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Who was a little Leopard staying behind the door?
Well , now I have to tell you the truth. Everyone here was so upset about Leo who I had forgotten in the hotel room in Edinburgh. I tried to contact the hotel 5 times and each time the answer was: We will check your room and Someone will call you back
There were no answers from them...The most upset was I myself. He was the one who spent Christmas with me and we met New Year together..Every morning Old lady kept asking Any news about Leo?
And then I decided to find out maybe I can buy a new Leopard, who could look like My Leo
After long search my friend sent me a link to Ebay...
www.ebay.co.uk/itm/373940122701?chn=ps&_trkparms=ispr...
There were several of them. And 3 days later he was delivered .Only I knew he is not My Leo, but also I knew by time he will be loved ..Noone notice any difference, Everyone was happy.
But now..I looked at little figurine in a doorway...It was My Leo. With his cheeky smile and familiar look.
What had happened then? I am not 100% sure but I think someone in hotel found Leo and after all the trouble I made looking for him they/he /she decided to send it to the address that was mentioned in my guests file....Leo was delivered by DHL. ..The End of the story
The previous story here:
www.flickr.com/photos/190550837@N04/51910509382/in/photos...
Here's the party light bulb with rotating prismatic dome turned by a small motor, and projecting coloured spots of the three primary colours (red, blue and green). I've placed the bulb on a 3D place mat of sea creatures. The bulb is about US$10 from China (on eBay).
The Swat Valley is known as the Switzerland of the East. I first visited it in August 1998 and have been back many times since. Swat was a tranquil area, serene but ruined by militancy in the last 3 years. It was a popular tourist destination for the summer. Its beauty attracted people from the other side of Pakistan. Swat had always been one of the most peaceful areas within the North-West of Pakistan but the Afghan war changed that.
Swat rises from over 900 metres above sea level to its highest peak of over 6000 metres. It is a green and fertile district which is heavily forested in some regions, specially Upper Swat and the side valleys. Sadly lower Swat has lost so much of it's tree cover making it look like the drier regions further to the south. Swat is green because of good rainfall and the river. Black Bear, Leopard, Wolves, Goral, Markhor, Ibex, Musk Deer, Pheasants, partridges, Redstarts, Wagtails, Flying Squirrel are some of the species found here. Sadly the 6 larger species mentionned are very rare thanks to over-hunting and habitat loss.
Lets pray for peace and normalcy to come back to Swat. So far the military operation has been very successful but the militants are never to be under-estimated!
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swat,_Pakistan
Swat (Pakhto: سوات) is a valley and an administrative district in the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan located 160 km/100 miles from Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan. It is the upper valley of the Swat River, which rises in the Hindu Kush range. The capital of Swat is Saidu Sharif, but the main town in the Swat valley is Mingora.[1] It was a princely state (see Swat (princely state)) in the NWFP until it was dissolved in 1969. With high mountains, green meadows, and clear lakes, it is a place of great natural beauty that used to be popular with tourists as "the Switzerland of Pakistan".[2].
In December 2008 most of the area was captured by the Taliban insurgency and it is now considered dangerous for tourism. The Islamist militant leader Maulana Fazlullah and his group Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi have banned education for girls and have bombed or torched "more than 170 schools ... along with other government-owned buildings."[3] The Pakistani government in late May 2009 began a military offensive to regain control of the region.
History
See also History of Swat (princely state)
The Swat River is mentioned in the Rig Veda 8.19.37 as the Suvastu river.[4] The first historical mention of the valley goes back to a hymn of the Rigveda(Stein, 1929:viii).[5] Swat has been inhabited for over two thousand years and was known in ancient times as the Udyana. The independent monarchs of this region came under Achaemenid influence, before reverting back to local control in the 4th century BC.[citation needed] In 327 BC, Alexander the Great fought his way to Udegram and Barikot. In Greek accounts these towns have been identified as Ora and Bazira. By 305 BC, the region became a part of the Mauryan Empire.[citation needed]
Buddhist heritage of Swat
Padmasambhava (flourished eighth century AD), also called Guru Rimpoche, Tibetan Slob-dpon (teacher), or Padma ‘byung-gnas (lotus born) legendary Indian Buddhistic Mystic who introduced Tantric Buddhism to Tibet and is credited with establishing the first buddhist monastery there.
According to tradition, Padmasambhava was native to Udyana (now Swat in Pakistan).[6] Padmasambhava was the son of Indrabhuti, king of Swat in the early eighth century AD. One of the original Siddhas, Indrabhuti flourished in the early eighth century AD and was the king of Uddiyana in north western India (identified with the Kabul valley). His son Padmasambhava is revered as the second Buddha in Tibet. Indrabhuti's sister, Lakshminkaradevi, was also an accomplished siddha of the 9th century AD.[7]
Ancient Gandhara, the valley of Pekhawar, with the adjacent hilly regions of Swat and Buner, Dir and Bajaur was one of the earliest centers of Buddhist religion and culture following the reign of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, in the third century BC. The name Gandhara first occurs in the Rigveda which is usually identified with the region [8]
The secular Swat museum has acquired footprints of the Buddha, which were originally placed for devotion in the sacred Swat valley. When the Buddha ascended, relics (personal items, body parts, ashes etc.) were distributed to seven kings, who built stupas over them for veneration.
The Harmarajika stupa (Taxila) and Butkarha (Swat) stupa at Jamal Garha were among the earliest Gandhara stupas. These were erected on the orders of King Ashoka and contained the genuine relics of the historic Buddha.[citation needed]
The Gandhara school is credited with the first representations of the Buddha in human form, rather symbolically as the wheel of the law, the tree, etc.[citation needed]
As Buddhist art developed and spread outside India, Indian styles were imitated. In China the Gandhara style was imitated in bronze images, with gradual changes in the features of these images over the passage of time. Swat, the land of romance and beauty, is celebrated throughout the Buddhist world as the holy land of Buddhist learning and piety. Swat was a popular destination for Buddhist pilgrims. Buddhist tradition holds that Buddha himself came to Swat during his incarnation as Gautama Buddha and preached to the people here.
It is said[by whom?] that the Swat valley was filled with fourteen hundred imposing and beautiful stupas and monasteries, which housed as many as 6,000 gold images of the Buddhist pantheon for worship and education. Archaeologists now know of more than 400 Buddhist sites covering an area of 160 km in Swat valley alone. Among the important excavations of Buddhist sites in Swat an important one is Butkarha-I, containing original relics of the Buddha. A stone statue of Buddha, is still there in the village Ghalegay.[citation needed] There is also a big stupa in Mohallah Singardar Ghalegay.[citation needed]
Hindu Shahi Rulers and Sanskrit
Swat was ruled by the Hindu Shahi dynasty who have built an extensive array of temples and other architectural buildings now in ruins. Sanskrit was the language of the Swatis.[9]
Hindu Shahi rulers built fortresses to guard and tax the commerce through this area. Their ruins can be seen in the hills of Swat: at Malakand pass at Swat’s southern entrance.[10]
Advent of Islam by Mahmud of Ghazni
Scenery from a restaurant near Mingora, Swat ValleyAt the end of the Mauryan period (324-185 BC) Buddhism spread in the whole Swat valley, which became a very famous center of Buddhist religion .[11]
After a Buddhist phase the Hindu religion reasserted itself, so that at the time of the Muslim invasions (AD1000) the population was solidly Hindu (ibid,ix)[12]
In 1023 Mahmood of Ghazni attacked Swat and crushed the last Buddhist King, Raja Gira in battle. The invasion of Mahmood of Ghazni is of special importance because of the introduction of Islam as well as changing the Chronology.[13]
These invasions caused no break in local traditions: the place–names given in the early Greek sources may be recognized in the names of major villages of modern Swat.(ibid,47,60), Conversion to Islam was thus something imposed by a small group of warrior lords, with the bulk of the population maintaining its secular Indian traditions. The main body of the modern agricultural tenants in Swat are probably descended from this formerly Hindu population.
The first Muslim masters of Swat were non–Pakhtun Dilzak tribes from south-east Afghanistan. These were later ousted by Swati Pakhtuns, who were succeeded in the sixteenth century by Yisufzai Pakhtuns. Both groups of Pakhtuns came from the Kabul valley [14]
Later, when the King of Kabul Mirza Ulagh Beg attempted to assassinate the dominant chiefs of the Yousafzais they took refuge under the umbrella of the Swati Kings of Swat and Bajour. The whole area was dominated by the Swati/Jahangiri Sultans of Swat for centuries. According to H. G. Raverty, the Jahangiri Kings of Swat had ruled from Jalalabad to Jhelum. After more than two decades of guerrilla warfare, they were dispossessed by the Yousafzais.
Demographics
The population at the 1981 Census was 715,938, which had risen to 1,257,602 at the next Census in 1998. The main language of the area is Pakhto. The people of Swat are mainly Pakhtuns, Yousafzai's, Kohistanis and Gujars. Some have very distinctive features[neutrality disputed]. Most probably they are originated from the same tribe who are roamed around the great trans-Himalayan mountain ranges thousands of years before, and now remained in some isolated but extremely beautiful pockets of Himalayan mountain ranges.
The Dardic people of the Kalam region in northern Swat are known as Kohistanis and speak the Torwali and Kalami languages. There are also some Khowar speakers in the Kalam region. This is because before Kalam came under the rule of Swat it was a region tributary to Chitral the Kalamis paid a tribute of mountain ponies to the Mehtar of Chitral every year.
Tourist attractions
PTDC Motel at Malam Jabba Ski Resort.There is a popular ski resort in Swat at Malam Jabba, 40 km north east of Saidu Sharif, closed in 2007 due to the decreasing ability of the Pakistani government to maintain security in the region. In June 2008, the ski resort was burned down by militants.[15]
Administration
The region has gone through considerable changes over the last few years since the dissolution of the Swat (princely state) in 1969. Members of the former Royal family have been elected to represent the area in the Provincial Assemby and National Assembly on occasion since then.
The district is represented in the provincial assembly by seven elected MPAs who represent the following constituencies:[16]
Taliban insurgency
Main article: Battle of Swat
By January 2003, there was a notable increase in violence as militant groups in the Swat valley, led by radical cleric Maulana Fazlullah, began attacking and killing civilians as well as police checkposts in Swat.[18] In 59 villages, the militants set up a "parallel government" with Islamic courts imposing sharia law. By 2009 the region was largely under effective militant control, despite the presence of 20,000 Pakistani troops.[19] Local opponents of the militants have been harshly critical of Pakistani civil society for its lack of concern for their plight as well as critical of the military and provincial government for their ineffective measures for controlling the tide of militancy.[20]
Late 2007
After a four-month truce ended in late September 2007, fighting resumed.[21] The paramilitary Frontier Constabulary was deployed to the area, but initially were reported to be ineffective. On November 16, 2007 Militants were reported to have captured Alpuri district headquarters in neighbouring Shangla. The local police fled without resisting the advancing militant force which, in addition to local militants, also included Uzbek, Tajik and Chechen volunteers.[22]
In late November 2007, Pakistani regular forces threw out Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi militants from its stronghold in the Kabal District of north-western Swat. About 250 militants died in two weeks of fighting according to Pakistani authorities and the militants retreated into the mountains.[1] By December 2007, the militants were on the run, with the valley "largely cleared".[23] Pakistani officials stated at that time that it would take four months to re-establish functioning institutions in the area, in the wake of Islamist ruin.[23]
Developments in 2009
A January 21, 2009 issue of the Pakistan daily newspaper The News, reports Taliban enforcement of a complete ban on female education in the Swat district. Some 400 private schools enrolling 40,000 girls have been shut down. At least 10 girls' schools that tried to open after the January 15, 2009 deadline by the Taliban were blown up by the militants in the town of Mingora, the headquarters of the Swat district.[27] "More than 170 schools have been bombed or torched, along with other government-owned buildings."[3]
In a stated attempt at bringing peace to this region, the Pakistani Government on 16 February 2009, signed a peace accord with the Taliban and agreed to the imposition of Sharia law in Swat and suspension of military offensives against the Taliban. This agreement invoked mixed reactions from the locals: some are relieved on the prospect of relative peace, while others are more skeptical about the Talibanisation of this scenic paradise and the push that this accord would give to the spread of Taliban's movement in Pakistan.[28] International concern primarily stems from the rigidity with which the Taliban is seen to be imposing Sharia. Others point to the impact such an accord will have in empowering radical Islamists and the jihadi movement in Pakistan and elsewhere.[29]
February 2009 ceasefire
Main article: Nizam-e-Adl Regulation 2009
The Pakistani government announced on February 16, 2009 that it would allow Sharia law in the Malakand region. In return, Fazlullah's followers agreed to observe a ceasefire negotiated by Sufi Muhammad.[30][31][32]
Reactions to Ceasefire
NATO feared that the agreement would only serve to allow militants to regroup and to create a safe haven for cross-border attacks into Afghanistan.[33]
Amnesty International expressed concern that the agreement would legitimize human rights abuses in the region.[30]
The people of Swat have welcomed this peace-agreement as welcome respite from the fighting that had brought their lives to a standstill.[who?] However, reports from the area suggest that this agreement has been accepted by them out of fear of continuous fighting that has destroyed the once scenic tourist haven.[citation needed] With the imposition of Nizam-e-Adl, some colleges and schools, including those for women, have reopened.[citation needed] However, women have to conceal themselves from head to toe as per the Islamic law or Shariah.[citation needed] Furthermore, Pakistanis are now scared that this deal may only serve to embolden militants to spread their influence into more settled parts of Pakistan.[citation needed]
Despite the reported ceasefire, the Taliban have refused to lay down their arms[34]. Various international political and security analysts are opining that this deal and refusal to lay down arms may have devastating effects on the stability of Pakistan.[35][36][37]
April-May 2009 Pakistani offensive
Through a media broadcast, the Pakistani government announced in late April that it would fight the Taliban in the Swat Valley, this war is called swat operation. This led to a humanitarian crisis. The United Nations Commissioner for Refugees announced that between 150,000 to 200,000 civilians had fled the war zone.[citation needed] The Pakistani military took back multiple Taliban strongholds, such as Rama Kandhao ridge in Matta and a Taliban headquarters in Loenamal. On the 8th of May, the Pakistani military announced that around 80 Taliban fighters had been killed and two Pakistani soldiers had been injured. Air strikes, artillery bombardment and rocket attacks by helicopter gunships are being undertaken extensively. As of 11 May, the military spokesperson of the ISPR report that as many as 200 militants had been killed in the fighting with Pakistan Army troops, also that Pakistan helibourne commandos had been inserted in the area which is the main stronghold of these militants.[38] By early June 2009, most of Swat was freed from Taliban and Mingora, the main town of Swat, was in complete government control and then pakistan government started focusing army on South Waziristan.[citation needed]
Chapter 1: Dani s’ Introduction to Harappan Ciphers
Ahmad Hasan Dani , Nazeer Ahmad Chaudhry , Sony
Section 1.1: Sample Draft
Section2.2:Pre-Historical Perspective
Section2.3:Pre- Harappan Culture.
Section2.4:Harappan Culture
Section2.5:Harappan Civilization
Section2.6: Confirmation of Conclusions
Section2.7:Terminal Symbols
Section2.8: Bibliography
Summary | Full Text: PDF (Size: 3924K)
Chapter1: Dani s’ Introduction to Harappan Ciphers
Dr. Prof. Ahmad Hasan Dani , Nazeer Ahmad Chaudhry( Researcher) , Sony
Interview with Dani
Dani (1-9) had confirmed most of our conclusions after a detailed interview(10). Nazeer Ahmad Chaudhry( Researcher) and author extends thanks to Farah Dani and all others including Sony(11) . Dani gave detailed account of his life and research work that is on the record hence it is not being repeated. He also gave account of his meeting with Parpola regarding his decipherment (12). We were lost in the ruins of Mohenjodaro available at Mark(13-14) and Omar (1984) IVC sites. Sony is giving the narrative .
The horse hoax was being debated at internet and Author asked the comment from Dani. He said smiling that we are actually Vani from Central Asia and Brahmans hence we support them then he became serious and said that there is no government support and we have limited number of scholars doing this work at their own hence we might complement them , however an agreement is historical evidence.
South Asia is a land of many different cultures and traditions with thousands of sites. The prehistoric scripts , motifs and symbols found during Kot Diji Culture (Khan(1965) are quite different from matured Harappan Scripts 1900-1300 B.C . We are interested in the symbols, signs , pictorials and motifs , logos like 1, 2, and 3 or 33 , some symbols, signs and pictorials used in other civilizations imported from other civilizations during 1500-1300 B.C. period for this decryption.
Harappan Scripts
Table-1 shows a mixture of roughly over 26 symbols with many variants but we are mostly interested for terminal symbols over 11 starting from right to left like Arabicc alphabets. Dani narrated his meeting with Asko Parpola about his effort of decipherment He , B.B. Lal , Russian Professors and many others had rejected this decipherment. One of the questions frequently asked about the Indus script whether it represents any systematic writing of any language at all is not relevant to our decryption. Dani an eminent Pakistani archaeologist , historian and linguistic is expert on 35 languages and dialects. He is authority on Central Asia , South Asia and Harappan Civilization. He is particularly known for archaeological work on Pre-Harappan Culture. We have no disagreement with even with those who agree that the writings of the Harappan Civilization are not a haphazard arrangement of signs and are at variance with one another. Our purpose in this decryption is to carry out frequency analysis of the script of Matured Harappan Civilization in the last stage 1500-1300 B.C. in order to bring out the statistical structure of the cipher-texts.
