh in 1956. The average power generated was 4.2 TWh/year for 1947–2008. In 2015, the dam generated 3.6 TWh.
The amount of electricity generated by Hoover Dam has been decreasing along with the falling water level in Lake Mead due to the prolonged drought since year 2000 and high demand for the Colorado River's water. By 2014 its generating capacity was downrated by 23% to 1592 MW and was providing power only during periods of peak demand. Lake Mead fell to a new record low elevation of 1,071.61 feet (326.63 m) on July 1, 2016, before beginning to rebound slowly. Under its original design, the dam would no longer be able to generate power once the water level fell below 1,050 feet (320 m), which might have occurred in 2017 had water restrictions not been enforced. To lower the minimum power pool elevation from 1,050 to 950 feet (320 to 290 m), five wide-head turbines, designed to work efficiently with less flow, were installed.[102] Water levels were maintained at over 1,075 feet (328 m) in 2018 and 2019, but fell to a new record low of 1,071.55 feet (326.61 m) on June 10, 2021[104] and were projected to fall below 1,066 feet (325 m) by the end of 2021.
Control of water was the primary concern in the building of the dam. Power generation has allowed the dam project to be self-sustaining: proceeds from the sale of power repaid the 50-year construction loan, and those revenues also finance the multimillion-dollar yearly maintenance budget. Power is generated in step with and only with the release of water in response to downstream water demands.
Lake Mead and downstream releases from the dam also provide water for both municipal and irrigation uses. Water released from the Hoover Dam eventually reaches several canals. The Colorado River Aqueduct and Central Arizona Project branch off Lake Havasu while the All-American Canal is supplied by the Imperial Dam. In total, water from Lake Mead serves 18 million people in Arizona, Nevada, and California and supplies the irrigation of over 1,000,000 acres (400,000 ha) of land.
In 2018, the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) proposed a $3 billion pumped-storage hydroelectricity project—a "battery" of sorts—that would use wind and solar power to recirculate water back up to Lake Mead from a pumping station 20 miles (32 km) downriver.
Electricity from the dam's powerhouse was originally sold pursuant to a fifty-year contract, authorized by Congress in 1934, which ran from 1937 to 1987. In 1984, Congress passed a new statute which set power allocations to southern California, Arizona, and Nevada from the dam from 1987 to 2017. The powerhouse was run under the original authorization by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power and Southern California Edison; in 1987, the Bureau of Reclamation assumed control. In 2011, Congress enacted legislation extending the current contracts until 2067, after setting aside 5% of Hoover Dam's power for sale to Native American tribes, electric cooperatives, and other entities. The new arrangement began on October 1, 2017.
The dam is protected against over-topping by two spillways. The spillway entrances are located behind each dam abutment, running roughly parallel to the canyon walls. The spillway entrance arrangement forms a classic side-flow weir with each spillway containing four 100-foot-long (30 m) and 16-foot-wide (4.9 m) steel-drum gates. Each gate weighs 5,000,000 pounds (2,300 metric tons) and can be operated manually or automatically. Gates are raised and lowered depending on water levels in the reservoir and flood conditions. The gates cannot entirely prevent water from entering the spillways but can maintain an extra 16 ft (4.9 m) of lake level.
Water flowing over the spillways falls dramatically into 600-foot-long (180 m), 50-foot-wide (15 m) spillway tunnels before connecting to the outer diversion tunnels and reentering the main river channel below the dam. This complex spillway entrance arrangement combined with the approximate 700-foot (210 m) elevation drop from the top of the reservoir to the river below was a difficult engineering problem and posed numerous design challenges. Each spillway's capacity of 200,000 cu ft/s (5,700 m3/s) was empirically verified in post-construction tests in 1941.
The large spillway tunnels have only been used twice, for testing in 1941 and because of flooding in 1983. Both times, when inspecting the tunnels after the spillways were used, engineers found major damage to the concrete linings and underlying rock. The 1941 damage was attributed to a slight misalignment of the tunnel invert (or base), which caused cavitation, a phenomenon in fast-flowing liquids in which vapor bubbles collapse with explosive force. In response to this finding, the tunnels were patched with special heavy-duty concrete and the surface of the concrete was polished mirror-smooth. The spillways were modified in 1947 by adding flip buckets, which both slow the water and decrease the spillway's effective capacity, in an attempt to eliminate conditions thought to have contributed to the 1941 damage. The 1983 damage, also due to cavitation, led to the installation of aerators in the spillways. Tests at Grand Coulee Dam showed that the technique worked, in principle.
There are two lanes for automobile traffic across the top of the dam, which formerly served as the Colorado River crossing for U.S. Route 93. In the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks, authorities expressed security concerns and the Hoover Dam Bypass project was expedited. Pending the completion of the bypass, restricted traffic was permitted over Hoover Dam. Some types of vehicles were inspected prior to crossing the dam while semi-trailer trucks, buses carrying luggage, and enclosed-box trucks over 40 ft (12 m) long were not allowed on the dam at all, and were diverted to U.S. Route 95 or Nevada State Routes 163/68. The four-lane Hoover Dam Bypass opened on October 19, 2010. It includes a composite steel and concrete arch bridge, the Mike O'Callaghan–Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge, 1,500 ft (460 m) downstream from the dam. With the opening of the bypass, through traffic is no longer allowed across Hoover Dam; dam visitors are allowed to use the existing roadway to approach from the Nevada side and cross to parking lots and other facilities on the Arizona side.
Hoover Dam opened for tours in 1937 after its completion but following Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, it was closed to the public when the United States entered World War II, during which only authorized traffic, in convoys, was permitted. After the war, it reopened September 2, 1945, and by 1953, annual attendance had risen to 448,081. The dam closed on November 25, 1963, and March 31, 1969, days of mourning in remembrance of Presidents Kennedy and Eisenhower. In 1995, a new visitors' center was built, and the following year, visits exceeded one million for the first time. The dam closed again to the public on September 11, 2001; modified tours were resumed in December and a new "Discovery Tour" was added the following year. Today, nearly a million people per year take the tours of the dam offered by the Bureau of Reclamation. Increased security concerns by the government have led to most of the interior structure's being inaccessible to tourists. As a result, few of True's decorations can now be seen by visitors. Visitors can only purchase tickets on-site and have the options of a guided tour of the whole facility or only the power plant area. The only self-guided tour option is for the visitor center itself, where visitors can view various exhibits and enjoy a 360-degree view of the dam.
The changes in water flow and use caused by Hoover Dam's construction and operation have had a large impact on the Colorado River Delta. The construction of the dam has been implicated in causing the decline of this estuarine ecosystem. For six years after the construction of the dam, while Lake Mead filled, virtually no water reached the mouth of the river. The delta's estuary, which once had a freshwater-saltwater mixing zone stretching 40 miles (64 km) south of the river's mouth, was turned into an inverse estuary where the level of salinity was higher close to the river's mouth.
