View allAll Photos Tagged irregular
A barred spiral galaxy with a small irregular galaxy, bottom right.
This is taken from the Sloan Deep Sky Survey data release 12.
The main telescope used for the survey is based in Apache Point Observatory, New Mexico and has a 2.5m diameter primary mirror with an overall f/5 focal ratio. It is optimised for wide field surveys of galaxies.
The raw data can be obtained here:
dr12.sdss.org/fields/name?name=ngc+3486
This is a two panel mosaic - the survey images cut right through the middle of the galaxy.
I used PixInsight to make single images (Star Alignment/Register/Union with Frame adaptation) from the pairs, then mapped them to RG and B.
The filters used by SDSS maps hydrogen alpha to green so I made a red tinted layer and placed it under the image in Photoshop. I then used the eraser tool to reveal the underlying red in the HII regions.
Image credit: SDSS/John Purvis
PixInsight processing note:
Use focal length of 2500mm and pixel size of 4.5microns for Photometric Colour Calibration.
Go onnnn :) View it on white, yeah?
I wanted to take a picture of me with an england flag today, since it's the world cup. But apparently me family is being unpatriotic and don't own an england flag. Plenty of pillow cases with the british flag on, but its not the same.
so i took pictures of my shoes instead :D well, they're not my shoes, they're my mum's but still. they're pretty :D
I love shoes♥
So, this was Explored a couple days ago, though since it's been dropped. Can you lot help me get it back into explore? :D
Only my crappy photos seem to get in explore :/ weird.
irregular
Treppenhaus im Jüdisches Museum Berlin
Staircase in the Jewish Museum Berlin
Exposure:0,008 sec (1/125)
Focal Length: 50mm
ISO-Speed:160
Exposure Compensation: +1/3 EV
Nikon D300
Zeiss Planar T 1,4/50 ZF
Postprocessing: Photoshop CS4 for Mac
... lo increíble, lo extraordinario, lo soñado, lo sublime... Todas esas cosas que uno se convence con el tiempo de que no existen... Todo ese mundo de magia y encantamientos, de intensidad, de amor, de placer, de compartir.... Todo ese mundo se me presentó posible y real hace cinco meses ya.... Y quiero que siga siendo así mucho tiempo más.... Lo creo certero dentro de la total incertidumbre que conlleva la existencia.... Te amo, gracias por tanto y gracias por estar! Estoy...
Mellitella californica Verrill, 1867 - fossil sand dollar from Mexico.
Echinoids are one of five living groups of echinoderms. They include the sea urchins, heart urchins, sea biscuits, and sand dollars.
Sea urchins are regular echinoids, meaning they have circular skeletons (tests) with pentaradial symmetry. Heart urchins, sea biscuits, and sand dollars are irregular echinoids, having non-circular tests with bilateral symmetry.
Classification: Animalia, Echinodermata, Echinoidea, Clypeasteroida, Mellitidae
Stratigraphy: attributed to the Santa Ynez Formation, ?Miocene or Pliocene or Pleistocene?
Locality: Mulege, Baja California, Mexico
The rain begins to fall in irregular spasmodic waves, pock-pocking against the bobbing umbrellas, creating a tympanic white noise that unsettles the man’s nerves, disrupting his ability to process the low-level, broad-spectrum input of crowd movement. A woman begins to whistle, a thin atonal sound; to call it a melody would be a lie. The man’s unthinking arhythmic stride stutters. For a moment, he almost panics. He feels for the reassuring weight of the weapon in his coat pocket, knowing the motion itself would incrementally increase the turbulence in the flow of the crowd.
On Saturday 29/11/2025, 1421s (Qube Polymetals Resources) is seen approaching Temby road, Two Wells (SA) with regulars gl106-G521 in charge. This irregular new service commenced running from Berth 29 (Port Adelaide) to Broken Hill in early October.
Shot in The Hague - Den Haag, The Netherlands. The other day I went out to The Hague with the specific purpose of restricting myself to the 70-200mm zoom lens in shooting architecture. I usually prefer shooting ultra wide. Not all the results we very good, but it was exactly the good exercise that I hoped it would be. Finding the interesting details and framing them is good training for the eye. The building in this shot was not finished yet. Shot with the Sony 70-200mm f/2.8 G A-mount lens on the A7II camera.
Nanfangao is the largest isthmus along Taiwan’s western coastline. It is connected to Su-ao Harbor, with natural geographical layouts. The Black Tide that flows pass Nanfangao’s outer seas provides an abundance of migrating fish, forming natural fish grounds. The shoreline scenery of the Nanfangao region includes capes, reefs, cliffs, caves, isthmus, bays, and shores.
The coastline along Nanfangao is classified as an erosion coast, so the appearance of a sandbanks is irregular. However, a small island acted as a barrier in the region, causing a sandbank to form from the large amounts of sand that settled behind the island. The sand dune connected with the mainland, forming an isthmus. From the mountains the isthmus is seen as a series of small dunes lying horizontally across the sea, with heights reaching no more than 100 meters. Saddle landforms are obvious, especially between the three dunes to the right, which together form the shape of a pen holder. Hence, the locals call this area “Pen Holder Mountain”.
南方澳是一位於台灣東北部的宜蘭縣蘇澳鎮境內東南方，東臨太平洋的天然漁港，除了是台灣三大漁港之一外，也是東部遠洋漁業的重要基地。
南方澳人口數約八九千多人，其中從事漁業的人口有80%。南方澳漁港三面環山，地形隱蔽且近漁場，為天然良港，與其對面的島以砂洲相連成陸連島，因而造就成一道天然防波堤。該港在日治時期便是一個已完工的漁港，對面的南天宮則為當地的信仰中心。1998年完成南方澳大橋是宜蘭縣政府針對南方澳漁港之長遠發展，於第三漁港外側進出航道上方規劃設計一座跨漁港航道拱型鋼橋，取代舊有駝背橋，以解決大型漁船無法通行之困擾，提昇南方澳漁港發展競爭力。造型優美之拱型鋼橋，除作為豆腐岩海岬及東側新建碼碩對外連絡之捷徑，與現有環港道路形成環狀網路，促進漁港之整體發展。更增添南方澳漁港一特殊景觀。
Rangers, Scout Snipers and Woodsmen, the forests of Lenfald can be a dangerous place for enemies of the state. Usually armed with the longbow the country is famous for, these men and women, when shielded by heavy infantry, give a Lenfel army a hefty long range punch. Also commonly used as scouts.