Many of sites remain hidden under the ruins of Mohenjodaro , Harappa and other sites. It seems to be the culture of another mythology with tradtions of burial , sacrifices and the motif of bull is found that is not a pictorial . The major diety seems to be horned buffalo and buffelo horned yougi . Mehrgarh 7000 B.C site in Gedrosia pertains to the seventh and third millennium B.C. It covers Neolithlic 6500- 4500 B.C. and Chalcolithic4500- 2600 B.C era. We have tablets , tools , figurines of women with heavy jewelry and ceramics of very fine quality . The motif of fish , scorpian , goat and many others including the mythology are different in matured Harappa civilization Some of the scripts , symbols and signs pertaining to Harappan culture 2600-1900 B.C. are different from previous Kot Diji .
We compliment efforts in decipherment of Indus scripts as written language . Anything before 1900 B.C. including the sign-board from Dholavira consisting of 10 large signs, each sign approximately 37cm by 27cm, embedded in semi-precious stones on a wooden board and an innovate addition of many seals and tablets and even horses is wonderful contribution. Our scope in decryption is limited to Matured Harappan Ciphers in 1500-1300 B.C. those were found from upper layers .
Tablets
The tablet shown above has five symbols. The 1st two from right the inverted boa or jar with logo2 on top and lance below is one symbol. , The 4th boa with logo3 inside is third symbol. Vertical 4 line written in bottom line is 4th symbol at number 5 and last 6th position symbol of comb is 5th symbol called the terminal symbol. We have special problem with this terminal symbol and comb inside the bangle or encircled comb in frequency analysis. We require an ethno-archaeological model for frequency analysis of these symbols. Tablets is a standard form of issuing orders like present day deeds , written orders and other transactions sent as encrypted messages or cipher-texts. It had been common practice in all ancient civilizations to issue the orders as tablets . The amulets and tablets also served as identity documents and trade deals. The direction of the writing of scripts on the amulets , artifices and tablets is from right to left like Arabic ,Persian and Urdu and the local languages Punjabi and Pothwari languages spoken in the oldest culture Samma the Sowan Valley 0.5 million years old culture of stone age . We are not saying that Dravidian in IVC or Naga tribe in Snake Valley Taxila adopted the writing system from the creatures of stone age .
Let us consider a sample of ten tablets in Table -2 . The frequency count of boa left and diamond the right symbol in tablet-1, The left symbol bearer in tablet-2 , the right symbol harrow or saw in tablet -5, the left symbol leveling tool (KRAH) , left symbol comb in bangle in tablet-8 or comb are terminal symbols. We can not carry out any frequency analysis for such a limited data but we would count the symbols using statistical methods and use an ethno-archaeological model to regenerate more data .
Seals
The direction of the writing on the seals is from right to left like English language in s1 Table-3 . Stamping the seal gives the writing from left to right as shown above in the tablet discussed above and in table-2. The seal ‘s2’ above when stamped gives the seal impression as ‘t2’.The seals being used in present day environments for signatures is different from the use of Indus seals that pertains to the level of security in modern concept . The amulet as identity document was given to the officials but messengers or speedy system of communication in IVC were given tablets or it may be tablet as stamped seal impression. Let assume a trained bird or racing camel or buffalo or trained tiger or trained crocodile or rhenocerous for swamps and rivers as communication systems. They may be insecure for special purposes as like any of the modern system in cryptology.
The use of impression of a seal as tablet may be compared with a book code as example of a more secure algorithm . The priest on both ends had same seals like the sender and the receiver of the modern code each having a copy of the same book. During encoding, each word in the plaintext is replaced with a code group that indicates where that same word appears in the book. Different occurrences of the same word in the plaintext may be represented by different code groups in the encoded message. With this method, the key is the book itself. Although a person who intercepts a message may guess that a book code is being used, the messages cannot be decoded unless the interceptor can determine what edition of what book is being used. In IVC system special staff priest trained at Priest College Mohenjodaro were present in other states and foreign countries with set of tablets and seals. The orders as seal impression tablet could give the actual tablets to be issued to specific staff to execute the orders.
The security , public policy and prevention of fraud in modern concept as given by Camp (15-21) has to be linked with ancient methods in an ethno-archaeological model. Giving Tablet as actual secret message through any of the communication channels in use during 1500-1300 B.C. was equally insecure like the modern cipher systems that involve transmitting or storing the key with each message. If an unauthorized person can recognize the key, then the next step is to recognize, guess at, or figure out the algorithm. Even without the key, the code breaker can guess the algorithm, and then, by trying all the possible keys in succession, can conceivably recover the plaintext. For example, in Caesar's alphabetical cryptosystem being discussed in next chapters , the cryptanalyst could simply try each of the 25 possible values of the key. The security of transmissions can therefore be increased by increasing the number of possible keys and by increasing the amount of time it takes to try each key. If the same key is used for multiple messages, the cryptanalyst only has to figure out one key; but by varying the key from one message to another, the cipher clerk has used a different procedure for encoding each one. The use of seal impressions as tablets in IVC ciphers is like using a complicated algorithm that may have a very large number of possible keys. The decryption in modern system if the basic algorithm is known or guessed is made difficult due to the time and effort required to try all possible keys that may take years for finding the plaintext.
IVC cipher remain as unbreakable system during the century like the most secure encryption method known was the one-time pad. The pad is a long list of different randomly chosen keys. Two and only two identical copies of the list of keys exist . The one for the person enciphering the message like the priest issuing the seal impression as tablet and another for whoever is deciphering it like the priest at the other end who knew the message coded as tablet. In OTP, a key is discarded and never used again after being used for one message but in IVC the same seal can be used again because the ciphers are only taught to specific priests and not the users. In OTP the next message will use the next key on the list. If the algorithm is even moderately complicated and the keys are long enough, cryptanalysis is practically impossible. In IVC ciphers the seal impression as tablet may be same but the tablets issued at other end might be different .
Terminal Symbols
The 1st symbol on the right side of seals and the leftmost symbol on the left the last one are called the terminal symbols We have selected after frequency analysis not given here about 11 terminal symbols shown in line-1 of table-3 appearing as 1st symbol on the right side of the seals.
We may call them as boa the 1st on right , diamond or coin , bearer , comb in bangle or encircled comb , comb , lance or spear , harrow or saw , wheel , level tool ( KRAHA) and riding stripe ( RUKAB).
We assumes the senate of priests holding important duties as VPs assisted by AVPs the headmen of tribes and supervisors from technical workforce from respective fields at execution level. . Dani confirms our conclusions for terminal symbols Mahadevan s’ analysis (1982:316) confirms the concept of priest for our ‘boa’ an his ‘jar’ symbol1 but with Sanskrit equivalent.
We do not require any confirmation in mathematical solution of cryptanalysis. The experts in frequency analysis have empirical solutions accepted by all cryptologists and cryptanalysts. The boa Symbol is confirmed as English letter E according to empirical solutions in cryptanalysis. The priest ruler in our analysis is confirmed by Dani our Sanskrit expert and he said that it had nothing to do with Sanskrit. Mahadevan s’ analysis ( 1982:316) confirms the concept of priest but with Sanskrit equivalent
The symbol 2 has largest frequency occurrence after boa symbol and it is termed as symbol of coin or diamond.
Dani confirms coin or diamond symbol 3 an priest VP with financial duties with no Sanskrit equivalent. Mahadevan s’ analysis ( 1982:316) also confirms symbol 3 as officer with priest duties but with Sanskrit equivalent.
The ciphers, crypto systems , and codes in cryptology or Harappan ciphers 1500-1300 B.C. being considered for our cryptanalysis are just like a mule. Every one agrees that a mule cannot generate a daughter. The mule might be forced to adopt a daughter as unique case after brutal attack for training as we call it brutal attack in cryptanalysis for code breaking The concept of spoken language equivalent like Sanskrit or others may be valid for earlier scripts and we have no objection to such adopted daughters.
Bull Pictorials
The seal on the left becomes tablet in the right side but inscription may be different for seal impression hence above is only an example just to show the direction of terminal symbols. We have large variety of bulls like Zebu or bhahmi bull , short horned bull , humped bull and humpless bull beside the unicorns. Many of the animal systems are used as nick names as a fun in our area of the oldest culture of stone age like bull and Ass for girls .I have retrieved old English Teacher books serial 190-191 from my childhood library that had very interesting (22) history.
Nixon mentioned in his book The Leaders
Boa Motif
Animal Motifs
Conclusions
Long interview with Dani reflecting the confirmation of conclusions by Dani, B.B. Lal, Russian Professors, Tosi, Durani Mughal, Mark and other scholars is not being discussed. We are mentioning some of the conclusions also confirmed or partially confirmed by Asko Parpola and I. Mahadevan through their published work.
The direction of writing on amulets, tablets, and seal impressions is from right to left like Arabic, Persian and Urdu and reversed on the seals like English. Conclusion is agreed by all scholars
Indus ciphers and codes represent system like logo-syllabic writing. This doesn’t constitute a closed system of single-valued graphemes as the syllabic and alphabetic scripts, which could be cracked as wholes. The conclusion is confirmed by Asko Parpola, Dani , Mark and other scholars
The individual symbols may be interpreted one by one, and some of the ciphers may remain eternal mysteries. The conclusion is confirmed by Asko Parpola, Dani, Mark and other scholars.
The Indus Ciphers were essentially similar to the other pictographic ciphers evolved by priests in China , Egypt and others .Many scholars like Dani , Fairservis , Mark and others confirm the conclusion
The Indus Ciphers are like a mule unable to adopt any of ancient language as daughter hence decipherment based on languages was rejected by scholars like Dani, B.B. Lal, and Russian Profs. and many others
The spoken language of the Indus people was Dravidian confirmed by Asko Parpola, Dani, Mark and other scholars. Our cryptanalysis shows that it not found in Script ciphers. This was the system like Liner A codes but no Linear B codes were required.
Harappan professed different religion in Kot Diji culture era that may be genetically related to the religions of both the ancient West Asia and the later India. The mythology of matured Harappan Civilization is different from any other mythology and mythology in ancient India.
The terminal symbols appearing at the left of the writing on amulets, tablets and seal impression are most important in frequency analysis. The right symbol on the seals is the terminal symbol on seal impressions.
Let me complement Possehl , Tosi (1993), Walter, Fairservis, Shaffer ,), B.B.Lal, Durani(1981), Jacobson, Terome(1986), Kenoyer (1985), Ratnagar(1991) and many others who contributed to Indus Valley research. Iravatham Mahadevan seems to be greater scholar when he sys that he could n't decipher the scripts inpite of his over 40 yeras research work. Ahmad Hassan Dani , B.B. Lal and Russian professors are the greates who disagreed to excellent research work by Asko Parpola. Being student of topsecret science Cryptology since childhood , I was associated with code and ciphers. After long discussion with Dani about above researchers and scholars and his work with some of them , we came to the claim of decipherment by Jha N and Rajaram (2000) that I thought the broken seal by Mackay showing rear portion of bull being called hoof of a horse. Dani said smiling , " We am actually Vani from Central Asia hence I would like to apprecite the work by Brahamans ". Then added that government funding is very limited and any effort like the effort of Jha N and Rajaram has to be appreciated but we mightn't agree with decipherment if it is not correct. Then he narrated all the conversation with Parapola and finally he disagreed.
Dried Up River Hakra
Let us run an ethno-archaeological model on the Scripts during 1500-1300B.C. period. We have no comments on any of the efforts of deciphering efforts of IVC scripts as spoken language. IVC existed from Kot D.G era before 2600 B.C. , Harappa 2600-1900 B.C. and matured Harappa 1900-1300 B.C . The direction of shifting from Harappa to Mohenjodaro, and Lothal during 1500-1300 B.C. is assumed . Gedrosia and Kalibangan might have been left due to Aryans but Dholavera, the sites in Cholistan ( Mughal (1997) and Kot D.G. vanished earlier due to heavy floods and climatic changes and the final drying up of the Hakra /Kangra/ Sarasvati in 1900 B.C.
IVC script is found on amulets, tablets and seals. Some of symbols, signs, numerals , pictorials and motif seem to be universal or imported from other civilizations of China , Egypt and in cuneiform texts from Mesopotamia as well as in the ancient Iran. Scholars had been trying to link the scripts to any of the pre-historic languages like Indo-European They provide a reliable basis for this decipherment. The main conclusion is as follows: the Proto-Indian language is the Proto-Indo-Aryan () one. The direction of the writing is right to left like Arabic on amulets and tablets and it may be reversed for seal impressions. Signs depicted on seals and tablets have basically the left-right orientation. It is well to bear in mind that the direction of the reading of a record depends on the context, too. In this work all the texts are transformed so that they have a common direction from left to right. This report contains a number of quasi-bilingual sources that can be the base of the decipherment (Rjabchikov 2006a; 2006b) (1).
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Evolution of Ethno-Archaeological Model
1.Nazeer Ahmad Chaudhry, Integration of TCP/IP Protocol Suites with Cryptographic Security approved Ph. D. Electrical & Electronics Engg.) In Total Technology thesis at University of Bradford U.K.
2.Nazeer Ahmad , Secure MIS book draft sent to Artic House Norwood
3.Nazeer Ahmad, Secure MIS in Business Communication, B.M.A. Preston University Research Paper in MIS subject.