The Colorado River had experienced natural flooding before the construction of the Hoover Dam. The dam eliminated the natural flooding, threatening many species adapted to the flooding, including both plants and animals. The construction of the dam devastated the populations of native fish in the river downstream from the dam. Four species of fish native to the Colorado River, the Bonytail chub, Colorado pikeminnow, Humpback chub, and Razorback sucker, are listed as endangered.
During the years of lobbying leading up to the passage of legislation authorizing the dam in 1928, the press generally referred to the dam as "Boulder Dam" or as "Boulder Canyon Dam", even though the proposed site had shifted to Black Canyon. The Boulder Canyon Project Act of 1928 (BCPA) never mentioned a proposed name or title for the dam. The BCPA merely allows the government to "construct, operate, and maintain a dam and incidental works in the main stream of the Colorado River at Black Canyon or Boulder Canyon".
When Secretary of the Interior Ray Wilbur spoke at the ceremony starting the building of the railway between Las Vegas and the dam site on September 17, 1930, he named the dam "Hoover Dam", citing a tradition of naming dams after Presidents, though none had been so honored during their terms of office. Wilbur justified his choice on the ground that Hoover was "the great engineer whose vision and persistence ... has done so much to make [the dam] possible". One writer complained in response that "the Great Engineer had quickly drained, ditched, and dammed the country."
After Hoover's election defeat in 1932 and the accession of the Roosevelt administration, Secretary Ickes ordered on May 13, 1933, that the dam be referred to as Boulder Dam. Ickes stated that Wilbur had been imprudent in naming the dam after a sitting president, that Congress had never ratified his choice, and that it had long been referred to as Boulder Dam. Unknown to the general public, Attorney General Homer Cummings informed Ickes that Congress had indeed used the name "Hoover Dam" in five different bills appropriating money for construction of the dam. The official status this conferred to the name "Hoover Dam" had been noted on the floor of the House of Representatives by Congressman Edward T. Taylor of Colorado on December 12, 1930, but was likewise ignored by Ickes.
When Ickes spoke at the dedication ceremony on September 30, 1935, he was determined, as he recorded in his diary, "to try to nail down for good and all the name Boulder Dam." At one point in the speech, he spoke the words "Boulder Dam" five times within thirty seconds. Further, he suggested that if the dam were to be named after any one person, it should be for California Senator Hiram Johnson, a lead sponsor of the authorizing legislation. Roosevelt also referred to the dam as Boulder Dam, and the Republican-leaning Los Angeles Times, which at the time of Ickes' name change had run an editorial cartoon showing Ickes ineffectively chipping away at an enormous sign "HOOVER DAM", reran it showing Roosevelt reinforcing Ickes, but having no greater success.
In the following years, the name "Boulder Dam" failed to fully take hold, with many Americans using both names interchangeably and mapmakers divided as to which name should be printed. Memories of the Great Depression faded, and Hoover to some extent rehabilitated himself through good works during and after World War II. In 1947, a bill passed both Houses of Congress unanimously restoring the name "Hoover Dam." Ickes, who was by then a private citizen, opposed the change, stating, "I didn't know Hoover was that small a man to take credit for something he had nothing to do with."
Hoover Dam was recognized as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1984. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1985, cited for its engineering innovations.
A laborer at Metra's Western Avenue Coach Yard finishes up his lunch amongst several locomotives before returning to work.
Samuel C. Barton (left)
Company I, 58th Pennsylvania Volunteers 1862 - 1863
Samuel T. Coleman (right)
Co.s E & A, 2nd Eastern Shore Maryland Infantry 1861 - 1864
Company I, 58th Pennsylvania Volunteers 1862 - 1863
At 18, Samuel T. Coleman, a laborer from Kent County, Maryland, enlisted for a three-year term at Chestertown, Maryland. On November 6, 1861 he joined Company E, 2nd Regiment Eastern Shore Maryland Home Guard (also known as the 2nd Eastern Shore Maryland Infantry Volunteers). His first three months, however, were unrewarding. A note in his records in February 1862 states that Coleman "Was not paid last pay day on account of inability from sickness to sign pay roll." In March 1862 the regiment moved by boat across the Chesapeake Bay to Baltimore. A few months later, on June 1, 1862 Coleman deserted from his post along the B&O Railroad at Parkton near Baltimore.
On July 18, 1862, barely one month after walking away from his regiment, Coleman enlisted again, at Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. This time the by-now 19-year-old joined Company I, 58th Pennsylvania Volunteers. No mention was made of his previous desertion, but a note was written on his enlistment form stating that his "father lives in Maryland. Has done business for himself for the last year and has been in the 3 months service."
Also enlisting, a few days later on July 29, was a 21-year-old harness maker named Samuel C. Barton. Whether the two Sams became pals, or were simply thrown together by circumstances, is uncertain, but they both ended up in the same company. They soon joined their regiment already on duty along the Atlantic Coast near the boundary between Virginia and North Carolina.
In the spring of 1863 the rebels demonstrated against the Union forces at New Bern, North Carolina, threatening to cut off and capture the 58th Pennsylvania. But through skillful maneuvering of the troops, scouts and counter scouts, wholesale destruction was avoided. However, there was a minor price to pay. On April 14, 1863, two men, Barton and Coleman, were captured by a party of rebel scouts at Bachelor Creek near New Bern.
The two soldiers were sent immediately to Richmond and confined there for a few days before being paroled on April 23, 1863. After about one week in Confederate hands, Barton and Coleman arrived at Annapolis, Maryland on April 24, 1863 and reported to College Green Barracks where all former POWs were processed. Sometime after receiving an issue of clean clothing the two called at the Hopkins photography studio on Cornhill Street to have their pictures taken.
At Annapolis the stories of the two pals diverge. Rather than being sent out to Camp Parole, Coleman was admitted to the College Green Hospital on May 3 for an unknown reason, and on June 1 he was detailed to remain there as a nurse. Barton, however, went out to Camp Parole until November 1863 when he was declared exchanged. Barton then returned to his regiment and finished out the war with honor. He reenlisted as a veteran volunteer, was promoted to corporal on March 1, 1865 and sergeant on May 20, 1865. Samuel C. Barton Mustered out of the army after the war on June 12, 1865.
Coleman, on the other hand, who had enlisted in the 58th Pennsylvania after deserting from the 2nd Eastern Shore Maryland Infantry, deserted from the army again on July 3, 1863 when he left the hospital and did not return. Even though he, like Barton, had been declared exchanged, Coleman failed to report to his company. On December 31, 1863 he was officially listed as a deserter. Later, a note would be appended to his records with the 58th Pennsylvania stating that because he was "a deserter from Co. A 2nd East Shore Md. Vols., his enlistment in this company is declared void."