A long overdue army update for 2016, I think it's safe to say I've become a bit of an army builder! No fig or weapon/part has been reused in this series, my Lenfald army currently stands at 148 men!
Allium ursinum – known as ramsons, buckrams, wild garlic, broad-leaved garlic, wood garlic, bear leek or bear's garlic – is a wild relative of chives native to Europe and Asia.[1] The Latin name is due to the brown bear's taste for the bulbs and its habit of digging up the ground to get at them; they are also a favorite of wild boar.
Habitat
Allium ursinum grows in deciduous woodlands with moist soils, preferring slightly acidic conditions. It flowers before deciduous trees leaf in the spring, filling the air with their characteristic garlic-like scent. The stem is triangular in shape and the leaves are similar to those of the Lily of the Valley (Convallaria majalis). Unlike the related Allium vineale (crow garlic) and Allium oleraceum (field garlic), the flower-head contains no bulbils, only flowers.[2] In the British Isles, colonies are frequently associated with bluebells (Hyacinthoides non-scripta), especially in ancient woodland. It is considered to be an Ancient Woodland Indicator (AWI) species.
Edibility
The leaves of A. ursinum are edible; they can be used as salad, spice,[4] boiled as a vegetable,[5] in soup, or as an ingredient for pesto in lieu of basil. The stems are preserved by salting and eaten as a salad in Russia. A variety of Cornish Yarg cheese has a rind coated in wild garlic leaves.[6] The bulbs and flowers are also edible, though less famed for their taste than the leaves.
The leaves are also used as fodder. Cows that have fed on ramsons give milk that tastes slightly of garlic, and butter made from this milk used to be very popular in 19th-century Switzerland.
The first evidence of the human use of A. ursinum comes from the Mesolithic settlement of Barkær (Denmark), where an impression of a leaf has been found. In the Swiss Neolithic settlement of Thayngen-Weier (Cortaillod culture) there is a high concentration of pollen from A. ursinum in the settlement layer, interpreted by some as evidence for the use of A. ursinum as fodder.
Similarity to poisonous plants
The leaves of A. ursinum are easily mistaken for Lily of the Valley, sometimes also those of Colchicum autumnale and Arum maculatum. All three are poisonous and possibly deadly. A good means of positively identifying ramsons is grinding the leaves between one's fingers, which should produce a garlic-like smell. When the leaves of Allium ursinum and Arum maculatum first sprout they look similar, but unfolded Arum maculatum leaves have irregular edges and many deep veins while ramsons leaves are convex with a single main vein. The leaves of Lily of the Valley come from a single purple stem, while the leaves of A. ursinum have individual green-coloured stems.
Location: S.Wabash Ave.Chicago
An example of very extreme framing which may not suit all tastes but which at least moves the eye between the irregular but smart looking footwear and the rather dirty but neat geometry of the pavement/boardwalk.
QBX005 and 1103 head away from Menangle with a late running 1311 to Junee.
The 1100 class were once the regular motive power units for this train, however its predecessor, the QBX class, is now the dominant power.
Saturday 3rd November 2018
I really don't know why, but I haven't really been in doll mood the last couple of weeks, which explains my irregular posting of pictures. I haven't even touched most of my dolls lately...
Life has been quite challenging and busy for me during the past weeks and months. I've had some private stuff going on that absorbed most of my time and energy. I'm still very active following everybody's activities and uploads, I just couldn't manage to produce, edit and upload photos myself;
Iv'e had Carrie dressed in this particular outfit for about three weeks now, so it was definitely about time to photograph her! And while preparing the set and posing her, this 'Florence + the machine' song instantly came to my mind.
I really do hope to post more often in the near future, since photography and the amazing community here have always been my stress relief during busy times!
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www.youtube.com/watch?v=WbN0nX61rIs
Regrets collect like old friends
Here to relive your darkest moments
I can see no way, I can see no way
And all of the ghouls come out to play
And every demon wants his pound of flesh
But I like to keep some things to myself
I like to keep my issues drawn
It's always darkest before the dawn
And I've been fool and I've been blind
I can never leave the past behind
I can see no way, I can see no way
I'm always dragging that horse around
All of his questions, such a mournful sound
Tonight I'm gonna bury that horse in the ground
'Cause I like to keep my issues drawn
It's always darkest before the dawn
Shake it out, shake it out
Shake it out, shake it out, oh whoa
Shake it out, shake it out
Shake it out, shake it out, oh whoa
And it's hard to dance with a devil on your back
So shake him off, oh whoa
The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope observes some of the most beautiful galaxies in our skies — spirals sparkling with bright stellar nurseries (heic1403), violent duos ripping gas and stars away from one another as they tangle together (heic1311), and ethereal irregular galaxies that hang like flocks of birds suspended in the blackness of space (heic1114, heic1207).
More information: www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1448a/
Credit:
ESA/Hubble, NASA and S. Smartt (Queen's University Belfast)
Acknowledgement: Renaud Houdinet
Enough of this DC rubbish.
When I was younger, long before I ever considered joining Flickr, and before I was even into comics, I still would pop on here every so often and look at the creations by builders like Legohaulic, Bart De Dobbelaer, SlyOwl, Sir Nadroj, and a host of others.
