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About Dr.Mihir Kumar Panda, Ph.D,D.Litt,, innovator
World’s only achiever of large number of World Record for 10,000 Teaching Aids & innovations
Founder & Co-ordinator General, ‘SROSTI’ (Social Development research Organisation for Science, technology & Implementation)
Collaborator Vijnana Bana Ashram
Bahanaga, Baleshwar, Odisha, India-756042
Website : simpleinnovationproject.com
E-Mail- : mihirpandasrosti@gmail.com
Face Book link:https://www.facebook.com/mihirpandasrosti
WIKIMAPIA
wikimapia.org/#lang=en&lat=-6.174348&lon=106.8293...
Contact No. : +91 7008406650
Whatsapp: +91 9438354515
Dr.Mihir Kumar Panda, an Educational, Societal and Scientific Innovator has established an NGO 'SROSTI' at Bahanaga, Balasore,Odisha,India
Dr. panda has innovated/invented more than 10,000 (ten thousand) teaching aids and different innovations and he has more than 30,000 (Thirty thousand) ideas to make scientific and mathematical models.
His creations are very essential guide for school and college science exhibitions, innovative learning and play way method for the teachers and students, science activists, innovators, craftsmen, farmers, masons, physically challenged persons, common men, entrepreneurs and industrialists.
He is popularizing science through song, innovative demonstrations and motivational speech since 1990 in different parts of Odisha state without taking any fees.
Dr. Panda is an extreme motivational speaker in science and possess magical scientific demonstration and a crowd puller.
Innovator Mihir Kumar Panda loves nature and in his agricultural farm he does not uses the chemicals , fertilizers and pesticides. In his farm even the smallest creatures like snakes, caterpillar, white ants, worms ,vermies are in peace and are managed successfully not to do harm.
Dr. Panda is an Educationist, an environmentalist, a poet for science popularization, a good orator, a best resource person to train others in specific field of science and engineering.
The uniqueness of Simple Innovation and scientific activities and achievements ofDr. Panda can not be assessed without visiting his laboratory which is a living wonder in the realm of science.
From a small cake cutter to mechanical scissor, from a play pump to rickshaw operated food grain spreader and from a village refrigerator to a multi-purpose machine, thousands of such inventions and innovations are proof of Dr. Panda's brilliance.
From a tube well operated washing machine to weight sensitive food grain separator, from a password protected wardrobe to automatic screen, from a Dual face fan to electricity producing fan are example of few thousands of innovations and inventions of Mihir Kumar Panda.
Dr.Mihir Kumar Panda though bestowed to a popular name as Einstein of Odisha is obliviously treated as Thomas Alva Edison of India.
Dr. Panda's residential house also resembles a museum with scientific innovations of different shapes and sizes stacked in every nook and cranny which proves his scientific involvement in personal life.
Innovator Panda believes that , the best thing a child can do with a toy to break it. he also believes that by Educating child in his/her choice subject/ passion a progressive nation can be built.
The shelf made scientist Dr. Panda believes that Education is a life long process whose scope is far greater than school curriculum. The moulding of models/ innovations done by hand always better than the things heard and the facts incorporated in the books.
With no agricultural background, Dr. Panda has developed unique natural bonsai in his Vijnana Bana Ashram which also shows path for earning just by uprooting and nurturing the plants which are found to be small and thumb in nature.
Dr. Panda's Scientific Endeavour and research is no doubt praise worthy. One cannot but believe his dedicated effort in simple innovation laboratory.
Social service, innovation/ inventions, writing, free technology to students for preparation of science exhibition projects, free technology to common men for their sustainability, preparation of big natural bonsai, technology for entrepreneurs and industrialists for innovative item are few works of Mihir Kumar Panda after his Government service.
. To overcome the difficulties of science and math, explanation in classes, innovator Panda has created few thousands of educational, societal and scientific innovations which helps teachers and students of the country and abroad.
Dr. Panda believes that though inventions/innovation has reached under thousands and thousands deep in the sea and high up in the space. It has reached on moon and mars, but unfortunately the sustainable inventions/innovation has not properly gone to the tiny tots and common people.
Dr. Panda is amazing and wizard of innovations and works with a principle the real scientist is he, who sees the things simply and works high.
Dr.Mihir Kumar Panda's work can be explained in short
Sports with Science from Dawn to Dusk
Struggle some life- science in words and action
Triumphs of Science - Science at foot path
Hilarious dream in midst scarcity
A life of innovator de-avoided of Advertisement.
FELICITATIONS, AWARDS, HONOURS & RECORDS
* 200+ Felicitation and Awards from different NGOs, Schools & Colleges within the State of Odisha and National level.
* 10 Nos Gold, Silver & Bronze medal from different National & International level.
*Awarded for 10,000 innovations & 30,000 ideas by Indian Science Congress Association, Govt. of India.
* Honorary Ph.D From Nelson Mandela University, United States of America
* Honorary Ph.D From Global Peace University, United States of America& India
* Honorary D.Litt From Global Peace University, United States of America& India
* Title ‘Einstein of Odisha’ by Assam Book of Records, Assam
* Title ‘Thomas Alva Edison of India’ by Anandashree Organisation, Mumbai
* Title ‘ Einstein of Odisha & Thomas Alva Edison of India’ from Bengal Book of World record.
*World Record from OMG Book of Records
*World Record from Assam Book of Records,
* World Record from World Genius Records, Nigeria
* World Record from BengalBook of Records
* National Record from Diamond Book of Records
* World Record from Asian World Records
* World Record from Champians Book of World Records
* World Record from The British World Records
* World Record from Gems Book of World Records
* World Record from India Star World Record
* World Record from Geniuses World Records
* World Record from Royal Success International Book of Records
*World Record from Supreme World Records
* World Record from Uttarpradesh World Records
*World Record from Exclusive World Records
*World Record from international Book of Records
*World Record from Incredible Book of records
* World Record from Cholan Book of World Record
* World Record from Bravo International Book of World Record
* World Record from High Range Book of World Record
* World Record from Kalam’s World Record
* World Record from Hope international World Record
* International Honours from Nigeria
* Indian icon Award from Global Records & Research Foundation (G.R.R.F.)
* International Award from USA for the year’2019 as INNOVATOR OF THE YEAR-2019
* National level Excellence Leadership Award-2020 from Anandashree Organisation, Mumbai
* Best Practical Demonstrator & Theory instructor from Collector & District Magistrate,
Balasore.
* Best Innovator Award by Bengal Book.
* Popular Indian Award by Bengal Book.
* Great man Award by Bengal Book.
* Best Indian Award by Bengal Book.
* The Man of the Era by Bengal Book.
IMPORTANT LINK FILES TO KNOW THE WORK OF
Dr. MIHIR KUMAR PANDA
Dr.Mihir Ku panda awarded at indian science congress Association, Govt. of India for 10000 innovations & 30,000 ideas
Hindi Media report- Simple innovation science show for popularisation of science in free of cost by Dr.Mihir Ku Panda
Simple innovation science show for popularisation of science in free of cost in different parts of India By Dr.Mihirku Panda
www.youtube.com/user/mihirkumarpanda/videos?view=0&so...
Simple innovation laboratory at a Glance
MORE LINK FILES OF Dr MIHIR KUMAR PANDA
www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFIh2AoEy_g
www.youtube.com/channel/UCIksem1pJdDvK87ctJOlN1g
www.youtube.com/watch?v=AHEAPp8V5MI
www.youtube.com/watch?v=W43tAYO7wpQ
www.youtube.com/watch?v=me43aso--Xg
www.youtube.com/watch?v=6XEeZjBDnu4
www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPbJyB8aE2s
www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNIIJHdNo6M
www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPBdJpwYINI
www.youtube.com/watch?v=XBR-e-tFVyE
www.youtube.com/watch?v=3JjCnF7gqKA
www.youtube.com/watch?v=raq_ZtllYRg
cholanbookofworldrecords.com/dr-mihir-kumar-pandaph-d-lit...
www.linkedin.com/in/dr-mihir-kumar-panda-ph-d-d-litt-inno...
www.bhubaneswarbuzz.com/updates/education/inspiring-odish...
www.millenniumpost.in/features/kiit-hosts-isca-national-s...
www.youtube.com/watch?v=hFE6c-XZoh0
www.youtube.com/watch?v=WzZ0XaZpJqQ
www.dailymotion.com/video/x2no10i
www.exclusiveworldrecords.com/description.aspx?id=320
royalsuccessinternationalbookofrecords.com/home.php
british-world-records.business.site/posts/236093666996870...
www.tes.com/lessons/QKpLNO0seGI8Zg/experiments-in-science
dadasahebphalkefilmfoundation.com/2020/02/17/excellent-le...
www.facebook.com/…/a.102622791195…/103547424435915/… yearsP0-IR6tvlSw70ddBY_ySrBDerjoHhG0izBJwIBlqfh7QH9Qdo74EnhihXw35Iz8u-VUEmY&__tn__=EHH-R
wwwchampions-book-of-world-records.business.site/?fbclid=...
www.videomuzik.biz/video/motivational-science-show-ortalk...
lb.vlip.lv/channel/ST3PYAvIAou1RcZ%2FtTEq34EKxoToRqOK.html
imglade.com/tag/grassrootsinventions
picnano.com/tags/UnstoppableINDIAN
www.viveos.net/rev/mihirs%2Btrue%2Bnature
www.facebook.com/worldgeniusrec…/…/2631029263841682…
www.upbr.in/record-galle…/upcoming-genius-innovator/…
www.geniusesworldrecordsandaward.com/
www.upbr.in/record-galle…/upcoming-genius-innovator/…
m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=699422677473920&i...
www.facebook.com/internationalbookofrecords/
www.youtube.com/channel/UCBFJGiEx1Noba0x-NCWbwSg
www.youtube.com/watch?v=nL60GRF6avk
www.facebook.com/bengal.book.16/posts/122025902616062
www.facebook.com/bengal.book.16/posts/122877319197587
www.facebook.com/bengal.book.16/posts/119840549501264
supremebookofworldrecords.blogspot.com/…/welcome-to…
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on the left, a pair of knitting needles, in the center, 2 crochet hooks, and on the right 5 weaving sticks. All carved from bone.
Participants at World Economic Forum on Latin America 2016 in Medellin, Colombia. Copyright by World Economic Forum / Benedikt von Loebell
Minister for jobs, Enterprise and Innovation Richard Bruton speaking at Dublin Castle Today.