4.Nazeer Ahmad ,Protection of Radio Tele-printing Circuits, The Qasid Magazine ,Military College of Signals , NUST Campus Rawalpindi, 1987,pp 25-29
5.Nazeer A. Chaudhry ,Protection of Speech and Data Communication Circuits , The Qasid Magazine ,Military College of Signals , NUST Campus Rawalpindi, 1988,pp 52-56
6.Nazeer Ahmad ,Neo-Communication Security Environments, The Qasid Magazine ,Military College of Signals , NUST Campus Rawalpindi, 1990,pp 25-29
7.Nazeer Ahmad Chaudhry ,Communication Systems , MS Thesis MUET Jamshoro 1990-1992,
8.N. A. Chaudhry , Protection of Electronics & Electrical Equipment, The Hilal Magazine , ISPR Publication , volume 22 , 22-29 December 1994
9.N. A. Chaudhry , Tele-computers and Security Beyond Year 2000, The Hilal Magazine , ISPR Publication , January 1995
10.N. A. Chaudhry , Tele-computers and Security Beyond Year 2000, The Qasid Magazine ,Military College of Signals , NUST Campus Rawalpindi, 1994
11.N. A. Chaudhry , Tactical Nuclear Operations : Indian Option for 21st Century, Pakistan Defence Review, Volume 6, 1994, pp 80-92
12.N. A. Chaudhry , Integrated National Defence , Pakistan Army Green Book, 1991, pp343-346
13.N. A. Chaudhry , Safety Equipment for Nuclear Operations , T.S.O. Research Paper , E.M.E. College NUST Campus Rawalpindi, 1985
14.Nazeer Ahmad. Chaudhry , Pre- Evolution History Corps of Signals 1847-1947, SRC Publishers Hyderabad, 1992
15.Nazeer Ahmad. Chaudhry, Design and Development of Secrecy Electronics Communication System, M. Phil. ( Electronics Engg. ) thesis at MUET Jamshoro, 1993-1995
16.Nazeer Ahmad. Chaudhry , Electronics Warfare Doctrine Under Hostile Environments , Pakistan Army Green Book, 1991, pp 287-290
17.N. A. Chaudhry , Cryptographic and Computer Security , The Hilal Magazine , ISPR Publication , volume 24 , 19 January 1995
18.N. A. Chaudhry ,Evolution of Codes and Ciphers , The Hilal Magazine , ISPR Publication , 8 February 1995
19.N. A. Chaudhry , Cryptographic Security Systems , The Hilal Magazine , ISPR Publication , volume 20 , 15 December 1994
20.N. A. Chaudhry , Protection of Electronics & Electrical Equipment, The Hilal Magazine , ISPR Publication , volume 22 , 22-29 December 1994
21.N. A. Chaudhry , Axiomatic Educational Strategy for 21st Century , Research Paper presented at IEEEP Lahore ,1995 and published in local press
22.Nazeer Ahmad , Quality Education , Pakistan Observer Daily, 18 November 1998
23.Nazir Ahmad Chaudhry, Education System & National Development , The Jung Daily, 6 February 1995
24.Nazir Ahmad Chaudhry , A Short History Of Lahore & Its Monuments, 2000, Sang-e-Meel Publisher Lahore
25.Nazeer Ahmad, Legal Settlement of Kashmir Problem , Pakistan Army Journal , U.N. and Kashmir Issue , Pakistan Observer Daily, 15 November 1994
26.Nazeer Chaudhry , Islamic Requirements of Justice System, , Daily Markaz, 22 February1998 Islamabad
27.Nazeer Chaudhry , Islamic System of Saudi Arabia , Daily Markaz, 8 September 1998 Islamabad
28.Nazeer Ahmad , Face Reading : Integration of Forecasting and Prediction Technologies for Solution of Problems , Bazem –i- Alm –o-Fun Islamabad 2000
29.Nazeer Ahmad , Solution to National Problems , Daily Markaz, 21 September,1998
30.Nazeer Chaudhry, How to Reduce Budget Deficit , Daily Markaz, 3 April,1999, 4 April,1999, 11 April,1999, Islamabad
31.Nazeer Ahmad , Solution to Public Problems , The Exclusive Weekly, Islamabad, 26 September 1996
32.Nazeer Chaudhry, Budget and Unemployment , Asas Daily , 20 June 1999
33.Nazeer Ahmad , Time to Shake Hands With India , The Exclusive Weekly, Islamabad, 16 July 1991
34.Nazeer Ahmad , Face Reading : Integration of Forecasting and Prediction Technologies for Solution of Problems , Defense Digest Monthly, October 1992, pp 53-87
35.Nazeer Ahmad, Constitution of Pakistan and Peoples’ rights , 2004
36.Nazeer Ahmad , We can’t Progress Without Science Education, Pakistan Observer Daily, 2 November 1994
37.Nazeer Chaudhry, South Asian Economy and Kashmir , Al Akhbar Daily, 16 October 1999
38.Nazir Ahmad Chaudhry, Peace, Security &Development, Daily Markaz, 17 Agust,1998, Islamabad
39.Nazir Ahmad Chaudhry, Harappa : the cradle of our civilization , Sang-e-Meel Publication,2002
40.N. A. Chaudhry , Modern Technology Impacts of Defence , Pakistan Army Journal , 1994, pp62-74
41.N.A. Chaudhry , Tourism Development , The Parwaz Monthly Islamabad, June 1999
42.Nazir Ahmad Chaudhry, Multan :glimpses, Sang-e-Meel Publication,2002
43.N.A. Chaudhry , Tourism Development in Pakistan , Friday News Weekly, 6 July 1999
44.N.A. Chaudhry , Tourism Development , The Parwaz Monthly Islamabad, September 1999
45.N.A. Chaudhry , Tourism Development , The Parwaz Monthly Islamabad, June 1999
46.Nazir Ahmad Chaudhry, Basanat :a cultural festival of Lahore , Sang-e-Meel Publication,2001
47.Nazir Ahmad , Academic libraries in a developing society ,1984, Sang-e-Meel Publication
48.Nazeer Ahmad , 21st Century Challenges for Our Engineers, Pakistan Observer Daily, 11 December 1994
49.Nazir Ahmad , University library practices in developing countries ,1984, Sang-e-Meel Publication
50.Nazeer Ahmad , New Trends in Energy Generation, Pakistan Observer Daily, 2 November 1994
51.Nazir Ahmad, Oriental presses in the world ,1985, Sang-e-Meel Publication
52.Nazir Ahmad Chaudhry, Eastern Science of Medicine, Pakistan Observer Daily, 18 March 1995
53.N.A. Chaudhry, Kala Bagh Dam , Niwa –i- Waqat Daily, 14 July 1998
54.Nazir Ahmad Chaudhry , Ghulam Rasul Chaudhry , Irrigated Agriculture in Pakistan , Sang-e-Meel Publication,1988
55.Nazeer Chaudhry, Pakistan –US Relations, Markaz Daily 22 July 1998, Islamabad
56.Nazeer Chaudhry, Pakistan –US Relations, Markaz Daily 28 July 1998, Islamabad
57.Nazir Ahmad Chaudhry, Anarkali, archives and tomb of Sahib Jamal : a study in perspective , Sang-e-Meel Publication,2002,
58.Nazir Ahmad Chaudhry, Ground Water Resources in Pakistan, Sang-e-Meel Publication, 1974.Nazeer Chaudhry, Expected Attack on Atomic Instillations Pakistan , Osaf Daily 5June 1998, Islamabad
59.Nazeer Chaudhry, Regional Cooperation and Pakistani Forces, Markaz Daily 30 June 1999, Islamabad
60.Nazeer Chaudhry, Circulation of Money Al Akhbar Daily 17 February 2003, Islamabad
61.Nazeer Chaudhry, Solution of Unemployment Problem , Daily Subha, , 17 April 2004, Islamabad
62.Nazeer Chaudhry, Inflation, Unemployment and Terrorism, Daily Subha, , 9 August 2004, Islamabad
63.Nazeer Chaudhry, Social and Economic Welfare of Society , Daily Ehsas , 6 April 1999, Islamabad
64.Nazeer A. Chaudhry, Strategic Dimension of Pakistan, Submitted to Pakistan Defence Review, 2005
65.Nazeer A. Chaudhry, Solution to Kashmir Problem, Submitted to Pakistan Defence Review
66.Nazeer Chaudhry, How to End Terrorism, Daily Markaz , 8 November 1998 , Islamabad
From: N.A. Chaudhry : My thanks to A. Times for registration . Decrypted Secrets of Harappan Civilization 19oo-1300 B.C. can be used for peace and security in Asia and end of terrorism.Global trade through IVC ( Indus Valley Civilization) worth $7.5 billions and trading of largest oil & gas reserves worth over $ 15 Trillions from central Asia is being blocked because , presnt Asians are not so civlized as compared with the Senate of tragers of Harappan States : Harappa , Mohenjodaro, Dholavera , Lothal and Gedrosia . Dani said during very long interview with me for approval of conclusions on 1st cryptanalysis model on IVC script. ,"South Asia was termed as golden sparrow and every one got the job at his door step . Grains and water was protected and we find best model of social security and protection of human rights.Many scholars tried the kicking mule ( IVC scripts ) to accept the daughter ( any of ancient language like Dravidian , Brahvi, and many others ) or at least to adopt it. Many scholars including Dani, B. B. Lal , Russian Professors , Steve Farmer and Michael from Harvard University , Fairservis and others who confirm our conclusions that we might stop forcing the mule to accept the given daughter. Sunskrit literature evolved in Ganga valley even ignores events like attack by Alender in Indus Valley but the literature evolved in1300-1000 B.C. era according to new dating was made to mention the dried up river Hakrra/ Kangra or Srawati( Mughal -1997) in 1990B.C. as flowing big river. After extensive travelling and research work and spending in 5 years including 7 day journey on helicopter , I conclude that this was excessive floods over 18 recorded by Mark & Possehl and change of coarse by indus that shifted Harappa culture to 2600-1900 B.C. to matured Harappan civilzation. Kot Diji culture (Khan -1965) 3500-2600B.C. was quite diffent culture with differnt mythology motifs and symbols having burials sacrfices and divine god like others. Matured Harappan civilization is different adopting global cult of sun god and King Priest was not a divine god. We are not including methimatical cryptanalysis and we ware not diagreeing to anything.. Dravidian the sopken language was not required to be in written form. Do we have any of local languages in written scripts. The answer on record is no . The oldest culture of stone age is Suma ( Sownan Valley ) 0.5 -2.5 million yera old along with bone of Peking man 0.5 m , Iwaja in Japan , a city under the sea at Indian Gujrat coast , oldest city near dead sea in Jordan and Mehrgarh in Gedrosia of 8000 B.C. We had history as sing subject in oldest culture of the world till 1960s and we have elders using counting system of 20s till 1970s in Suma. According to the research by General Kungham Aryan had left Suma ( the salt range & Kashmir in 1426 B.C. and it was being ruled by Anavas tribe. Aran started arriving around 2500 B.C. in small grups as cattle grazers but they had evolved sunskrit before 1900 B.C. seening a big flowing river Hakra. Dani, Mughal and others call it a seperate river but we call it previous alignment of Indus. The concept of roads and rivers is different for people like us actually moving the troops and their suppies. Let us consider my claim that global trading route and attacking route in South Asia before Grand Trunk road was rougly 10 km wide on both sides of G.T. road. Any one who disagree is posted as logistic commader. I ask him to move the treasure of Alender 7 tons of god and silver. Eva our VP on control desk give him published data that this treasure required 26000 mules and 5000 camels. One unit is 33 men and you require over dozen units for many purposes . Two camel load is required for one man. Muhammad of Ghazni attack for Somnat had 30000 troops and 2 camels were required for one soldier for water and rations. We requre the grazing grounds for cattle, local labour , water replenshment and replacement for sick animals . We require a herd of cattles for ration. It may requre few months to get the convoy moved after prepration of many months.
The terms Block Cipher and Stream Cipher are borrowed from modern cryptanalysis (1). The methods and maxims of cryptology were reviewed to find the decrypted secrets of Let us take a very simple example of a message to be encrypted 46 words and 252 characters with spaces and 204 without spaces.
“His Excellency The King Priest of Harappa State as Chairman of Senate for Global Trading Coordinator in South Asia is pleased to order the new seal and signatures to be taken as final orders for all priests to be enforced from 1 January 1900 B.C. “
Let me complement Marshal (1931) , Wheeler (1956), Mackay , Magan, Ghosh, Wolley , Ghosh, Roy (1953), Possel , Tosi (1993), Walter, Fairservis, Sfaffer , Vats(1940), B.B.Lal, Durani(1981), Jacobson, Terome(1986), Kenoyer (1985), Khan F.A.(1965), Ratnagar(1991) and many others who contributed to Indus Valley research. Iravatham Mahadevan seems to be greater scholar when he sys that he could n't decipher the scripts inpite of his over 40 yeras research work. Ahmad Hassan Dani , B.B. Lal and Russian professors are the greates who disagreed to excellent research work by Asko Parpola. Being student of topsecret science Cryptology since childhood , I was associated with code and ciphers. After long discussion with Dani about above researchers and scholars and his work with some of them , we came to the claim of decipherment by Jha N and Rajaram (2000) that I thought the broken seal by Mackay showing rear portion of bull being called hoof of a horse. Dani said smiling , " We am actually Vani from Central Asia hence I would like to apprecite the work by Brahamans ". Then added that government funding is very limited and any effort like the effort of Jha N and Rajaram has to be appreciated but we mightn't agree with decipherment if it is not correct. Then he narrated all the conversation with Parapola and finally he disagreed
My highest compliments to all concerned for excellent site."Sir, You have taken a right step to get those Swings removed from site of Harrapa" , Visitors thanked great scholar Dani when I visited his house in 2005. I had taken years to get it done by publishing many articles requesting peoples to create more facilities at cultural heritage sites. My kids and wife would had been cursing me for taking them to Harrapa quite often , My family was not craking Indus Scripts in 1989 because I had more than one computer as Manager Army Computer Club Okara but they had to crack Indus Scripts in 1995 becaue we had just one 486 computer for 3 kids and myself. What attraction kids and families had in ruins visiting 7th time.
“ What you think about round stone with stone round rod in the center and other on the top with hole in the center like grinding stone on top” , my expert visitor Egyptian asked on my 7th visit to Museum of Sasi & Punu two lovers near Twin port Karachi. Being from stone age cultural area , still using hand grinding in 1980 , acting as guide to my guest during last 6 tours , I thought it some sort of grinding though grinding stone are opposite to this , top has a wooen handle to move the stone , hole in the center has wooden piece a slot to where fulcrum from lower stone stone rest. Lower stone has a hole and tappered wooden piece is used for adjust ment of fuckrum. “ But how you would move this set for grinding , this is from tepmle used by issueless women “ , my expert visitor guided me on 7th visit.
My compliments to Thailand tourism , Ms Nani and the driver , she guided me in such an excellent fashon in 1995 that I still remember her. “ No guidence in the way , I would sit with driver , you have to be VIP not speaking a word “ , Nani gave the briefing on a cup of coffe before we started for visit of Royal Palace. She was such an excellent guide that she even gave out out cost of golden budda’s constume , golden bricks on the outer wall of golden temple. They had even kept book on Bhuddaism in my room. Bhudaism started from Taxila Pakistan but we have to make living model of previous prehistoric cultures of snake worshipers and other
Historical Perspective
1st success decryption of Indus Scripts confirmed through works of Dani, B B Lal , Mehdewan, Fair Server , Mark, Russian Professoers and many others in the century was approved by Dani in 2005. South Asia as most peaceful global trader and protector of global trading routes was known as ‘golden sparrow’.Everyone got job at his home and economy was stable. “ We must share our research work because there is no government support” Dani said . We have many secrets from Indus Script decryption that can make South Asia as most peaceful region for global trading. Global Peace Mega Project at. twitter.com/#!/nazeeraahmadch. We salute Anhazari for greatmove against anti corruption
Harappan civilization reached improbable heights and evolved amazing scripts .
Ancient inscriptions and pictorials starting from Mehrgarh Gedrosia 7000 BC till fall of civilization have always been an enigma. The glories of the ruined cities and their amazing un-deciphered script had many researchers imagining a gentle society of priests and scribes. Our decrypted secrets explain a culture that reached the heights of artistic achievement during 1900-1300 BC termed as Harappan civilization. New clues, unearthed from research on ruins and from our decrypted secrets point to new civilization of global trading termed as Matured Harappan
The settlement of Kot Diji culture mostly remained l hidden under the ruins of Mohenjodaro , Harappa and other big cities now known as Harappan Civilization 2600-1900 BC . Ethno-archaeological model is assuming much as it was when the first 50 hunting groups arrived in perhaps 8000 – 7000 BC connected with the arrival of Adam on earth. A dense forest , marshes and barren land where wild animals ruled was shared by manlike creatures . scarlet macaws, toucans, and vultures nest in towering tropical hardwoods. Scorpions , mountain , goats , fish , water buffalos lived together . These creatures and monkeys swing from branches and vines and howler monkeys bellow in the distance. It had been a land of jungle , marshes , mud, serpents and sweat, and tigers and horned tigers the lord of the jungle . The earliest arrivals of these creatures has been excavated in Samma Soan Valley of stone age where we find caves is probably had no choice—overcrowding elsewhere may have forced them into this forbidding environment. But once there, they mastered its challenges. Settling near rivers, lakes, and swamps, they learned to maximize the thin soil's productivity. They cleared the forest for maize, squash, and other crops by slashing and burning, much as today's Maya do, then re-enriched the land by alternating crops and letting fields lie fallow.
As populations grew, they adopted more intensive methods of cultivation—composting, terracing, irrigation. They filled in swamps to create fields and carried silt and muck from bottomlands to fertilize enclosed gardens. Artificial ponds yielded fish, and corrals held deer and other game flushed from the forest. The ancient Maya ultimately coaxed enough sustenance from the meager land for several million people, many times more than now live in the region.
Over the centuries, as the Maya learned to prosper in the rain forest, the settlements grew into city-states, and the culture became ever more refined. The Maya built elegant multiroom palaces with vaulted ceilings; their temples rose hundreds of feet toward the heavens. Ceramics, murals, and sculpture displayed their distinctive artistic style, intricate and colorful. Though they used neither the wheel nor metal tools, they developed a complete hieroglyphic writing system and grasped the concept of zero, adopting it for everyday calculations. They also had a 365-day year and were sophisticated enough to make leap-year-like corrections. They regularly observed the stars, predicted solar eclipses, and angled their ceremonial buildings so that they faced sunrise or sunset at particular times of year.
Mediating between the heavens and earth were the Maya kings—the kuhul ajaw, or holy lords, who derived their power from the gods. They functioned both as shamans, interpreting religion and ideology, and rulers who led their subjects in peace and war. Demarest and others have described the Maya centers as "theater states" in which the kuhul ajaw conducted elaborate public rituals to give metaphysical meaning to movements of the heavens, changes of the calendar, and the royal succession.
Behind the cloak of ritual, the Maya cities acted like states everywhere, making alliances, fighting wars, and trading for goods over territory that ultimately stretched from what is today southern Mexico through the Petén to the Caribbean coast of Honduras. Well-worn trails and stucco-paved causeways crisscrossed the forest, and canoes plied the rivers. But until Fire Is Born arrived, the Maya remained politically fragmented, the city-states charting their own courses in the jungle.
By 378 Waka was a prestigious center, boasting four main plazas, hundreds of buildings, temple mounds up to 300 feet (90 meters) tall, ceremonial palaces clad in painted stucco, and courtyards graced with carved limestone altars and monuments. A trading power, it occupied a strategic location on the San Pedro River, which flowed westward from the heart of the Petén. Its market was filled with Maya foodstuffs such as maize, beans, chilies, and avocados, along with chicle harvested from sapodilla trees to make glue, and latex from rubber trees to make balls for ceremonial games. Exotic goods found their way to Waka as well. Jade for sculpture and jewelry and quetzal feathers for costumes came from the mountains to the south, and obsidian for weapons and pyrite for mirrors from the Mexican plateau to the west, the domain of Teotihuacan.
A sprawling metropolis of 100,000 people or more—perhaps the largest city in the world at the time—Teotihuacan left no records that epigraphers have been able to decipher. But its motives in dispatching Fire Is Born to the Maya region seem clear. Waka sat on a promontory overlooking a tributary of the San Pedro with a protected harbor, excellent for berthing large canoes. "It was a perfect staging area" for military action, notes Southern Methodist University archaeologist David Freidel, co-director of excavations at Waka. Which may be precisely what Fire Is Born had in mind.
Waka appears to have been key to the envoy's mission: to bring the entire central Petén into Teotihuacan's orbit, through persuasion if possible, force if necessary. His principal target was Tikal, a kingdom 50 miles (80 kilometers) east of Waka. Tikal was the most influential city-state in the central Petén. Bring Tikal into the fold, and the other cities would follow.
