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The Java leg of our trip. Started from Jakarta to Yogyakarta by train, to Mt. Bromo and from there to Surabaya
Vakantie Indonesië 2015 / deel 1 /Java | Indonesia trip Summer 2015 / part 1 / Java
Bandung
Eerste deel van vakantie naar Indonesië: Java, van Jakarta via Bogor naar Bandung en met de trein naar Jogjakarta (Borobudur en Prambanan) | First part of Indonesian trip: Java, from Jakarta via Bogor to Bandung and by train to Jogjakarta (with visits to Borobudur and Prambanan temples)
Canon EOS 5D MKII | Zeiss Planar 50mm F1.4 / Canon EF-L 16-35 mm F2.8 / Canon EF-L 100 mm F2.8 macro
Java Sparrows (Padda oryzivora), also known as Java Rice Birds and Java Temple Birds, are one of the most attractive of all finches. They are hardy, colorful, easy to breed and relatively inexpensive. The Javas are well known for their impeccable, slick plumage. They have been popular throughout the ages and are often depicted in both modern and ancient Oriental art.
The Java Sparrow originates from Southern Asia, where it can be found in Java, Bali, and Sumatra. Here they are regarded as a serious agricultural pest in rice fields. Just look at their scientific name for evidence. Padda stands for Paddy, the method of cultivating rice. The word Oryza is the genus for domestic rice, Therefore, Padda oryzivora in translation means rice paddy eater. Many thousands of wild Javas are destroyed each year as farmers wage a never ending war against them. Despite this battle, the species continues to thrive in its native homeland and is very abundant. Java Rice Birds have also been successfully introduced and naturalized in many regions around the world (intentional or accidental?). For example, they are established in China, Japan, Borneo, several regions in Africa, the Hawaiian Islands, and there are even documented reports of a colony in a suburb of Miami, Florida. Apparently there have been many other introductions elsewhere but these did not persist for any length of time.
It was not to many years ago that Java Rice Birds were very low in price, and readily available. Prior to the early 1970's when an band on the importation of Javas was enforced by the US, Javas were probably the most numerous of cage birds in the United States, second only to the Canary or Zebra Finch. They were imported as wild caught birds by the tens of thousands. It has been speculated that during the height of importation, there were more Javas in the US than any other finch. I can vividly remember going in to a T G &Y Department store in the near by town of New Iberia, LA, and seeing a large number of Javas Rice Birds for sale for $1.70 each. Nevertheless, these birds were not so easily bred. With certainty it can be said that only a small percentage of these wild caught Javas ever bred for their owners. While there were captive bred Javas, they were few in number and virtually unknown in the pet trade. Furthermore, the captive bred Javas commanded prices many times that of the wild caught birds. If they had been available to pet shops, they were probably reluctant to purchase these birds, considering the price and availability of the wild caught ones.
Wild caught Javas out numbered captive bred birds to such an extent that the species developed a peculiar misconception for being difficult to breed. The common misconception which often appeared in the literature and ironically is still perpetuated today, was that White Javas bred better than the Normal Grey Javas. The apparent reason for this idea was that every White Javas was naturally of captive origin. White Javas do not exist in nature anywhere. The preponderance of wild caught Greys to the scarcity of captive bred Greys gave credence to the story that Whites were easier bred than Greys. Truthfully, wild caught Javas are reluctant to breed, just as reluctant as are all of the wild caught nuns and other "munias" we have access to. In fact, domestic Grey Javas were completely free breeding. It was only the more common wild caught Javas that were the reluctant ones. Even so, with the reputation of the wild caught Javas being difficult to breed, they were very popular finches. Javas are exceptionally hardy and long lived. They are a perfect finch for the beginning aviculturist, the specialist, or any pet bird fancier.
Opol Aviary, Opol Misamis Oriental,Philippines
Source:http://www.zebrafinch.com
After our Cracker Barrel breakfast we took a beautiful drive up I-80 to Park City, home of the Sundance Film Festival. Park City was really fun, great houses, cool history and full of fun shops, cafe's, bars and restaurants. We walked up and down Main Street, shopping, exploring and I of course was shutter-bugging!
Encapsulation in Java is another OOPs concept which represents data hiding. This means that the variables are encapsulated within the class and other classes cannot access them directly. We can access them only through the public class methods. In this way, we can hide important data and restrict their modification.
How to achieve encapsulation
We can achieve encapsulation in java in the below ways.
- Declare variables as private. Please refer to access modifiers to understand more about private modifier. We cannot access private variables directly from other classes.
- Implement getter and setter methods. We can use these to read and write the values.
Advantages of Java Encapsulation
- Provides security by not allowing outside class to modify the private fields.
- We can have either read-only or write-only methods also hence providing restrictions to other classes to access them. This means, if a class has only a get method, we can only read the variables. Similarly, we can have only a set method to only set the variable.
- Provides flexibility and reusability through the getter and setter methods.
- Implementation details are not visible to other classes.
- Easy for unit testing
Now let's understand the encapsulation concept in java using an example.
Example of Java Encapsulation
In the below example, we have 2 private variables pname, dept in the Professor class. Since the variables are private we cannot access them outside the class.
The Java leg of our trip. Started from Jakarta to Yogyakarta by train, to Mt. Bromo and from there to Surabaya