EU consumers could save €22.5 billion a year from new dispute resolution mechanisms
Impact and implementation of forthcoming legislation on Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) and Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) to be explored at European Consumer Centre Network Conference
Minister for Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation, Richard Bruton TD will today open theEuropean Consumer Centres’ Network’s (ECC-Net) annual conference which is being held in Dublin Castle under the auspices of the Irish Presidency of the European Council.
Minister Bruton commented “Technology has made it easier for consumers to purchase goods and services across the EU. As a result, it is essential that effective and inexpensive dispute resolution mechanisms such as Alternative Dispute Resolution and Online Dispute Resolution are available to consumers throughout the EU to ensure they have redress if things go wrong. These tools will be vital if we are to continue to maximise the benefits of this activity including job creation and economic growth.”
The Irish European Consumer Centre (ECC Ireland) recently commissioned a report on Alternative Dispute Resolution in Ireland on behalf of the Department for Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation and the findings will be presented at the conference.
Dr. Ann Neville Director of ECC Ireland said “According to recent research, losses experienced by cross-border shoppers are estimated at EUR425 million per annum. The European Commission has estimated that if EU consumers can rely on well-functioning and transparent ADR for their disputes, both national and cross-border, they could save around €22.5 billion a year, corresponding to 0.19% of EU GDP. The ADR Directive and ODR Regulation when implemented will allow business to consumer disputes to be settled fast, effectively and cheaply without going to court. Effective ADR offers both business and consumers a win-win situation encouraging consumers to spend secure in the knowledge that if something goes wrong it is easy for them to access redress while business will avoid the costs of going to court”.
The key note address will be delivered by Professor Christopher Hodges of Oxford University, an international expert in ADR. Other speakers at today’s conference includeBrian Hutchinson Senior Lecturer, UCD School of Law who will present current initiatives in ODR while Alan Nolan of The Society of the Irish Motor Industry will give the business perspective.
The conference provides a timely opportunity for all stakeholders to consider the details of the ADR/ODR package which has recently been adopted by the European Council. The ADR/ODR package aims to empower consumers and assist the future development of the Internal Market by enabling consumers and retailers to solve their contractual disputes in a simple, quick and inexpensive manner.
-Ends-
For more information, please contact: Caroline Curneen, PR & Marketing Manager at ECC Ireland, ccurneen@eccireland.ie, Tel: 01 879 7640 or mobile 087 7672272
Notes to Editor:
Last month the European Council adopted a directive on Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) and a Regulation on Online Dispute Resolution (ODR). This legislation provides consumers with access to an effective and inexpensive way of solving their disputes with traders, regardless of the goods or services they buy, the means of purchase (online or offline), and the location (their home country or abroad).
The legislation aims to increase consumer confidence and encourage consumers to search more actively for good offers and better prices across the single market, thereby driving competition and economic growth.
ECC Ireland’s report “The Implication of the Proposed ADR Directive for the Resolution of Consumer Disputes in Ireland” will be available on www.eccireland.iefollowing the conference.
The European Consumer Centre Network is made up of 29 centres (from 1st July 30 with the accession of Croatia) across Europe working together to resolve cross-border consumer complaints in an amicable manner. Promoting awareness of, and access to, Alternative Dispute Resolution is an essential part of ECC-Net’s objectives. The Network is jointly funded by the European Commission and national governments.
The twitter hashtag for the conference is #ECC13
Karen Morgan Lensmen 23/5/13
The end of 2013 and the beginning of 2014 has been a busy time for the clinical implementations team. We are pleased to announce that over the past few months we’ve had two sites implement CorrecTek and another site upgrade to the new version of CorrecTek.
Late last year, Shawnee County (KS), a Corizon partner, installed CorrecTek. This is a significant installation as this was our first conversion from an older EMR to CorrecTek. Karen Marsh and her leadership team did an outstanding job of leading staff through the conversion effort. The implementation team, led by Teron Butler and Karen Olsen, also did a fantastic job. Finally, thanks to John Ebel from our shared services team for his help in making this implementation a success.
In addition, the staff at Lexington/Fayette County (KY), a Corizon partner, was upgraded to the newest version. This results in all sites being on the same version of CorrecTek, which allows us to send updates to all sites in the same format. A special thanks goes to Jammie Garner and Kristin Malone for their leadership with the Fayette County staff.
Finally, earlier this year, CorrecTek was installed and went live at Adams County (CO), a Corizon partner. Our team appreciates the help and efforts of all of the Adams County staff, led by Desiree Gonzales. In addition to our clinical implementation team, Jonathan White from network operations and Tim Viviano from shared services did a great job helping us set up our network and various interfaces.
Thanks to the collaborative effort from CorrecTek, our site and regional operations teams, clinical services and various entities of our IT team, 2013 was a good year for CorrecTek implementations. We look forward to an even better 2014 as we are in the process of implementing two DOCs along with many other individual sites. Thanks again to all, named or unnamed, who help make the CorrecTek implementations a good experience for our site clinical staff.
From left to right:
Carlos Ivan Plazas, Minister Plenipotenciary, Alternate Representative of Colombia to the OAS
Ambassador Jaime Giron, Chairman of the Summit Implementation Review Group and National Coordinator for the Summit Process
José Miguel Insulza, OAS Secretary General
Ambassador Alejandro Borda, Deputy Coordinator of Colombia for the Sixth Summit of the Americas
Date: December 08, 2010
Place: Washington, DC
Credit: Juan Manuel Herrera/OAS
Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo está implementando el Programa de Regeneración de Conjuntos Habitacionales en la Villa Jorge Alessandri de la ciudad de Antofagasta, con el objeto de mejorar la calidad de vida de las familias que habitan en este condominio social.
Antofagasta, Febrero 2018. El Conjunto Habitacional Villa Jorge Alessandri de la comuna de Antofagasta se construyó a mediados de la década del 80 entre los sectores Trocadero y Barrio Industrial, y está constituido por 256 departamento que tienen una superficie promedio que no supera los 35 m2.
El año 2006 fue uno de los barrios seleccionados por el Programa “Quiero Mi Barrio”, que permitió generar proyectos físicos y sociales acordados participa y colectivamente con la comunidad. En este proceso los dirigentes de la Villa y sus vecinos manifestaron el deseo de mejorar las condiciones de habitabilidad, dadas las problemáticas de hacinamiento y falta de espacios públicos que afectan al condominio.
El año 2016 el Minvu hizo una priorización de todo el área a través de una Zona de Interés Público que considera distintos proyectos urbanos para este sector de la ciudad de Antofagasta; y una de las líneas de acción sectorial priorizada fue la implementación del Programa de Regeneración de Conjuntos Habitacionales en la Villa Jorge Alessandri.
En el marco de este Programa se trabajó con la comunidad y el municipio en la construcción de un Plan Maestro, que determinó la necesidad de regenerar y reconstruir todo el conjunto habitacional, para conducir así a una mejor utilización de la manzana donde se encuentra ubicado el condominio, aportando a la relación de éste con la ciudad.
Por ello, recientemente los vecinos se reunieron en una asamblea con alta convocatoria para conocer las 2 empresas que -bajo licitación- se adjudicaron el proyecto, que en sus grandes líneas de ejecución considera, por una parte, la movilidad de las familias y, por otra, la construcción de las nuevas soluciones habitacionales.
En la ocasión, se presentaron y expusieron las empresas “Ebco”, constructora a cargo de la demolición y construcción de los departamentos, y la Entidad Patrocinante “DyM”, responsable de trabajar en la organización de la demanda de las familias y en la posterior movilidad de éstas. Ambas entidades cuentan con amplia experiencia en sus rubros.
Asimismo, en la oportunidad se dio a conocer el anteproyecto del nuevo conjunto habitacional, que fue conocido por la asamblea. Y la entidad patrocinante explicó la forma en que se irán trabajando los temas asociados a movilidad, copropiedad y otros.
El Secretario Regional Ministerial de Vivienda y Urbanismo, Mauricio Zamorano, entregó la tranquilidad a los beneficiarios sobre la continuidad del proyecto y enfatizó que la tarea es llevar esto a cabo de la mejor forma posible, mediante un trabajo conjunto, donde la participación de los beneficiados en todas las instancias programadas es primordial.
PROGRAMA
El Programa Regeneración de Conjuntos Habitacionales busca responder a las necesidades colectivas de habitabilidad presentes en la población que reside en conjuntos de viviendas sociales y que se encuentran en condiciones críticas de déficit y deterioro de inmuebles y bienes comunes de alta densidad habitacional.
Su objetivo principal es mejorar las condiciones de habitabilidad de conjuntos habitacionales en relación a los estándares de calidad determinados por el Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo, a través de su regeneración urbana, mediante proyectos de reparación, ampliación o reconstrucción de viviendas, mejoramiento de bienes comunes, construcción de áreas verdes, equipamiento y espacios públicos, apuntando a un proceso participativo, integral y sustentable. El proyecto Villa “Jorge Alessandri” de Antofagasta, se construirá con la figura de condominios sociales, aplicándose la normativa de la Ley 19.537.
El Ministro de Transportes y Comunicaciones, José Gallardo Ku, recibió del Gobierno del Japón equipos destinados a implementar un sistema de prevención de desastres que permitirá a la población recibir información rápida, precisa y estable sobre emergencias.
El sistema -que utilizará el estándar de Televisión Digital Terrestre japonés brasileño ISDB-T, que viene siendo implementado en el Perú- podría utilizarse en caso de que el Fenómeno El Niño afecte a alguna de las localidades beneficiadas.
El "Proyecto para el Mejoramiento del equipamiento para la Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres en la República del Perú" comprende la donación e implementación de ocho sistemas de observación de mareas; ocho sistemas EWBS (Emergency Warning Broadcasting System), conformados por estaciones de televisión digital terrestre-TDT con capacidad para transmitir la señal EWBS; y 15 receptores de TDT con capacidad de recibir esa señal.
El Instituto Nacional de Defensa Civil (INDECI) es el responsable de emitir señal la alerta, la cual llega al Instituto Nacional de Radio y Televisión (IRTP), que la difunde a los hogares de la población de las localidades beneficiarias, utilizando el sistema EWBS (a través de la señal de televisión digital).
Las estaciones de TDT con EWBS -que estarán ubicadas en Arequipa (Arequipa, 1; Camaná, 3), Ica (Pisco, 1), La Libertad (Trujillo, 4), Lima (Lima, 1; Cañete, 1), Moquegua (Ilo, 4)- no solo podrán transmitir alertas por tsunami, sino también sobre diversos tipos de desastres, como inundaciones, deslizamientos, incendios, entre otros.