Maybe most importantly though, was Alex Eylar. I can't begin to describe how excellent, elegant, atmospheric, and just utterly creative his work is, and how deeply it effected my own building growing up.
And nothing exemplifies that more than The Irregulars , a group of colorful hitmen, thugs, and assassins he created and displayed in charming little vignettes way back in 2008.
The original conceit was to recreate the original Irregulars piece for piece, but I rapidly realized I didn't have the parts to do so, so instead I decided to do a shot-for-shot recreation of each of them with newer parts. Sort of an Irregulars for the modern day.
The Irregulars are,
The Cheshire Cat, The White Rabbit, The Lory, The March Hare, The Dormouse, The Mad Hatter, The Mock Turtle, and The Gryphon. On the image itself I'll put Mister Eylar's original bios over each of them, so you can get to know them a little better.
There's a theme there if you can catch it. Heh.
Anyways, I've been thinking over this weird little tribute for a while now, figured I'd get it out there.
Cheers, all!
“Soccer Ball” Six Interlocking Pentagonal Prisms + 10 Interlocking Irregular Hexagonal Prisms 270 units
In my hand.
This is a model that I have wanted to design for many years- almost as long as I have been designing wireframes, but I have until the past year lacked both the ability to comprehend how the interior weaving might work, and also the physical tools to implement the design. Neither of those are nearly as much of a problem anymore.
This is a logical extension of prismatic series that Daniel Kwan began so many years ago. A quick look at the 3-fold orthogonal projections of a truncated icosahedron vs a regular icosahedron and dodecahedron (upon which Daniel’s first compounds of 10 triangular prisms and 6 pentagonal prisms are respectively based) will show you exactly why he stopped where he did with prisms. Opposite hexagonal faces are not rotated as an icosahedron’s triangles or a dodecahedron’s pentagons are. Without that rotation, weaving is much more challenging. What to do?
You can force the rotation into the frames themselves so that opposite faces are rotated. I did this in 6 Rhombic Prisms, then modeled the 4 point intersections. (You have to model the intersections because the distortion of twisting a prism works great on the ends of the prism, but as you get towards the middle, the rotation diminishes to nothing.) Or, you can force rotation with wrinkles, as I did in 15 Rhombic Prisms. Crude but effective.
Here, you have hexagonal prisms, which can be “divided” into 2 sets of points where each set represents the vertices of a triangular prism. We already know 10 triangular prisms weaves, so as long as the 2 “triangular prisms” are not the same size (because if they are the same size then they will occupy the same space within the construction, because the midpoint of each edge will be the same distance from the central origin), the compound is weavable. If the “triangular prisms” are not the same size, the consequence with the actual hexagonal prisms is that the faces are irregular because every other vertex is a different distance from the vector which defines the axis of orientation for the prism (ie. the very center of the hexagonal face).
The closer the hexagonal prism is to a triangular prism, the more comfortable the center edges sit, but then you lose the truncated icosahedron in the bargain. Therefore, the goal here was to make the hexagonal prisms as regular as possible to enhance the affect. To do that, I made the prism edges about as thin as I possibly could.
I describe a wireframe compound with more than one type of frame as a “Composition” (not to be confused with composition as the ordering of Euler rotations in 3D), and these are frequently somewhat tacky in my opinion, but I am beginning to see that there may actually be cases in which the use of multiple frame types complement each other. I used variable width edges here to highlight the truncated icosahedral nature, but I also decided to not make them solid so as to obscure the weaving within. I think the compromise was a pretty good one. An octahedral version of this should be possible as well.
Designed by me.
Folded out of copy paper.
Bassa artificial de forma irregular, amb base de plàstic negre que s'omple d'aigua del rec de la Vila, que passa al costat. Té 200 metres de llargada i 90 d'amplada màximes, amb una capacitat de 63.000 metres cúbics. La bassa és un dipòsit de regulació que, a més de cobrir un servei necessari per a l'agricultura i la indústria locals, serveix com a punt de càrrega d'aigua dels helicòpters i camions de bombers. De fet, es va construir per assegurar en estius secs l'aportació d'aigua a les rescloses de cal Bielet (rec de l'Horta) i dels Borrissols (rec dels Plans de Terrassola i Lavit) i permet el transvasament del rec de Dalt al rec de l'Horta Subirana de manera que s'aconsegueix que tingui assegurat un cabal constant. Està localitzada en un indret on els dos recs anteriors coincideixen, en un punt on el desnivell d'ambdós es aproximadament d'uns 6 metres. En aquest hàbitat hi conviuen barbs, carpes, anguiles i moltes granotes, a més d'alguns crancs americans.
Observacions: Es aquesta l'aportació més recent al sistema hidràulic del municipi.
patrimonicultural.diba.cat/
Very familiar territory for my cameras and my knees but I have been getting in close, manual focus, macro and no tripod so my patience is sometimes stretched. Strangely enough I do enjoy it immensely.
This POV is low level, aka eye level. Would have been better if half of the bike shield is in the image.
Moyra Davey (1990) copperhead grid. Her gathering of 100 pennies and her micro-photography of the different stages of wear and use. Davey's description of the pennies were interesting, she addressed that "they are the lowest form of currency" and value. I like the fact that they are arranged them in a irregular pattern, which fits the random and odd subject. I personally love micro photography and would like to do something similar.
UGCA 307 hangs against an irregular backdrop of distant galaxies in this image from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. The small galaxy consists of a diffuse band of stars containing red bubbles of gas that mark regions of recent star formation and lies roughly 26 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Corvus. Appearing as just a small patch of stars, UGCA 307 is a diminutive dwarf galaxy without a defined structure, resembling nothing more than a hazy patch of passing cloud.
This image is part of a Hubble project to explore every known nearby galaxy, giving astronomers insights into our galactic neighborhood. Before this set of observations, Hubble investigated almost three quarters of nearby galaxies in enough detail to spot the brightest stars and build up an understanding of the stars populating each galaxy. This Hubble project set out to explore the remaining quarter of nearby galaxies by taking advantage of short gaps in Hubble’s observing schedule.