Coleman was arrested as a deserter by the Provost Marshal in Kent County, Maryland on April 21, 1864. Sent to Fort McHenry in Baltimore on April 30, Coleman was confined there for two weeks before being sent to Harpers Ferry. He rejoined Company A, 2nd Eastern Shore Maryland Infantry on May 26, 1864, then near Cedar Creek, Virginia.
When the regiment left to march up the Shenandoah Valley to Lynchburg in June, Coleman was left sick at Martinsburg. After rejoining his regiment when it returned, he was later captured by the enemy again, this time at Winchester, Virginia on July 25, 1864. His records as a POW this second time around are somewhat contradictory. One source says that Coleman was "confined at Andersonville, Ga., date not shown and sent to Millen, Ga., Oct 31, 1864." Another file says he was "Captured by the enemy at Winchester, Va July 25, 1864 and delivered at Varnia Va, Sept 12, 1864. Furloughed from Camp Parole to Oct 17, 1864. Failed to return either to that camp or his Regt." There is no record that Samuel T. Coleman ever was mustered out of the service.
In the early morning a Pakistani Pashtun man who works as a laborer in a brick kiln pauses to have his photo taken. He is holding a shovel (spade). Poverty and child labour is pervasive among workers in brick kilns in South Asia. Horses and donkeys also suffer badly. Peshawar alone has approximately 450 brick kilns. Photo taken on February 27, 2008 in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
View of a large group of laborers in a field. There are a few farm buildings in the
background.
Digital Collection:
North Carolina Postcards
Publisher:
Paul E. Trouche, Charleston, S.C.;
Date:
1908
Location:
Chadbourn (N.C.); Columbus County (N.C.);
Collection in Repository
Durwood Barbour Collection of North Carolina Postcards (P077); collection guide available
online at www.lib.unc.edu/ncc/pcoll/77barbour/77barbour.html
Holy Ghost Mission
Beginning in 1879, thousands of Portuguese Catholics immigrated to Maui from the Azores and Madeira Islands for jobs as contract laborers for the sugar plantation. Along with their families, they brought with them their devotion to the Catholic Church, the Holy Ghost, and the traditions surrounding the crown of Queen Elizabeth of Portugal. Completing their contracts, many moved to the Kula area as independent ranchers and farmers.
Father James Beissel arrived in the Makawao Catholic District in 1882, and by 1886, he was managing the district and offering masses in the home of a parishioner in the Kula area. The increasing number of families in the district led him to initiate the building of the mission church that was to become our Holy Ghost Mission. The two acres of land on which it was built were donated by Louis and Randal von Tempsky in Waiakoa, and the building was financed by weekly auctions of cattle by local ranchers.
Father Beissel himself designed the church, whose octagonal design is still unique in Hawaii. His inspiration may have come from either the shape of Queen Elizabeth's crown, the design of Charlemagne's chapel, which he had seen at home in Austria, or similar chapels on the coast of Portugal. Work began in December 1894 with all able men donating their skills and labor, and by the end of 1895 the church was complete, with the exception of a few details, and the first masses were held.
The richly decorated altar and the Portuguese language Stations of the Cross were commissioned by Father Beissel in 1895 and were carved by the famous artisan and master woodcarver, Ferdinand Stuflesser, from Groden, Tirol, Austria. Shipped in nine separate crates around the Cape of Good Hope to Hawaii, the altar and stations were hauled by oxcart from Kahului Harbor to Waiakoa and reassembled by the faithful members of the parish. They are recognized now as examples of museum-quality ecclesiastical art of that time. In January of 1899 Bishop Ropert Gulstan of Honolulu arrived to officiate at the formal dedication the church.
On April 29, 1983, the church was placed on the Hawaii Register of Historical Places, recognizing it as a landmark with significance in Hawaiian history, architecture, and culture, and some time later it was added to the National Register. In 1991, under the leadership of Father Michael Owens, a major restoration of the church and altars was initiated, requiring the closure of the church for about one year. In 1995, the parish was able to celebrate its Centennial year in its resplendent, restored condition. The last payment of the restoration debt of about $1.25 million was celebrated on May 17, 2000 under the leadership of Fr. Tom Heinzel, who served the parish from 1992 to 2006.
Today the church is widely known as a popular tourist attraction and choice for weddings and is still a vibrant working parish noted for its annual Holy Ghost Feast and for its delicious Portuguese sweetbread, baked fresh on the second Sunday of each month.
~copied from www.kulacatholiccommunity.org/history.htm
from Fr. Tony: Note how on the right is the First Station of the Cross, and on the left, is the Last Station of the Cross. They begin and end at the High Altar.
Farm laborers at Karungu Farm, run by Equator Seeds Ltd, prepare seeds for packing at the warehouse. In the Gulu district of Northern Uganda, communities have slowly returned after fleeing the Lord’s Resistance Army rebel group three decades ago. Despite little farming experience, technology and resources, they now have a major task on their hands: supplying food for their own families and communities, and also to those escaping war and hunger-stricken South Sudan.
Credit: ©2017CIAT/GeorginaSmith
Please credit accordingly and leave a comment when you use a CIAT photo.
For more info: ciat-comunicaciones@cgiar.org
View of several laborers picking berries in a field.
Digital Collection:
North Carolina Postcards
Publisher:
Atkinson News Co., Tilton, N.H.
Date:
1915; 1916; 1917; 1918; 1919; 1920; 1921; 1922; 1923; 1924; 1925; 1926; 1927; 1928;
1929; 1930
Location:
North Carolina;
Collection in Repository
Durwood Barbour Collection of North Carolina Postcards (P077); collection guide available
online at www.lib.unc.edu/ncc/pcoll/77barbour/77barbour.html
Wolcott, Marion Post,, 1910-1990,, photographer.
Day laborers picking cotton near Clarksdale, Miss.
1939 Nov.
1 slide : color.
Notes:
Title from FSA or OWI agency caption.
Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944.
Subjects:
Cotton plantations
Harvesting
United States--Mississippi--Clarksdale
Format: Slides--Color
Rights Info: No known restrictions on publication.
Repository: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print
Part Of: Farm Security Administration - Office of War Information Collection 11671-8 (DLC) 93845501
General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac
Higher resolution image is available (Persistent URL): hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/fsac.1a34353
Call Number: LC-USF35-161
Two weeks in NOLA for the mardi gras 2017
Early in 1909, a group of laborers who had organized a club named 'The Tramps' went to the Pythian Theater to see a musical comedy performed by the Smart Set. The comedy included a skit entitled, 'There Never Was and Never Will Be a King Like Me,' about the Zulu Tribe.
That is how Zulu began, as the many stories go...
Years of extensive research by Zulu's staff of historians seem to indicate that Zulu's beginning was much more complicated than that. The earliest signs of organization came from the fact that the majority of these men belonged to a Benevolent Aid Society. Benevolent Societies were the first forms of insurance in the Black community where, for a small amount of dues, members received financial help when sick or financial aid when burying deceased members.