Actualmente en el Perú la información de desastres se tramite vía telefónica, radial o por email, siendo alta la probabilidad de interrupción en la comunicación cuando ocurre un desastre de gran magnitud.
"La introducción de este nuevo Sistema EWBS hará posible que la población reciba información más rápida, precisa y estable sobre emergencias por desastres, lo que contribuirá a salvar vidas y reducir daños", señaló Gallardo Ku.
El Ministro Gallardo y el Viceministro de Comunicaciones del Japón, Yasuo Sakamoto, destacaron la importancia del fortalecimiento de la cooperación entre ambos países en el campo de la televisión digital, así como ampliar la relación de cooperación en el sector de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación (TIC).
La entrega de equipos se realizó en el marco de la inauguración del Seminario Internacional en materia de Televisión Digital Terrestre (TDT) y Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicaciones (TIC), que se realizará los días 14 y 15 de enero de 2016 en Lima y en el que participarán delegados de 15 empresas japonesas.
140929-M-PJ295-003
CAMP HANSEN, OKINAWA, Japan — Col. Sean M. McBride, left, from Butte, Montana, addresses an audience as Takayuki Kayo interprets during a ceremony for a local implementation agreement Sept. 29 at the Palms, Camp Hansen. The agreement between Camp Hansen and Kin Town officials allows local residents to seek safety on the installation during natural disasters. “This agreement will formalize our already strong, mutually supporting relationship,” said McBride, the camp commander for Camp Hansen. “The pacific is a very dangerous place to live. The Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011 demonstrated that, and we’ve got to be prepared every day for potential natural disasters.” Kayo is the community relations specialist for Camp Hansen. (U.S. Marine Corps photo by Lance Cpl. Diamond N. Peden/Released)
Hydro-management canals built by the Climate Change Adaptation Project (CCAP) of UNDP, implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture. These canals keep flooding under control, and save water.
Imagine, then, that you are a farmer, and you have seen your land, previously fertile, become dry and arid. As the crops fail, and the ground becomes dusty and hard, the local people start to despair, and then they leave, one by one, so that the very future of the community is threatened.
This was the situation for Attaullah, 60, a father and elder of his community in Safar Khan village in Herat Province.
“Back then, there was no canal or water management system. Every year, flooding would destroy our lands, and the land would just dry up when the water left.”
Without water, there is no life. When Attaullah’s land dried up for lack of water, the locals began to leave the area. The outlook was grim.
Today, however, the situation has improved remarkably.
“Now, we have about 100 hectares of land,” says Attaullah cheerfully. “We grow wheat, and various kinds of vegetables.”
The reason for this remarkable turnaround? Four hydro-management canals built by the Climate Change Adaptation Project (CCAP) of UNDP, implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture. The canals keep flooding under control, and save water.
“We used to collect about 224 tons wheat each year, but the harvest has doubled since the canal was built.” Said Attaullah.
The construction of the canals completely changed the economic situation of the 400 beneficiary families in Safar Khan and four other nearby villages, dramatically increased their income, and paved the way for the people to get back to farming.
All life on Earth depends on water. For those who grow crops to live, however, it is especially important. After decades of war, Afghanistan’s economy, and the lives of many of its people depend on agriculture. In the countryside, agriculture, irrigation, and production support the basis of rural life.
© UNDP / S. Omer Sadaat / 2018
Cattle (Bos taurus) are large, domesticated, bovid ungulates. They are prominent modern members of the subfamily Bovinae and the most widespread species of the genus Bos. Mature female cattle are referred to as cows and mature male cattle are referred to as bulls. Colloquially, young female cattle (heifers), young male cattle (bullocks), and castrated male cattle (steers) are also referred to as "cows".
Cattle are commonly raised as livestock for meat (beef or veal, see beef cattle), for milk and dairy products (see dairy cattle), and for hides, which are used to make leather. They are used as riding animals and draft animals (oxen or bullocks, which pull carts, plows and other implements). Another product of cattle is their dung, which can be used to create manure or fuel. In some regions, such as parts of India, cattle is considered as a sacred animal. Cattle, mostly small breeds such as the Miniature Zebu, are also kept as pets.
Different types of cattle are common to different geographic areas. Taurine cattle are found primarily in Europe and temperate areas of Asia, the Americas, and Australia. Zebus (also called indicine cattle) are found primarily in India and tropical areas of Asia, America, and Australia. Sanga cattle are found primarily in sub-Saharan Africa. These types (which are sometimes classified as separate species or subspecies) are further divided into over 1,000 recognized breeds.
Around 10,500 years ago, taurine cattle were domesticated from as few as 80 wild aurochs progenitors in central Anatolia, the Levant and Western Iran. A separate domestication event occurred in the Indian subcontinent, which gave rise to zebu. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), there are approximately 1.5 billion cattle in the world as of 2018. Cattle are the main source of greenhouse gas emissions from livestock, and are responsible for around 10% of global greenhouse gas emissions. In 2009, cattle became one of the first livestock animals to have a fully mapped genome.
Taxonomy
See also: Bos and Bovinae
Cattle were originally identified as three separate species: Bos taurus, the European or "taurine" cattle (including similar types from Africa and Asia); Bos indicus, the Indicine or "zebu"; and the extinct Bos primigenius, the aurochs. The aurochs is ancestral to both zebu and taurine cattle. They were later reclassified as one species, Bos taurus, with the aurochs (B. t. primigenius), zebu (B. t. indicus), and taurine (B. t. taurus) cattle as subspecies. However, this taxonomy is contentious and some sources prefer the separate species classification, such as the American Society of Mammalogists' Mammal Diversity Database.
Complicating the matter is the ability of cattle to interbreed with other closely related species. Hybrid individuals and even breeds exist, not only between taurine cattle and zebu (such as the sanga cattle (Bos taurus africanus x Bos indicus), but also between one or both of these and some other members of the genus Bos – yaks (the dzo or yattle[10]), banteng, and gaur. Hybrids such as the beefalo breed can even occur between taurine cattle and either species of bison, leading some authors to consider them part of the genus Bos, as well. The hybrid origin of some types may not be obvious – for example, genetic testing of the Dwarf Lulu breed, the only taurine-type cattle in Nepal, found them to be a mix of taurine cattle, zebu, and yak. However, cattle cannot be successfully hybridized with more distantly related bovines such as water buffalo or African buffalo.
The aurochs originally ranged throughout Europe, North Africa, and much of Asia. In historical times, its range became restricted to Europe, and the last known individual died in Mazovia, Poland, in about 1627. Breeders have attempted to recreate cattle of similar appearance to aurochs by crossing traditional types of domesticated cattle, creating the Heck cattle breed.
A group of taurine-type cattles exist in Africa. It is hotly debated whether they represent an independent domestication event or were the result of crossing taurines domesticated elsewhere with local aurochs, but it's clear that they are genetically quite distinct; some authors choose to name them as a separate subspecies, Bos taurus africanus. The only pure African taurine breeds remaining are the N'Dama, Kuri and some varieties of the West African Shorthorn.
Etymology
Cattle did not originate as the term for bovine animals. It was borrowed from Anglo-Norman catel, itself from medieval Latin capitale 'principal sum of money, capital', itself derived in turn from Latin caput 'head'. Cattle originally meant movable personal property, especially livestock of any kind, as opposed to real property (the land, which also included wild or small free-roaming animals such as chickens—they were sold as part of the land). The word is a variant of chattel (a unit of personal property) and closely related to capital in the economic sense. The term replaced earlier Old English feoh 'cattle, property', which survives today as fee (cf. German: Vieh, Dutch: vee, Gothic: faihu).
The word cow came via Anglo-Saxon cū (plural cȳ), from Common Indo-European gʷōus (genitive gʷowés) 'a bovine animal', cf. Persian: gâv, Sanskrit: go-, Welsh: buwch. The plural cȳ became ki or kie in Middle English, and an additional plural ending was often added, giving kine, kien, but also kies, kuin and others. This is the origin of the now archaic English plural, kine. The Scots language singular is coo or cou, and the plural is kye.
In older English sources such as the King James Version of the Bible, cattle refers to livestock, as opposed to deer which refers to wildlife. Wild cattle may refer to feral cattle or to undomesticated species of the genus Bos. Today, when used without any other qualifier, the modern meaning of cattle is usually restricted to domesticated bovines.
Terminology
In general, the same words are used in different parts of the world, but with minor differences in the definitions. The terminology described here contrasts the differences in definition between the United Kingdom and other British-influenced parts of the world such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland and the United States.
An "intact" (i.e., not castrated) adult male is called a bull.
A father bull is called a sire with reference to his offspring.
An adult female that has had a calf (or two, depending on regional usage) is a cow. Steers and heifers are also colloquially referred to as cows.
A mother cow is called a dam with reference to her offspring. Often, mentions of dams imply cows kept in the herd for repeated breeding (as opposed to heifers or cows sold off sooner).
A young female before she has had a calf of her own and who is under three years of age is called a heifer. A young female that has had only one calf is occasionally called a first-calf heifer. Heiferettes are either first-calf heifers or a subset thereof without potential to become lineage dams, depending on whose definition is operative.
Young cattle (regardless of sex) are called calves until they are weaned, then weaners until they are a year old in some areas; in other areas, particularly with male beef cattle, they may be known as feeder calves or feeders. After that, they are referred to as yearlings or stirks if between one and two years of age.
Feeder cattle or store cattle are young cattle soon to be either backgrounded or sent to fattening, most especially those intended to be sold to someone else for finishing. In some regions, a distinction between stockers and feeders (by those names) is the distinction of backgrounding versus immediate sale to a finisher.
A castrated male is called a steer in the United States; older steers are often called bullocks in other parts of the world, but in North America this term refers to a young bull. Piker bullocks are micky bulls (uncastrated young male bulls) that were caught, castrated and then later lost. In Australia, the term Japanese ox is used for grain-fed steers in the weight range of 500 to 650 kg that are destined for the Japanese meat trade. In North America, draft cattle under four years old are called working steers. Improper or late castration on a bull results in it becoming a coarse steer known as a stag in Australia, Canada and New Zealand. In some countries, an incompletely castrated male is known also as a rig.
A castrated male (occasionally a female or in some areas a bull) kept for draft or riding purposes is called an ox (plural oxen); ox may also be used to refer to some carcass products from any adult cattle, such as ox-hide, ox-blood, oxtail, or ox-liver.
A springer is a cow or heifer close to calving.
