Operation Desert Wall was a partnership operation designed to enable interoperability between the Ghost Battalion and the Wall Brigade, inspire confidence in each other's capabilities, and posture both elements for combined operations in support of Operation Spartan Shield while supporting the units' training objectives. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Leah R. Kilpatrick)

Infantrymen assigned to the 3rd Battalion, 8th Cavalry Regiment, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division clean their weapons in preparation for a joint, combined unknown distance live-fire range with the U.S. Marines and the Italian Army May 9 during Exercise Eager Lion 2017 in Wadi Shadiya, Jordan. Eager Lion was a two-weeklong multinational exercise with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, in order to exchange military expertise and improve interoperability among partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Leah R. Kilpatrick, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team Public Affairs Office, 1st Cavalry Division (released)

PORT MORESBY, Papua New Guinea (Feb. 22, 2016) - A total of 18 nations and more than 50 participants attended U.S. Pacific Command's (USPACOM) Multinational Communications Interoperability Program (MCIP) Planning Staff Workshop 1 (PSW1) in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, 22-26 Feb. 2016.

The workshop was co-hosted by the Papua New Guinea Defense Force (PNGDF) command, control, communications, and computers/cyber division and USPACOM. The PNGDF Commander, Secretary of Defense, Chief of Staff, Deputy Chief of Staff, plus Indonesia's and New Zealand's Defense Attaches, and Head of Australian Defense Staff (in PNG) all participated in activities at PSW1. (Courtesy photo from Papua New Guinea Defense Force Public Relations)

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attle Group Poland and 15th Mechanized Brigade conduct a Road March with U.S., U.K. and Polish tactical vehicles from Bemowo Piskie Training Area to the Sulwalki Gap and then to the Polish Lithuanian border June 18. The multinational formation will be performing wet gap crossings in Lithuanian as part of the joint training exercise Iron Wolf which is held in conjunction with Saber Strike 17. The exercises include integrated and synchronized deterrence-oriented training designed to improve interoperability and readiness of the militaries of the 20 participating nations throughout the Baltic region and Poland.

McEntire Joint National Guard Base, home of the South Carolina Air National Guard’s 169th Fighter Wing, co-hosts nighttime arming and refueling training during Exercise Agile Lion, Jan. 14, 2020. Multi-functional Airmen and F-15E Strike Eagle fighter jets from the 4th Fighter Wing at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, N.C., execute integrated combat turns during the exercise. This training simulates mobile command and control which enables joint interoperability. A C-130J Hercules military transport aircraft from the 19th Airlift Wing, Little Rock Air Force Base, Ark., assists in the prepositioning of support personnel, equipment and fuel needed to support the fleet of F-15s participating in the exercise. (U.S. Air Force photo by Senior Master Sgt. Edward Snyder, 169th Fighter Wing Public Affairs)

Infantrymen of the 3rd Battalion, 69th Armored Regiment, 1st Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division reach their destination in M1A2 System Enhancement Package Version 2 vehicles, on Tapa Army Base, Nov. 11. The infantrymen were on their way to the field for nine days to conduct joint training exercises with Estonian soldiers, as well as showcase their skills and allow Estonian officers and non-commissioned officers to experience firing a M1A2 SEP V2. These activities are part of the U.S. Army Europe-led Operation Atlantic Resolve land force assurance training taking place across Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland to enhance multinational interoperability, strengthen relationships among allied militaries, contribute to regional stability and demonstrate U.S. commitment to NATO. (U.S. Army photo by: Sgt Caitlyn Byrne, 10th Press Camp Headquarters)

Military personnel and delegates from more than 40 nations establish communications centers to begin the scenario portion of the Africa Endeavor 2013 exercise at an Air Force base in Lusaka, Zambia, Aug. 10, 2013.Africa Endeavor is Africa Command's annual 10-day communications exercise, focusing on interoperability and information sharing among African partners. The first Africa Endeavor was held in 2006 in South Africa; past exercises have taken place in Nigeria, Gabon, Ghana, The Gambia and Cameroon. (U.S. Army National Guard photo by Sgt. Bethany Fehringer/RELEASED)