Conversations and interviews with older members also indicate that in that era the city was divided into wards, and each ward had its own group or 'Club.' The Tramps were one such group. After seeing the skit, they retired to their meeting place (a room in the rear of a restaurant/bar in the 1100 block of Perdido Street), and emerged as Zulus. This group was probably made up of members from the Tramps, the Benevolent Aid Society and other ward-based groups.
While the 'Group' marched in Mardi Gras as early as 1901, their first appearance as Zulus came in 1909, with William Story as King.
The group wore raggedy pants, and had a Jubilee-singing quartet in front of and behind King Story. His costume of 'lard can' crown and 'banana stalk' scepter has been well-documented. The Kings following William Story (William Crawford - 1910, Peter Williams - 1912, and Henry Harris - 1914) were similarly attired.
1915 heralded the first use of floats, constructed on a spring wagon, using dry good boxes. The float was decorated with palmetto leaves and moss and carried four Dukes along with the King. That humble beginning gave rise to the lavish floats we see in the Zulu parade today.
Zulu's 2017 Mardi Gras theme is 'Stop the Violence'
Two weeks in NOLA for the mardi gras 2017
Early in 1909, a group of laborers who had organized a club named 'The Tramps' went to the Pythian Theater to see a musical comedy performed by the Smart Set. The comedy included a skit entitled, 'There Never Was and Never Will Be a King Like Me,' about the Zulu Tribe.
That is how Zulu began, as the many stories go...
Years of extensive research by Zulu's staff of historians seem to indicate that Zulu's beginning was much more complicated than that. The earliest signs of organization came from the fact that the majority of these men belonged to a Benevolent Aid Society. Benevolent Societies were the first forms of insurance in the Black community where, for a small amount of dues, members received financial help when sick or financial aid when burying deceased members.
Conversations and interviews with older members also indicate that in that era the city was divided into wards, and each ward had its own group or 'Club.' The Tramps were one such group. After seeing the skit, they retired to their meeting place (a room in the rear of a restaurant/bar in the 1100 block of Perdido Street), and emerged as Zulus. This group was probably made up of members from the Tramps, the Benevolent Aid Society and other ward-based groups.
While the 'Group' marched in Mardi Gras as early as 1901, their first appearance as Zulus came in 1909, with William Story as King.
The group wore raggedy pants, and had a Jubilee-singing quartet in front of and behind King Story. His costume of 'lard can' crown and 'banana stalk' scepter has been well-documented. The Kings following William Story (William Crawford - 1910, Peter Williams - 1912, and Henry Harris - 1914) were similarly attired.
1915 heralded the first use of floats, constructed on a spring wagon, using dry good boxes. The float was decorated with palmetto leaves and moss and carried four Dukes along with the King. That humble beginning gave rise to the lavish floats we see in the Zulu parade today.
Zulu's 2017 Mardi Gras theme is 'Stop the Violence'
A worker moves a bag of onions onto a pile being prepared for transport.
Credit : ILO/Apex Image
Date : 2009/03
Country : United Arab Emirates
Two weeks in NOLA for the mardi gras 2017
Early in 1909, a group of laborers who had organized a club named 'The Tramps' went to the Pythian Theater to see a musical comedy performed by the Smart Set. The comedy included a skit entitled, 'There Never Was and Never Will Be a King Like Me,' about the Zulu Tribe.
That is how Zulu began, as the many stories go...
Years of extensive research by Zulu's staff of historians seem to indicate that Zulu's beginning was much more complicated than that. The earliest signs of organization came from the fact that the majority of these men belonged to a Benevolent Aid Society. Benevolent Societies were the first forms of insurance in the Black community where, for a small amount of dues, members received financial help when sick or financial aid when burying deceased members.
Conversations and interviews with older members also indicate that in that era the city was divided into wards, and each ward had its own group or 'Club.' The Tramps were one such group. After seeing the skit, they retired to their meeting place (a room in the rear of a restaurant/bar in the 1100 block of Perdido Street), and emerged as Zulus. This group was probably made up of members from the Tramps, the Benevolent Aid Society and other ward-based groups.
While the 'Group' marched in Mardi Gras as early as 1901, their first appearance as Zulus came in 1909, with William Story as King.
The group wore raggedy pants, and had a Jubilee-singing quartet in front of and behind King Story. His costume of 'lard can' crown and 'banana stalk' scepter has been well-documented. The Kings following William Story (William Crawford - 1910, Peter Williams - 1912, and Henry Harris - 1914) were similarly attired.
1915 heralded the first use of floats, constructed on a spring wagon, using dry good boxes. The float was decorated with palmetto leaves and moss and carried four Dukes along with the King. That humble beginning gave rise to the lavish floats we see in the Zulu parade today.
Zulu's 2017 Mardi Gras theme is 'Stop the Violence'
"Laborer, he wrought miracles"
"Scientist, he weighed the stars"
"The Laborer" (1958) by Ahron Ben-Schmuel (1903 - 1984)
"The Scientist" (1955) by Koren der Harootian (1909 - 1991)
Advertisement showing the stove works founded in 1851 on the 400 block of Brown Street in Northern Liberties. Works include a four-story building containing the "office" and adorned with a cupola, a large work yard, and a rear "Foundry." At the multi-story building, a laborer loads stoves that are lined on the sidewalk into a horse-drawn wagon under the eye of a man at the doorway. On the roof, two other men stand in the cupola that is adorned with a statue of Liberty. In the adjacent work yard, laborers shovel and pick at mounds of coal and bricks, and load and transport hand- and horse-drawn carts on the grounds and up a ramp leading to an opening in the foundry. Near the workers, a group of men, one leaning on a shovel convenes and two boys chase each other over a mound. On the sidewalk, men, women, and children pedestrians stroll past a street lamp, watch the workers, and converse near a dog sniffing a fire hydrant. In the street, drivers guide horse-drawn carts, a drayman travels, and a pedestrian crosses in the path of an "Abbott & Lawrence Liberty stove Works" wagon and speeding carriage occupied by a family of three. Street activity also includes a man on horse back, two dogs in a greeting stance, and two gentlemen engaged in conversation. The firm was reestablished as Abbott & Noble in 1858, and operated until 1915 under various proprietor
Factory worker plating metal parts. The jug on the work bench is Consolidated Equipment Inc. Electroplating Solution, Poison. The photo was taken in 1950, I scanned it from a 4X5 negative.
The vendors and the laborers all doing respective activities at streets of Karachi as to make them earn some chunk for their livelihood...!!
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Please don't copy, edit or use this image on websites, blogs or other media. However if you are interested in using any of my images, please feel free to contact with me.