Fire Is Born's soldiers were probably shock troops, designed principally to display his bona fides and demonstrate good faith. He needed reinforcements, and he had come to Waka to get them. In return, he could offer the goodwill of his patron, a mysterious ruler known from inscriptions as Spear-thrower Owl, probably a highland king, perhaps even the lord of Teotihuacan.
Waka's ruler, Sun-faced Jaguar, apparently welcomed Fire Is Born. Based on hints in texts from Waka and other sources, Freidel, project co-director Héctor Escobedo, and epigrapher Stanley Guenter suggest that the two rulers cemented their alliance by building a fire shrine to house the sacred flame of Teotihuacan.
Along with moral support, Fire Is Born probably secured troops. His expeditionary force likely carried the spear-throwers and javelins typical of Teotihuacan and wore backshields covered with glittery pyrite, perhaps meant to dazzle the enemy when the soldiers spun around to hurl their weapons. Now warriors from the Petén, equipped with stone axes and short stabbing spears, swelled their ranks. As armor, many wore cotton vests stuffed with rock salt. Eleven hundred years later, the Spanish conquistadores shed their own metal armor in the sweltering rain forest in favor of these Maya "flak jackets."
The military expedition most likely set out for Tikal in war canoes, heading east, up the San Pedro River. Reaching the headwaters, the soldiers disembarked and marched either along the river or on the canyon rim overlooking it.
Garrisons probably dotted the route. News of the advancing column must have reached Tikal, and somewhere along the stretch of riverbank and roadway, perhaps at a break in the cliffs about 16 miles (26 kilometers) from the city, Tikal's army tried to stop Fire Is Born's advance. Inscribed slabs, called stelae, later erected at Tikal suggest that the defenders were routed. Fire Is Born's forces continued their march on the city. By January 16, 378—barely a week after his arrival in Waka—the conqueror was in Tikal.
The date is noted on Tikal's now famous Stela 31, which yielded early clues to Fire Is Born's importance when David Stuart of the University of Texas at Austin deciphered it in 2000. The second passage on the stela records what happened after the city fell: Tikal's king, Great Jaguar Paw, died that very day, probably at the hands of the vanquishers.
Fire Is Born appears to have dropped whatever pretense he had assumed as a goodwill ambassador. His forces destroyed most of Tikal's existing monuments—stelae put in place by 14 earlier rulers of Tikal. A new era had begun, and later monuments celebrated the victors. Stela 31, erected long after the conquest, describes Fire Is Born as Ochkin Kaloomte, or Lord of the West, probably referring to his origins in Teotihuacan. Some Maya experts have also suggested another meaning: that Fire Is Born represented a faction that had fled to the west—to Teotihuacan—after a coup d'état by Great Jaguar Paw's father years earlier and had now returned to power.
It apparently took Fire Is Born some time to pacify Tikal and its environs. But a year after his arrival, Tikal's monuments record that he presided over the ascension of a new, foreign king. Inscriptions identify him as the son of Spear-thrower Owl, Fire Is Born's patron in Teotihuacan. According to Stela 31, the new king was less than 20 years old, so Fire Is Born probably became Tikal's regent. He was certainly the city's de facto overlord.
In the years that followed the conquest, Tikal itself went on the offensive, expanding its reach across the Maya region. Fire Is Born appears to have masterminded the campaign, or at least inspired it. References to him have been identified in cities as distant as Palenque, more than 150 miles (240 kilometers) to the northwest. But the most poignant testimony to his empire-building comes from Uaxactún, just 12 miles (19 kilometers) from Tikal. There a mural shows a Maya nobleman giving homage to a warrior in Teotihuacan regalia—perhaps one of Fire Is Born's troops. A stela depicting a similar warrior guards a tomb where archaeologists found the remains of two women, one pregnant, a child, and an infant. Freidel and others have concluded that these were the remains of Uaxactún's royal family, slain by Tikal's forces. The king, presumably, was taken to Tikal and sacrificed there.
Decades after the arrival of Fire Is Born and long after he must have died, the aggressive rulers of Tikal continued to invoke Fire Is Born and his patron state, Teotihuacan. In 426, Tikal took over Copán, 170 miles (274 kilometers) to the south in present-day Honduras, and crowned its own king, Kinich Yax Kuk Mo, who became the founder of a new dynasty. A posthumous portrait shows him wearing a costume typical of central Mexico—a reference to Teotihuacan—and like Fire Is Born, he bore the title Lord of the West.
Some Mayanists believe that Tikal was acting as a vassal state for Teotihuacan, expanding its dominion throughout the Maya lowlands, with Fire Is Born acting as a kind of military governor. Others see him less as a conqueror and more as a catalyst who spurred Tikal to expand its own power and influence.
His fate is a mystery. There is no known record of his death, and no evidence that he ever ruled a Maya kingdom. But his prestige lived on. The Waka stela recording his arrival there wasn't erected until a generation later, indicating that even a long-ago visit from the great Fire Is Born was a matter of civic pride.
For more than a millennium, the Maya had entrusted their religious and temporal well-being to their god-kings. These leaders displayed their might and majesty in lavish rituals and pageants, in opulent art and architecture, and in written records of their triumphs, inscribed on stone, murals, and ceramics.
The system prospered—indeed, its excesses created the artistic achievements and learning that defined the Maya as one of the ancient world's great cultures—as long as the land could satisfy people's basic needs. This was easy at first when cities were small and resources relatively plentiful, but over time, growing populations, an expanding nobility, and rivalry between the city-states strained the limits of the environment.
Today the Petén, geographically the largest province in Guatemala, has a population of 367,000, living in isolated towns scattered through a forested wilderness. In the eighth century, by some estimates, ten million people lived in the Maya lowlands. The landscape was an almost unbroken fabric of intensely cultivated farms, gardens, and villages, linked by a web of trails and paved causeways connecting monumental city-states.
Maya farmers were well schooled in sophisticated techniques designed to get maximum production from delicate tropical soils. But beginning in the ninth century, studies of lake-bed sediments show, a series of prolonged droughts struck the Maya world, hitting especially hard in cities like Tikal, which depended on rain both for drinking water and to reinvigorate the swampland bajos where farmers grew their crops. River ports like Cancuén might have escaped water shortages, but across much of the Maya region the lake-bed sediments also show ancient layers of eroded soil, testimony to deforestation and overuse of the land.
When bad times came, there was little the kuhul ajaw could do to help their people. Monoculture farming—growing one staple food crop that could be accumulated and stored for hard times or for trade—could not be sustained in the rain forest. Instead, each city-state produced small quantities of many different food items, such as maize, beans, squash, and cacao. There was enough, at least at first, to feed the kingdom, but little left over.
Meanwhile, Maya society was growing dangerously top heavy. Over time, elite polygamy and intermarriage among royal families swelled the ruling class. The lords demanded jade, shells, feathers from the exotic quetzal bird, fancy ceramics, and other expensive ceremonial accoutrements to affirm their status in the Maya cosmos. A king who could not meet the requirements of his relatives risked alienating them.
The traditional rivalry among states only made matters worse. The kuhul ajaw strove to outdo their neighbors, building bigger temples and more elegant palaces and staging more elaborate public pageants. All of this required more labor, which required larger populations and, perhaps, more wars to exact tribute in forced labor from fallen enemies. Overtaxed, the Maya political system began to falter.
This period marked the golden age of Classic Maya civilization. The kuhul ajaw were in full flower in these two great alliances, competing in art and monuments as well as in frequent but limited wars. Calakmul defeated Tikal in a major battle in 562 but destroyed neither the city nor its population. Eventually Tikal rebounded and defeated Calakmul, subsequently building many of its most spectacular monuments.
Simon Martin, with Nikolai Grube of the University of Bonn, compares the Tikal-Calakmul rivalry to the superpower struggle of the 20th century, when the U.S. and the Soviet Union competed to outdo each other in fields ranging from weaponry to space travel. With neither side ever able to gain the upper hand, the Cold War arguably brought stability, and so did the standoff in the Maya world. "There was a certain degree of destruction" because of the rivalry, says Guatemalan archaeologist Héctor Escobedo. "But there was also equilibrium."
It did not last. Martin suggests the balance may have been intrinsically unstable, like the competition among the city-states of ancient Greece, or the nervous grappling between North and South in the United States prior to the Civil War. Or perhaps an overstressed environment finally caught up with the proud Maya powers, bringing a new edge of desperation to their rivalry. Either way, the unraveling began at the small garrison state of Dos Pilas, near the Pasión River downstream of Cancuén.
In 630 Tikal, trying to reassert a presence along Pasión River trade routes increasingly dominated by Calakmul, expanded an existing outpost near two large springs—pilas, in Spanish. The site had little else to recommend it. Dos Pilas grew no crops and sold nothing. Scholars call it a "predator state" that depended on tribute from the surrounding countryside. War, for Dos Pilas, was not only a ritual to glorify kings and appease gods. War was what Dos Pilas did to survive.
The kingdom's history of violence and duplicity began when Tikal installed one of its princes, Balaj Chan Kawiil, as Dos Pilas's ruler in 635. The garrison slapped together a fancy-looking capital for the young prince, using carved facades to mask loose and unstable construction fill. But in 658 Calakmul overran Dos Pilas and drove Balaj Chan Kawiil into exile.
We know the next chapter thanks to a thunderstorm that toppled a tree at Dos Pilas six years ago, exposing a carved stairway hidden beneath its roots. Inscriptions on the stairway reveal that Balaj Chan Kawiil returned two years after his exile—but as a Calakmul surrogate. Dos Pilas's turncoat king helped Calakmul cement its control over the Pasión Valley during the next two decades. Then Calakmul delivered fateful news. Its rulers ordered Balaj Chan Kawiil to fight his brother in Tikal itself.
For a time, fleeing nobles could find refuge in Cancuén, a quiet port at the headwaters of the Pasión River. Even as downriver cities sank into chaos during the eighth century, Cancuén prospered by trading luxury items and providing sumptuous lodgings for elite visitors. The architect of this golden age was King Taj Chan Ahk, who came to power in 757 at the age of 15. Cancuén had a long history as a strategic trading post, but Taj Chan Ahk transformed the city into a stunning ceremonial center. Its heart was a 270,000-square-foot (25,000 square meters), three-story royal palace with vaulted ceilings and 11 courtyards, made of solid limestone and elegantly placed on a riverside promontory. It was a perfect stage for a Maya god-king, and Taj Chan Ahk was master of the role, even as it was dying out elsewhere.
There is no evidence that Taj Chan Ahk ever fought a war or even won a battle. Instead he managed to dominate the upper Pasión Valley for nearly 40 years by coaxing advantage through patronage and alliances. An altar monument at Cancuén dated 790 shows him in action, engaged in a ceremonial ball game with an unknown noble, perhaps to celebrate a treaty or a state visit.
Taj Chan Ahk died in 795 and was succeeded by his son Kan Maax, who sought to trump his father by expanding the palace. But pomp and ritual—the old trappings of kingship—could no longer hold the Maya universe together. Within five years the spreading chaos had reached the gates of the city. In one terrible day its glory winked out, another light extinguished in the world of the Classic Maya.
Nazeer Ahmad Chaudhry
Independent Researcher from Pakistan
Author & Researcher: Decryption of Harappan Ciphers 1st successful solution in a century
President TPI Inc., President IT Genetics , Manager Asia Women Global Justice Group , Chairman Welfare Committee,
TPI has offered over 0.5 million free predicted solutions at all levels. Integrated solution based on Borderland Sciences, cryptanalysis, forecasting techniques Delphi, Scenarios and multi scenarios, war gaming and other spiritual techniques. We attach no claim with free predicted solutions. Error correction techniques and analysis may be carried out by users.
An analysis might be carried out if I can be of any use for establishing global peace by ending terrorism. I have been subjected to over 30 killing attacks, killing of over 10 members of my family and losses in millions. I have given details at petitions at Care-2, Peace pink, yahoo and other comments. Mega project research work aimed at establishing peace and security at global level by ending terrorism. I desire global board of directors sponsored by UNO to come forward for benefits of all.
I offer 1st decryption of Harappan Scripts in a century; the decrypted secrets not yet published have solution to many problems. The strategic location of Pakistan offer global trading of $ 7.5 billion per year to global community, oil and gas trading of over $ 15 trillions. I have been trained by over 250 foreign telecomm firms; I had lot of interaction with my friends from many countries as class fellows, R&D Engineer at Research Establishment, visit to Thailand, Ministry of Interior Saudi Arabia Border Guards, as operational engineer, as Zonal Manager of NGO and service in the army. I have given lot of material at Internet. My friends , colleagues , group members and others can carry out an analysis of mega project including integrated energy , renewable energy , befouls , safety and security of global trading, safe train link, herbal foods , new employments , new concepts in housing , overhauling of education systems , innovations and integration of new global technologies and many others.. We must establish an accountability system to stop official terrorists and corrupt gangs failing all the global projects.
Mega Project: Problems in offering Global Solutions
The establishment of global peace and stability by ending terrorism has been delayed due to 30 killing attacks on me, killing of 10 members of my family, loss in millions, terrorists attack on 3 sick and crippled women of 3 families, 11 of witnesses and me. Petitions have been registered. May I request global peace lovers to sign the petitions; they may not display their names.
Research Interests Nazeer ’s fundamental research is on discovering and understanding the problems and offering free solutions by forecasting/prediction through economic, social, organizational and technical interactions and techniques evolved through TPI Inc. Over 0.5 million free solutions have been offered at all level but aim of ending terrorism, corruption and prevention of fraud at any level has yet to achieve. Research Projects • Research in any field that can give protection to mankind from fraud, terrorism and human right protection. • Ethno-archaeological Model on Harappan Ciphers: Decryption of Harappan Cipher is over 30 years research project, the 1st successful cryptanalysis in the century • Axiomatic Education Strategy for 21st Century • Prevention of Fraud: Nazeer and his wife Hamida are heir to the lands & property of about 7 families hence an effort underground had been going on for killing of every member of this family. It is very interesting research work scanning the centuries how people slaughter others to become landlords by using fraud and terrorism. • Security and public policy was forced on Nazeer to accept almost all responsibilities in Home County being heir to 7 people. He suffered over 30 killing attacks, killing of 10 members of his family by the snakes brought up by them; the relatives of his step mother.
Contents
[hide]
•1 Education
o1.1 Experience
o1.2 Research Work
•2 Projects
o2.1 Publications:
[Edit] Education
B.Sc. Telecomm Engineering, B Sc Honors, Technical Graduate NUST-EME, LLB, PEC, MIE Pak, IEEEP, IEEE, IEEE Computer Society, IEEE- ISST
MBA , M. Phil. Electronics Engineering , MA , Cryptology NUST-MCS , Arabic AIOU , Ph D Total Technology approved researcher Bradford
•B.Sc. (Telecomm. Engineering), Member:PEC,IEEE &Computer Society IEEE USA MIE (Pak.)
•M.B.A. Preston Univ. 1995 , M.A.( Political Science), B.Sc. (Honors War Studies), L.L.B. , Arabic Diploma AIOU Islamabad
•Doctor of Philosophy in Total Technology at University of Bradford UK approved researcher in since 1995. M Phil at MUET was accepted for credit in Ph.D. Second part M.B.A completed from Preston University USA, Courses /research/ 15 years experience/foreign firm training from 250 firms as R&D engineer in cryptographic security completed. Member PEC , TSO graduate from NUST Campus ,Advance Cryptology Course , Refresher Cryptology Course from NUST
•M. Phil. (Electronics Engineering,) Cryptology (NUST), Technical Staff Course (NUST,, Ph.D. (Electrical/Electronics Engineering) approved researcher at Uni. of Bradford U.K. Masters of Science and M Phil at MUET Jamshoro Pakistan was got transferred for PhD
•M.B.A. from Preston University USA from Islamabad Campus getting 98 % in MIS, Organizational Communication and International Marketing subjects. (98 % marks in Information Theory in Advance Cryptology NUST Campus. M.A. (Political Science) from Sindh Uni.
[edit] Experience
•1996-1997 Telecommunication Engineers at Ministry of Interior Saudi Arabia Border Guards
•1978- 1994 Telecommunication Engineer in Sindh and Baluchistan Provinces , Technical Staff Course , Research & Development Engineer at Signals Research Establishment . Telecommunication Engineer and Communication officer in Army 1972-1994
•Teaching: Teaching Assistant and teaching staff for science and technology subjects at Higher Secondary School, Signal Training Center, Computer Clubs, Divisional Battle School NUST Campus MCS, National Institute of Computer Sciences
•Administration: Zonal Manager Hamdard Laboratories Rawalpindi Zone (1998-1999). 24 years experience in Pakistan Army
•Training: Training by foreign Telecom firms from USA, UK, Canada, China, France, Germany, Japan, South Korea, Norway, Sweden and many other countries as R&D Engineer.
Computers: Student Member IEEE USA (1994-95), Manager Army Computer Clubs at Okara and Hyderabad, Teaching Staff National Institute of Computer Sciences Rawalpindi (1995)
•Engineering: Student Member IEEE USA (1994-1997), Telecommunication Member Pakistan Engineering Council, Member Institute of Electrical Engineers Pakistan
[edit] Research Work
Decryption of Indus Valley Scripts has been my research work since last 30 years .This is 1st successful decryption in a century. Dani had confirmed the decryption in 2005 though 1st script was decrypted in 1995 when Secure MIS high security high compression book draft was approved by Artech House USA and Dorrance Publishers USA approved the draft for publication both books not yet published. Rolex Award also approved the research for an award.