150615-M-OM669-013 BALTIC SEA (June 15, 2015) Finnish marine Lieutenant Senior Grade Christoffer Blomqvist, communications officer for the BALTOPS Combined Landing Team, listens to the pre-confirmation brief for the amphibious landing in Poland, June 15. Service members from Finland, Sweden, the Netherlands, the U.K., the U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Navy and the U.S. Army who comprise the Combined Landing Force (CLF) and Combined Amphibious Task Force (CATF) continued planning for the amphibious operations in Poland. The amphibious landing is one of the exercise scenarios for BALTOPS 2015, an annually reoccurring multinational exercise designed to enhance flexibility and interoperability, as well as demonstrate resolve of allied and partner forces to defend the Baltic region. (Official U.S. Marine Corps photo by 1st Lt. Sarah E. Burns/Released)

Spc. Cody Hutchcraft, a tracked vehicle mechanic assigned to 3rd Battalion, 8th Cavalry Regiment, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division; changes a battery terminal in a Humvee during Exercise Eager Lion in Wadi Shadiya, Jordan May 8. Eager Lion was a two-weeklong multinational exercise with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, in order to exchange military expertise and improve interoperability among partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Leah R. Kilpatrick, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team Public Affairs Office, 1st Cavalry Division (released)

A 7-ton Medium Tactical Vehicle Replacement gets loaded onto a Landing Craft Air Cushion to be transported to San Clemente Island during Exercise Iron Fist 2014 aboard Camp Pendleton, Calif., Feb. 12, 2014. Iron Fist is an amphibious exercise that brings together Marines and sailors from the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, other I Marine Expeditionary Force units, and soldiers from the JGSDF, to promote military interoperability and hone individual and small-unit skills through challenging, complex and realistic training. (U.S. Marine Corps photo by Lance Cpl. Ricardo Hurtado/Released)

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A U.S. Soldier, assigned to Bravo Troop, Regimental Engineer Squadron, 2d Cavalry Regiment, ground guides a truck including a Bridge Adapter Pallet with an integrated launcher during Exercise Allied Spirit V at the 7th Army Training Command’s Hohenfels Training Area, Germany, Oct. 4, 2016. Exercise Allied Spirit includes about 2,520 participants from eight NATO nations, and exercises tactical interoperability and tests secure communications within Alliance members and partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Visual Information Specialist Gertrud Zach)

MANILA, Philippines (July 29, 2021) U.S. Navy Lt.j.g. Ana Gonzalez gives a lecture to Philippine Navy sailors during a Pacific Partnership 21 medical discussion. Pacific Partnership, now in its 16th iteration, brings nations together to prepare during calm periods to effectively respond in times of crisis. Each year, the mission team works collectively with host and partner nations to enhance regional interoperability and disaster response capabilities, increase security and stability in the region, and foster new and enduring friendships in the Indo-Pacific. (U.S. Navy Photo by Chief Mass Communication Specialist Joseph R. Vincent/Released)

Maj. Shaun Conlin, an operations officer (S3) assigned to 2nd Squadron, 2nd Cavalry, points out unit capabilities on a map and discusses several different points of an operation order with Lt. Col. Theodore A. Johnson (middle,) squadron commander, during the unit's rehearsal of concept drill, held in preparation of the unit's support for Operation Atlantic Resolve in Mihail Kogalniceanu, Romania, Mar. 23, 2015. The purpose of the Operation Atlantic Resolve is to conduct multinational training as well as improving allied interoperability between U.S. and NATO forces. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

Military personnel and delegates from more than 40 nations establish communications centers to begin the scenario portion of the Africa Endeavor 2013 exercise at an Air Force base in Lusaka, Zambia, Aug. 10, 2013.Africa Endeavor is Africa Command's annual 10-day communications exercise, focusing on interoperability and information sharing among African partners. The first Africa Endeavor was held in 2006 in South Africa; past exercises have taken place in Nigeria, Gabon, Ghana, The Gambia and Cameroon. (U.S. Army National Guard photo by Sgt. Bethany Fehringer/RELEASED)