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Two weeks in NOLA for the mardi gras 2017
Early in 1909, a group of laborers who had organized a club named 'The Tramps' went to the Pythian Theater to see a musical comedy performed by the Smart Set. The comedy included a skit entitled, 'There Never Was and Never Will Be a King Like Me,' about the Zulu Tribe.
That is how Zulu began, as the many stories go...
Years of extensive research by Zulu's staff of historians seem to indicate that Zulu's beginning was much more complicated than that. The earliest signs of organization came from the fact that the majority of these men belonged to a Benevolent Aid Society. Benevolent Societies were the first forms of insurance in the Black community where, for a small amount of dues, members received financial help when sick or financial aid when burying deceased members.
Conversations and interviews with older members also indicate that in that era the city was divided into wards, and each ward had its own group or 'Club.' The Tramps were one such group. After seeing the skit, they retired to their meeting place (a room in the rear of a restaurant/bar in the 1100 block of Perdido Street), and emerged as Zulus. This group was probably made up of members from the Tramps, the Benevolent Aid Society and other ward-based groups.
While the 'Group' marched in Mardi Gras as early as 1901, their first appearance as Zulus came in 1909, with William Story as King.
The group wore raggedy pants, and had a Jubilee-singing quartet in front of and behind King Story. His costume of 'lard can' crown and 'banana stalk' scepter has been well-documented. The Kings following William Story (William Crawford - 1910, Peter Williams - 1912, and Henry Harris - 1914) were similarly attired.
1915 heralded the first use of floats, constructed on a spring wagon, using dry good boxes. The float was decorated with palmetto leaves and moss and carried four Dukes along with the King. That humble beginning gave rise to the lavish floats we see in the Zulu parade today.
Zulu's 2017 Mardi Gras theme is 'Stop the Violence'
View of several men working in a tobacco field.
Digital Collection:
North Carolina Postcards
Publisher:
Graycraft Card Co., Danville, Va.;
Date:
1915; 1916; 1917; 1918; 1919; 1920; 1921; 1922; 1923; 1924; 1925; 1926; 1927; 1928;
1929; 1930
Location:
North Carolina;
Collection in Repository
Durwood Barbour Collection of North Carolina Postcards (P077); collection guide available
online at www.lib.unc.edu/ncc/pcoll/77barbour/77barbour.html
Summary Data
State or Country of birth: Norway
Home prior to enlistment: Spring Grove, Minnesota
Occupation prior to enlistment: farm laborer
Service: Co. K, 46th Illinois Infantry - October 1861 - January 1866
Rank at enlistment: private
Highest rank attained: sergeant
Principal combat experience:
Fort Donnelson, Tennessee
Shiloh, Tennessee
Corinth, Mississippi
Hatchie River
Vicksburg, Mississippi
Jackson, Mississippi
Fort Blakely, Alabama
Casualties: none
Photograph by: unknown
Inscription in period ink on back: "Amonson"
About 1857 John Amundson Rostin (the son of Amund Rostin) left Norway, which was then a possession on Russia, to settle as a farm laborer in Spring Grove, Minnesota, in the extreme southeast corner of the state. On October 4, 1861, John and several other Norwegians were recruited at Caledonia, Minnesota by Oley Johnson, a fellow countryman, to serve in Company K, Forty-sixth Illinois Infantry for three years. The recruiting officer omitted his last name and he was known in the service as John Amonson.
Amonson was mustered into the service on December 30, 1861, at Camp Butler, near Springfield, Illinois. The Forty-sixth Illinois was an active regiment and saw action in Tennessee at the battles of Fort Donnelson (February 14 - 16, 1862) and Shiloh (April 6 & 7, 1862). Amonson had been admitted to the regimental hospital in early April with a fever but was discharged the day before the Battle of Shiloh. He and his regiment were soon in the thick of the action in what would later be remembered as one of the bloodiest battles of the war.
Reaching the battlefield between 9:00 and 10:00 o'clock Sunday morning April 6, the regiment's colonel, John A. Davis, later reported their role in the day's fight. "A regiment posted about 200 yards in front of our line gave way under the enemy's fire, and retreated through my line, which was lying down. As soon as it passed my men rose, dressed their line, and immediately commenced pouring a destructive fire upon the enemy. The regiment posted on our right having given way, and the enemy keeping up a hot fire along my whole front and raking crossfire upon my right flank, killing and wounding over one-half of my right companies, badly cutting up my other companies, and 8 of my line officers, 2 color bearers, and the major wounded, I deemed it my duty, without further orders, to withdraw my command, which I did, to a position beyond the brow of the hill, where I again formed them."1
A little later in the day, while the regiment was providing support for a battery of artillery, the men were again subjected to a confederate attack. Colonel Davis continued his report. "I formed my command...and moved up in line within 200 yards of the enemy, when a brisk and destructive fire was opened upon our whole line. Planting our colors in front of our line of battle, I ordered my command to shelter themselves behind trees and logs as best they could within range of the enemy, and kept up a constant fire until after the regiment on our right had given way and fallen back across the ravine, when I ordered my men to fall back into the ravine, and moving them by the left flank, I took them out of range of the enemy's guns."2
The men lay on their arms all night. In the morning they advanced until their pickets were driven in. Colonel Davis’ report continues, "...we found the enemy in strength along the whole line of our front, and when within 200 yards the fire opened upon both sides. My men loaded and fired with the coolness of veterans, and I had another horse shot under me in the midst of the engagement, and while raging with the utmost fury my men determined that they had fallen back for the last time, and while they were receiving the fire of the enemy and delivering their own with the utmost coolness I was wounded and carried off the field. Lieutenant-Colonel Jones reports that my men still stood firm, holding their ground, although outflanked, with the colors of the Forty-sixth and the rebels planted within 30 yards of each other, until re-enforced and the enemy driven back for the last time, when the Forty-sixth was ordered by General Hurlbut in person to its quarters...Too much praise cannot be awarded to the gallant officers and men of the Forty-sixth, who helped to win our signal victory."3
The regiment later took part in the siege of Corinth, Mississippi (May 1862), and then spent the summer at Memphis, Tennessee. The Forty-sixth was in action again at the battle of Hatchie River (October 5, 1862), the siege of Vicksburg (April - July 1863) and the siege of Jackson (July 1863).
Through most of the Vicksburg siege, from April until June 30, 1863, John Amonson was on detached service with the Provost Guard at Brigade Headquarters. He was apparently promoted to corporal about this time. Amonson re-enlisted as a veteran volunteer on December 20, 1863 and was re-appointed corporal in the veteranized regiment. In April 1864 he spent ten days in the hospital for intestinal fever.
The regiment participated in the Battle of Jackson, Mississippi on July 7, 1864. For the rest of the year and the early part of 1865, the regiment went on various expeditions to parts of Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee and Alabama. Also, starting in August 1864, John Amonson was periodically in and out of the regimental hospital with dysentery. In April 1865, the Forty-sixth Illinois participated in the siege of Fort Blakely, Alabama and then occupied the city of Mobile.