B.B. Lal , Russian Professors , and US Scholars Farmer , Sprout , Fair Service, Mark , Durani , F.A. Khan, Mughal and many conclusions of the decryption supported by many other scholars through their written work.
•In 2004, Steve Farmer published, The Collapse of the Indus-Script Thesis: The Myth of a Literate Harappan Civilization, arguing that the Indus valley figures are merely a non-structured symbol system and do not represent a full language.
•In ancient cryptography used by Egyptians or code & ciphers used by lovers, diarists and underworld people, you don't require full language. As a kid, he had just a chance by compulsion to evolve coded language and a writing system to be read by kid girls who could just read Arabic without understanding it.
•All most all the population counted as the people of Indus Valley counted. He was 1st student to qualify Matric (O level) in 1968 and taught new science syllabus to his class as volunteer teacher because his science teacher declined to teach the syllabus unless he had undergone a course.
•He had over 50 of teacher’s 1st &2nd World War soldiers and there were few who had been living in the jungle. His county of 7 treasures in oldest Stone Age culture got electricity in 1990.They used ancient agricultural tools and animal transport like camels, horses, donkeys, bulls and buffalos were used.
[edit] Projects
•Large number of Design and modification projects in Telecommunication Engineering and Cryptology
•Research in any field that can give protection to mankind from fraud, terrorism and human right protection.
•Ethno-archaeological Model on Harappan Ciphers : Decryption of Harappan Cipher is over 30 years research project the 1st successful cryptanalysis in the century
•Axiomatic Education Strategy for 21st Century
•Prevention of Fraud: 50 years Research Work
•Security and public policy was forced on Nazeer to accept almost all responsibilities in Home County being heir to 7 people.
•Codes and Ciphers: Evolution of Coded Language based on Harappan Scripts
•Codes and Ciphers: Evolution of Written Script based on Harappan Scripts
•Design & Development of Maintenance Free Exchange for Desert Working
•Design & Development of Secrecy Electronics Communication System
•Cryptology : Design of High Security High Compression System
•Design & Development of Exchange for Nuclear Warfare
•Design & Development of Battery Charging and Lighting System on Wind Energy
•Design & Development of Energy Saying System
•Decryption of Moenjodaro Scripts
•Decryption of Matured Harappan Scripts
•Herbal Medicine : Medicated Foods and Treatment of Cancer
•Herbal Medicine : New Treatment for Asthma
•Evolution of Recycling Technologies for Low Cost Housing
•Evolution of Integrated Technologies for Energy Crisis
[edit] Publications:
1.Decryption of Moenjodaro Scripts approved in 1995 based on the Thesis: Integration of TCP/IP Protocol Suites with Cryptographic Security approved Ph. D. Electrical & Electronics Engg.) In Total Technology thesis at University of Bradford U.K. Not yet published.
2.Nazeer Ahmad , Secure MIS book draft sent to Artic House Norwood
3.Nazeer Ahmad, Secure MIS in Business Communication, Research Paper in MIS.
4.Nazeer Ahmad ,Protection of Radio Tele-printing Circuits, The Qasid Magazine ,Military College of Signals , NUST Campus Rawalpindi, 1987,pp 25-29
5.Nazeer A. Chaudhry ,Protection of Speech and Data Communication Circuits , The Qasid Magazine ,Military College of Signals , NUST Campus Rawalpindi, 1988,pp 52-56
6.Nazeer Ahmad ,Neo-Communication Security Environments, The Qasid Magazine ,Military College of Signals , NUST Campus Rawalpindi, 1990,pp 25-29
7.Nazeer Ahmad Chaudhry ,Communication Systems , MS Thesis MUET Jamshoro 1990-1992,
8.N. A. Chaudhry , Protection of Electronics & Electrical Equipment, The Hilal Magazine , ISPR Publication , volume 22 , 22-29 December 1994
9.N. A. Chaudhry , Tele-computers and Security Beyond Year 2000, The Hilal Magazine , ISPR Publication , January 1995
10.N. A. Chaudhry , Tele-computers and Security Beyond Year 2000, The Qasid Magazine ,Military College of Signals , NUST Campus Rawalpindi, 1994
11.N. A. Chaudhry , Tactical Nuclear Operations : Indian Option for 21st Century, Pakistan Defense Review, Volume 6, 1994, pp 80-92
12.N. A. Chaudhry , Integrated National Defense , Pakistan Army Green Book, 1991, pp343-346
13.N. A. Chaudhry , Safety Equipment for Nuclear Operations , T.S.O. Research Paper , E.M.E. College NUST Campus Rawalpindi, 1985
14.Nazeer Ahmad. Chaudhry , Pre- Evolution History Corps of Signals 1847-1947, SRC Publishers Hyderabad, 1992
15.Nazeer Ahmad. Chaudhry, Design and Development of Secrecy Electronics Communication System, M. Phil. ( Electronics Engg. ) thesis at MUET Jamshoro, 1993-1995
16.Nazeer Ahmad. Chaudhry , Electronics Warfare Doctrine Under Hostile Environments , Pakistan Army Green Book, 1991, pp 287-290
17.Nazeer A. , Cryptographic and Computer Security , The Hilal Magazine ,19 January 1995
18.N. A. Chaudhry ,Evolution of Codes and Ciphers , The Hilal Magazine ,8 February 1995
19.N. A. Chaudhry , Cryptographic Security Systems , The Hilal Magazine , 15 December 1994
20.N. A. Chaudhry , Protection of Electronics & Electrical Equipment, The Hilal Magazine , ISPR Publication , volume 22 , 22-29 December 1994
21.N. A. Chaudhry , Axiomatic Educational Strategy for 21st Century , Research Paper presented at IEEEP Lahore ,1995 and published in local press
22.Nazeer Ahmad , Quality Education , Pakistan Observer Daily, 18 November 1998
23.Nazir Ahmad Chaudhry, Education System & National Development , The Jung Daily, 6 February 1995
24.Nazeer Ahmad, Legal Settlement of Kashmir Problem , Pakistan Army Journal , U.N. and Kashmir Issue , Pakistan Observer Daily, 15 November 1994
25.Nazeer Chaudhry , Islamic Requirements of Justice System, , Daily Markaz, 22 February1998
26.Nazeer Chaudhry , Islamic System of Saudi Arabia , Daily Markaz, 8 September 1998 Islamabad
27.Nazeer Ahmad , Face Reading : Integration of Forecasting and Prediction Technologies for Solution of Problems , Bazem –i- Alm –o-Fun Islamabad 2000
28.Nazeer Ahmad , Solution to National Problems , Daily Markaz, 21 September,1998
29.Nazeer Ahmad , Solution to National Problems , Daily Markaz, 3 April,1999,
30.Nazeer Ahmad , Solution to National Problems , Daily Markaz, April,1999
31.Nazeer Ahmad , Solution to National Problems , Daily Markaz, 11 April,1999, Islamabad
32.Nazeer Ahmad , Solution to Public Problems , The Exclusive Weekly, Islamabad, 26 September 1996
33.Nazeer Chaudhry, Budget and Unemployment , Asas Daily , 20 June 1999
34.Nazeer Ahmad , Time to Shake Hands With India , The Exclusive Weekly, Islamabad, 16 July 1991
35.Nazeer Ahmad , Face Reading : Integration of Forecasting and Prediction Technologies for Solution of Problems , Defense Digest Monthly, October 1992, pp 53-87
36.Nazeer Ahmad , We can’t Progress Without Science Education, Pakistan Observer Daily, 2 November 1994
37.Nazeer Chaudhry, South Asian Economy and Kashmir , Al Akhbar Daily, 16 October 1999
38.Nazir Ahmad Chaudhry, Peace, Security &Development, Daily Markaz, 17 Agust,1998, Islamabad
39.N. A. Chaudhry , Modern Technology Impacts of Defense , Pakistan Army Journal , 1994, pp62-74
40.N.A. Chaudhry , Tourism Development , The Parwaz Monthly Islamabad, June 1999
41.N.A. Chaudhry , Tourism Development in Pakistan , Friday News Weekly, 6 July 1999
42.N.A. Chaudhry , Tourism Development , The Parwaz Monthly Islamabad, September 1999
43.N.A. Chaudhry , Tourism Development , The Parwaz Monthly Islamabad, June 1999
44.Nazeer Ahmad , 21st Century Challenges for Our Engineers, Pakistan Observer , 11 December 1994
45.Nazeer Ahmad , New Trends in Energy Generation, Pakistan Observer Daily, 2 November 1994
46.Nazir Ahmad Chaudhry, Eastern Science of Medicine, Pakistan Observer Daily, 18 March 1995
47.N.A. Chaudhry, Kala Bagh Dam , Niwa –i- Waqat Daily, 14 July 1998
48.Nazeer Chaudhry, Pakistan –US Relations, Markaz Daily 22 July 1998, Islamabad
49.Nazeer Chaudhry, Pakistan –US Relations, Markaz Daily 28 July 1998, 1974.
50.Nazeer Chaudhry, Expected Attack on Atomic Instillations Pakistan , Osaf Daily 5June 1998,
51.Nazeer Chaudhry, Regional Cooperation and Pakistani Forces, Markaz Daily 30 June 1999,
52.Nazeer Chaudhry, Circulation of Money Al Akhbar Daily 17 February 2003, Islamabad
53.Nazeer Chaudhry, Solution of Unemployment Problem , Daily Subha, , 17 April 2004
54.Nazeer Chaudhry, Inflation, Unemployment and Terrorism, Daily Subha, , 9 August 2004,
55.Nazeer Chaudhry, Social and Economic Welfare of Society , Daily Ehsas , 6 April 1999,
56.Nazeer A. Chaudhry, Strategic Dimension of Pakistan, Submitted to Pakistan Defense Review, 2005
57.Nazeer A. Chaudhry, Solution to Kashmir Problem, Submitted to Pakistan Defense Review ,1995
58.Nazeer Chaudhry, How to End Terrorism, Daily Markaz , 8 November 1998 , Islamabad
59.Nazeer Ahmad Chaudhry , Neo Scenario for Armed Forces of Pakistan , Pakistan Army Journal ( Urdu) , Winter 2009 , pp 25-42
60.ibid, PAJ, The J curve , Rise and Fall of Nations by Ian Beemer , Book Review , pp107-108
61.Nazeer Ahmad Chaudhry , Science & Technology : New Challenges for Defense , Pakistan Army Journal ( Urdu) , Summer 2009 , pp 15-25
62.ibid, PAJ , Curveball: Spies, Lies and the Con Man Who caused a War by Bob Dorgan , Book Review , pp- 85-87
63.Nazeer Ahmad Chaudhry , Nuclear Strategy for Future , Pakistan Army Journal ( Urdu) , Winter 2008 , pp 45-55
64.ibid, PAJ, the Failure of American Foreign Policy and Next Great Crisis in Middle East by Ali M. An sari , Book Review , pp104-106
65.Nazeer Ahmad Chaudhry , Defense Strategy for Future , Pakistan Army Journal ( Urdu) , Summer 2008 , pp 42-51
66.ibid, PAJ , Winning the Right War by Phillips H Gordon, Book Review , pp 85-87
Good morning. I know that many of you wants some lights. Here is a link on Ebay. www.ebay.com/itm/5pcs-3mm-Pre-Wired-LEDs-Bulb-Ultra-Brigh... They are pre-wired 3mm LED's. You want 3 volt (3V) bulbs. Choose the color you want. Here is a link to the 9 volt battery packs. www.ebay.com/itm/1Pcs-New-9V-Battery-Holder-with-ON-OFF-S... You simply solder the red wire to the red wire and the black wire to the black wire. THESE WIRES MUST BE TAPED SEPARATELY USING PROPER ELECTRICAL TAPE AND KEPT APART. THEY CANNOT TOUCH OR YOUR LIGHT WILL NOT WORK AND IF LEFT FOR ANY LENGTH OF TIME, IT WILL BURN OUT YOUR BATTERIES. If they touch for a few seconds or even a minute, nothing happens. The light simply will not work. Separate the negative & positive wires again and the light works. You cannot blow the light bulb The Gloria lamps were being sold as set by themselves along with the swan, pic frame etc. I cannot find them as a set. However, this living room set is around the same price and it does have the lamps. I paint them. I make sure the lamp shade is on securely (they come off) and then I drill a hole down through the top through the center. The lamp is hollow. I drill a hole in the base of the lamp for the wire to come out. Attach your battery packs as instructed in this post. www.ebay.com/itm/FANCY-LIFE-DOLL-HOUSE-FURNITURE-DELUXE-L... I will tell you, I purchased this set and would purchase it again. In fact, I think I will. I really, really like coffee & end tables. The coffee and end tables are nice quality. They painted very well. The living room set also painted and upholstered well. Nice heavy plastic compared to most of the cheap stuff that comes from China. Happy lighting. PLEASE NOTE: I am not vouching for these sellers, although I have purchased from each of them successfully. Please do your usual checks of feedback etc. and decide based on the information you have gathered whether or not you want to purchase from them. There is a funny story with this set on the next pic.
When war broke out between Pakistan and India on December 3, 1971 the world fully realized what its unfortunate outcome would be in a matter of days - the world excepting Pakistan, where the high and mighty were 'higher' than ever and jubilant. As was his norm in such situations, President Nixon called his Secretary of State Henry Kissinger to check the news. Kissinger told him that the war would end shortly. This was contrary to the position nine months ago when after getting news of the military action, Nixon had got in touch with Kissinger and given the cryptic response, "Nothing special - Yahya has just got control of his own country again" This time over the matter was far more serious and lethal - the two men agreed that the time of their friend in Islamabad was at an end. Interestingly while the king makers in Pakistan were not even sure there would be a change, the two men in the White House were familiar with the idea that the new man in would be Bhutto whom Nixon called a demagogue!
It was the high point in Pakistan-USA relations. A few months after Yahya Khan had taken over and when Joseph Farland was being sent as ambassador to Pakistan in October 1969, Kissinger's predecessor William Rogers had called Pakistan a 'country more important than any other to the United States'. The route to Beijing had been carefully delineated. The position was about to change though not dramatically.
The jubilation was almost at an end by the end of the first week of the war. General Niazi was contacting the Secretary General of the UN on the 10th, the consuls general of every superpower in Dhaka to request for an airlift of his troops out of East Pakistan on the 11th and even came on BBC on the 12th requesting the world to take action. This fact forgotten by most is important to realize in the context of the Polish/Russian reolution tabled in the Security Council a couple of days later.
Pakistan was already talking of surrender on the 10th, practically appealing for it by the men who felt the brunt of the war the most. Actually Chief of General Staff Gul Hasan had called Brig. Siddiqui on December 11, and told him to come up with a press release with Information Secretary Roedad Khan to prepare the nation for the worst. The whole thing came as a shock to the country on December 16 because of the complete information gap.
GHQ's response according to Niazi was Gul Hasan's call to him suggesting that help was imminent from the Yellow in the North and White from the South, meaning the Chinese and Americans in the racist language of a 'brown' Napolean. Anyway Brig Siddiqui of ISPR calls what happened on December 16 a tale of "gross human negligence, misconduct and mismanagement inviting Divine wrath." Like everything else in Pakistan, it is characteristic of us to apportion a part of the blame of everything that happens in Pakistan on God.
Meanwhile Niazi claims the government was simply following a plan that would leave the eastern wing without a government. The drivers of that plan are still not known. What was the urgency, the collateral damage, did anything matter to Yahya Khan?
It is important to see the sequence of events followed in Pakistan. There is a search for 'cleared' MNAs from East Pakistan. Nurul Amin fits the bill and is designated Prime Minister with Z A Bhutto as Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister.
Meanwhile, neither Amin nor Bhutto take oath of these constitutional offices in a country without a constitution. Bhutto takes three days to get to New York, something quite normal for 1971, gets over a cold and lambasts the UN on December 15. As the top diplomat of the country, he most undiplomatically tells the UN body they are not serious, only wasting time with their 'Nina Ricci' cosmetic tactics.
Bhutto stays on in New York feting the only UN ambassador he didn't attack - George W. Bush Sr. and later has what is known as a 'clearance' meeting with President Nixon, and moves on to Rome. Back home, Yahya Khan has gotten a constitution prepared by his legal adviser Justice Cornelius and Radio Pakistan is getting serious about a new constitution on December 17 as if East Pakistan didn't matter at all. He suggests to Gen. Hamid to take over as Commander in Chief while he will remain President. Hamid wants to test the waters first with fellow officers in GHQ. Two brigadiers and a colonel had mutinied and already cast a shadow on the administration. They were told to shut up and later compulsorily retired, a punishment far too lenient in comparison to their charge of obstructing a legal government from functioning. Anyhow Hamid advises Gul Hasan to invite all Lt-Colonels and above to the meeting. Gul Hasan proceeds to invite all commissioned officers to the meeting while advising them not to mince their words.