In all cattle species, a female twin of a bull usually becomes an infertile partial intersex, and is called a freemartin.
A wild, young, unmarked bull is known as a micky in Australia.
An unbranded bovine of either sex is called a maverick in the US and Canada.
Neat (horned oxen, from which neatsfoot oil is derived), beef (young ox) and beefing (young animal fit for slaughtering) are obsolete terms, although poll, pollard and polled cattle are still terms in use for naturally hornless animals, or in some areas also for those that have been disbudded or dehorned.
Cattle raised for human consumption are called beef cattle. Within the American beef cattle industry, the older term beef (plural beeves) is still used to refer to an animal of either sex. Some Australian, Canadian, New Zealand and British people use the term beast.
Cattle bred specifically for milk production are called milking or dairy cattle; a cow kept to provide milk for one family may be called a house cow or milker. A fresh cow is a dairy term for a cow or first-calf heifer who has recently given birth, or "freshened."
The adjective applying to cattle in general is usually bovine. The terms bull, cow and calf are also used by extension to denote the sex or age of other large animals, including whales, hippopotamuses, camels, elk and elephants.
Various other terms for cattle or types thereof are historical; these include nowt, nolt, mart, and others.
Singular terminology issue
"Cattle" can only be used in the plural and not in the singular: it is a plurale tantum. Thus one may refer to "three cattle" or "some cattle", but not "one cattle". "One head of cattle" is a valid though periphrastic way to refer to one animal of indeterminate or unknown age and sex; otherwise no universally used single-word singular form of cattle exists in modern English, other than the sex- and age-specific terms such as cow, bull, steer and heifer. Historically, "ox" was not a sex-specific term for adult cattle, but generally this is now used only for working cattle, especially adult castrated males. The term is also incorporated into the names of other species, such as the musk ox and "grunting ox" (yak), and is used in some areas to describe certain cattle products such as ox-hide and oxtail.
Cow is in general use as a singular for the collective cattle. The word cow is easy to use when a singular is needed and the sex is unknown or irrelevant—when "there is a cow in the road", for example. Further, any herd of fully mature cattle in or near a pasture is statistically likely to consist mostly of cows, so the term is probably accurate even in the restrictive sense. Other than the few bulls needed for breeding, the vast majority of male cattle are castrated as calves and are used as oxen or slaughtered for meat before the age of three years. Thus, in a pastured herd, any calves or herd bulls usually are clearly distinguishable from the cows due to distinctively different sizes and clear anatomical differences. Merriam-Webster and Oxford Living Dictionaries recognize the sex-nonspecific use of cow as an alternate definition, whereas Collins and the OED do not.
Colloquially, more general nonspecific terms may denote cattle when a singular form is needed. Head of cattle is usually used only after a numeral. Australian, New Zealand and British farmers use the term beast or cattle beast. Bovine is also used in Britain. The term critter is common in the western United States and Canada, particularly when referring to young cattle. In some areas of the American South (particularly the Appalachian region), where both dairy and beef cattle are present, an individual animal was once called a "beef critter", though that term is becoming archaic.
Other terminology
Cattle raised for human consumption are called beef cattle. Within the beef cattle industry in parts of the United States, the term beef (plural beeves) is still used in its archaic sense to refer to an animal of either sex. Cows of certain breeds that are kept for the milk they give are called dairy cows or milking cows (formerly milch cows). Most young male offspring of dairy cows are sold for veal, and may be referred to as veal calves.
The term dogies is used to describe orphaned calves in the context of ranch work in the American West, as in "Keep them dogies moving". In some places, a cow kept to provide milk for one family is called a "house cow". Other obsolete terms for cattle include "neat" (this use survives in "neatsfoot oil", extracted from the feet and legs of cattle), and "beefing" (young animal fit for slaughter).
An onomatopoeic term for one of the most common sounds made by cattle is moo (also called lowing). There are a number of other sounds made by cattle, including calves bawling, and bulls bellowing. Bawling is most common for cows after weaning of a calf. The bullroarer makes a sound similar to a bull's territorial call.
Characteristics
Anatomy
Cattle are large quadrupedal ungulate mammals with cloven hooves. Most breeds have horns, which can be as large as the Texas Longhorn or small like a scur. Careful genetic selection has allowed polled (hornless) cattle to become widespread.
Digestive system
Further information: Digestive system of ruminants
Cattle are ruminants, meaning their digestive system is highly specialized to allow the consumption of difficult to digest plants as food. Cattle have one stomach with four compartments, the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum, with the rumen being the largest compartment. The reticulum, the smallest compartment, is known as the "honeycomb". The omasum's main function is to absorb water and nutrients from the digestible feed. The omasum is known as the "many plies". The abomasum is like the human stomach; this is why it is known as the "true stomach".
Cattle are known for regurgitating and re-chewing their food, known as cud chewing, like most ruminants. While the animal is feeding, the food is swallowed without being chewed and goes into the rumen for storage until the animal can find a quiet place to continue the digestion process. The food is regurgitated, a mouthful at a time, back up to the mouth, where the food, now called the cud, is chewed by the molars, grinding down the coarse vegetation to small particles. The cud is then swallowed again and further digested by specialized microorganisms in the rumen. These microbes are primarily responsible for decomposing cellulose and other carbohydrates into volatile fatty acids cattle use as their primary metabolic fuel. The microbes inside the rumen also synthesize amino acids from non-protein nitrogenous sources, such as urea and ammonia. As these microbes reproduce in the rumen, older generations die and their cells continue on through the digestive tract. These cells are then partially digested in the small intestines, allowing cattle to gain a high-quality protein source. These features allow cattle to thrive on grasses and other tough vegetation.
Reproduction
Further information: Bull § Reproductive anatomy
On farms it is very common to use artificial insemination (AI), a medically assisted reproduction technique consisting of the artificial deposition of semen in the female's genital tract. It is used in cases where the spermatozoa can not reach the fallopian tubes or by choice of the owner of the animal. It consists of transferring, to the uterine cavity, spermatozoa previously collected and processed, with the selection of morphologically more normal and mobile spermatozoa. Synchronization of cattle ovulation to benefit dairy farming may be accomplished via induced ovulation techniques.
Bulls become fertile at about seven months of age. Their fertility is closely related to the size of their testicles, and one simple test of fertility is to measure the circumference of the scrotum: a young bull is likely to be fertile once this reaches 28 centimetres (11 in); that of a fully adult bull may be over 40 centimetres (16 in).
A bull has a fibro-elastic penis. Given the small amount of erectile tissue, there is little enlargement after erection. The penis is quite rigid when non-erect, and becomes even more rigid during erection. Protrusion is not affected much by erection, but more by relaxation of the retractor penis muscle and straightening of the sigmoid flexure.
The gestation period for a cow is about nine months long. The secondary sex ratio – the ratio of male to female offspring at birth – is approximately 52:48, although it may be influenced by environmental and other factors. A cow's udder contains two pairs of mammary glands, (commonly referred to as teats) creating four "quarters". The front ones are referred to as fore quarters and the rear ones rear quarters.
Weight and lifespan
The weight of adult cattle varies, depending on the breed. Smaller kinds, such as Dexter and Jersey adults, range between 300 and 500 kg (600 and 1,000 lb). Large Continental breeds, such as Charolais, Marchigiana, Belgian Blue and Chianina adults range from 640 to 1,100 kg (1,400 to 2,500 lb). British breeds, such as Hereford, Angus, and Shorthorn, mature at 500 to 900 kg (1,000 to 2,000 lb), occasionally higher, particularly with Angus and Hereford. Bulls are larger than cows of the same breed by up to a few hundred kilograms. British Hereford cows weigh 600–800 kg (1,300–1,800 lb); the bulls weigh 1,000–1,200 kg (2,200–2,600 lb). Chianina bulls can weigh up to 1,500 kg (3,300 lb); British bulls, such as Angus and Hereford, can weigh as little as 900 kg (2,000 lb) and as much as 1,400 kg (3,000 lb).
The world record for the heaviest bull was 1,740 kg (3,840 lb), a Chianina named Donetto, when he was exhibited at the Arezzo show in 1955. The heaviest steer was eight-year-old 'Old Ben', a Shorthorn/Hereford cross weighing in at 2,140 kg (4,720 lb) in 1910.
In the United States, the average weight of beef cattle has steadily increased, especially since the 1970s, requiring the building of new slaughterhouses able to handle larger carcasses. New packing plants in the 1980s stimulated a large increase in cattle weights. Before 1790 beef cattle averaged only 160 kg (350 lb) net; and thereafter weights climbed steadily.
A newborn calf's size can vary among breeds, but a typical calf weighs 25 to 45 kg (55 to 99 lb). Adult size and weight vary significantly among breeds and sex. Steers are generally slaughtered before reaching 750 kg (1,650 lb). Breeding stock may be allowed a longer lifespan, occasionally living as long as 25 years. The oldest recorded cow, Big Bertha, died at the age of 48 in 1993.
Cognition
In laboratory studies, young cattle are able to memorize the locations of several food sources and retain this memory for at least 8 hours, although this declined after 12 hours. Fifteen-month-old heifers learn more quickly than adult cows which have had either one or two calvings, but their longer-term memory is less stable. Mature cattle perform well in spatial learning tasks and have a good long-term memory in these tests. Cattle tested in a radial arm maze are able to remember the locations of high-quality food for at least 30 days. Although they initially learn to avoid low-quality food, this memory diminishes over the same duration. Under less artificial testing conditions, young cattle showed they were able to remember the location of feed for at least 48 days. Cattle can make an association between a visual stimulus and food within 1 day—memory of this association can be retained for 1 year, despite a slight decay.
Calves are capable of discrimination learning and adult cattle compare favourably with small mammals in their learning ability in the closed-field test.
They are also able to discriminate between familiar individuals, and among humans. Cattle can tell the difference between familiar and unfamiliar animals of the same species (conspecifics). Studies show they behave less aggressively toward familiar individuals when they are forming a new group. Calves can also discriminate between humans based on previous experience, as shown by approaching those who handled them positively and avoiding those who handled them aversively. Although cattle can discriminate between humans by their faces alone, they also use other cues such as the color of clothes when these are available.
In audio play-back studies, calves prefer their own mother's vocalizations compared to the vocalizations of an unfamiliar mother.
In laboratory studies using images, cattle can discriminate between images of the heads of cattle and other animal species. They are also able to distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar conspecifics. Furthermore, they are able to categorize images as familiar and unfamiliar individuals.