Military personnel and delegates from more than 40 nations establish communications centers to begin the scenario portion of the Africa Endeavor 2013 exercise at an Air Force base in Lusaka, Zambia, Aug. 10, 2013.Africa Endeavor is Africa Command's annual 10-day communications exercise, focusing on interoperability and information sharing among African partners. The first Africa Endeavor was held in 2006 in South Africa; past exercises have taken place in Nigeria, Gabon, Ghana, The Gambia and Cameroon. (U.S. Army National Guard photo by Sgt. Bethany Fehringer/RELEASED)

Lt. Col. Theodore A. Johnson (left,) a squadron commander assigned to 2nd Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, speaks to Maj. Shaun Conlin (right,) an operations officer (S3) assigned to 2nd Sqdn, 2nd CR, about certain points in an operation order during the unit's rehearsal of concept drill, held in preparation of the unit's support for Operation Atlantic Resolve in Mihail Kogalniceanu, Romania, Mar. 23, 2015. The purpose of the Operation Atlantic Resolve is to conduct multinational training as well as improving allied interoperability between U.S. and NATO forces. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

A Romanian IAR-330 Puma Helicopter conducts airguard and security operations for two TR-85 Main Battle Tanks, while participating in a multinational combined arms demonstration alongside Troopers assigned to 2nd Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, Romanian Land Forces and British soldiers belonging to the Coldstream Guard, during an Exercise Wind Spring Distinguished Visitor's event at Smardan Training Area, Romania, Apr. 18, 2015. The purpose of the event was to demonstrate interoperability between NATO Allies, while also allowing members of the Romanian government, along with British military leadership, to watch as the units worked and trained together in support of Operation Atlantic Resolve-South. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

Eager Lion was a two-weeklong multinational exercise with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, in order to exchange military expertise and improve interoperability among partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Leah R. Kilpatrick, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team Public Affairs Office, 1st Cavalry Division (released)

Staff Sgt. David Doolin with the 1st platoon of U.S. Army Europe's 541st Engineer Company, 54th Engineer Battalion, 18th Engineer Brigade, greets Spanish engineer soldiers on the first day of exercise Interdict 2012 in Spain, Oct. 27. The exercise hosted by the Spanish engineers was designed to foster and enhance interoperability and skills among engineer units practicing counter-improvised explosive device operations using a scenario that mirrored combat in Afghanistan. (Photo by Lt. Col. Wayne Marotto)

Military personnel and delegates from more than 40 nations gather at the Zambian Army Headquarters, Aug. 7, 2013, in Lusaka, Zambia for an opening ceremony to begin the Africa Endeavor 2013 exercise. Africa Endeavor is Africa Command's annual 10-day communications exercise, focusing on interoperability and information sharing among African partners. The first Africa Endeavor was held in 2006 in South Africa; past exercises have taken place in Nigeria, Gabon, Ghana, The Gambia and Cameroon. (U.S. Army National Guard photo by Sgt. Bethany Fehringer/RELEASED)

Military personnel and delegates from more than 40 nations establish communications centers to begin the scenario portion of the Africa Endeavor 2013 exercise at an Air Force base in Lusaka, Zambia, Aug. 10, 2013.Africa Endeavor is Africa Command's annual 10-day communications exercise, focusing on interoperability and information sharing among African partners. The first Africa Endeavor was held in 2006 in South Africa; past exercises have taken place in Nigeria, Gabon, Ghana, The Gambia and Cameroon. (U.S. Army National Guard photo by Sgt. Bethany Fehringer/RELEASED)

A tank assigned to the Jordan Armed Forces engages a target at a combined joint live-fire accuracy screening test range May 10 in Wadi Shadiya, Jordan during Exercise Eager Lion 2017. Eager Lion was a two-weeklong multinational exercise with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, in order to exchange military expertise and improve interoperability among partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Leah R. Kilpatrick, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team Public Affairs Office, 1st Cavalry Division (released)