As Gen. Hamid says that Yahya Khan tried his best for a political solution there are cries of Shame, Shame!, and Hamid goes down in history as the most heckled chief of army staff (not to be confused with that designation meaning the supremo from Tikka Khan onwards) by his own junior colleagues. The writing on the wall is clear - Yahya and his team have been voted out by their own constituency. This was already clear to Nixon on the 4th but none so blind as would not see. Now just a gentle 'persuasion' with shells on the presidency would enable Yahya forgetting about his new constitution.
Meanwhile Brig. Siddiqui innocently enters the office of General Gul Hasan and finds a strong lobby in favor of Air Marshal Asghar Khan as the new president. He ostensibly remained a contender for the presidency until his rejection during an interview in Niavaran Palce in 1978, and therefore never accepted a lesser office. Air Marshal Rahim also supported him until reminded by Gul Hasan that he was defeated by a corporal in the elections, meaning Khurshid Hassan Meer. Gul Hasan was in favor of supporting the only option of a joker meaning Bhutto. A plane is sent to Rome despite Governor State Bank S U Durrani warning Gul that he would soon be 'sorted out' by Bhutto, an assertion to which Siddiqui agrees forgetting he is only a brigadier.
The fact of the matter was that Pakistan was essentially devoid of a government from December 18 to December 20. Bhutto arrives to a warm welcome at the airport. After responding to the crowds, he sits in a car driven by Ghulam Mustafa Khar, and asks him tensely "What do they say?" Khar replies he cannot say anything as Nasrullah Khattak is in the back seat. Bhutto tells him to throw out Khattak, which he dutifully does. He then replies that they are asking him to take over! Bhutto proceeds to meet Gen Hamid, Gul Hasan and Air Marshal Rahim and finally Yahya Khan.
Meanwhile Cabinet Secretary Ghulam Ishaq Khan has prepared all the instruments necessary for a succession in the presidency and CMLA ship from Yahya to Bhutto and is pacing the lawns of the President's House with Information Secretary Roedad Khan before they are called in. Finally they are and the succession takes place. Meanwhile there is a rumor that Ghulam Ishaq Khan did not want him to be CMLA. It did not require a lawyer to know that there was no instrument left to govern the country without martial law. Bhutto tells Roedad he will be hearing from him. He calls him to meet at 5 pm in the Punjab House to prepare for his inaugural broadcast later that evening. He introduces him to Information Minister Hafeez Pirzada and tells him although he has nothing against him, he will be making certain changes. He later calls the Finance Secretary telling him to post Ghulam Ishaq Khan to Karachi as Governor State Bank. When asked about Durrani, he summarily requests his dismissal. Later in his address Bhutto remarks that he has been "summoned by the Nation". That was December 1971 but till today we do not know what the nation really means!
The picture shows Cabinet Secretary Ghulam Ishaq Khan overseeing the transition of power from Gen Yahya Khan to Mr Z A Bhutto on 20 December 1971. Ishaq Khan was himself president of the republic from 1988 - 1993 - as he knew the nuts and bolts of power well.
Copyright: Dr. Ghulam Nabi Kazi
ISLAMABAD: Army Chief General Raheel Sharif called on Saudi King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud on Wednesday and both leaders re-emphasised on the need to join hands to eliminate the menace of terrorism and reinvigorate the mechanism to roll back extremism, an ISPR statement said.
Details of the...
thebangladeshtoday.com/2015/11/saudi-king-meets-gen-rahee...
Probably the best shot I got to capture the atmosphere of this incredible space. This monumental building was constructed in 537 and remained the largest cathedral in the world for the next thousand years. It was the first pendentive dome, and the largest masonry dome until Il Duomo in Florence, 1436. (The earlier Pantheon in Rome was bigger, but that was concrete.)
In the foreground are some stone spolia that pre-date the cathedral (front view here). The urn is Hellenistic, one of two brought here from the ruins of Pergamon by Sultan Murad III. The column is Roman, one of eight in the cathedral taken from the great temple at Baalbek (Heliopolis) in Lebanon* and made of solid porphyry -- the imperial purple stone, quarried at unthinkable cost from its sole source high atop a mountain in the Egyptian desert.
*I have yet to find an authoritative source or consensus on the provenance of these columns -- help needed. Some sources indicate that they were taken from Rome, others from Baalbek, still others that they came from Baalbek via Rome (eg www.isprs.org/proceedings/xxxiii/congress/part5/172_XXXII... -- with a somewhat confused reference to the "porphyry columns previously taken to Rome from an Egyptian temple in Heliopolis," perhaps conflating the city by that name in Lebanon with one by that name in Egypt; or could they be conflating the Roman temple in Baalbek with the city of Rome?).
The ambassadors of Norway and Philippines and six others were killed when an army helicopter crashed in Naltar area of Gilgit on Friday, according to Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR).
Norwegian envoy Leif H Larsen, Philippines ambassador Domingo D Lucenario Jr, wives of Malaysian and Indonesian ambassadors and two pilots were killed in the incident while Polish ambassador Andrzej Ananiczolish and Dutch ambassador Marcel de Vink sustained injuries. The Mi-17 helicopter crashed on a school, which officials said was closed at the time.
The delegation was on its way to inspect projects on a three-day trip to Gilgit-Baltistan where they were set to meet with Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.
The military and Foreign Office said the crash was due to a technical fault while landing. “The matter will be investigated as initial reports suggest it was a technical fault,” the Ministry of Defence said in a statement.
A statement by the PM office said Nawaz was on a plane en route to the Gilgit area at the time of the incident, but turned back to Islamabad after news of the crash broke. The prime minister was due to inaugurate a chair-lift at a ski resort, one of the region’s top administrative officials told AFP.
The premier “expressed deep grief and sorrow” and announced a day of mourning, according to his office. Further, Army chief General Raheel Sharif also sent his condolences to the bereaved families.
Polish ambassador Andrzej Ananiczolish and Dutch ambassador Marcel de Vink were also injured, the army said. The Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs confirmed Vink’s injury.
The Indonesian foreign ministry in a statement confirmed the death of the ambassador’s wife, Heri Listyawati Burhan Muhammad, but said that Ambassador Burhan Muhammad was safe though he had sustained injuries.
It was one of the worst air crash in the history of the country since 2012 when a Boeing 737 passenger plane went down in Islamabad, killing 130 people.
In 1988, a plane crash killed then military-ruler General Ziaul Haq as well as the US ambassador at the time, Arnold Raphel.
A local police official on duty near the site told AFP: “I was watching the helicopters arriving, they were coming since the morning, it was their third or fourth trip.
“One helicopter suddenly whirling at its place and went down with a bang, then there were flames.”
An emergency medic who was deployed nearby ahead of the inauguration ceremony said the helicopter only exploded and caught fire after landing.
“The pilot was gesturing at us to come and help him. We rushed there, broke the windows, and started dragging people out.
“After some minutes, there was an explosion, injuring some of the medics too.”
Two other eye-witnesses interviewed by AFP also said they did not see the chopper being hit by a missile.
According to a list of passengers obtained by AFP, the ambassadors of Indonesia, Lebanon, Malaysia, the Netherlands, Romania, Norway, South Africa, the Philippines and Poland were scheduled to fly on the helicopter.
“It was a diplomatic trip with members of 37 countries in total,” said a passenger in one of the helicopters, who requested anonymity, concurring that the school had caught fire after the crash.
The passenger added that the air convoy was supposed to have included four helicopters but the number was later reduced to three.
The Russian-built Mi-17, used by air forces across the world, has had a patchy safety record in recent years.
In the city of Gilgit, the region’s administrative capital, some 50 kilometres to the southwest, a hospital official said the injured were carried on stretchers to the emergency ward of the Combined Military Hospital.
Before takeoff
Our correspondent, Maha Mussadaq sends us an exclusive photo of the helicopter before it took off in the morning, earlier today:
List of participants who were visiting Gilgit between May 8 – May 11
COURTESY: SHABBIR MIR
Chief of Army Staff General Raheel Sharif expresses grief over pilots’ loss
Chief of Army Staff General Raheel Sharif has expressed his deepest regrets over the passing of Major Altamash and Major Faisal. He also condoled with the families of the victims in the crash.
“It is sad day for all of us and our heart goes out to the bereaved families at this sad moment,” he said.
No terrorist activity involved in crash: DG ISPR
Ruling out any involvement of terrorist activity in the crash, DG ISPR Asim Bajwa told The Express Tribune, that this crash may have occurred due to technical faults in the MI17 helicopter.
“We are conducting an inquiry into the matter. This is in no way an act of terrorism,” he said, adding that all possible angles behind the accident will be investigated.
Another security official said that it is highly unlikely that terror motives were behind the crash, since the area is not known to be a militant stronghold.
Norway expresses ‘great sadness’ over death of ambassador
Norway has expressed “great sadness” over the death on Friday of its ambassador to Pakistan in the deadly helicopter crash, AFP reports.
Leif Larsen, 61, was “one of our best and most experienced diplomats” who was “very respected by his colleagues,” Foreign Minister Borge Brende told reporters, adding that his Pakistani counterpart had told him the causes of the crash were not fully known yet.
The foreign minister spoke today with Sartaj Aziz.
Larsen has worked in the foreign service since he started as trainee in 1984. Larsen was special envoy for Pakistan and Afghanistan before he was appointed as ambassador to Pakistan last September.
Larsen leaves behind a spouse and a son.
Crisis Management Cell established
To deal with the calamity following the crash, a Crisis Management Cell (CMC) has been established at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Adviser to the Prime Minister on National Security and Foreign Affairs said.
The contact details of the CMC are as follows:
Tel: +92-51-9217828 & +92-51-90569161
E-mail: cmcmofa@gmail.com
Gilgit-Baltistan chief minister expresses grief
In a statement, the chief minister of Gilgit-Baltistan, Shah Jehan Mir expressed his shock over the tragic incident and prayed for the early recovery of the injured.
He also visited Combined Military Hospital (CMH) to inquire about the health of the injured.
In his message, Mir condoled with the families of the victims as well. The government of Gilgit-Baltistan has announced a day of mourning in wake of the incident.
According to our correspondent, Shabbir Mir, a witness saw five ‘injured men’ being brought in stretchers to CMH.
“There were at least five people who were being brought on stretchers by security officials,” he said.
I saw the helicopter swing and fall: eye witness
An eye witness told our correspondent Maha Mussadaq that he saw the helicopter swing and fall into a crash – causing what he said was the loudest sound he had ever heard.
The eye witnesses further said they had to break the windows of the helicopter to retrieve the passengers. The helicopter did not have any seat belts, according to him.
“Saw fire from a distance”
Recalling her experience, a journalist on board another helicopter said she saw fire from a distance.
“I saw fire from a distance and knew this was big,” Dure Najaf told The Express Tribune.
“I am extremely saddened and shocked by the incident,” she added.
Number of casualties rise
According to DG ISPR Asim Bajwa, the death toll from the crash rose to seven. A Pakistani crew member also succumbed to injuries.
According to the Army, the crash occurred due to a technical fault.
Eye witness account of the crash
A witness said strong winds were blowing when the helicopter crashed on the school.
“I saw the chopper going down. The wind was quite strong when this happened,” said a senior government official, who is in Naltar as part of his duty, according to our correspondent Shabir Mir.
Area cordoned off
Security forces have cordoned off the area of Naltar where the Mi-17 helicopter crashed.
“Naltar and its surrounding areas had been cleared by security agencies three days ahead of the prime minister’s visit as part of his security,” an official said on condition of anonymity, our correspondent Shabir Mir reports.
Moreover emergency has been declared in hospitals in Gilgit, 40 kilometers from the place of incident.
PM announces one day of mourning
Taking notice of the incident, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif has announced a day of mourning in wake of the loss.
Further, the PM has directed for arrangements to be made to transport bodies to Islamabad.
Further injuries reported
Reports have revealed that the ambassadors of Romania and Lebanon have been injured.
High commissioners of South Africa and Indonesia have also been injured, Express News reported.
Pilots, Major Faisal and Major Altamash have died as a result of injuries.
Heading back to Gilgit
Passengers who had reached Naltar, are now heading back to Gilgit city, our correspondent Maha Mussadaq reports.
Soldiers gather beside an army helicopter at a military hospital where victims of a helicopter crash were brought for treatment in Gilgit on May 8, 2015. PHOTO: AFP
Injured shifted to CMH
A senior police official told AFP that the injured were being air lifted to a military hospital in Gilgit.
A hospital official said injured were being carried on stretchers to the emergency ward of the Combined Military Hospital.
Soldiers stand guard outside a military hospital where victims of a helicopter crash were brought for treatment in Gilgit on May 8, 2015. PHOTO: AFP
Several envoys on board
According to a list of passengers obtained by AFP, the ambassadors of Indonesia, Lebanon, Malaysia, the Netherlands, Romania, Norway, South Africa, the Philippines and Poland were scheduled to fly on the helicopter.
School building damaged
As the picture below shows, the helicopter – carrying 17 people – crashed into a school building.
AFP reported that no children were inside the school when the crash took place.
PHOTO: MAHA MUSSADAQ/EXPRESS
Tourism trip
Our correspondent Maha Mussadaq said the delegation left from Nur Khan airbase in Rawalpindi and arrived in Gilgit at 9:45am.
The trip was mainly organised for tourism purposes, however, the ambassadors were expected to hold high-level meetings, including one with the G-B chief minister.
Reason for crash not known yet
Fifty-seven people, including 32 men, 20 women and five children were on their way to Naltar, Gilgit on a Foreign Office-organised trip when one of the three helicopters crashed on the way.
Our correspondent Maha Mussadaq, who was part of the delegation and was travelling in the helicopter right behind the one that went down, witnessed the scene of the crash.
The helicopter is said to have crashed into Army Public School in the area. The cause of the crash is yet to be known.
Ambassadors killed in crash
“One MI-17 helicopter out of 3 carrying visitors had a crash landing at Naltar, “ Director General of Inter Services Public Relations (DG-ISPR) Asim Saleem Bajwa tweeted.
Philippines ambassador Domingo D Lucenario Jr and Norwegian envoy Leif H Larsen. PHOTOS: NORWAY.ORG.PK/APP
Foreigners among dead
Around 11 foreigners and 6 Pakistani passengers were on board. Soon after the incident, rescue teams arrived at the site.
PM cancels trip
Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif was scheduled to visit Gigit to attend an inauguration ceremony. However, following the incident, the prime minister cancelled his trip and expressed deep grief and sorrow over the tragic incident, Radio Pakistan reported.
He directed the authorities to employ all available resources to transport the injured to hospitals and provide best medical care.
Helicopter crashes in Gilgit
Initial reports suggested that the helicopter was designated for PM Nawaz’s security and taking a delegation of foreign diplomats and their aides to Gilgit.
“According to the first information we received, three people have been injured, their condition is critical,” a police official in Nomal village of the Naltar valley told AFP.
A journalist who was travelling in a separate helicopter said she saw the helicopter crash into a school and it was on fire.
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Reader Comments (60)
All Comments
Reader's Recommendations
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M@NI
May 8, 2015 - 12:43PM
Reply
Tragic News. May Allah keep every one safe
Recommend79.
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Malveros
May 8, 2015 - 12:54PM
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What were the foreigners doing in the helicopter if the helicopter was monitoring security situation ?
Recommend55.
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Sad PakistAni
May 8, 2015 - 1:53PM
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It’s a very sad incident. But it is a wake up call for foreigners for using Pakistan maintained helicopters or planes. A good example is overseas Pakistanis avoid Pakistani airlines while traveling to Pakistan.
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PakWatan
May 8, 2015 - 1:56PM
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If this is traced back to India, there must be consequences.
Recommend65.
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Someone
May 8, 2015 - 2:04PM
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@Malveros: It’s a tragic accident and sometimes tragic things happen. The pilots did not crash the helicopter on purpose. Instead of pointing fingers over an accident, we should instead express condolences and solidarity with the relatives of the deceased. A full inquiry should be conducted to determine what caused the accident.
Recommend49.
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Pakistani
May 8, 2015 - 2:11PM
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Tragic News. May Allah keep every one safe
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ABKhan
May 8, 2015 - 2:12PM
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@Sad PakistAni:
By putting “Pakistani” at the end of your name couldnt hide your ID. Shame on you Indians for point scoring even at this sad moment. You should check the track record of your Indian maintained helicopters crashes and Pakistani maintained.
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Mayuresh
May 8, 2015 - 2:17PM
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@Pakwatan sure even if it doesn’t rain in pakistan this year, trace it to india. We are waitng for consequences.
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wb
May 8, 2015 - 2:25PM
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This is not a crash. The helicopter was shot down. This is a terrorist attack.
India is definitely involved in this. India is trying to prevent white people from visiting Pakistan.
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Wajid
May 8, 2015 - 2:30PM
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For GB election Nawaz Sharif has dare to kill the foreign Ambassadors too.
Yesterday Nawaz Sharif order to army I need many helicopters for for my visit to GB , and that visits was part of election campaign by announcing projects for GB to win the elections.
Pak army has fixed 5 helicopters last night for Nawaz Sharif election campaign for upcoming GB election.
Army did not have proper checkup of helicopters before election campaign of Nawaz Sharif as he order army in hurry.
to start project before election is forbidden by ECP , but Nawaz Sharif are violating these rules and using 10 army helicopters for election campaign .