When mixed with other individuals, cloned calves from the same donor form subgroups, indicating that kin discrimination occurs and may be a basis of grouping behaviour. It has also been shown using images of cattle that both artificially inseminated and cloned calves have similar cognitive capacities of kin and non-kin discrimination.
Cattle can recognize familiar individuals. Visual individual recognition is a more complex mental process than visual discrimination. It requires the recollection of the learned idiosyncratic identity of an individual that has been previously encountered and the formation of a mental representation. By using two-dimensional images of the heads of one cow (face, profiles, 3⁄4 views), all the tested heifers showed individual recognition of familiar and unfamiliar individuals from their own breed. Furthermore, almost all the heifers recognized unknown individuals from different breeds, although this was achieved with greater difficulty. Individual recognition was most difficult when the visual features of the breed being tested were quite different from the breed in the image, for example, the breed being tested had no spots whereas the image was of a spotted breed.
Cattle use visual/brain lateralisation in their visual scanning of novel and familiar stimuli. Domestic cattle prefer to view novel stimuli with the left eye, i.e. using the right brain hemisphere (similar to horses, Australian magpies, chicks, toads and fish) but use the right eye, i.e. using the left hemisphere, for viewing familiar stimuli.
Senses
Cattle use all of the five widely recognized sensory modalities. These can assist in some complex behavioural patterns, for example, in grazing behaviour. Cattle eat mixed diets, but when given the opportunity, show a partial preference of approximately 70% clover and 30% grass. This preference has a diurnal pattern, with a stronger preference for clover in the morning, and the proportion of grass increasing towards the evening.
Vision
Vision is the dominant sense in cattle and they obtain almost 50% of their information visually.
Cattle are a prey animal and to assist predator detection, their eyes are located on the sides of their head rather than the front. This gives them a wide field of view of 330° but limits binocular vision (and therefore stereopsis) to 30° to 50° compared to 140° in humans. This means they have a blind spot directly behind them. Cattle have good visual acuity, but compared to humans, their visual accommodation is poor.
Cattle have two kinds of color receptors in the cone cells of their retinas. This means that cattle are dichromatic, as are most other non-primate land mammals. There are two to three rods per cone in the fovea centralis but five to six near the optic papilla. Cattle can distinguish long wavelength colors (yellow, orange and red) much better than the shorter wavelengths (blue, grey and green). Calves are able to discriminate between long (red) and short (blue) or medium (green) wavelengths, but have limited ability to discriminate between the short and medium. They also approach handlers more quickly under red light. Whilst having good color sensitivity, it is not as good as humans or sheep.
A common misconception about cattle (particularly bulls) is that they are enraged by the color red (something provocative is often said to be "like a red flag to a bull"). This is a myth. In bullfighting, it is the movement of the red flag or cape that irritates the bull and incites it to charge.
Taste
Cattle have a well-developed sense of taste and can distinguish the four primary tastes (sweet, salty, bitter and sour). They possess around 20,000 taste buds. The strength of taste perception depends on the individual's current food requirements. They avoid bitter-tasting foods (potentially toxic) and have a marked preference for sweet (high calorific value) and salty foods (electrolyte balance). Their sensitivity to sour-tasting foods helps them to maintain optimal ruminal pH.
Plants have low levels of sodium and cattle have developed the capacity of seeking salt by taste and smell. If cattle become depleted of sodium salts, they show increased locomotion directed to searching for these. To assist in their search, the olfactory and gustatory receptors able to detect minute amounts of sodium salts increase their sensitivity as biochemical disruption develops with sodium salt depletion.
Hearing
Cattle hearing ranges from 23 Hz to 35 kHz. Their frequency of best sensitivity is 8 kHz and they have a lowest threshold of −21 db (re 20 μN/m−2), which means their hearing is more acute than horses (lowest threshold of 7 db). Sound localization acuity thresholds are an average of 30°. This means that cattle are less able to localise sounds compared to goats (18°), dogs (8°) and humans (0.8°). Because cattle have a broad foveal fields of view covering almost the entire horizon, they may not need very accurate locus information from their auditory systems to direct their gaze to a sound source.
Vocalizations are an important mode of communication amongst cattle and can provide information on the age, sex, dominance status and reproductive status of the caller. Calves can recognize their mothers using vocalizations; vocal behaviour may play a role by indicating estrus and competitive display by bulls.
Olfaction and gustation
Cattle have a range of odoriferous glands over their body including interdigital, infraorbital, inguinal and sebaceous glands, indicating that olfaction probably plays a large role in their social life. Both the primary olfactory system using the olfactory bulbs, and the secondary olfactory system using the vomeronasal organ are used. This latter olfactory system is used in the flehmen response. There is evidence that when cattle are stressed, this can be recognised by other cattle and this is communicated by alarm substances in the urine. The odour of dog faeces induces behavioural changes prior to cattle feeding, whereas the odours of urine from either stressed or non-stressed conspecifics and blood have no effect.
In the laboratory, cattle can be trained to recognise conspecific individuals using olfaction only.
In general, cattle use their sense of smell to "expand" on information detected by other sensory modalities. However, in the case of social and reproductive behaviours, olfaction is a key source of information.
Touch
Cattle have tactile sensations detected mainly by mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors and nociceptors in the skin and muscles. These are used most frequently when cattle explore their environment.
Magnetoreception
There is conflicting evidence for magnetoreception in cattle. One study reported that resting and grazing cattle tend to align their body axes in the geomagnetic north–south direction. In a follow-up study, cattle exposed to various magnetic fields directly beneath or in the vicinity of power lines trending in various magnetic directions exhibited distinct patterns of alignment. However, in 2011, a group of Czech researchers reported their failed attempt to replicate the finding using Google Earth images.
Behavior
Under natural conditions, calves stay with their mother until weaning at 8 to 11 months. Heifer and bull calves are equally attached to their mothers in the first few months of life. Cattle are considered to be "hider" type animals, utilizing secluded areas more in the hours before calving and continued to use it more for the hour after calving. Cows that gave birth for the first time show a higher incidence of abnormal maternal behavior.
In one study, beef-calves reared on the range were observed to suckle an average of 5.0 times every 24 hours with an average total time of 46 min spent suckling. There was a diurnal rhythm in suckling activity with peaks between 05:00–07:00, 10:00–13:00 and 17:00–21:00.
Reproductive behavior
Semi-wild Highland cattle heifers first give birth at 2 or 3 years of age, and the timing of birth is synchronized with increases in natural food quality. Average calving interval is 391 days, and calving mortality within the first year of life is 5%.
Dominance and leadership
One study showed that over a 4-year period, dominance relationships within a herd of semi-wild highland cattle were very firm. There were few overt aggressive conflicts and the majority of disputes were settled by agonistic (non-aggressive, competitive) behaviors that involved no physical contact between opponents (e.g. threatening and spontaneous withdrawing). Such agonistic behavior reduces the risk of injury. Dominance status depended on age and sex, with older animals generally being dominant to young ones and males dominant to females. Young bulls gained superior dominance status over adult cows when they reached about 2 years of age.
As with many animal dominance hierarchies, dominance-associated aggressiveness does not correlate with rank position, but is closely related to rank distance between individuals.
Dominance is maintained in several ways. Cattle often engage in mock fights where they test each other's strength in a non-aggressive way. Licking is primarily performed by subordinates and received by dominant animals. Mounting is a playful behavior shown by calves of both sexes and by bulls and sometimes by cows in estrus, however, this is not a dominance related behavior as has been found in other species.
The horns of cattle are "honest signals" used in mate selection. Furthermore, horned cattle attempt to keep greater distances between themselves and have fewer physical interactions than hornless cattle. This leads to more stable social relationships.
In calves, the frequency of agonistic behavior decreases as space allowance increases, but this does not occur for changes in group size. However, in adult cattle, the number of agonistic encounters increases as the group size increases.
Grazing behavior
When grazing, cattle vary several aspects of their bite, i.e. tongue and jaw movements, depending on characteristics of the plant they are eating. Bite area decreases with the density of the plants but increases with their height. Bite area is determined by the sweep of the tongue; in one study observing 750-kilogram (1,650 lb) steers, bite area reached a maximum of approximately 170 cm2 (30 sq in). Bite depth increases with the height of the plants. By adjusting their behavior, cattle obtain heavier bites in swards that are tall and sparse compared with short, dense swards of equal mass/area. Cattle adjust other aspects of their grazing behavior in relation to the available food; foraging velocity decreases and intake rate increases in areas of abundant palatable forage.
Cattle avoid grazing areas contaminated by the faeces of other cattle more strongly than they avoid areas contaminated by sheep, but they do not avoid pasture contaminated by rabbit faeces.
Temperament and emotions
In cattle, temperament can affect production traits such as carcass and meat quality or milk yield as well as affecting the animal's overall health and reproduction. Cattle temperament is defined as "the consistent behavioral and physiological difference observed between individuals in response to a stressor or environmental challenge and is used to describe the relatively stable difference in the behavioral predisposition of an animal, which can be related to psychobiological mechanisms". Generally, cattle temperament is assumed to be multidimensional. Five underlying categories of temperament traits have been proposed:
shyness–boldness
exploration–avoidance
activity
aggressiveness
sociability
In a study on Holstein–Friesian heifers learning to press a panel to open a gate for access to a food reward, the researchers also recorded the heart rate and behavior of the heifers when moving along the race towards the food. When the heifers made clear improvements in learning, they had higher heart rates and tended to move more vigorously along the race. The researchers concluded this was an indication that cattle may react emotionally to their own learning improvement.
Negative emotional states are associated with a bias toward negative responses towards ambiguous cues in judgement tasks. After separation from their mothers, Holstein calves showed such a cognitive bias indicative of low mood. A similar study showed that after hot-iron disbudding (dehorning), calves had a similar negative bias indicating that post-operative pain following this routine procedure results in a negative change in emotional state.
In studies of visual discrimination, the position of the ears has been used as an indicator of emotional state. When cattle are stressed other cattle can tell by the chemicals released in their urine.
Cattle are very gregarious and even short-term isolation is considered to cause severe psychological stress. When Aubrac and Friesian heifers are isolated, they increase their vocalizations and experience increased heart rate and plasma cortisol concentrations. These physiological changes are greater in Aubracs. When visual contact is re-instated, vocalizations rapidly decline, regardless of the familiarity of the returning cattle, however, heart rate decreases are greater if the returning cattle are familiar to the previously isolated individual. Mirrors have been used to reduce stress in isolated cattle.