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CLARK FIELD, Philippines – U.S. Marine aircraft rescue firefighters demonstrate their water hose’s capabilities during a static display for Philippine and international media, Philippine military dependents, children from local schools and officer candidates currently in training at Clark Field, Republic of the Philippines, April 13. The static display was a part of exercise Balikatan 2013, an annual bilateral training evolution aimed at ensuring interoperability of the Philippine and U.S. militaries during planning, contingency and humanitarian assistance operations. The ARFF specialists are with Marine Wing Support Squadron 172, Marine Aircraft Group 36, 1st Marine Aircraft Wing, III Marine Expeditionary Force. (U.S. Marine Corps photo by Pfc. Kasey Peacock/Released)

BALTIC SEA (June 11, 2020) Royal Norwegian Air Force 330 squadron conducts flight operations during BALTOPS 2020, June 11. BALTOPS is the premier annual maritime-focused exercise in the Baltic region, enhancing flexibility and interoperability among allied and partner nations. (Photo courtesy of the Standing Nato Maritime Group 1)

Sgt. Kalvin McElroy, a native of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and an infantryman assigned to Company A, 3rd Battalion, 8th Cavalry Regiment, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division, engages targets from the kneeling position during a joint, combined unknown distance live-fire range with the U.S. Marines and the Italian Army. Eager Lion was a two-weeklong multinational exercise with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, in order to exchange military expertise and improve interoperability among partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Leah R. Kilpatrick, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team Public Affairs Office, 1st Cavalry Division (released)

Pvt. Allan Thompson (left) and Pfc. Garrhett Mikel (right,) both military police officers assigned to the 615th Military Police Company, whom directly supports 4th Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, conduct preventive maintenance, checks and services on their .50 caliber machine gun mount before driving the second leg of the Dragoon Crossing, a tactical road march starting out at Rose Barracks, Germany and continuing through the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic ending in Hungary on Sept. 14, 2015. The purpose of the exercise is to reassure NATO Allies of the U.S. intent during Operation Atlantic Resolve while demonstrating interoperability and freedom of movement throughout Eastern Europe. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

From left to right: Brig. Gen. Zoma Kongo, Director of Operations, Tanzania People’s Defence Force, Maj. Gen. Salim Mustafa Kijuu, Commander of Land Forces, Tanzania People’s Defence Force, and Maj. Gen. Darryl A. Williams, Commanding General, U.S. Army Africa (USARAF), receive a briefing on the Training Support Activity Europe's Deployable Range Package during a visit at the 7th Army Joint Multinational Training Command's Grafenwoehr Training Area, Germany, July 9, 2015 as part of a Command Sponsored Visit coordinated by USARAF on behalf of the U.S. Army. Command Sponsored Visits bring together senior land force commanders from nations around the world to discuss mutual security concerns and to increase interoperability. USARAF hosted the annual Gender Mainstreaming Seminar in Tanzania in May of this year and will conduct the African Land Forces Summit and the Eastern Accord 16 exercise in Tanzania next year. These visits help build partnerships over time and across echelons, the key concept behind USARAF's African Horizons strategy.

(U.S. Army photo by Visual Information Specialist Markus Rauchenberger/released)

U.S. Marines with 1st Battalion, 1st Marine Regiment, provide security during Exercise Iron Fist 2014 aboard Camp Pendleton, Calif., Feb. 19, 2014. Iron Fist is an amphibious exercise that brings together Marines and sailors from the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, other I Marine Expeditionary Force units, and soldiers from the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force, to promote military interoperability and hone individual and small-unit skills through challenging, complex and realistic training. (U.S. Marine Corps photo by Sgt. Jamean R. Berry/Released)

Slovenian soldiers of 3rd Company, 10th Regiment conduct a movement to contact lane using Valuk Light Armored Vehicles during Exercise Allied Spirit IV at the 7th Army Joint Multinational Training Command's Hohenfels Training Area, Germany, Jan. 21, 2016. Exercise Allied Spirit includes more than 2,200 participants from six NATO nations, and exercises tactical interoperability and tests secure communications within Alliance members and partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Visual Information Specialist Markus Rauchenberger/released)

U.S. Marine Lance Cpl. Derrick Wright, 1st Battalion, 1st Marine Regiment, provides security during Exercise Iron Fist 2014 aboard Camp Pendleton, Calif., Feb. 19, 2014. Iron Fist is an amphibious exercise that brings together Marines and sailors from the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit, other I Marine Expeditionary Force units, and soldiers from the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force, to promote military interoperability and hone individual and small-unit skills through challenging, complex and realistic training. (U.S. Marine Corps photo by Sgt. Jamean R. Berry/Released)