This crystal-clear image was captured by Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS), which was installed on the telescope in 2002 during Servicing Mission 3B. The ACS replaced one of Hubble’s original instruments, the Faint Object Camera, which was built by ESA.
Text credit: European Space Agency (ESA)
Image credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA, R. Tully
For more information: www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2023/hubble-sees-a-dim...
"Irr-II galaxy" Self Portrait April 2019
"An irregular galaxy is a galaxy that does not have a distinct regular shape, unlike a spiral or an elliptical galaxy.
Irregular galaxies do not fall into any of the regular classes of the Hubble sequence, and they are often chaotic in appearance, with neither a nuclear bulge nor any trace of spiral arm structure."
(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irregular_galaxy)
© 2019 Sabine Fischer
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facebook: sabine fischer photography
The irregular galaxy Arp 263 lurks in the background of this image from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, but the view is dominated by a stellar photobomber, the bright star BD+17 2217. Arp 263 – also known as NGC 3239 – is a patchy, irregular galaxy studded with regions of recent star formation, and astronomers believe that its ragged appearance is due to its having formed from the merger of two galaxies. It lies around 25 million light-years away in the constellation Leo.
Two different Hubble investigations into Arp 263, using two of Hubble’s instruments, contributed data to this image. The first investigation was part of an effort to observe the sites of recent supernovae, such as the supernova SN 2012A that was detected just over a decade ago in Arp 263. Astronomers used Hubble’s powerful Wide Field Camera 3 to search for lingering remnants of the colossal stellar explosion. The second investigation is part of a campaign using Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys to image all the previously unobserved peculiar galaxies in the Arp catalog, including Arp 263, in order to find promising subjects for further study using the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope.
The interloping foreground star, BD+17 2217, is adorned with two sets of crisscrossing diffraction spikes. The interaction of light with Hubble’s internal structure means that concentrated bright objects, such as stars, are surrounded by four prominent spikes. Since this image of BD+17 2217 was created using two sets of Hubble data, the spikes from both images surround this stellar photobomber. The spikes are at different angles because Hubble was at different orientations when it collected the two datasets.
Text credit: European Space Agency (ESA)
Image credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA, J. Dalcanton, A. Filippenko
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For more information: www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2023/hubble-images-a-s...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's oceanic divisions. With a total area of about 106,400,000 square kilometres (41,100,000 sq mi),[1] it covers approximately 20% of the Earth's surface and about 26% of its water surface area. The first part of its name refers to Atlas of Greek mythology, making the Atlantic the "Sea of Atlas".
The oldest known mention of "Atlantic" is in The Histories of Herodotus around 450 BC (Hdt. 1.202.4): Atlantis thalassa (Greek: Ἀτλαντὶς θάλασσα; English: Sea of Atlas); see also: Atlas Mountains. The term Ethiopic Ocean, derived from Ethiopia, was applied to the southern Atlantic ocean as late as the mid-19th century.[2] Before Europeans discovered other oceans, the term "ocean" itself was synonymous with the waters beyond the Strait of Gibraltar that we now know as the Atlantic. The early Greeks believed this ocean to be a gigantic river encircling the world.
The Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between Eurasia and Africa to the east, and the Americas to the west. As one component of the interconnected global ocean, it is connected in the north to the Arctic Ocean (which is sometimes considered a sea of the Atlantic), to the Pacific Ocean in the southwest, the Indian Ocean in the southeast, and the Southern Ocean in the south. (Other definitions describe the Atlantic as extending southward to Antarctica.) The equator subdivides it into the North Atlantic Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean.
Geography
The Atlantic Ocean is bounded on the west by North and South America. It connects to the Arctic Ocean through the Denmark Strait, Greenland Sea, Norwegian Sea and Barents Sea. To the east, the boundaries of the ocean proper are Europe; the Strait of Gibraltar (where it connects with the Mediterranean Sea–one of its marginal seas–and, in turn, the Black Sea, both of which also touch upon Asia) and Africa.
In the southeast, the Atlantic merges into the Indian Ocean. The 20° East meridian, running south from Cape Agulhas to Antarctica defines its border. Some authorities show it extending south to Antarctica, while others show it bounded at the 60° parallel by the Southern Ocean.[3]
In the southwest, the Drake Passage connects it to the Pacific Ocean. The man-made Panama Canal links the Atlantic and Pacific. Besides those mentioned, other large bodies of water adjacent to the Atlantic are the Caribbean Sea; the Gulf of Mexico; Hudson Bay; the Arctic Ocean; the Mediterranean Sea; the North Sea; the Baltic Sea and the Celtic Sea.
Covering approximately 22% of Earth's surface, the Atlantic is second in size to the Pacific. With its adjacent seas, it occupies an area of about 106,400,000 square kilometres (41,100,000 sq mi);[1] without them, it has an area of 82,400,000 square kilometres (31,800,000 sq mi). The land that drains into the Atlantic covers four times that of either the Pacific or Indian oceans. The volume of the Atlantic with its adjacent seas is 354,700,000 cubic kilometers (85,100,000 cu mi) and without them 323,600,000 cubic kilometres (77,640,000 cu mi).