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TightPatloon
May 8, 2015 - 2:32PM
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Clearly this has a RAW hand in it. Pakistan must take this up in UN
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Philosiraptor
May 8, 2015 - 2:32PM
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@Sad PakistAni:
Indian Detected
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ahmed wani
May 8, 2015 - 2:38PM
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But what were they doing in disputed areas of GB and pok….RIP…May allah have mercy on them…amen
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Islooboy
May 8, 2015 - 2:40PM
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The Jet oil just finished while the helicopter was in the air!!!
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YAs
May 8, 2015 - 2:44PM
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@malverous, did u bother to read the column prior to speak up.
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shaafay
May 8, 2015 - 2:46PM
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Disappointed in the army. Immensely. Dammit.
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Khan UK
May 8, 2015 - 2:49PM
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if it was TTP, how did they got hold of such sophisticated missile system. I am sure they cant make one in Darah Adam Khel. This looks more than just an accident because army helicopters on such high profile duty are thoroughly checked before every flight. Also how TTP knew PM Nawaz Sharif was to travel in one of these helicopters?
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Timorlane
May 8, 2015 - 2:52PM
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Very sad.
May they rest in peace.
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The Truth is Out
May 8, 2015 - 3:00PM
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This is a high profile assassination. Such high profile visitors can’t be boarding on a damaged or poor helicopter so there is very low chance of engine or technical failure. And who is going in the helicopter is highly classified information to which Taliban can’t have access to. There is absolutely no doubt that enemies of Pakistan are behind this. I guess Indian and US ambassadors were not on board? US is highly unlikely to kill their Christian fellows, so India is the only player left.
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Sonya
May 8, 2015 - 3:01PM
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a sad event for Pakistan. This is yet another reason why we should continue fighting the foreign backed terrorism in Pakistan. By foreign i do not mean only India but other brother islamic countries.
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Nash
May 8, 2015 - 3:14PM
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No mention of the well-being of the school children… are they less important as compared to these foreigners?
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Malveros
May 8, 2015 - 3:16PM
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@YAs:
Yes and the newspapers need to stop their erroneous breaking news that they were giving out initially.
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Malveros
May 8, 2015 - 3:18PM
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@Wajid:
U are talking rubbish. Get your facts straight first. This has to do with opening up of new projects not elections in GB.
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Sam
May 8, 2015 - 3:24PM
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The downside of using cheap Chinese spare parts. May their souls rest in peace.
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indian
May 8, 2015 - 3:26PM
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This is a wake-up call for international community. Avoid Pakistan.
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Malveros
May 8, 2015 - 3:27PM
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These Russian MI helicopters have a very poor performance record. Has anyone in our air force done a long-term study on them ? This is not the 1st crash. There have been at least four crashes earlier in the past few years. These helicopters need to be grounded as they cannot operate optimally in severe weather conditions especially where there are strong winds either in the mountains or in desert sand storms.
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indian
May 8, 2015 - 3:34PM
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Like it happened after attacks on Srilankan cricket team , international community will boycott Pakistan. You get what u deserve. Failure of pak govt, army and its society.
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marcopolo
May 8, 2015 - 3:39PM
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t’s a very sad incident.RIP….
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Sarwar
May 8, 2015 - 3:44PM
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@The Truth is Out:
I think your mental illness reached at the level that needs attention. You always seek India behind in any incident happened in pakistan. I am sure you may have somewhere in your mind that MQM caused this damage.
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Robert
May 8, 2015 - 3:46PM
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Have you ever flown in this helicopter it is more reliable than Western helicopters. Please do weigh before making any comments
Recommend7.
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yasmin
May 8, 2015 - 4:05PM
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Very sad to hear about the tragic incident occurred in Naltar.Indeed it s a big loss and this loss is unforgettable. They were flying for a good cause and for the betterment of humanity. We pray for the departed souls, May Allah almighty rest their souls in eternal peace. And may the survivors get quick heal and recovery. Ameen
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Asim
May 8, 2015 - 4:08PM
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Its time that army upgrade to Zero-Defect Standard.
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Bob
May 8, 2015 - 4:11PM
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All these commentators blaming India for this and everything else, should seriously have their brains investigated, if at all present.
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Dr.M.M.Khan
May 8, 2015 - 4:20PM
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For God’s sake let us not jump to conclusions.
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Bobb Mack
May 8, 2015 - 4:23PM
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@Mayuresh:
You do not have to wait, U are already kept bleeding from your az…..
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Saad
May 8, 2015 - 4:25PM
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@indian:
RIP.
Why? Helicopter crashes only happen in Pakistan?
Recommend7.
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Kolsat
May 8, 2015 - 4:25PM
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@wb: what the f you are talking about? Did not the Taliban claim responsibility for this? The adage just as you sow as so shall you reap is very true here. Taliban was promoted armed by Pakistan and US to fight the Soviets in Afghanistan and now you are reaping the results of that. India has nothing to do with this shooting and you know it. So just keep quiet and think of ways of destroying this serpent. Remember the quote of Hillary Clinton
Recommend29.
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Adeel MIrza
May 8, 2015 - 4:26PM
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Indeed, a great diplomatic loss for Pakistan, RIP !
Recommend6.
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Saad
May 8, 2015 - 4:28PM
Reply
@indian:
First of all you should do it and stop leaving comments on Pakistani newspapers.
Recommend10.
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Bobb Mack
May 8, 2015 - 4:31PM
Reply
@Nash:
It is likely that schools in the area are normally closed on Fridays.
Recommend4.
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MJ
May 8, 2015 - 4:39PM
Reply
*Mourning not Morning
Recommend.
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Muhammad
May 8, 2015 - 4:45PM
Reply
@TightPatloon:
We do not take this to UN when we have your favourite Lakhvi to sort this one out for us !!
Recommend6.
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Waseem
May 8, 2015 - 4:52PM
Reply
I have travelled in the region and used helicopters several times. Never experienced any issue whatsoever. Pilots were always highly skilled. In my views its either wind factor or engine malfunction. It is an accident and it happens the way usage has extensively increased.
Recommend7.
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Azhar Shah
May 8, 2015 - 4:55PM
Reply
How idiots are the people blaming army for the crash and some thinking of it as indiam funded TTP attack. Guys such crash incidents do happen. I gave been aviation expert at USA and Europe for around 16 years. In fact high profile crashes have occurred due to technical faults. Just to give u all recent example is the crash of Jordan king heli. Also to let the Indians here know, dont laugh too much.. ur army aviation is pathetic. I remember the amercians used to make fun of them lol
Recommend12.
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WatDa!
May 8, 2015 - 4:56PM
Reply
@indian:You are just confirming their fear of Indian involvement. Pak has an excellent record of aircraft service engineers. Helicopters Crash daily around the world, even in advance countries for many reasons. I am sad it fell on the public school. Hopefully there was no casualty on ground.
Recommend4.
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Faisal Ayub
May 8, 2015 - 4:57PM
Reply
our prime minister was the target of this RAW funded operation
India wants To engage Pakistan in another war as Chinese president has announced a mammoth investemt plan
The best course of action would be take this matter to the UN
Recommend10.
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Truth detector
May 8, 2015 - 4:58PM
Reply
It is a very tragic incident. Our hearts & prayers go to the victims & their families. But it is very nauseating to see some comments by Indians. Simply reflect their disgusting mentality.
This is a wake-up call for international community. Avoid Pakistan
Yes, & go to ‘rape tourist resort country’to the east.
Recommend4.
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Farhan
May 8, 2015 - 5:02PM
Reply
Totally shocked. Senior officers be made to pay this incompetence. Sad loss of life and give bad image for the capability of Pakistani air force. Training of pilots must be reviewed and incompetents thrown out.
Recommend5.
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Munir Ahmed
May 8, 2015 - 5:26PM
Reply
It was not wise decision by the govt. Of Pakistan to have meeting with those high profile peple in that area and Pakistan. Govt. Know the outer forces how much money spending to defame the country and already they have so many proofs who n how they are working to destabilize this country, it’s I think very well understanding some countries want to see this as a crippled country, beside all this first Pakistan army should create peaceful atmosphere in the country then they should suggest foreigners to have these meetings in these areas.
Recommend2.
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Tony Singh
May 8, 2015 - 5:37PM
Reply
@Saad:
“First of all you should do it and stop leaving comments on Pakistani newspapers.”
Why don’t you advise the board of this newspaper not to publish online addition? If the newspaper has an online addition, then everybody has right to express his/her opinion on it. You don’t like it? Get lost. Simple.
Recommend14.
After the successful completion of my internship with Major General Asim Saleem Bajwa, the Director General of Inter Services Public Relations, in his office at the General Headquarters (GHQ) in Rawalpindi.
I presented him what I created to be the official poster of the ISPR, and was used in numerous publications of ISPR, including print and online social media.
My internship at a glance:
Performed strategic public relations & communications functions at ISPR – the PR arm of Pakistan Army, the frontline ally in the Global War on Terror for a span of 3 months. The week was divided into 4 days being spent at the General Headquarters (GHQ) at Rawalpindi in Pakistan and 3 days being spent at a different battlefield of Pakistan, interacting with soldiers, unit offices, and locals affected by the ongoing operations to better understand the complications involved in fighting counter-insurgencies & urban warfare.
Day-to-day tasks and projects included:
•Drafting press collaterals
•Conducting daily media monitoring
•Redesigning the official Pakistan Army and Inter Services Public Relations web pages
•Compiling media dossiers
•Writing response articles advocating the Military’s perspectives to be published in English language newspapers.
•Drafting the official Military PR Manual of Protocol of ISPR
•Interviewing the families of the soldiers martyred in the Global War on Terror, on the volatile Pakistan - Afghanistan border.
•Creating a video documentary to be aired on national television on the families of the soldiers martyred in Siachen, the battlefield with the highest altitude on earth on the Pakistan – India border.
Summer 2O12
Internship, Pakistan Army
Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
.
.
.
.
Ysa Chandna
As Yahya Khan's second in command, the two had many things in common. Here he is seen talking to DG ISPR Brig A R Siddiqui
ROMA ARCHEOLOGICA & RESTAURO ARCHITETTERA: Rodolfo Lanciani, “La Forma Urbis Romae,” Roma | Milano, (1893 – 1901) | 46 grandi tavole in scala 1:1000. Scarica la versione digitale immagine 2018 & digitale in PDF (AutoCAD) della Forma Urbis (2008), in: Sergio Tani, Alfonso Femia & Gianlucia Peluffo 2008 & University of Oregon | USA (01/2018).
1). ROMA ARCHEOLOGIA e RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA: Roma Carta Archeologica – Rodolfo Lanciani, “La Forma Urbis Romae,” Roma | Milano, (1893 – 1901) | 46 grandi tavole in scala 1:1000 (2014 [2008]). Scarica la versione digitale in PDF (AutoCAD) della Forma Urbis. (01/2018).
-- PDF = ROMA ARCHEOLOGIA e RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA: Roma Carta Archeologica – Rodolfo Lanciani, “La Forma Urbis Romae,” Roma | Milano, (1893 – 1901) | 46 grandi tavole in scala 1:1000 (2014 [2008]). Scarica la versione digitale in PDF (AutoCAD) della Forma Urbis.
Fonte | source:
— Sergio Tani, Alfonso Femia & Gianlucia Peluffo, “Roma – Carta Archeologica,” (2008).
2). ROMA ARCHEOLOGICA & RESTAURO ARCHITETTERA: Rodolfo Lanciani, “La Forma Urbis Romae,” Roma | Milano, (1893 – 1901) | 46 grandi tavole in scala 1:1000. Scarica la versione digitale immagine 2018 & digitale in (AutoCAD) della Forma Urbis in PDF (2008), in: University of Oregon | USA (01/2018). [Testo in inglese].
ABSTRACT - Forma Urbis Romae (in progress): Lanciani’s Forma Urbis Romae is a cartographic synthesis of the history of Rome, as it depicts the city’s diachronic development from ancient to post-classical phases. The Forma Urbis Romae is a splendid cartographic exemplar, printed in serial installments over a ten-year period leading up to its definitive publication in 1901. The capacious map, which measures approximately 17 x 24 feet, is rendered at the scale of 1:1000. It reveals more comprehensive and detailed information about the historical topography and built fabric than any prior—or subsequent—map of Rome. Its meticulous cartographic system captures topographic, architectural and archeological details, including distinct color-coded “layers” of historical epochs: ancient and medieval Rome in black, early modern Rome in red and Roma Capitale—the city after 1870 that was known to Lanciani—rendered in blue. The resultant stratigraphy allows the observer to simultaneously see changes over time. Embedded in his map, Lanciani provided references to a wealth of information for countless archeological sites in Rome. He cross-referenced thousands of pages of textual content through his 3,000 or so annotations plotted on the Forma Urbis Romae.
Our team has devoted parts of the last five years digitizing the entire 46 plates of the Forma Urbis Romae, creating a layered, vector version of the map while carefully maintaining the graphic integrity and symbology of the original. As part of this process, we are also vectorizing the 1748 Nuova Pianta di Roma of G.B. Nolli. Similarly, we are adapting other highly reliable and accurate sources (e.g. a modern-day survey of the city by S.A.R.A. NISTRI) for use in the map.
Click on the link below to see the present status of the map vectorization. Lanciani’s map has been completely digitized in a vector format and we are currently working to perfectly amalgamate the 46 plates, polishing the stylistic incongruences among plates and correcting minor errors.
Fonte | source:
-- “FORMA URBIS ROMAE”, in: MappingRome | University of Oregon (01/2018).
mappingrome.com/formaurbis/ = Link alla mappa ridimensionabile.
S.v.,
— ROMA ARCHEOLOGIA, ARCHITETTURA e BENI CULTURALI: Prof. Rodolfo Lanciani, Forma Urbis Romae consilio et auctoritate Regiae Academiae Lyncaeorum formam dimensus est et ad modulum. (1893-1901). [Original] scale 1:000 & [Original] Size 456 x 696 cm. Digital version, F.U.R – Roma, Bibliotheca Hertziana, Max-Planck-Institut für Kunstgeschichte (copyright 2009). (20014 | 2007). wp.me/pPRv6-2gX
-- ROMA ARCHEOLOGIA e RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA: Prof. Arch. Michele Zampilli, “Roma, Fasi Formative Tessuti e Tipi Edilizi della Citta,” (2009), pp. 1-58 [pdf] & S. MURATORI ET ALLI., CARTA | STUDI PER OPERANTE STORIA URBANA DI ROMA (1963) [FOLIO 1:4000 & 1:2000], in: Andrea Bollati (2010) & Roma Capitale (2014-2015).
-- ROMA ARCHEOLOGIA e RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA: Com. di Roma – “Tavv. 1 & 2 Tipologie edilizie del centro storico – Comune di Roma” in: La geologia di Roma. Il centro storico, Com. di Roma. Vol. 50/1995, ISPRA [2017]. [ITALIANO & ENGLISH] (7874 x 5616).
-- ROMA ARCHEOLOGICA & RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA: Dott.ssa Keti Lelo [Centro per lo studio di Roma, Roma Tre], A GIS Approach to Urban History: Rome in the 18th Century. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 3 (2014), [pdf], pp. 1293-1316.
-- ROMA ARCHEOLOGIA e RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA: FORMA ROMÆ. NASCE IL SISTEMA INFORMATIVO SUL PATRIMONIO STORICO, ARCHEOLOGICO E ARCHITETTONICO DI ROMA. COMUNE DI ROMA (09 – 27/05/2017) | Susanna Le Pera et al. 2014. & FOTO: Prof. Arch. Paolo Grassi 1984 | 2017.
ROMA ARCHEOLOGICA & RESTAURO ARCHITETTERA: Rodolfo Lanciani, “La Forma Urbis Romae,” Roma | Milano, (1893 – 1901) | 46 grandi tavole in scala 1:1000. Scarica la versione digitale immagine 2018 & digitale in PDF (AutoCAD) della Forma Urbis (2008), in: Sergio Tani, Alfonso Femia & Gianlucia Peluffo 2008 & University of Oregon | USA (01/2018).
1). ROMA ARCHEOLOGIA e RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA: Roma Carta Archeologica – Rodolfo Lanciani, “La Forma Urbis Romae,” Roma | Milano, (1893 – 1901) | 46 grandi tavole in scala 1:1000 (2014 [2008]). Scarica la versione digitale in PDF (AutoCAD) della Forma Urbis. (01/2018).
-- PDF = ROMA ARCHEOLOGIA e RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA: Roma Carta Archeologica – Rodolfo Lanciani, “La Forma Urbis Romae,” Roma | Milano, (1893 – 1901) | 46 grandi tavole in scala 1:1000 (2014 [2008]). Scarica la versione digitale in PDF (AutoCAD) della Forma Urbis.
Fonte | source:
— Sergio Tani, Alfonso Femia & Gianlucia Peluffo, “Roma – Carta Archeologica,” (2008).
2). ROMA ARCHEOLOGICA & RESTAURO ARCHITETTERA: Rodolfo Lanciani, “La Forma Urbis Romae,” Roma | Milano, (1893 – 1901) | 46 grandi tavole in scala 1:1000. Scarica la versione digitale immagine 2018 & digitale in (AutoCAD) della Forma Urbis in PDF (2008), in: University of Oregon | USA (01/2018). [Testo in inglese].