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Soldiers from Netherlands and the United States conduct an air assault mission, during Exercise Allied Spirit VI at 7th Army Training Command’s Hohenfels Training Area, Germany, March 17, 2017. Exercise Allied Spirit includes about 2,770 participants from 12 NATO and Partner for Peace nations, and exercises tactical interoperability and tests secure communications within Alliance members and partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Visual Information Specialist Gerhard Seuffert)

Four M1A2 Abrams Main Battle Tanks from Company A, 3rd Battalion, 8th Cavalry Regiment, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division conduct platoon manuevers May 13 at Wadi Shadiya, Jordan as part of Exercise Eager Lion 2017. Eager Lion was a two-weeklong multinational exercise with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, in order to exchange military expertise and improve interoperability among partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Leah R. Kilpatrick, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team Public Affairs Office, 1st Cavalry Division (released)

190313-N-VE240-1069 PHILIPPINE SEA (March 13, 2019) Cmdr. Jonathan Hopkins, commanding officer of the Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer USS Milius (DDG 69) discusses advanced seamanship with the bridge watch team. U.S. Navy warships train together to increase the tactical proficiency, lethality and interoperability of participating units in an Era of Great Power Competition. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Rufus Hucks/Released)

ROCKHAMPTON, Queensland, Australia (July 15, 2011) - Australian Defence Force Capt. Aaron

Oldaker,from Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, with 1st Joint Public Affairs Unit, low crawls through a tunnel ADF and U.S. Marines during a movement-to-contact exercise during a Marine Corps Martial Arts Program demonstration and physical training drill at Camp Rocky in Rockhampton during Talisman Sabre 2011 July 15, 2011. U.S. Marines with Combat Logistics Regiment 37, 3rd Marine Logistics Group, III Marine Expeditionary Force, hosted the demo and drill in which ADF personnel and U.S. Marines from CLR-37 and 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit participated. During the demo and drill, teams of ADF and U.S troops also performed squad pushups, hanging squad sit ups and Marine Corps-style ground fighting. TS11 is a biennial combined training exercise designed to train Australian and U.S. forces in planning and conducting Combined Task Force operations to improve Australian Defence Force/U.S. combat readiness and interoperability. It reflects the closeness of the alliance and the strength and flexibility of the ongoing military-military relationship. (U.S. Marine Corps photo by Gunnery Sgt. Cindy Fisher/Released)

An A10-C Thunderbolt II aircraft assigned to the 104th Fighter Squadron, Maryland Air National Guard, takes-off from Andoya Air Base, heading to Setermoen Range to participate in the Swift Response exercise, May 9, 2022, in Andenes, Norway. Swift Response is an annual USAREUR-AF led multinational training exercise taking place throughout Eastern Europe, including the Arctic, Baltic Sea, and the Balkan Peninsula regions and is designed to enhance readiness and airborne interoperability with allies and partners. (U.S. Air National Guard photo by Tech. Sgt. Enjoli Saunders)

Slovenian and Italian Joint Terminal Attack Controllers (JTAC), train with U.S. Air Force JTAC Soldiers from the Joint Multinational Readiness Center’s Bullseye Observer Coach Trainer Team in the Hohenfels training area, Germany, during exercise Allied Spirit IV, Jan. 25, 2016. JTAC Soldiers execute complex air-to-ground missions that integrate ground-based radio operations with fixed and rotary wing aircraft in combat environments. The training they receive at JMRC with its advanced simulations and real-life squad tactics lanes will prepare them for real combat scenarios. Exercise Allied Spirit IV is a U.S. Army Europe-directed, 7th Army Joint Multinational Training Command-conducted multinational exercise that is designed to prepare forces in Europe to operate together by exercising tactical interoperability and testing secure communications within NATO Alliance members and partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. 1st Class Caleb Barrieau)