The average depth of the Atlantic, with its adjacent seas, is 3,339 metres (1,826 fathoms; 10,950 ft); without them it is 3,926 metres (2,147 fathoms; 12,880 ft). The greatest depth, Milwaukee Deep with 8,380 metres (4,580 fathoms; 27,500 ft), is in the Puerto Rico Trench. The Atlantic's width varies from 1,538 nautical miles (2,848 km; 1,770 mi) between Brazil and Sierra Leone to over 3,450 nautical miles (6,400 km; 4,000 mi) in the south
Cultural significance
Transatlantic travel played a major role in the expansion of Western civilization into the Americas. It is the Atlantic that separates the "Old World" from the "New World". In modern times, some idioms refer to the ocean in a humorously diminutive way as the Pond, describing both the geographical and cultural divide between North America and Europe, in particular between the English-speaking nations of both continents. Many British people refer to the United States and Canada as "across the pond", and vice versa
Ocean bottom
The principal feature of the bathymetry (bottom topography) is a submarine mountain range called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.[5] It extends from Iceland in the north to approximately 58° South latitude, reaching a maximum width of about 860 nautical miles (1,590 km; 990 mi). A great rift valley also extends along the ridge over most of its length. The depth of water at the apex of the ridge is less than 2,700 metres (1,500 fathoms; 8,900 ft) in most places, while the bottom of the ridge is three times as deep. Several peaks rise above the water and form islands.[6] The South Atlantic Ocean has an additional submarine ridge, the Walvis Ridge.[7]
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge separates the Atlantic Ocean into two large troughs with depths from 3,700–5,500 metres (2,000–3,000 fathoms; 12,000–18,000 ft). Transverse ridges running between the continents and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge divide the ocean floor into numerous basins. Some of the larger basins are the Blake, Guiana, North American, Cape Verde, and Canaries basins in the North Atlantic. The largest South Atlantic basins are the Angola, Cape, Argentina, and Brazil basins.
The deep ocean floor is thought to be fairly flat with occasional deeps, abyssal plains, trenches, seamounts, basins, plateaus, canyons, and some guyots. Various shelves along the margins of the continents constitute about 11% of the bottom topography with few deep channels cut across the continental rise.
Ocean floor trenches and seamounts:
•Puerto Rico Trench, in the North Atlantic, is the deepest trench at 8,605 metres (4,705 fathoms; 28,230 ft)[8]
•Laurentian Abyss is found off the eastern coast of Canada
•South Sandwich Trench reaches a depth of 8,428 metres (4,608 fathoms; 27,650 ft)
•Romanche Trench is located near the equator and reaches a depth of about 7,454 metres (4,076 fathoms; 24,460 ft).
Ocean sediments are composed of:
•Terrigenous deposits with land origins, consisting of sand, mud, and rock particles formed by erosion, weathering, and volcanic activity on land washed to sea. These materials are found mostly on the continental shelves and are thickest near large river mouths or off desert coasts.
•Pelagic deposits, which contain the remains of organisms that sink to the ocean floor, include red clays and Globigerina, pteropod, and siliceous oozes. Covering most of the ocean floor and ranging in thickness from 60–3,300 metres (33–1,800 fathoms; 200–11,000 ft) they are thickest in the convergence belts, notably at the Hamilton Ridge and in upwelling zones.
•Authigenic deposits consist of such materials as manganese nodules. They occur where sedimentation proceeds slowly or where currents sort the deposits, such as in the Hewett Curve.
Water characteristics
On average, the Atlantic is the saltiest major ocean; surface water salinity in the open ocean ranges from 33 to 37 parts per thousand (3.3 – 3.7%) by mass and varies with latitude and season. Evaporation, precipitation, river inflow and sea ice melting influence surface salinity values. Although the lowest salinity values are just north of the equator (because of heavy tropical rainfall), in general the lowest values are in the high latitudes and along coasts where large rivers enter. Maximum salinity values occur at about 25° north and south, in subtropical regions with low rainfall and high evaporation.
Surface water temperatures, which vary with latitude, current systems, and season and reflect the latitudinal distribution of solar energy, range from below −2 °C (28 °F). Maximum temperatures occur north of the equator, and minimum values are found in the polar regions. In the middle latitudes, the area of maximum temperature variations, values may vary by 7–8 °C (12–15 °F).
The Atlantic Ocean consists of four major water masses. The North and South Atlantic central waters make up the surface. The sub-Antarctic intermediate water extends to depths of 1,000 metres (550 fathoms; 3,300 ft). The North Atlantic Deep Water reaches depths of as much as 4,000 metres (2,200 fathoms; 13,000 ft). The Antarctic Bottom Water occupies ocean basins at depths greater than 4,000 metres.
Within the North Atlantic, ocean currents isolate the Sargasso Sea, a large elongated body of water, with above average salinity. The Sargasso Sea contains large amounts of seaweed and is also the spawning ground for both the European eel and the American eel.
The Coriolis effect circulates North Atlantic water in a clockwise direction, whereas South Atlantic water circulates counter-clockwise. The south tides in the Atlantic Ocean are semi-diurnal; that is, two high tides occur during each 24 lunar hours. In latitudes above 40° North some east-west oscillation occurs.
Climate
Climate is influenced by the temperatures of the surface waters and water currents as well as winds. Because of the ocean's great capacity to store and release heat, maritime climates are more moderate and have less extreme seasonal variations than inland climates. Precipitation can be approximated from coastal weather data and air temperature from water temperatures.
The oceans are the major source of the atmospheric moisture that is obtained through evaporation. Climatic zones vary with latitude; the warmest zones stretch across the Atlantic north of the equator. The coldest zones are in high latitudes, with the coldest regions corresponding to the areas covered by sea ice. Ocean currents influence climate by transporting warm and cold waters to other regions. The winds that are cooled or warmed when blowing over these currents influence adjacent land areas.
The Gulf Stream and its northern extension towards Europe, the North Atlantic Drift, for example, warms the atmosphere of the British Isles and north-western Europe and influences weather and climate as far south as the northern Mediterranean. The cold water currents contribute to heavy fog off the coast of eastern Canada (the Grand Banks of Newfoundland area) and Africa's north-western coast. In general, winds transport moisture and air over land areas. Hurricanes develop in the southern part of the North Atlantic Ocean. More local particular weather examples could be found in examples such as the; Azores High, Benguela Current, Nor'easter.