Sleep
Further information: Sleep in non-human animals and Cow tipping
The average sleep time of a domestic cow is about 4 hours a day. Cattle do have a stay apparatus, but do not sleep standing up; they lie down to sleep deeply. In spite of the urban legend, cows cannot be tipped over by people pushing on them.
Genetics
Further information: Bovine genome
On 24 April 2009, edition of the journal Science, a team of researchers led by the National Institutes of Health and the US Department of Agriculture reported having mapped the bovine genome. The scientists found cattle have about 22,000 genes, and 80% of their genes are shared with humans, and they share about 1000 genes with dogs and rodents, but are not found in humans. Using this bovine "HapMap", researchers can track the differences between the breeds that affect the quality of meat and milk yields.
Behavioral traits of cattle can be as heritable as some production traits, and often, the two can be related. The heritability of fear varies markedly in cattle from low (0.1) to high (0.53); such high variation is also found in pigs and sheep, probably due to differences in the methods used. The heritability of temperament (response to isolation during handling) has been calculated as 0.36 and 0.46 for habituation to handling. Rangeland assessments show that the heritability of aggressiveness in cattle is around 0.36.
Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been found for a range of production and behavioral characteristics for both dairy and beef cattle.
Domestication and husbandry
Cattle occupy a unique role in human history, having been domesticated since at least the early neolithic age.
Archaeozoological and genetic data indicate that cattle were first domesticated from wild aurochs (Bos primigenius) approximately 10,500 years ago. There were two major areas of domestication: one in the Near East (specifically central Anatolia, the Levant and Western Iran), giving rise to the taurine line, and a second in the area that is now Pakistan, resulting in the indicine line. Modern mitochondrial DNA variation indicates the taurine line may have arisen from as few as 80 aurochs tamed in the upper reaches of Mesopotamia near the villages of Çayönü Tepesi in what is now southeastern Turkey and Dja'de el-Mughara in what is now northern Syria.
Although European cattle are largely descended from the taurine lineage, gene flow from African cattle (partially of indicine origin) contributed substantial genomic components to both southern European cattle breeds and their New World descendants. A study on 134 breeds showed that modern taurine cattle originated from Africa, Asia, North and South America, Australia, and Europe. Some researchers have suggested that African taurine cattle are derived from a third independent domestication from North African aurochsen.
Usage as money
As early as 9000 BC both grain and cattle were used as money or as barter (the first grain remains found, considered to be evidence of pre-agricultural practice date to 17,000 BC). Some evidence also exists to suggest that other animals, such as camels and goats, may have been used as currency in some parts of the world. One of the advantages of using cattle as currency is that it allows the seller to set a fixed price. It even created the standard pricing. For example, two chickens were traded for one cow as cows were deemed to be more valuable than chickens.
Modern husbandry
Further information: Animal husbandry
Cattle are often raised by allowing herds to graze on the grasses of large tracts of rangeland. Raising cattle in this manner allows the use of land that might be unsuitable for growing crops. The most common interactions with cattle involve daily feeding, cleaning and milking. Many routine husbandry practices involve ear tagging, dehorning, loading, medical operations, artificial insemination, vaccinations and hoof care, as well as training for agricultural shows and preparations. Also, some cultural differences occur in working with cattle; the cattle husbandry of Fulani men rests on behavioural techniques, whereas in Europe, cattle are controlled primarily by physical means, such as fences. Breeders use cattle husbandry to reduce M. bovis infection susceptibility by selective breeding and maintaining herd health to avoid concurrent disease.
Cattle are farmed for beef, veal, dairy, and leather. They are less commonly used for conservation grazing, or to maintain grassland for wildlife, such as in Epping Forest, England. They are often used in some of the most wild places for livestock. Depending on the breed, cattle can survive on hill grazing, heaths, marshes, moors and semidesert. Modern cattle are more commercial than older breeds and, having become more specialized, are less versatile. For this reason, many smaller farmers still favor old breeds, such as the Jersey dairy breed. In Portugal, Spain, southern France and some Latin American countries, bulls are used in the activity of bullfighting; In many other countries bullfighting is illegal. Other activities such as bull riding are seen as part of a rodeo, especially in North America. Bull-leaping, a central ritual in Bronze Age Minoan culture, still exists in southwestern France. In modern times, cattle are also entered into agricultural competitions. These competitions can involve live cattle or cattle carcases in hoof and hook events.
In terms of food intake by humans, consumption of cattle is less efficient than of grain or vegetables with regard to land use, and hence cattle grazing consumes more area than such other agricultural production when raised on grains. Nonetheless, cattle and other forms of domesticated animals can sometimes help to use plant resources in areas not easily amenable to other forms of agriculture.
Feral cattle
Feral cattle are defined as being 'cattle that are not domesticated or cultivated'. Populations of feral cattle are known to come from and exist in: Australia, United States of America, Colombia, Argentina, Spain, France and many islands, including New Guinea, Hawaii (see Hawaiian wild cattle), Galapagos, Juan Fernández Islands, Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), Tristan da Cunha and Île Amsterdam (see Amsterdam Island cattle), two islands of Kuchinoshima and Kazura Island next to Naru Island in Japan. Chillingham cattle is sometimes regarded as a feral breed. Aleutian wild cattles can be found on the Aleutian Islands. The "Kinmen cattle" which are predominantly found on Kinmen Island, Taiwan is mostly domesticated while smaller portion of the population is believed to live in the wild due to accidental releases.
Other notable examples include cattle in the vicinity of Hong Kong (in the Shing Mun Country Park, among Sai Kung District and Lantau Island and on Grass Island), and semi-feral animals in Yangmingshan, Taiwan.
Economy
The meat of adult cattle is known as beef, and that of calves is veal. Other animal parts are also used as food products, including blood, liver, kidney, heart and oxtail. Cattle also produce milk, and dairy cattle are specifically bred to produce the large quantities of milk processed and sold for human consumption. Cattle today are the basis of a multibillion-dollar industry worldwide. The international trade in beef for 2000 was over $30 billion and represented only 23% of world beef production. Approximately 300 million cattle, including dairy cattle, are slaughtered each year for food. The production of milk, which is also made into cheese, butter, yogurt, and other dairy products, is comparable in economic size to beef production, and provides an important part of the food supply for many of the world's people. Cattle hides, used for leather to make shoes, couches and clothing, are another widespread product. Cattle remain broadly used as draft animals in many developing countries, such as India. Cattle are also used in some sporting games, including rodeo and bullfighting.
Meat production
Cattle meat production (kt)
Country2008200920102011
Argentina3132337826302497
Australia2132212426302420
Brazil9024939591159030
China5841606062446182
Germany1199119012051170
Japan520517515500
US12163118911204611988
Source: Helgi Library, World Bank, FAOSTAT
About a quarter of the world's meat comes from cattle.
Dairy
Main articles: Dairy cattle, Dairy farming, and Dairy
Certain breeds of cattle, such as the Holstein-Friesian, are used to produce milk, which can be processed into dairy products such as milk, cheese or yogurt. Dairy cattle are usually kept on specialized dairy farms designed for milk production. Most cows are milked twice per day, with milk processed at a dairy, which may be onsite at the farm or the milk may be shipped to a dairy plant for eventual sale of a dairy product. Lactation is induced in heifers and spayed cows by a combination of physical and psychological stimulation, by drugs, or by a combination of those methods. For mother cows to continue producing milk, they give birth to one calf per year. If the calf is male, it generally is slaughtered at a young age to produce veal. They will continue to produce milk until three weeks before birth. Over the last fifty years, dairy farming has become more intensive to increase the yield of milk produced by each cow. The Holstein-Friesian is the breed of dairy cow most common in the UK, Europe and the United States. It has been bred selectively to produce the highest yields of milk of any cow. Around 22 litres per day is average in the UK.
Hides
Most cattle are not kept solely for hides, which are usually a by-product of beef production. Hides are most commonly used for leather, which can be made into a variety of products, including shoes. In 2012 India was the world's largest producer of cattle hides.
Oxen
Main article: Ox
Oxen (singular ox) are cattle trained as draft animals. Often they are adult, castrated males of larger breeds, although females and bulls are also used in some areas. Usually, an ox is over four years old due to the need for training and to allow it to grow to full size. Oxen are used for plowing, transport, hauling cargo, grain-grinding by trampling or by powering machines, irrigation by powering pumps, and wagon drawing. Oxen were commonly used to skid logs in forests, and sometimes still are, in low-impact, select-cut logging. Oxen are most often used in teams of two, paired, for light work such as carting, with additional pairs added when more power is required, sometimes up to a total of 20 or more. Oxen can be trained to respond to a teamster's signals. These signals are given by verbal commands or by noise (whip cracks). Verbal commands vary according to dialect and local tradition. Oxen can pull harder and longer than horses. Though not as fast as horses, they are less prone to injury because they are more sure-footed.
Many oxen are used worldwide, especially in developing countries. About 11.3 million draft oxen are used in sub-Saharan Africa. In India, the number of draft cattle in 1998 was estimated at 65.7 million head. About half the world's crop production is thought to depend on land preparation (such as plowing) made possible by animal traction.
Climate change and economics of cattle rearing
See also: Economic impacts of climate change
Climate change increases heat stress, and even mild heat stress can reduce the yield of cow milk. Some researchers suggest that the already recorded stagnation of dairy production in both China and West Africa can attributed to persistent increases in heat stress.: 747 In China, daily milk production per cow is already lower than the average by between 0.7 and 4 kg in July (the hottest month of the year), and by 2070, it may decline by up to 50% (or 7.2 kg) due to climate change. In male cattle, severe heat can affect both spermatogenesis and the stored spermatozoa, and it may take up to eight weeks for sperm to become viable again. In females, heat stress negatively affects conception rates as it impairs corpus luteum and thus ovarian function and oocyte quality. Even after conception, a pregnancy is less likely to be carried to term due to reduced endometrial function and uterine blood flow, leading to increased embryonic mortality and early fetal loss. Calves born to heat-stressed cows typically have a below-average weight, and their weight and height remains below average even by the time they reach their first year, due to permanent changes in their metabolism. Heat stress can also be outright lethal, which is already seen during some heatwaves: in July 1995, over 4000 cattle perished in the mid-central United States heatwave, and in 1999, over 5000 cattle died during a heatwave in northeastern Nebraska.