A Romanian IAR-330 Puma Helicopter (center,) flys above a Stryker Combat Vehicle (left,) belonging to 2nd Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment and a TR-85 Main Battle Tank (right,) belonging to the Romanian Land Forces, before a multinational combined arms demonstration during an Exercise Wind Spring Distinguished Visitor's event at Smardan Training Area, Romania, Apr. 18, 2015. The purpose of the event was to demonstrate interoperability between NATO Allies, while also allowing members of the Romanian government, along with British military leadership, to watch as the units worked and trained together in support of Operation Atlantic Resolve-South. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

After walking about 3 kilometers through forests, Paratroopers of Company A, 1st Battalion, 503rd Infantry Regiment, 173rd Airborne Brigade, made their way from the air assault infiltration location and tactically moved on foot through thick vegetation. Their objective was to conduct a deliberate attack on the military operations on an urban terrain site known as Haaslat Village at Hohenfels Training Area Aug. 28. Exercise Saber Junction 2014 includes participants from the U.S., NATO allies and European security partners, conducting unified land operations at the 7th Army's Joint Multinational Training Command's Hohenfels Training Area. The exercise trains units in the simultaneous combination of offensive, defensive and stability operations while improving international interoperability, commitment to NATO and allied nations and strategic access to critical areas within the European Command's area of responsibility. More information about Saber Junction 2014 can be found at www.eur.army.mil/SaberJunction/ (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Christina M. Dion/Released)

An A10-C Thunderbolt II aircraft assigned to the 104th Fighter Squadron, Maryland Air National Guard, prepares for takeoff from Andoya Air Base, heading to Setermoen Range to participate in the Swift Response exercise, May 9, 2022, in Andenes, Norway. Swift Response is an annual USAREUR-AF led multinational training exercise taking place throughout Eastern Europe, including the Arctic, Baltic Sea, and the Balkan Peninsula regions and is designed to enhance readiness and airborne interoperability with allies and partners. (U.S. Air National Guard photo by Tech. Sgt. Enjoli Saunders)

Troopers assigned to 2nd Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, prepare to meet distinguished guests as they stand in front of their Stryker Combat Vehicles, while participating in a multinational combined arms demonstration during an Exercise Wind Spring Distinguished Visitor's event at Smardan Training Area, Romania, Apr. 18, 2015. The purpose of the event was to demonstrate interoperability between NATO Allies, while also allowing members of the Romanian government, along with British military leadership, to watch as the units worked and trained together in support of Operation Atlantic Resolve-South. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

ITCs started as interoperability offices. In Germany, this meant building collaboration agreements to support development of a main battle tank. The MBT70 is the common ancestor of the M1 Abrams and the Leopard tanks, which have common components, such as the L44/M256 120 mm smoothbore cannon. (Images courtesy of the author)

McEntire Joint National Guard Base, home of the South Carolina Air National Guard’s 169th Fighter Wing, co-hosts nighttime arming and refueling training during Exercise Agile Lion, Jan. 14, 2020. Multi-functional Airmen and F-15E Strike Eagle fighter jets from the 4th Fighter Wing at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, N.C., execute integrated combat turns during the exercise. This training simulates mobile command and control which enables joint interoperability. A C-130J Hercules military transport aircraft from the 19th Airlift Wing, Little Rock Air Force Base, Ark., assists in the prepositioning of support personnel, equipment and fuel needed to support the fleet of F-15s participating in the exercise. (U.S. Air Force photo by Capt. Stephen Hudson, 169th Fighter Wing Public Affairs)

A U.S. Soldier, assigned to Bravo Troop, Regimental Engineer Squadron, 2d Cavalry Regiment, provides security during a sling load training as part of Exercise Allied Spirit V at the 7th Army Training Command’s Hohenfels Training Area, Germany, Oct. 4, 2016. Exercise Allied Spirit includes about 2,520 participants from eight NATO nations, and exercises tactical interoperability and tests secure communications within Alliance members and partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Visual Information Specialist Gertrud Zach)

150615-M-OM669-009 POLAND (June 15, 2015) U.S. Army paratroopers from the 173d Airborne Brigade inserted into Poland via a British Royal Navy Lynx Mk-8 and conducted a personnel extraction, June 15. The mission is one of the exercise scenarios for BALTOPS 2015, an annually reoccurring multinational exercise designed to enhance flexibility and interoperability, as well as demonstrate resolve of allied and partner forces to defend the Baltic region. (Official U.S. Marine Corps photo by 1st Lt. Sarah E. Burns/Released)