Amonson was appointed sergeant on December 31, 1865 and was mustered out with his regiment at Baton Rouge, Louisiana, on January 20, 1866. He returned to Minnesota, and in 1867 married Betsy Olson, a recently arrived young Norwegian woman. In civilian life he reverted to using the name John A. Rosten and moved to northern Minnesota before finally settling in Wisconsin in 1872. He apparently had no difficulty in receiving a pension under the name John Amonson, but after his death in 1892 his wife had to explain how she could be the widow of John Amonson when her married name was Rosten.
In 1897 her claim was supported by Oley Johnson who provided the following statement to the Pension Office. "I have every reason to believe that John Amonson, whom I myself enlisted on the 4th day of October 1861, is the John A. Rostin. That was his name before the war but was left off when the said John Amonson enlisted."4
Mathias Halverson also provided and affidavit, saying, "I was acquainted with John Amundson in 1861 before [he] enlisted. When I first knew him he went by the name of John Rostin. But he enlisted by the name John Amundson. All through the war he would once in a while get a letter from some friend with the name of John Rostin. I can positively swear that it is the same man. We served together for over five years in K Co. 46 Illinois Veteran Volunteer Infantry."5
Notes for John Amonson
1. Official Records of the War of the Rebellion
2. ibid.
3. ibid.
4. United States Archives, Pension Records
5. ibid.
Persistent URL: floridamemory.com/items/show/255918
Local call number: C008844
Title: Jamaican laborers cutting sugar cane - Clewiston
Date: December 10, 1947
Physical descrip: 1 photoprint - b&w - 4 x 5 in.
Series Title: Department of Commerce Collection
Repository: State Library and Archives of Florida
500 S. Bronough St., Tallahassee, FL, 32399-0250 USA, Contact: 850.245.6700, Archives@dos.myflorida.com
“Woman coolies, laborers in the building trade, carrying baskets of sand & gravel on shoulder yokes from street to site. Note bamboo scaffold”
Summary Data
State or Country of birth: West Mertans, Indiana County, Pennsylvania
Home prior to enlistment: Bluffton, Wells, County, Indiana
Occupation prior to enlistment: farm laborer
Service:
...Co. H & I, 22nd Indiana Inf. - 1861 - 1864
Rank at enlistment: private
Highest rank attained: corporal
Principal combat experience:
...Siege of Corinth, Mississippi
...Perryville, Kentucky
...Stones River, Tennessee
...Missionary Ridge, Tennessee
...Rome, Georgia
Casualties: KIA, Rome, Georgia
------
Albumen CDV photo:
Full standing pose in military frock coat
CDV Photograph by: Smith & Huey, Indianapolis, Ind.
Inscription in period ink on back: "Maggie"
Inscription in period pencil on front: "Mrs. M. A. Fulton 8X10 No. 10 Albumen as it is" and "J Barger Agt"
*****
Nelson G. Fulton was born in West Mertans, Indiana County, Pennsylvania about 1839. The census of 1860 shows him living with his parents, William and Mary A. Fulton, in Saltsburg, Conemaugh Township, Indiana County, Pennsylvania. Also in the household were his two younger sisters, 12-year-old Mary D. Fulton and 8-year-old Margaret (Maggie) L. Fulton.
As a result of an accident caused by an explosion of powder while blasting rocks in 1854, his father was entirely blinded in one eye, and severely injured in the other. As a result, his father had to abandon his trade as a butcher and was unable to labor sufficiently to support himself and his family. Nelson, then about 15 years old, stepped up to fill the void as family breadwinner. By working at a neighboring farm at different periods for the next five of six years he was able to earn wages, which amounted on an average to about $8 per month that he gave to his parents.
The summer of 1861 found him in Bluffton, Wells County, Indiana. How he came to be there is not known, but on July 10, 1861 he enlisted at Madison, Indiana for 3 years in Company H, 22nd Indiana Infantry. He was listed as 22 years old. He stood 5 feet 6 inches tall, had a sanguine complexion, hazel eyes, and dark hair. The regiment was mustered into Federal service on August 15, 1861. Even though he was now in the army, Fulton continued to contribute money to his parents' support. He sent home an average of $10 per month out of his $13 monthly pay.
Now a part of the Union Army, the 22nd Indiana was sent west to Missouri and with the rest of the Union Forces, eventually pushed its way south into Arkansas. Late in the year, Fulton was detailed as a Regimental Teamster driving a supply wagon for the army. He continued on this duty into early 1862, sometimes being away from his company in the process. In March 1862 he was still on detached duty as a Brigade Teamster so it is not clear if he was present when the 22nd Indiana took part in its first significant combat at the battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas on March 7 and 8, 1862, which succeeded in keeping the southerners out of Missouri for the next two years.
By late spring 1862, the regiment moved to Mississippi and joined in the Union siege of Corinth. The 22nd Indiana also took part in the battles at Perryville, Kentucky in October 1862 in which it lost very heavily, and at Stones River, Tennessee on New Year's 1863 where it again was heavily engaged. Fulton apparently came through both fights without incident.
On July 23, 1863 Fulton was sent to the Field Hospital for some unspecified complaint. But by September 7, 1863 he was back to being detailed as a Company Teamster. Sometime during his enlistment Fulton ended up changing from Company H to Company I. Whether this was due to his transfer, or if it was just a matter of a change in designation of the organization is not clear. It may have happened as a result oh his reenlistment as a Veteran Volunteer on December 23, 1863 at Blain's Cross Roads, Tennessee. His new descriptive list, created in December 1863, was slightly different from the one created at the time of his original enlistment. He was now described as being 24 years old, 5' 7" in height, and as having gray eyes, brown hair, and a light complexion. And somewhere along the line, possibly after his reenlistment, Fulton was promoted to corporal.
The 1864 campaign opened with a drive intended to culminate in the seizure of Atlanta. Going was slow and brutal as Union forces pushed south from Tennessee into Georgia. In early May the Federal Army was advancing into Georgia, fighting its way from Dalton to Resaca. While the main force pushed on towards Adairsville, a smaller Union force was sent on a flanking maneuver to the west. As described by Lieutenant R. V. Marshall in his post-war Historical Sketch, "The city of Rome, Ga., was not on the direct route to Atlanta, but was situated 15 miles to the right at the junction of the Oustenaula and Hightower rivers. Here the Confederates had a division under Gen. French, protected by strong forts and earthworks. Gen. Davis' division [which included the 22nd Indiana] was detached and ordered to take Rome. This was done on the afternoon of the 17th [of May], after a spirited engagement of half an hour...Five men in the 22nd were killed and 14 wounded."