By 2017, it was already reported that farmers in Nepal kept fewer cattle due to the losses imposed by a longer hot season.: 747 As of 2022, it has been suggested that every additional millimeter of annual precipitation increases beef production by 2.1% in the tropical countries and reduces it by 1.9% in temperate ones, yet the effects of warming are much larger. Under SSP3-7.0, a scenario of significant warming and very low adaptation, every additional 1 °C (1.8 °F) would decrease global beef production by 9.7%, mainly because of its impact on tropical and poor countries. In the countries which can afford adaptation measures, production would fall by around 4%, but by 27% in those which can't. Only a few exceptions have been identified to date: for instance, east and south of Argentina may become more suitable to cattle ranching due to climate-driven shifts in rainfall, but a shift to Zebu breeds would likely be needed to minimize the impact of warming. Other studies suggest that Brahman cattle and its cross-breeds are more resistant to heat stress than the regular bos taurus breeds, but on a global scale, it is considered unlikely that even more heat-resistant cattle can be bred at a sufficient rate to keep up with the expected warming.
Population
The cattle population of Britain rose from 9.8 million in 1878 to 11.7 million in 1908, but beef consumption rose much faster. Britain became the "stud farm of the world" exporting livestock to countries where there were no indigenous cattle. In 1929 80% of the meat trade of the world was products of what were originally English breeds. There were nearly 70 million cattle in the US by the early 1930s.
For 2013, the FAO estimated global cattle numbers at 1.47 billion. Regionally, the FAO estimate for 2013 includes: Asia 497 million; South America 350 million; Africa 307 million; Europe 122 million; North America 102 million; Central America 47 million; Oceania 40 million; and Caribbean 9 million.
As per FAS/USDA 2021 data, India had the largest cattle population in the world in 2021 followed by Brazil and China
India's cattle's population was reported at 305.5 million head in 2021, accounting for roughly 30% of the world's population. India, Brazil and China accounted for roughly 65% of the world's cattle population in 2021.
It has been estimated that out of all animal species on Earth, Bos taurus has the largest biomass at roughly 400 million tonnes, followed closely by Euphausia superba (Antarctic krill) at 379 million tonnes, and Homo sapiens (humans) at 373 million tonnes.
Cattle population
Environmental impact
See also: Environmental effects of meat production, Milk § Environmental impact, Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest, Beef § Environmental impact, and Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture § Livestock
Meat from cattle has the highest emissions intensity of any agricultural commodity.
Gut flora in cattle include methanogens that produce methane as a byproduct of enteric fermentation, which cattle belch out. The same volume of atmospheric methane has a 72x higher (over 20 years) global warming potential than atmospheric carbon dioxide. Methane belching from cattle can be reduced with genetic selection, immunization against the many methanogens, rumen defaunation (killing the bacteria-killing protozoa), diet modification (e.g. seaweed fortification), decreased antibiotic use, and grazing management, among others.
A 2013 report from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) based on 2005 data states that the livestock sector is responsible for 14.5% of greenhouse gas emissions, 65% of which is due to cattle. The IPCC estimates that cattle and other livestock emit about 80 to 93 Megatonnes of methane per year, accounting for an estimated 37% of anthropogenic methane emissions, and additional methane is produced by anaerobic fermentation of manure in manure lagoons and other manure storage structures. Another estimate is 12% of global GHG. While cattle fed forage actually produce more methane than grain-fed cattle, the increase may be offset by the increased carbon recapture of pastures, which recapture three times the CO2 of cropland used for grain.
Mean greenhouse gas emissions for different food types.
Food TypesGreenhouse Gas Emissions (g CO2-Ceq per gram protein)
Ruminant Meat
62
Recirculating Aquaculture
30
Trawling Fishery
26
Non-recirculating Aquaculture
12
Pork
10
Poultry
10
Dairy
9.1
Non-trawling Fishery
8.6
Eggs
6.8
Starchy Roots
1.7
Wheat
1.2
Maize
1.2
Legumes
0.25
Mean land use of different foods
Food TypesLand Use (m2·year per 100 g protein)
Lamb and Mutton
185
Beef
164
Cheese
41
Pork
11
Poultry
7.1
Eggs
5.7
Farmed Fish
3.7
Peanuts
3.5
Peas
3.4
Tofu
2.2
One of the cited changes suggested to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is intensification of the livestock industry, since intensification leads to less land for a given level of production. This assertion is supported by studies of the US beef production system, suggesting practices prevailing in 2007 involved 8.6% less fossil fuel use, 16.3% less greenhouse gas emissions, 12.1% less water use, and 33.0% less land use, per unit mass of beef produced, than those used in 1977. The analysis took into account not only practices in feedlots, but also feed production (with less feed needed in more intensive production systems), forage-based cow-calf operations and back-grounding before cattle enter a feedlot (with more beef produced per head of cattle from those sources, in more intensive systems), and beef from animals derived from the dairy industry. A more controversial suggestion, advocated by George Monbiot in the documentary "Apocalypse Cow", is to stop farming cattle completely, however farmers often have political power so might be able to resist such a big change.
Estimated virtual water requirements for various foods (m³ water/ton
Hoekstra & Hung
(2003)
Chapagain & Hoekstra (2003)Zimmer & Renault
(2003)
Oki et al. (2003)Average
Beef15,97713,50020,70016,730
Pork5,9064,6005,9005,470
Cheese5,2885,290
Poultry2,8284,1004,5003,810
Eggs4,6572,7003,2003,520
Rice2,6561,4003,6002,550
Soybeans2,3002,7502,5002,520
Wheat1,1501,1602,0001,440
Maize4507101,9001,020
Milk865790560740
Potatoes160105130
Significant numbers of dairy, as well as beef cattle, are confined in concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs), defined as "new and existing operations which stable or confine and feed or maintain for a total of 45 days or more in any 12-month period more than the number of animals specified" where "[c]rops, vegetation, forage growth, or post-harvest residues are not sustained in the normal growing season over any portion of the lot or facility." They may be designated as small, medium and large. Such designation of cattle CAFOs is according to cattle type (mature dairy cows, veal calves or other) and cattle numbers, but medium CAFOs are so designated only if they meet certain discharge criteria, and small CAFOs are designated only on a case-by-case basis.
Mean eutrophying emissions (water pollution) of different foods per 100 g of protein
Food TypesEutrophying Emissions (g PO43-eq per 100 g protein)
Beef
365.3
Farmed Fish
235.1
Farmed Crustaceans
227.2
Cheese
98.4
Lamb and Mutton
97.1
Pork
76.4
Poultry
48.7
Eggs
21.8
Peanuts
14.1
Peas
7.5
Tofu
6.2
Mean acidifying emissions (air pollution) of different foods per 100 g of protein
Food TypesAcidifying Emissions (g SO2eq per 100 g protein)
Beef
343.6
Cheese
165.5
Pork
142.7
Lamb and Mutton
139.0
Farmed Crustaceans
133.1
Poultry
102.4
Farmed Fish
65.9
Eggs
53.7
Peanuts
22.6
Peas
8.5
Tofu
6.7
A CAFO that discharges pollutants is required to obtain a permit, which requires a plan to manage nutrient runoff, manure, chemicals, contaminants, and other wastewater pursuant to the US Clean Water Act. The regulations involving CAFO permitting have been extensively litigated.
Commonly, CAFO wastewater and manure nutrients are applied to land at agronomic rates for use by forages or crops, and it is often assumed that various constituents of wastewater and manure, e.g. organic contaminants and pathogens, will be retained, inactivated or degraded on the land with application at such rates; however, additional evidence is needed to test reliability of such assumptions . Concerns raised by opponents of CAFOs have included risks of contaminated water due to feedlot runoff, soil erosion, human and animal exposure to toxic chemicals, development of antibiotic resistant bacteria and an increase in E. coli contamination. While research suggests some of these impacts can be mitigated by developing wastewater treatment systems and planting cover crops in larger setback zones, the Union of Concerned Scientists released a report in 2008 concluding that CAFOs are generally unsustainable and externalize costs.
Another concern is manure, which if not well-managed, can lead to adverse environmental consequences. However, manure also is a valuable source of nutrients and organic matter when used as a fertilizer. Manure was used as a fertilizer on about 6,400,000 hectares (15.8 million acres) of US cropland in 2006, with manure from cattle accounting for nearly 70% of manure applications to soybeans and about 80% or more of manure applications to corn, wheat, barley, oats and sorghum. Substitution of manure for synthetic fertilizers in crop production can be environmentally significant, as between 43 and 88 megajoules of fossil fuel energy would be used per kg of nitrogen in manufacture of synthetic nitrogenous fertilizers.
Grazing by cattle at low intensities can create a favourable environment for native herbs and forbs by mimicking the native grazers who they displaced; in many world regions, though, cattle are reducing biodiversity due to overgrazing. A survey of refuge managers on 123 National Wildlife Refuges in the US tallied 86 species of wildlife considered positively affected and 82 considered negatively affected by refuge cattle grazing or haying. Proper management of pastures, notably managed intensive rotational grazing and grazing at low intensities can lead to less use of fossil fuel energy, increased recapture of carbon dioxide, fewer ammonia emissions into the atmosphere, reduced soil erosion, better air quality, and less water pollution.
Health
The veterinary discipline dealing with cattle and cattle diseases (bovine veterinary) is called buiatrics. Veterinarians and professionals working on cattle health issues are pooled in the World Association for Buiatrics, founded in 1960. National associations and affiliates also exist.
Digital dermatitis is caused by the bacteria from the genus Treponema. It differs from foot rot and can appear under unsanitary conditions such as poor hygiene or inadequate hoof trimming, among other causes. It primarily affects dairy cattle and has been known to lower the quantity of milk produced, however the milk quality remains unaffected. Cattle are also susceptible to ringworm caused by the fungus, Trichophyton verrucosum, a contagious skin disease which may be transferred to humans exposed to infected cows.
Public health
Cattle diseases were in the center of attention in the 1980s and 1990s when the Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), also known as mad cow disease, was of concern. Cattle might catch and develop various other diseases, like blackleg, bluetongue, foot rot too.
In most states, as cattle health is not only a veterinarian issue, but also a public health issue, public health and food safety standards and farming regulations directly affect the daily work of farmers who keep cattle. However, said rules change frequently and are often debated. For instance, in the UK, it was proposed in 2011 that milk from tuberculosis-infected cattle should be allowed to enter the food chain. Internal food safety regulations might affect a country's trade policy as well. For example, the United States has just reviewed its beef import rules according to the "mad cow standards"; while Mexico forbids the entry of cattle who are older than 30 months.