History
The Atlantic Ocean appears to be the second youngest of the five oceans. It did not exist prior to 130 million years ago, when the continents that formed from the breakup of the ancestral super continent Pangaea were drifting apart from seafloor spreading. The Atlantic has been extensively explored since the earliest settlements along its shores.
The Vikings, the Portuguese, and the Spaniards were the most famous among early explorers. After Columbus, European exploration rapidly accelerated, and many new trade routes were established.
As a result, the Atlantic became and remains the major artery between Europe and the Americas (known as transatlantic trade). Scientific explorations include the Challenger expedition, the German Meteor expedition, Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and the United States Navy Hydrographic Office.
Notable crossings
Ra II, a ship built from papyrus, was successfully sailed across the Atlantic by Thor Heyerdahl proving that it was possible to cross the Atlantic from Africa using such boats in early epochs of history.
•Around 980 – 982, Eric the Red discovered Greenland, geographically and geologically a part of the Americas.
•In 985 or 986, Bjarni Herjólfsson was the first European to sight the Americas. He did not go ashore, though.
•In the year 1000, the Icelander Leif Ericson was the first European to set foot on North American soil, corresponding to today's Eastern coast of Canada, i. e. the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, including the area of land named "Vinland" by Ericson. The Norse discovery was documented in the 13th century Icelandic Sagas and was corroborated by recent L'Anse aux Meadows archeological evidence.
•Around 1010, Thorfinnr Karlsefni led an attempted Viking settlement in North America with 160 settlers, but was later driven off by the natives. His son Snorri Thorfinnsson was the first American born (somewhere between 1010 and 1013) to European (Icelandic) immigrant parents.
•In 1419 and 1427, Portuguese navigators reached Madeira and Azores, respectively.
•From 1415 to 1488, Portuguese navigators sailed along the Western African coast, reaching the Cape of Good Hope.
•In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed on the island of San Salvador in The Bahamas.
•In 1497, John Cabot landed at Bonavista Newfoundland and Labrador.
•In 1500, Pedro Álvares Cabral reached Brazil.
•In 1524, Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano discovered the United States of America's east coast.
•In 1534, Jacques Cartier entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence and reached the mouth of the St. Lawrence River.
•In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert claimed Newfoundland for the English Crown.
•In 1764 William Harrison (the son of John Harrison) sailed aboard the HMS Tartar, with the H-4 time piece. The voyage became the basis for the invention of the global system of Longitude.
•In 1858, Cyrus West Field laid the first transatlantic telegraph cable (it quickly failed).
•In 1865 Brunel's ship the SS Great Eastern laid the first successful transatlantic telegraph cable .
•In 1870 the small City of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) became the first small Lifeboat to cross the Atlantic from Cork to Boston with two men crew, John Charles Buckley and Nikola Primorac (di Costa), only.[9]
•In 1896 Frank Samuelsen and George Harbo from Norway became the first people to ever row across the Atlantic Ocean.
•On April 15, 1912 the RMS Titanic sank after hitting an iceberg with a loss of more than 1,500 lives.[10]
•1914–1918, the First Battle of the Atlantic took place.
•In 1919, the American NC-4 became the first seaplane to cross the Atlantic (though it made a couple of landings on islands and the sea along the way, and taxied several hundred miles).
•Later in 1919, a British aeroplane piloted by Alcock and Brown made the first non-stop transatlantic flight, from Newfoundland to Ireland.
•In 1921, the British were the first to cross the North Atlantic in an airship.
•In 1922, Sacadura Cabral and Gago Coutinho were the first to cross the South Atlantic in an airship.
•In 1927, Charles Lindbergh made the first solo non-stop transatlantic flight in an aircraft (between New York City and Paris).
•In 1931, Bert Hinkler made the first solo non-stop transatlantic flight across the South Atlantic in an aircraft.
•In 1932, Amelia Earhart became the first female to make a solo flight across the Atlantic
•1939–1945, the Second Battle of the Atlantic. Nearly 3,700 Allied ships were sunk at a cost of 783 German U-boats.[11]
•In 1952, Ann Davison was the first woman to single-handedly sail the Atlantic Ocean.
•In 1965, Robert Manry crossed the Atlantic from the U.S. to England non-stop in a 13.5 foot (4.05 meters) sailboat named "Tinkerbell".[12] Several others also crossed the Atlantic in very small sailboats in the 1960s, none of them non-stop, though.
•In 1969 and 1970 Thor Heyerdahl launched expeditions to cross the Atlantic in boats built from papyrus. He succeeded in crossing the Atlantic from Morocco to Barbados after a two-month voyage of 6,100 km with Ra II in 1970, thus conclusively proving that boats such as the Ra could have sailed with the Canary Current across the Atlantic in prehistoric times.[13]
•In 1975, Fons Oerlemans crossed the Atlantic in 82 days, starting from Safi (Morocco) to Trinidad and Tobago, on a selfmade raft.
•In 1980, Gérard d'Aboville was the first man to cross the Atlantic Ocean rowing solo.
•In 1984, Five Argentines sail in a 10-meter-long raft made from tree trunks named Atlantis from Canary Islands and after 52 days 3,000 miles (4,800 km) journey arrived to Venezuela in an attempt to prove travelers from Africa may have crossed the Atlantic before Christopher Columbus.[14][15]
•In 1994, Guy Delage was the first man to allegedly swim across the Atlantic Ocean (with the help of a kick board, from Cape Verde to Barbados).
•In 1998, Benoît Lecomte was the first man to swim across the northern Atlantic Ocean without a kick board, stopping for only one week in the Azores.
•In 1999, after rowing for 81 days and 4,767 kilometres (2,962 mi), Tori Murden became the first woman to cross the Atlantic Ocean by rowboat alone when she reached Guadeloupe from the Canary Islands.
