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Mendut is a ninth-century Buddhist temple, located in Mendut village, Mungkid sub-district, Magelang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The temple is located about three kilometres east from Borobudur. Mendut, Borobudur and Pawon, all of which are Buddhist temples, are located in one straight line. There is a mutual religious relationship between the three temples, although the exact ritual process is unknown.
HISTORY
Built around early ninth century AD, Mendut is the oldest of the three temples including Pawon and Borobudur. The Karangtengah inscription, the temple was built and finished during the reign of King Indra of Sailendra dynasty. The inscription dated 824 AD mentioned that King Indra of Sailendra has built a sacred building named Venuvana which means "bamboo forest". Dutch archaeologist JG de Casparis has connected the temple mentioned in Karangtengah inscription with Mendut temple.
In 1836 it was discovered as a ruins covered with bushes. The restoration of this temple was started in 1897 and was finished in 1925. Some archaeologists who had conducted research on this temple were JG de Casparis, Theodoor van Erp, and Arisatya Yogaswara.
ARCHITECTURE
The plan of temple's base is square, and measures 13.7 metre on each side, with the base level 3.7 metre above the ground. The 26.4 metre tall temple is facing northwest. The stairs projecting from the northwest side square elevated base is adorned with Makara statue on each sides, the side of the stairwall carved with bas-relief of Jataka fable narrating the animal story of Buddhist teaching. The square terrace surrounding the body of the temple was meant for pradakshina or circumambulating ritual, walking clockwise around the temple. The outer walls is adorned with bas-reliefs of Boddhisattvas (Buddhist divinities), such as Avalokitesvara, Maitreya, Cunda, Ksitigarbha, Samantabhadra, Mahakarunika Avalokitesvara, Vajrapani, Manjusri, Akasagarbha, and Boddhisattvadevi Prajnaparamita among other buddhist figures. Originally the temple had two chambers, a small chamber in the front, and the large main chamber in the center. The roof and some parts of the front chamber walls are missing. The uppermost part of the roof is missing, it supposed to have a stupa pinnacle with size and style probably just like the one in Sojiwan temple. The inner wall of front chamber is adorned with bas-relief of Hariti surrounds by children, Atavaka on the other side, Kalpataru, also groups of devatas divinities flying in heaven.
The main room has three carved large stone statues. The 3 metres tall statue of Dhyani Buddha Vairocana was meant to liberate the devotees from the bodily karma, at the left is statue of Boddhisatva Avalokitesvara to liberate from the karma of speech, at the right is Boddhisatva Vajrapani to liberate from karma of thought.
RITUALS
Currently, during the full moon in May or June, Buddhists in Indonesia observe Vesak annual ritual by walking from Mendut passing past Pawon and ends at Borobudur. The ritual takes the form of mass Buddhist prayer and pradakshina (circumambulation) around the temple.
For local Javanese, especially those who follow traditional Kejawen Javanese mysticism or Buddhism practices, praying in Mendut temple is believed to fulfill various wishes, such as deliverance from sickness.
The bas-relief of Hariti for example is popular among local Javanese childless married couples to pray for a child, since in traditional Javanese beliefs, Hariti is considered as the symbol of fertility, the patroness of motherhood and protector of children.
WIKIPEDIA
9 Jul 2005 Department of Railways of the Republic of Indonesia (DKA) Krupp 2-8-2 D52099 (1950 Essen) 3ft 6in gauge.
Taman Mini Railway Museum, Jakarta, Java, Indonesia.
9 Jul 2005 JSS Hanomag 2-12-2T F.1015 (1922 Hannover) 3ft 6in gauge.
Taman Mini Railway Museum, Jakarta, Java, Indonesia.
Makeup artists adjust the sash of a Javanese Bedhaya dancer before a performance in Solo (Surakarta), Java, Indonesia
Java-Eiland | Majanggracht
Urban design: Sjoerd Soeters
Arch. Sjoerd Soeters and Art Zaaijer e.a.
Artists: Guy Rombouts and Monica Droste
1999.
The Java Platform has 3 legs: the language, the virtual machine and a huge, immense library of APIs (both in the core and in open source libraries).
"One of those legs, one of those replaceable and that's the language."
-- Tim Bray
The Java sparrow (Lonchura oryzivora), also known as Java finch, Java rice sparrow or Java rice bird, is a small passerine bird.[2] This estrildid finch is a resident breeding bird in Java, Bali and Bawean in Indonesia. It is a popular cage bird, and has been introduced in a large number of other countries. Some taxonomists place this and the Timor sparrow in their own genus Padda. The Java sparrow is about 15 to 17 cm (5.9 to 6.7 in) in length from the beak to its tip of tail feathers. Although only about the size of a house sparrow, it may be the largest species in the estrildid family. The adult is unmistakable, with its grey upperparts and breast, pink belly, white-cheeked black head, red eye-ring, pink feet and thick red bill.
Both sexes are similar. Immature birds have brown upperparts and pale brown underparts, and a plain head. Very young birds have a black beak with a pink base.
The call is a chip, and the song is a rapid series of call notes chipchipchipchipchipchip.
Molecular phylogeny indicates that this species may have originated in India and dispersed to Africa and Pacific Ocean habitats from there.
We went to Ambarawa Railway Museum, and had a ride on a Thomas the Tank Engine type little steam train, in 3rd-class carriages built in 1911. We chugged through paddy fields, surrounded by clouds of dragonflies, past cloud-wrapped volcanoes.