Military personnel and delegates from more than 40 nations gather at the Zambian Army Headquarters, Aug. 7, 2013, in Lusaka, Zambia for an opening ceremony to begin the Africa Endeavor 2013 exercise. Africa Endeavor is Africa Command's annual 10-day communications exercise, focusing on interoperability and information sharing among African partners. The first Africa Endeavor was held in 2006 in South Africa; past exercises have taken place in Nigeria, Gabon, Ghana, The Gambia and Cameroon. (U.S. Army National Guard photo by Sgt. Bethany Fehringer/RELEASED)

A Latvian Army soldier briefs Hon. Raimonds Bergmanis, Latvian Minister of Defense, left, during Exercise Allied Spirit VI at 7th Army Training Command’s Hohenfels Training Area, Germany, March 17, 2017. Exercise Allied Spirit includes about 2,770 participants from 12 NATO and Partner for Peace nations, and exercises tactical interoperability and tests secure communications within Alliance members and partner nations. (U.S. Army photo by Visual Information Specialist Gerhard Seuffert).

From left to right: Maj. Gen. Darryl A. Williams, Commanding General, U.S. Army Africa (USARAF), Maj. Gen. Salim Mustafa Kijuu, Commander of Land Force, Tanzania People’s Defence Force, and Brig. Gen. Zoma Kongo, Director of Operations, Tanzania People’s Defence Force, receive a briefing, given by Mr. Antonio Reyes, Chief, Operations Division, Training Support Activity Europe, during a visit at the 7th Army Joint Multinational Training Command's Grafenwoehr Training Area, Germany, July 9, 2015 as part of a Command Sponsored Visit coordinated by USARAF on behalf of the U.S. Army. Command Sponsored Visits bring together senior land force commanders from nations around the world to discuss mutual security concerns and to increase interoperability. USARAF hosted the annual Gender Mainstreaming Seminar in Tanzania in May of this year and will conduct the African Land Forces Summit and the Eastern Accord 16 exercise in Tanzania next year. These visits help build partnerships over time and across echelons, the key concept behind USARAF's African Horizons strategy.

(U.S. Army photo by Visual Information Specialist Markus Rauchenberger/released)

Staff Sgt. Alex D. Braatz, a joint terminal attack controller assigned to 2nd Air Support Operations Squadron, who directly supports 2nd Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, throws a smoke grenade to mark a landing zone for incoming UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters, in preparation for their landing while participating in a multinational combined arms demonstration alongside British soldiers belonging to the Coldstream Guard and Romanian Land Forces, during an Exercise Wind Spring Distinguished Visitor's event at Smardan Training Area, Romania, Apr. 18, 2015. The purpose of the event was to demonstrate interoperability between NATO Allies, while also allowing members of the Romanian government, along with British military leadership, to watch as the units worked and trained together in support of Operation Atlantic Resolve-South. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

Troopers assigned to 4th Squadron, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, begin to stage their M1126 Stryker Combat Vehicles in preparation for Dragoon Crossing, a tactical road march starting out at Rose Barracks, Germany and continuing through the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic ending in Hungary on Sept. 13, 2015. The purpose of the exercise is to reassure NATO Allies of the U.S. intent during Operation Atlantic Resolve while demonstrating interoperability and freedom of movement throughout Eastern Europe. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. William A. Tanner/released)

Military personnel and delegates from more than 40 nations establish communications centers to begin the scenario portion of the Africa Endeavor 2013 exercise at an Air Force base in Lusaka, Zambia, Aug. 10, 2013.Africa Endeavor is Africa Command's annual 10-day communications exercise, focusing on interoperability and information sharing among African partners. The first Africa Endeavor was held in 2006 in South Africa; past exercises have taken place in Nigeria, Gabon, Ghana, The Gambia and Cameroon. (U.S. Army National Guard photo by Sgt. Bethany Fehringer/RELEASED)