Ethiopic Ocean
The Aethiopian Sea, Ethiopic Ocean or Ethiopian Ocean (Okeanos Aithiopos), is an old name for what is now called the South Atlantic Ocean, which is separated from the North Atlantic Ocean by a narrow region between Natal, Brazil and Monrovia, Liberia. The use of this term illustrates a past trend towards referring to the whole continent of Africa by the name Aethiopia. The modern nation of Ethiopia, in northeast Africa, is nowhere near the Ethiopic Ocean, which would be said to lie off the west coast of Africa. The term Ethiopian Ocean sometimes appeared until the mid-19th century.[
Economy
The Atlantic has contributed significantly to the development and economy of surrounding countries. Besides major transatlantic transportation and communication routes, the Atlantic offers abundant petroleum deposits in the sedimentary rocks of the continental shelves. The Atlantic hosts the world's richest fishing resources, especially in the waters covering the shelves. The major fish are cod, haddock, hake, herring, and mackerel.
The most productive areas include Newfoundland's Grand Banks, the Nova Scotia shelf, Georges Bank off Cape Cod, the Bahama Banks, the waters around Iceland, the Irish Sea, the Dogger Bank of the North Sea, and the Falkland Banks. Eel, lobster, and whales appear in great quantities. Various international treaties attempt to reduce pollution caused by environmental threats such as oil spills, marine debris, and the incineration of toxic wastes at sea.
Terrain
From October to June the surface is usually covered with sea ice in the Labrador Sea, Denmark Strait, and Baltic Sea. A clockwise warm-water gyre occupies the northern Atlantic, and a counter-clockwise warm-water gyre appears in the southern Atlantic. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a rugged north-south centerline for the entire Atlantic basin, first discovered by the Challenger Expedition dominates the ocean floor. This was formed by the vulcanism that also formed the ocean floor and the islands rising from it.
The Atlantic has irregular coasts indented by numerous bays, gulfs, and seas. These include the Norwegian Sea, Baltic Sea, North Sea, Labrador Sea, Black Sea, Gulf of Saint Lawrence, Bay of Fundy, Gulf of Maine, Mediterranean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea.
Islands include Newfoundland (including hundreds of surrounding islands), Greenland, Iceland, Faroe Islands, Great Britain (including numerous surrounding islands), Ireland, Rockall, Sable Island, Azores, St. Pierre and Miquelon, Madeira, Bermuda, Canary Islands, Caribbean, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Annobón Province, Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Ascension Island, Saint Helena, Trindade and Martim Vaz, Tristan da Cunha, Gough Island (Also known as Diego Alvarez), Falkland Islands, Tierra del Fuego, South Georgia Island, South Sandwich Islands, and Bouvet Island.
Natural resources
The Atlantic harbors petroleum and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales), sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, and precious stones.
Natural hazards
Icebergs are common from February to August in the Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, and the northwestern Atlantic and have been spotted as far south as Bermuda and Madeira. Ships are subject to superstructure icing in the extreme north from October to May. Persistent fog can be a maritime hazard from May to September, as can hurricanes north of the equator (May to December).
The United States' southeast coast has a long history of shipwrecks due to its many shoals and reefs. The Virginia and North Carolina coasts were particularly dangerous.
The Bermuda Triangle is popularly believed to be the site of numerous aviation and shipping incidents because of unexplained and supposedly mysterious causes, but Coast Guard records do not support this belief.
Hurricanes are also a natural hazard in the Atlantic, but mainly in the northern part of the ocean, rarely tropical cyclones form in the southern parts. Hurricanes usually form between June 1 and November 30 of every year. The most notable hurricane in the Atlantic would be Hurricane Katrina in the 2005 season
Current environmental issues
Endangered marine species include the manatee, seals, sea lions, turtles, and whales. Drift net fishing can kill dolphins, albatrosses and other seabirds (petrels, auks), hastening the fish stock decline and contributing to international disputes.[16] Municipal pollution comes from the eastern United States, southern Brazil, and eastern Argentina; oil pollution in the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Lake Maracaibo, Mediterranean Sea, and North Sea; and industrial waste and municipal sewage pollution in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, and Mediterranean Sea.
In 2005, there was some concern that warm northern European currents were slowing down, but no scientific consensus formed from that evidence.[17]
On June 7, 2006, Florida's wildlife commission voted to take the manatee off the state's endangered species list. Some environmentalists worry that this could erode safeguards for the popular sea creature.
Marine pollution
Marine pollution is a generic term for the entry into the ocean of potentially hazardous chemicals or particles. The biggest culprits are rivers and with them many agriculture fertilizer chemicals as well as livestock and human waste. The excess of oxygen-depleting chemicals leads to hypoxia and the creation of a dead zone.[18]
Marine debris, which is also known as marine litter, describes human-created waste floating in a body of water. Oceanic debris tends to accumulate at the center of gyres and coastlines, frequently washing aground where it is known as beach litter
Bordering countries and territories
The states (territories in italics) with a coastline on the Atlantic Ocean (excluding the Baltic and Mediterranean Seas) are:
Europe
• Belgium
• Denmark
• Germany
• Spain
• France
• Faroe Islands
• Guernsey
• Isle of Man
• Ireland
• Iceland
• Jersey
• Netherlands
• Norway
• Portugal
• Sweden
• United Kingdom
Africa
• Morocco
• Angola
• Benin
• Bouvet Island
• Côte d'Ivoire
• Cameroon
• Democratic Republic of the Congo
• Republic of the Congo
• Cape Verde
• Western Sahara (claimed by Morocco)
• Spain (Canary Islands)
• Gabon
• Ghana
• Guinea
• Gambia
• Guinea-Bissau
• Equatorial Guinea
• Liberia
• Mauritania
• Namibia
• Nigeria
• Senegal
• Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
• Sierra Leone
• São Tomé and Príncipe
•
South America
• Argentina
• Brazil
• Chile
• Colombia
• Falkland Islands
• France (French Guiana)
• Guyana
• South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
• Suriname
• Uruguay
• Venezuela
Caribbean
• Aruba
• Anguilla
• Antigua and Barbuda
• Bahamas
• Saint Barthélemy
• Barbados
• Cuba
• Curaçao
• Cayman Islands
• Dominica
• Dominican Republic
• France (Martinique and Guadeloupe)
• Grenada
• Haiti
• Jamaica
• Saint Lucia
• Saint Martin
• Montserrat
• Netherlands (Caribbean Netherlands)
• Puerto Rico
• Saint Kitts and Nevis
• Sint Maarten
• Turks and Caicos Islands
• Trinidad and Tobago
• Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
• British Virgin Islands
• United States Virgin Islands
Central and North America
• Belize
• Bermuda
• Canada
• Costa Rica
• Greenland
• Guatemala
• Honduras
• Mexico
• Nicaragua
• Panama
• Saint Pierre and Miquelon
• United States
After the fall of the small principality of Rünholdt, Archduke Kaspar gathered together all of the remaining soldiers and formed them into a single mercenary regiment. The landless men are available for hire to the highest bidder.