ABSTRACT - Forma Urbis Romae (in progress): Lanciani’s Forma Urbis Romae is a cartographic synthesis of the history of Rome, as it depicts the city’s diachronic development from ancient to post-classical phases. The Forma Urbis Romae is a splendid cartographic exemplar, printed in serial installments over a ten-year period leading up to its definitive publication in 1901. The capacious map, which measures approximately 17 x 24 feet, is rendered at the scale of 1:1000. It reveals more comprehensive and detailed information about the historical topography and built fabric than any prior—or subsequent—map of Rome. Its meticulous cartographic system captures topographic, architectural and archeological details, including distinct color-coded “layers” of historical epochs: ancient and medieval Rome in black, early modern Rome in red and Roma Capitale—the city after 1870 that was known to Lanciani—rendered in blue. The resultant stratigraphy allows the observer to simultaneously see changes over time. Embedded in his map, Lanciani provided references to a wealth of information for countless archeological sites in Rome. He cross-referenced thousands of pages of textual content through his 3,000 or so annotations plotted on the Forma Urbis Romae.
Our team has devoted parts of the last five years digitizing the entire 46 plates of the Forma Urbis Romae, creating a layered, vector version of the map while carefully maintaining the graphic integrity and symbology of the original. As part of this process, we are also vectorizing the 1748 Nuova Pianta di Roma of G.B. Nolli. Similarly, we are adapting other highly reliable and accurate sources (e.g. a modern-day survey of the city by S.A.R.A. NISTRI) for use in the map.
Click on the link below to see the present status of the map vectorization. Lanciani’s map has been completely digitized in a vector format and we are currently working to perfectly amalgamate the 46 plates, polishing the stylistic incongruences among plates and correcting minor errors.
Fonte | source:
-- “FORMA URBIS ROMAE”, in: MappingRome | University of Oregon (01/2018).
mappingrome.com/formaurbis/ = Link alla mappa ridimensionabile.
S.v.,
— ROMA ARCHEOLOGIA, ARCHITETTURA e BENI CULTURALI: Prof. Rodolfo Lanciani, Forma Urbis Romae consilio et auctoritate Regiae Academiae Lyncaeorum formam dimensus est et ad modulum. (1893-1901). [Original] scale 1:000 & [Original] Size 456 x 696 cm. Digital version, F.U.R – Roma, Bibliotheca Hertziana, Max-Planck-Institut für Kunstgeschichte (copyright 2009). (20014 | 2007). wp.me/pPRv6-2gX
-- ROMA ARCHEOLOGIA e RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA: Prof. Arch. Michele Zampilli, “Roma, Fasi Formative Tessuti e Tipi Edilizi della Citta,” (2009), pp. 1-58 [pdf] & S. MURATORI ET ALLI., CARTA | STUDI PER OPERANTE STORIA URBANA DI ROMA (1963) [FOLIO 1:4000 & 1:2000], in: Andrea Bollati (2010) & Roma Capitale (2014-2015).
-- ROMA ARCHEOLOGIA e RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA: Com. di Roma – “Tavv. 1 & 2 Tipologie edilizie del centro storico – Comune di Roma” in: La geologia di Roma. Il centro storico, Com. di Roma. Vol. 50/1995, ISPRA [2017]. [ITALIANO & ENGLISH] (7874 x 5616).
-- ROMA ARCHEOLOGICA & RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA: Dott.ssa Keti Lelo [Centro per lo studio di Roma, Roma Tre], A GIS Approach to Urban History: Rome in the 18th Century. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 3 (2014), [pdf], pp. 1293-1316.
-- ROMA ARCHEOLOGIA e RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA: FORMA ROMÆ. NASCE IL SISTEMA INFORMATIVO SUL PATRIMONIO STORICO, ARCHEOLOGICO E ARCHITETTONICO DI ROMA. COMUNE DI ROMA (09 – 27/05/2017) | Susanna Le Pera et al. 2014. & FOTO: Prof. Arch. Paolo Grassi 1984 | 2017.
Karim was Yahya Khan's adviser on East Pakistan being one of the senior most Bengali officers in the Pakistan Army
Defense Update Reports: Pakistan's Ra’ad Air Launched Cruise Missile is powered by a turbojet engine, sustaining a cruising speed around Mach 0.8. The weapon uses twin horizontal fins. The weapon employs autonomous electro-optical guidance for terrain matching and terminal guidance. Photo: ISPR
This shot includes some interesting spoils (spolia) from pagan temples around the Byzantine (and later Ottoman) Empires that were incorporated into the cathedral. The urn is Hellenistic, one of two brought here from the ruins of Pergamon by Sultan Murad III. The columns are Roman, two of eight in the cathedral taken from the great temple at Baalbek (Heliopolis) in Lebanon* and made of solid porphyry -- the imperial purple stone, quarried at unthinkable cost from its sole source high atop a mountain in the Egyptian desert. Porphyry can also be seen in the banded, bookmatched revetments of the wall behind. And the squared-off column behind may come from the Classical Greek Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders -- the one to the right of it (obscured behind the porphyry column) definitely is (that's the famous weeping column), and it looks like it matches.
See popular-archaeology.com/issue/june-2011/article/hagia-sop... for an interesting discussion of spolia.
*I have yet to find an authoritative source or consensus on the provenance of these columns -- help needed. Some sources indicate that they were taken from Rome, others from Baalbek, still others that they came from Baalbek via Rome (eg www.isprs.org/proceedings/xxxiii/congress/part5/172_XXXII... -- with a somewhat confused reference to the "porphyry columns previously taken to Rome from an Egyptian temple in Heliopolis," perhaps conflating the city by that name in Lebanon with one by that name in Egypt; or could they be conflating the Roman temple in Baalbek with the city of Rome?).
Christian Heipke, Secretary General, International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS), Simon Gray, Vice President of Humanitarian Affairs Eutelsat, Simonetta di Pippo, Director United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA), Jean-Yves Le Gall, President Centre National D’Études Spatiales (CNES), Incoming President International Astronautical Federation (IAF), Antoine Geissbuhler, Professor of Medical Informatics, Geneva University School of Medicine
© ITU/L.Jeitler
The curtain has at long last fallen on the destructive and polarising campaign of the Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka, which claimed more than 70,000 lives over the last 26 years. Led by Velupillai Prabhakaran, the Tamil Tigers pioneered the use of suicide bombers and were responsible for the assassination not only of Sri Lankan leaders but also of Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. Prabhakaran’s ruthlessness and total disregard for human rights did not appear to dent his hold on his people in the areas he controlled or even on the Tamils living abroad.
Previous efforts at finding a negotiated settlement had all foundered on the rocks of LTTE intransigence. Humanitarian concern about the innocent Tamils trapped and kept trapped by the LTTE for use as human shields was understandable but for the Sri Lankan army there was, in their view, no alternative to seeking an unconditional surrender, whatever the ‘collateral damage’.
Today there is outcry in the West about the manner in which the Sri Lankan army conducted operations and about the suppression of dissent in the Sri Lankan media. There is talk of denying Sri Lanka the IMF loan it desperately needs and withdrawing the preferential trading sights that it enjoys with the European Union. Yet the need of the hour is assistance for the refugees and for the more than a quarter of a million people who were more or less held hostage by the Tamil Tigers in their “last stand”.
There is further need to provide the political backing which ensures that the reconciliation process does not become hostage to the activities of Tigers sympathisers from across the narrow strait that separates Sri Lanka from the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Much has been written about the role that external forces — be it the national government in India or the state government of Tamil Nadu or non-state actors — had played in fomenting the Sinhalese-Tamil divide or the rise of the LTTE. The international community must play its part in ensuring that this does not recur.
This should not be too difficult. The greatly strengthened Manmohan Singh government, with a minimal dependence on the regional political parties, will have the capacity to guarantee non-interference in Sri Lankan affairs.
All that the international community should insist upon thereafter as a condition for its assistance is that a clear path for reconciliation should be set out and be acted upon.
It is perhaps true that when the government was able to establish control in eastern Sri Lanka, it did not move in this direction. Perhaps the Rajapaksa government was too preoccupied with the continuing military campaign to do so. Perhaps it was because the long years of conflict have created distrust and even hatred that will take time to overcome. Many Tamils who opposed Prabhakaran and the LTTE have not joined the Sinhalese in celebrating the Tigers’ defeat because they did not hear in Rajapaksa’s victory speech any word on what his government intended doing to move towards reconciliation. Reconciliation is, however, the only way forward.
Are there any parallels between the situation in Sri Lanka and the counter-insurgency operation that we are now waging? If there are none, is there any prospect of such parallels developing in the future?
Currently there appear to be no parallels. The Taliban in Malakand are not reflecting Pashtun or Swati aspirations. Their agenda is to push their distorted interpretation of Islam down the throat of all Pakistanis and then move further afield. Whatever the movement started as, there is no doubt that it has been infiltrated and perhaps even taken over by criminal elements.
Underneath the surface, however, lies a simmering resentment that pervades all Pashtuns, be they in Afghanistan, Pukhtunkhwa or Karachi (which has more Pashtuns than either Peshawar or Kabul). In their perspective, whatever the reasons for the conflict or its prolongation, Pashtun blood is being spilled on both sides. It is Pashtuns who are branded as extremists even though it is Pashtuns who are the principal victims of the extremists. Many in this community have become paranoid enough to suggest that the “authorities” are using them as pawns to carry forward an agenda that has little to do with the genuine aspirations of the moderate Pashtuns.
For the Pashtuns, the massive exodus from Malakand, occasioned as much by fear of military action as by the atrocities committed by the Taliban is yet another indicator of the miseries that have been inflicted upon them for no fault of their own. Many can perhaps be persuaded that the fault lay with the American invasion of Afghanistan, but too many others recall how the setting up of Taliban recruitment centres in Swat and the tribal areas, long after the Soviets had left, contributed to the radicalisation of the region.
If we are not to return to the dreaded days of the past when many Pashtuns argued that there was no place for them in Pakistan, there are two things that must be done. First, the IDPs must be looked after not only in Pukhtunkhwa but also anywhere else in Pakistan. Equally or perhaps more importantly, the military operation must be brought to closure quickly. It is encouraging that people, at least in the thousands, have started returning to Buner and one can hope that the clearing of Sultanwas will hasten the process further. We must not, however, make the mistake of withdrawing the army immediately. The area must be cleared and then held.
We should acknowledge that the resistance has been stiffer than expected and that our present effort may need to be reinforced by further contingents from our eastern border, particularly if areas are to be held after they are cleared. The development of our civil armed forces and police will take time and the area cannot be abandoned.
I saw some evidence of a willingness to do this in the ISPR statement that the eastern border remained a long term threat while the internal threat was, at least by implication, more immediate. That resistance would be strong became evident when it was revealed that in the Peochar Valley, under the very eyes of our intelligence agencies, the militants had been able to build 80ft deep bunkers and other such defensive positions. In areas where the civil administration and the intelligence agencies were less visible, even more must have been done.
Sri Lanka does one offer one lesson. This is a war for Pakistan’s survival. It must be fought without illusions and without yielding to the temptation to believe that one has credible and willing partners with whom a negotiated peace could be worked out. The time for that has passed. The time for reconciliation will come when military victory has been achieved just as it has now come in Sri Lanka.
The Daily Time, Friday, May 22, 2009
The writer is a former foreign secretary
Hajvery University Students WON 8th Position in First International Paces Competition 2016 Marathon held on Sunday, October 23, 2016! People from all age groups and genders participated in the marathon. Soldiers participating from Army teams of #UnitedKingdom, #Turkey, #Indonesia, #Malaysia, #SaudiArab, #Bahrain, #Nepal and #SriLanka were also present. Hajvery University Engineering Students made the University proud by winning the 8th Position is such a prestigious occasion.
Lahore was the hub of six-day entertaining activities as the First International PACES (Physical Agility and Combat Efficiency System) Championships 2016, hosted by Pakistan Army, kicks off amid a graceful opening ceremony at the Ayub Stadium here on Tuesday. Inter Services Public Relations (ISPR) Director Brig Anwaar Ahmed announced that all the participating teams had will contest in the categories of push-ups, sit-ups chin-ups and combat efficiency test at three different venues.
POST 84-Corona Virus Appeal Army Chief by Naeem Rajput 5-April-2020 naeem nazir malik rajput corona virus and Army Chief of Pakistan
Photography exhibition arranged by ISPR , Multan photography club and fotobank Pakistan.
where you can see the rural life of south Punjab , culture, and helping activities of Pakistan army during floods , disasters and terrorism.
inaugurated on 9th August by DR. SOFIA, Professor of arts at BZU deprtment of fine art and Maj.Gen Muhammad Ali, GOC 1, Armour Div.
The exhibition will remain open for public till 17th August 2016.
Press Release
No PR22/2015-ISPR Dated: January 25, 2015
Rawalpindi - January 25, 2015:
COAS meeting General Fan Changlong, Vice Chairman of Central Military Commission of China at Beijing
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I found this puzzle at a thrift store and I had already bought it from ebay so I didn't really need it, but I never think two is too many of my favorite puzzles. After I put together the puzzle, I looked for my first one and found they that are not exactly alike, so I will doing that one and posting a picture as well.
The box says: The Art of Randal Spangler
Brand: KI Puzzles
550 pieces
Since I started taking pictures of my puzzles in the living room where I can step onto a step stool and take pictures looking down, the pictures haven't been that good. Not that they were that good before, but they are lighter and not as well defined, I guess. I'm not sure what to do at this point.
Here's a better picture where you can read the actual titles of the books if you zoom in. Sorry that my little camera does not take that great of pictures.
Download Proposal Pelatihan
Alvin Adam School of Communication, Public Speaking History, Public Speaking Humor, Public Speaking Handbook Beebe 4th Edition Pdf, Public Speaking Hypnotherapy, Public Speaking Indonesia, Public Speaking Itu Apa, Public Speaking In English, Public Speaking...
Here are various spoils (spolia) from pagan temples around the Byzantine (and later Ottoman) Empires that were incorporated into Hagia Sophia. The urn is Hellenistic, one of two brought here from the ruins of Pergamon by Sultan Murad III. The near column is Roman, one of eight in the cathedral taken from the great temple at Baalbek (Heliopolis) in Lebanon* and made of solid porphyry -- the imperial purple stone, quarried at unthinkable cost from its sole source high atop a mountain in the Egyptian desert. Porphyry can also be seen in the revetments of the wall behind. And the squared-off column behind was taken from the Classical Greek Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
See popular-archaeology.com/issue/june-2011/article/hagia-sop... for an interesting discussion of spolia.
*I have yet to find an authoritative source or consensus on the provenance of these columns -- help needed. Some sources indicate that they were taken from Rome, others from Baalbek, still others that they came from Baalbek via Rome (eg www.isprs.org/proceedings/xxxiii/congress/part5/172_XXXII... -- with a somewhat confused reference to the "porphyry columns previously taken to Rome from an Egyptian temple in Heliopolis," perhaps conflating the city by that name in Lebanon with one by that name in Egypt; or could they be conflating the Roman temple in Baalbek with the city of Rome?).
Pakistani soldiers stand near a nuclear-capable ballistic missile Hatf 5 (Gauri) at an undisclosed location November 16, 2006. Pakistan successfully test-fired an intermediate range, nuclear-capable Hatf 5 (Ghauri) ballistic missile on Thursday, the military said. EDITORIAL USE ONLY REUTERS/Inter Servicess Public Relations (ISPR)/Handout (PAKISTAN)
DHAKA, Bangladesh (Jan. 15, 2013) - Adm. Cecil Haney, left, commander of U.S. Pacific Fleet, meets with Vice Adm. Zahir Uddin Ahmed, Bangladesh’s chief of naval staff, where the two discussed maritime issues of mutual interest. Haney said his first visit to Bangladesh as Pacific Fleet commander reinforces the value he places on the relationship between the U.S. Navy and Bangladesh navy. (Photo courtesy of Bangladesh ISPR)
130115-O-9999O-001
** Interested in following U.S. Pacific Command? Engage and connect with us at www.facebook.com/pacific.command and twitter.com/PacificCommand and www.pacom.mil/
Some of the Hornby Dublo items I was given by a cousin of my mother's when I was a nipper.
Clockwise from top left:
ISPL and ISPR Isolating Switch Points
EDL17 0-6-2 Tank Locomotive
D1 Level Crossing
D11 Corridor Coaches
tribune.com.pk/story/589459/pakistani-cadet-awarded-sword...
Of course, the Famous Pakistani Media is NOT aware of it! They and ISPR have not given it any publicity.
The funeral prayers for Shaheed sepoy Muhammad Hussain, whose body was found a day earlier, were offered with full military honours in Stak Chan village near Skardu.
DHAKA, Bangladesh (Jan. 15, 2013) Adm. Cecil Haney, left, commander of U.S. Pacific Fleet, meets with Vice Adm. Zahir Uddin Ahmed, Bangladesh’s chief of naval staff, where the two discussed maritime issues of mutual interest. Haney said his first visit to Bangladesh as Pacific Fleet commander reinforces the value he places on the relationship between the U.S. Navy and Bangladesh navy. (Photo courtesy of Bangladesh ISPR)