Corporal Nelson Fulton was one of the fatalities. He was killed in action instantly. Company records indicate that he was "Killed in action May 17, 1864 Rome, Ga." and that his "death was caused by 'a Rifle Ball,' shot through the head." An inventory of his effects lists $93 in notes. This was a large amount of cash for a soldier to be carrying, but he had last been paid on January 23, 1864 when he received several months of overdue back pay. Perhaps, with the various movements of the army in the interim, he had not had an opportunity to safely send the money home.
News of Nelson's death must have hit the Fulton family hard back in Saltsburg. Records show that his mother, Mary Ann Fulton, applied for a pension based on the fact that her "husband has been physically disabled for ten years" and that her son had been providing for her financial support before his death. William Fulton's affidavit stated, "Nelson G. Fulton was the only son of himself and Mary Ann Fulton; that by the death of the said Nelson G. Fulton his parents are deprived of his assistance for support and maintenance...[he] being nearly blind and unable to maintain and support his family without the aid and assistance of his son...since [the time of his blinding] and up to the death of his said son, he had the labor and earnings of the said Nelson G. Fulton to appropriate to the support of the family. That when said Nelson G. Fulton was alive in the Service of the Army, he sent all the wages due him except his necessary expenses for clothing himself...That after he entered the Army he still continued to contribute to the support of his parents by sending money, on an average about $10 per month. That the amount of property possessed by the said affiant and his wife Mary Ann Fulton the mother of Nelson G. Fulton, is a house and Lot in which they reside in Saltsburg, Pa., which residence cost $340, part of which sum was paid by said Nelson G. Fulton. Said soldier died leaving no widow nor children, but dependent parents."
Others corroborated the claims of financial assistance. Friend of the family Sarah Wolf testified "...all his wages was sent to her [Mary Ann Fulton] sometimes by mail and sometimes by express Co. and she [Sarah Wolf] saw her have the money." Someone else swore Nelson "regularly contributed to the support of his parents, by his labor before enlisting, and by sending money for their use afterwards." Neighbor James Leech testified, "Nelson G. Fulton constantly and regularly contributed to the support of his mother...from the time he was old enough to command wages to the time of his death, and that his contributions were equal to or more than one half of her subsistence." Even an Adams Express agent testified "on the 9th day of April AD 1863 he did deliver a money package to William Fulton, from Nelson G. Fulton containing thirty-five ($35) Dollars, & on the 17th day of November AD 1864 he delivered another money package to William Fulton containing Seventy ($70) Dollars sent to him by Nelson G. Fulton who was then serving as a soldier in the Army of the United States." This latter date would have been after Fulton's death, so if the date is correct, it may have been the pay due him at the time he was killed.
A pension may have eased the family's financial situation, but nothing could replace a lost son and brother. All that remained were a few small photographs. One pre-war tintype shows Nelson Fulton as a well-dressed young man in civilian clothes. Another tintype in a paper CDV mount shows him wearing an army frock coat that has been shortened into a jacket by having the skirt cut off. A bust view of Fulton on a paper CDV is in fact a mirror-image copy photo made from an earlier tintype or ambrotype. And finally, a full-length paper CDV pictures Fulton in a nine-button infantry frock coat with his arm resting on the back of a chair. On the back he has written in ink the name of his little sister, "Maggie," for whom he undoubtedly intended to give this picture. Above, written at a later date in pencil is the note "Mrs. M. A. Fulton 8X10 No. 10 Albumen as it is" and at the bottom "J Barger Agt." It would seem that after his death, Fulton's mother sent this picture to a photographic studio to be copied and enlarged, without modification, into an 8 by 10 albumen photo as a keepsake of her lost son.
Two weeks in NOLA for the mardi gras 2017
Early in 1909, a group of laborers who had organized a club named 'The Tramps' went to the Pythian Theater to see a musical comedy performed by the Smart Set. The comedy included a skit entitled, 'There Never Was and Never Will Be a King Like Me,' about the Zulu Tribe.
That is how Zulu began, as the many stories go...
Years of extensive research by Zulu's staff of historians seem to indicate that Zulu's beginning was much more complicated than that. The earliest signs of organization came from the fact that the majority of these men belonged to a Benevolent Aid Society. Benevolent Societies were the first forms of insurance in the Black community where, for a small amount of dues, members received financial help when sick or financial aid when burying deceased members.
Conversations and interviews with older members also indicate that in that era the city was divided into wards, and each ward had its own group or 'Club.' The Tramps were one such group. After seeing the skit, they retired to their meeting place (a room in the rear of a restaurant/bar in the 1100 block of Perdido Street), and emerged as Zulus. This group was probably made up of members from the Tramps, the Benevolent Aid Society and other ward-based groups.
While the 'Group' marched in Mardi Gras as early as 1901, their first appearance as Zulus came in 1909, with William Story as King.
The group wore raggedy pants, and had a Jubilee-singing quartet in front of and behind King Story. His costume of 'lard can' crown and 'banana stalk' scepter has been well-documented. The Kings following William Story (William Crawford - 1910, Peter Williams - 1912, and Henry Harris - 1914) were similarly attired.
1915 heralded the first use of floats, constructed on a spring wagon, using dry good boxes. The float was decorated with palmetto leaves and moss and carried four Dukes along with the King. That humble beginning gave rise to the lavish floats we see in the Zulu parade today.
Zulu's 2017 Mardi Gras theme is 'Stop the Violence'
Two weeks in NOLA for the mardi gras 2017
Early in 1909, a group of laborers who had organized a club named 'The Tramps' went to the Pythian Theater to see a musical comedy performed by the Smart Set. The comedy included a skit entitled, 'There Never Was and Never Will Be a King Like Me,' about the Zulu Tribe.
That is how Zulu began, as the many stories go...
Years of extensive research by Zulu's staff of historians seem to indicate that Zulu's beginning was much more complicated than that. The earliest signs of organization came from the fact that the majority of these men belonged to a Benevolent Aid Society. Benevolent Societies were the first forms of insurance in the Black community where, for a small amount of dues, members received financial help when sick or financial aid when burying deceased members.
Conversations and interviews with older members also indicate that in that era the city was divided into wards, and each ward had its own group or 'Club.' The Tramps were one such group. After seeing the skit, they retired to their meeting place (a room in the rear of a restaurant/bar in the 1100 block of Perdido Street), and emerged as Zulus. This group was probably made up of members from the Tramps, the Benevolent Aid Society and other ward-based groups.
While the 'Group' marched in Mardi Gras as early as 1901, their first appearance as Zulus came in 1909, with William Story as King.
The group wore raggedy pants, and had a Jubilee-singing quartet in front of and behind King Story. His costume of 'lard can' crown and 'banana stalk' scepter has been well-documented. The Kings following William Story (William Crawford - 1910, Peter Williams - 1912, and Henry Harris - 1914) were similarly attired.