L-R: sapper, musketman, general, colour-sergeant, grenadier
I built this barf because I'd always thought the comic-book version of Star-Lord's jacket looks a lot like a napoleonic grenadier/artilleryman's jacket. The colour coordination happened organically as I was putting the figs together. Hopefully it doesn't look too obtrusive.
Photo of bubbles from the oily water soap bubble macro abstract photography assignment captured via Minolta MD Macro Rokkor-X 100mm F/4 lens. Inside the creative halls of the 494 ∞ Labs. Early September 2020.
Exposure Time: 1/4 sec. * ISO Speed: ISO-640 * Aperture: F/4 * Bracketing: None * Color Temperature: 2650 K * Film Plug-In: Fuji Velvia 50 * Adaptor: 1:1 Extension Tube
Sant Julià de Rabós és una església romànica al nucli urbà de Rabós (Alt Empordà). L'església és un edifici romànic d'una sola nau acabada a l'est per un absis semicircular. La nau és coberta per una volta apuntada. Al segle XIV es va fortificar l'església, augmentant l'alçada dels murs i construint merlets. És un edifici que forma part de l'Inventari del Patrimoni Arquitectònic de Catalunya.[1]
Descripció
És una església d'una sola nau amb absis de planta semicircular. La nau presenta volta apuntada mentre que l'absis està cobert amb una volta de quart d'esfera. L'arc triomfal està format per un doble plec de mig punt en gradació amb la nau. Els murs laterals, de força gruix i rematats per una cornisa motllurada, presenten quatre capelles encastades i cobertes amb volta de mig punt, les quals no sobrepassen el gruix de l'estructura cap a l'exterior. Les dues capelles de la zona presbiteral presenten cornises de cavet, mentre que les de la nau estan arrebossades i pintades i foren afegides amb posterioritat. A migdia hi ha la sagristia, a la que s'accedeix a través d'una volta de mig punt que perfora el gruix del mur. Als peus del temple hi ha el cor, sostingut per un gran arc rebaixat bastit amb carreus desbastats, que es recolza als murs de la nau. El temple presenta quatre finestres d'arc de mig punt per il·luminar l'interior, tres són de doble esqueixada i l'altra d'un sol biaix, totes de mida gran.[1]
La façana principal, orientada a ponent, presenta un portal d'accés format per dos arcs de mig punt en gradació i timpà llis ubicat damunt una llinda gravada amb la inscripció "1313, ANNO DOMINI M CC XIII" i la representació força esquemàtica de l'anyell de Déu flanquejat per dos lleons rampants. Damunt la porta hi ha una finestra força gran, de doble esqueixada i arcs de mig punt. La façana està rematada amb un campanar d'espadanya format per tres pilastres cobertes amb dos arcs de mig punt. Tant damunt del campanar com de la resta del temple s'aixeca una gran obra de fortificació construïda a finals del segle xiv. El campanar està rematat per una corsera sostinguda per vuit falsos arquets triangulars damunt cartel·les.[1]
Més tardanament, damunt la fortificació s'aixecà un altre campanar d'espadanya d'un sol ull, arrebossat i pintat. La resta de la fortificació està força degradada, tot i que es conserva millor a la part de tramuntana i a l'absis, on el gran mur bastit damunt seu li dóna aparença de torre defensiva. Encara manté algun merlet rectangular, amb una petita espitllera al centre.[1] El temple presenta els murs laterals bastits amb pedra desbastada disposada irregularment i lligada amb abundant morter de calç. La façana principal, en canvi, presenta un parament de carreus ben escairats, disposats formant filades regulars. L'interior del temple presenta tots els paraments de pedra vistos, exceptuant les dues capelles laterals i la volta de la nau principal, arrebossades i pintades de blanc.[1]
Història
En un primer document de l'any 844, l'autenticitat del qual és força dubtosa, s'esmenta l'església de Rabós dins d'un grup de dotze esglésies pertanyents al monestir de Sant Quirze de Colera contra les pretensions del comte d'Empúries, que les havia usurpat. Joan Badia i Homs no accepta l'autenticitat d'aquest document i creu que és una falsificació per part dels monjos de Colera, realitzada el segle xiii, per tal de reafirmar llurs drets davant del comte d'Empúries.[1] L'any 1072, en la dotació de Berenguer Renard de Quermançó al seu fill Dalmau, amb motiu de la seva admissió a la canònica de Girona, el bisbe Berebguer promet que a la mort del pare, concediria a Dalmau l'església de "Rabidonis", en feu de la seu gironina.[1] En les Rationes decimarum dels anys 1279 i 1280 apareix nomenada l'"ecclesia de Rabidonibus" i "Rabedonibus", respectivament. A finals del segle xiii, en un document de compra per part de l'abat Berenguer de Vilatenim, apareix nomenada com "Parrochia Sti Juliani de Rabadonibus". L'any 1362 apareix al Llibre verd de la seu de Girona.[1]