1915 heralded the first use of floats, constructed on a spring wagon, using dry good boxes. The float was decorated with palmetto leaves and moss and carried four Dukes along with the King. That humble beginning gave rise to the lavish floats we see in the Zulu parade today.
Zulu's 2017 Mardi Gras theme is 'Stop the Violence'
Persistent URL: digital.lib.muohio.edu/u?/tradecards,815
Subject (TGM): Women; Employees; Factories; Laborers; Condiments; Pickles; Canned foods; Assembly-line methods; Industrial productivity; Food industry; Bottling industry; Industrial facilities; Postcards;
India Photographic Journey, Day 10 : Maharashtra
A temporary bricks hut as the laborers shelter camp in the brickyard. Much of that work is done by migrant labor families who trek from their home villages near and far to brickyards for eight months of the year, except during the monsoon season, when rains halt production.
Photo taken at Bhosalewadi village, 25 km to the north of Karad city, Maharashtra province, India.
A man performs rooftop maintenance and repairs atop Trinity Lutheran Church in Milwaukee, WI.
November 13, 2013
Milwaukee, WI
Canon EOS 7D
Canon 24 - 105 mm f/4L IS usm
View of laborers in a peanut field.
Digital Collection:
North Carolina Postcards
Publisher:
Tanner Souvenir Co., New York, N.Y.
Date:
1905; 1906; 1907; 1908; 1909; 1910; 1911; 1912; 1913; 1914; 1915
Location:
Moore County (N.C.);
Collection in Repository
Durwood Barbour Collection of North Carolina Postcards (P077); collection guide available
online at www.lib.unc.edu/ncc/pcoll/77barbour/77barbour.html
Day laborers and their children compiling sweet corn into large sacks at a Manoli Village Farm in Sonipat District, Haryana, India.
IFPRI partnered with Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia (CSISA) in working to reduce hunger and increase food and income security of resource poor farm families in South Asia through the development and inclusive adoption of new cereal varieties, sustainable agricultural technologies and policies.
Photo credit: Katrin Park / International Food Policy Research Institute / 1 June, 2016
View of a road construction sight showing workers laying concrete, and a line of train
cars carrying raw materials at left. "Showing actual construction of concrete road
from Durham toward Raleigh. Constructed 1919 by Robert G. Lassiter & Co., Oxford,
N.C." is printed on the face of the card.
Digital Collection:
North Carolina Postcards
Publisher:
Albertype Co., Brooklyn, N.Y.;
Date:
1919
Location:
Durham County (N.C.);
Collection in Repository
Durwood Barbour Collection of North Carolina Postcards (P077); collection guide available
online at www.lib.unc.edu/ncc/pcoll/77barbour/77barbour.html
Blaine, Washington
Blaine (Whatcom County) is located in extreme Northwestern Washington; the northern edge of its city limit is the Canadian border. The area was originally inhabited by a band of Native Americans known as the Semiahmoo. Caucasian settlers first arrived in 1858 during the Fraser River Gold Rush, when not one, but two communities named Semiahmoo were briefly established. Permanent settlement came in 1870, and eventually the two Semiahmoos became one Blaine. In the early twentieth century, Blaine was known for its canneries, including one of the largest in the country, the Alaska Packers Association, located on Semiahmoo Spit.
Alaska Packers Association
Blaine had some fishing operations in the 1870s, but in those years fish was salted and barreled for storage, not canned. By 1880 canning was beginning to replace the barrel, and it was a big leap forward because canned fish could be stored for a much longer period of time. James Tarte and John Martin opened Whatcom County’s first cannery in August 1882 at Semiahmoo and operated under the name Tarte & Martin for several years. It was a small operation, but further advances in canning technology in the final two decades of the nineteenth century led to an eruption of canneries in Blaine. The Blaine Journal's April 1909 special “homeseeker’s edition” lists five: Ainsworth and Dunn, the Blaine Packing Company, J.W. & V. Cook Packing Company, West Coast Packing Company, and the granddaddy of them all, the Alaska Packers Association.
In 1891, Daniel Drysdale purchased the cannery at Semiahmoo, built several new buildings, and remodeled the docks. Drysdale named his new cannery the Point Roberts Canning Company and during the next three years his business rapidly grew. In 1894, a one-year-old company named the Alaska Packers Association bought Drysdale’s cannery and also assumed management operations at the Wadhams cannery, located at what is now Lily Point on the southeastern edge of Point Roberts.
The Alaska Packers Association turned the Semiahmoo location at the far end of the spit into one of its primary operations, enlarging the cannery and adding warehouses, a boat-repair yard, and bunkhouses. These had segregated quarters for men and women (who got dormitories) and Chinese and Indian laborers. Semiahmoo was also home to the Alaska Packers Association's star fleet of about 30 large ships, which transported men and supplies from San Francisco to Alaska until approximately 1930.
Reference: historylink.org
Image best viewed in large screen.
Thank-you for your visit, and any comments or faves are always very much appreciated! ~Sonja
Babubazar bridge, Monday. The evening is descending in the old quarters of Dhaka with the aging darkness that it befriended since the dawn of time. Working people of the city are returning to their domiciles on the other side of the river Buriganga, everyone's in a hurry, they are trying to leave behind whatever misdeed they've done in the last 10 hours. The massive swarm of people includes day laborers, street vendors and maid servants. All of a sudden I see this face emerging from under one streetlamp to the other, an unnamed angst and sadness gripping her face.
She is crying.
Perhaps it's because her employer had tried to take advantage of her in the morning, perhaps her lover died recently, perhaps she just discovered that there's an unborn inside her with no one to take responsibilities, perhaps a nail penetrated her feet on the way to the bridge's approach road...who knows. I don't want to at least, I've my own problems to masquerade behind.
I like this photograph, I don't know why...this might not hold any real value to someone who is just seeing this in some other part of the planet in his/her perfect little online world..but I was there, and she was terrifyingly tactile.
You know what, nothing as it seems, only on black does justice.
Two laborers who have been working with the crane operator to get concrete into a column form have finished their shift and. Using onboard controls, they lower themselves back to solid ground. The telescopic crane lift only has room for two so a third worker awaits his turn.
Children of day working manual laborers finding happiness as it comes.Note the 'Jury Rigged' cradle, made from a single rope a cheap shawl and a wooden stick.
Rothstein, Arthur,, 1915-1985,, photographer.
Boys flying a kite in front of the community center, FSA camp, Robstown, Tex.
1942 Jan.
1 slide : color.
Notes:
Title from FSA or OWI agency caption.
Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944.
Subjects:
Migrant laborers.
Children.
Kites.
United States--Texas--Robstown
Format: Slides--Color
Rights Info: No known restrictions on publication.
Repository: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print
Part Of: Farm Security Administration - Office of War Information Collection 11671-21 (DLC) 93845501
General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac
Higher resolution image is available (Persistent URL): hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/fsac.1a34261
Call Number: LC-USF35-298