Medicinal uses
Cow urine is commonly used in India for internal medical purposes. It is distilled and then consumed by patients seeking treatment for a wide variety of illnesses. At present, no conclusive medical evidence shows this has any effect. However, an Indian medicine containing cow urine has already obtained U.S. patents.
Effect of high stocking density
Stocking density refers to the number of animals within a specified area. When stocking density reaches high levels, the behavioural needs of the animals may not be met. This can negatively influence health, welfare and production performance.
The effect of overstocking in cows can have a negative effect on milk production and reproduction rates which are two very important traits for dairy farmers. Overcrowding of cows in barns has been found to reduced feeding, resting and rumination. Although they consume the same amount of dry matter within the span of a day, they consume the food at a much more rapid rate, and this behaviour in cows can lead to further complications. The feeding behaviour of cows during their post-milking period is very important as it has been proven that the longer animals can eat after milking, the longer they will be standing up and therefore causing less contamination to the teat ends. This is necessary to reduce the risk of mastitis as infection has been shown to increase the chances of embryonic loss. Sufficient rest is important for dairy cows because it is during this period that their resting blood flow increases up to 50%, this is directly proportionate to milk production. Each additional hour of rest can be seen to translate to 2 to 3.5 more pounds of milk per cow daily. Stocking densities of anything over 120% have been shown to decrease the amount of time cows spend lying down.
Cortisol is an important stress hormone; its plasma concentrations increase greatly when subjected to high levels of stress. Increased concentration levels of cortisol have been associated with significant increases in gonadotrophin levels and lowered progestin levels. Reduction of stress is important in the reproductive state of cows as an increase in gonadotrophin and lowered progesterone levels may impinge on the ovulatory and lutenization process and to reduce the chances of successful implantation. A high cortisol level will also stimulate the degradation of fats and proteins which may make it difficult for the animal to sustain
November 18, 2010 - "Roles for Third Parties in Improving Implementation of EPA's and OSHA's Regulations on the Management of Low-Probability, High-Consequence Process Safety Risks" - Penn Program on Regulation, in conjunction with the Wharton Risk Management Center, hosted a conference regarding the usage of third party auditors in the enforcement of regulatory safety measures in high risk industries. Industries which experts call "Low-Probability, High-Consequence," such as nuclear reactors, oil refineries, or chemical processing plants, are specifically hoped to be improved by third party inspections safety. The conference brought together numerous participants from a variety of fields, including from government, industry, insurance, academia, and non-profit sectors. The conference consisted of a day-long discussion spread over three separate panels. Over the course of the conference, participants stressed the importance of implementing a third party system to effectively and thoroughly audit industry despite lack of adequate funds and resources. Other potential scenarios offered for enacting effective third party auditing included making sure that these third party auditors were completely independent from the industries they would be inspecting so as to eliminate bias or a conflict of interest. Another issue to consider is the question of whose authority would the third party auditors be under and what kind of enforcement power would they have to enforce industry change. One of the panel discussions brought up the potential linkage of third party audits with insurance companies so as to provide an incentive for industry to decrease safety risks in order to pay lower insurance premiums. Workshop participants included Isadore "Irv" Rosenthal, a Senior Research Fellow at the Wharton Risk Management and Decision Processes Center; Howard Kunreuther, James G. Dinan Professor of Business and Public Policy at Wharton and Co-Director of the Wharton Risk Center; Laurie Miller, Senior Director of Environment and Process Safety at the American Chemistry Council; Erwann O. Michel-Kerjan, Managing Director of the Wharton Risk Management and Decision Processes Center; Scott Berger, Executive Director of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Don Nguyen, a Principal Process Safety Management Engineer at Siemens Energy, Inc.; Mike Marshall, Process Safety Management Coordinator at the Directorate of Enforcement Programs at the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) within the United States Department of Labor; Cary Coglianese, Edward B. Shils Professor of Law and Professor of Political Science at the University of Pennsylvania Law School and Director of the Penn Program on Regulation; Bob Whitmore, Former Chief of OSHA Division of Recordkeeping at the United States Department of Labor; Jim Belke, Chemical Engineer at the Office of Emergency Prevention and Member of the Office of Chemical Preparedness within the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); William Doerr, FM Global Research Area Director; Manuel Gomez, Director of Recommendations at the U.S. Chemical Safety Board; Tim Cillessen, Manager of Sales and Marketing at Siemens Energy, Inc.; Mike Wright, Director of Health, Safety, and Environment at United Steelworkers; Jennifer Nash, Affiliated Researcher of Nanotechnology and Society Research Group at Northeastern University and the Associate Director of the Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government, Executive Director of Regulatory Policy Program at Harvard Kennedy School of Government; Michael Perron, Senior Vice President of Willis Re New York.
About Dr.Mihir Kumar Panda, Ph.D,D.Litt,, innovator
World’s only achiever of large number of World Record for 10,000 Teaching Aids & innovations
Founder & Co-ordinator General, ‘SROSTI’ (Social Development research Organisation for Science, technology & Implementation)
Collaborator Vijnana Bana Ashram
Bahanaga, Baleshwar, Odisha, India-756042
Website : simpleinnovationproject.com
E-Mail- : mihirpandasrosti@gmail.com
Face Book link:https://www.facebook.com/mihirpandasrosti
WIKIMAPIA
wikimapia.org/#lang=en&lat=-6.174348&lon=106.8293...
Contact No. : +91 7008406650
Whatsapp: +91 9438354515
Dr.Mihir Kumar Panda, an Educational, Societal and Scientific Innovator has established an NGO 'SROSTI' at Bahanaga, Balasore,Odisha,India
Dr. panda has innovated/invented more than 10,000 (ten thousand) teaching aids and different innovations and he has more than 30,000 (Thirty thousand) ideas to make scientific and mathematical models.
His creations are very essential guide for school and college science exhibitions, innovative learning and play way method for the teachers and students, science activists, innovators, craftsmen, farmers, masons, physically challenged persons, common men, entrepreneurs and industrialists.
He is popularizing science through song, innovative demonstrations and motivational speech since 1990 in different parts of Odisha state without taking any fees.
Dr. Panda is an extreme motivational speaker in science and possess magical scientific demonstration and a crowd puller.
Innovator Mihir Kumar Panda loves nature and in his agricultural farm he does not uses the chemicals , fertilizers and pesticides. In his farm even the smallest creatures like snakes, caterpillar, white ants, worms ,vermies are in peace and are managed successfully not to do harm.
Dr. Panda is an Educationist, an environmentalist, a poet for science popularization, a good orator, a best resource person to train others in specific field of science and engineering.
The uniqueness of Simple Innovation and scientific activities and achievements ofDr. Panda can not be assessed without visiting his laboratory which is a living wonder in the realm of science.
From a small cake cutter to mechanical scissor, from a play pump to rickshaw operated food grain spreader and from a village refrigerator to a multi-purpose machine, thousands of such inventions and innovations are proof of Dr. Panda's brilliance.
From a tube well operated washing machine to weight sensitive food grain separator, from a password protected wardrobe to automatic screen, from a Dual face fan to electricity producing fan are example of few thousands of innovations and inventions of Mihir Kumar Panda.
Dr.Mihir Kumar Panda though bestowed to a popular name as Einstein of Odisha is obliviously treated as Thomas Alva Edison of India.
Dr. Panda's residential house also resembles a museum with scientific innovations of different shapes and sizes stacked in every nook and cranny which proves his scientific involvement in personal life.
Innovator Panda believes that , the best thing a child can do with a toy to break it. he also believes that by Educating child in his/her choice subject/ passion a progressive nation can be built.
The shelf made scientist Dr. Panda believes that Education is a life long process whose scope is far greater than school curriculum. The moulding of models/ innovations done by hand always better than the things heard and the facts incorporated in the books.
With no agricultural background, Dr. Panda has developed unique natural bonsai in his Vijnana Bana Ashram which also shows path for earning just by uprooting and nurturing the plants which are found to be small and thumb in nature.
Dr. Panda's Scientific Endeavour and research is no doubt praise worthy. One cannot but believe his dedicated effort in simple innovation laboratory.
Social service, innovation/ inventions, writing, free technology to students for preparation of science exhibition projects, free technology to common men for their sustainability, preparation of big natural bonsai, technology for entrepreneurs and industrialists for innovative item are few works of Mihir Kumar Panda after his Government service.
. To overcome the difficulties of science and math, explanation in classes, innovator Panda has created few thousands of educational, societal and scientific innovations which helps teachers and students of the country and abroad.
Dr. Panda believes that though inventions/innovation has reached under thousands and thousands deep in the sea and high up in the space. It has reached on moon and mars, but unfortunately the sustainable inventions/innovation has not properly gone to the tiny tots and common people.
Dr. Panda is amazing and wizard of innovations and works with a principle the real scientist is he, who sees the things simply and works high.
Dr.Mihir Kumar Panda's work can be explained in short
Sports with Science from Dawn to Dusk
Struggle some life- science in words and action
Triumphs of Science - Science at foot path
Hilarious dream in midst scarcity
A life of innovator de-avoided of Advertisement.
FELICITATIONS, AWARDS, HONOURS & RECORDS
* 200+ Felicitation and Awards from different NGOs, Schools & Colleges within the State of Odisha and National level.
* 10 Nos Gold, Silver & Bronze medal from different National & International level.
*Awarded for 10,000 innovations & 30,000 ideas by Indian Science Congress Association, Govt. of India.
* Honorary Ph.D From Nelson Mandela University, United States of America
* Honorary Ph.D From Global Peace University, United States of America& India
* Honorary D.Litt From Global Peace University, United States of America& India
* Title ‘Einstein of Odisha’ by Assam Book of Records, Assam
* Title ‘Thomas Alva Edison of India’ by Anandashree Organisation, Mumbai
* Title ‘ Einstein of Odisha & Thomas Alva Edison of India’ from Bengal Book of World record.
*World Record from OMG Book of Records
*World Record from Assam Book of Records,
* World Record from World Genius Records, Nigeria
* World Record from BengalBook of Records
* National Record from Diamond Book of Records
* World Record from Asian World Records
* World Record from Champians Book of World Records
* World Record from The British World Records
* World Record from Gems Book of World Records
* World Record from India Star World Record
* World Record from Geniuses World Records
* World Record from Royal Success International Book of Records
*World Record from Supreme World Records
* World Record from Uttarpradesh World Records
*World Record from Exclusive World Records
*World Record from international Book of Records
*World Record from Incredible Book of records
* World Record from Cholan Book of World Record
* World Record from Bravo International Book of World Record
* World Record from High Range Book of World Record
* World Record from Kalam’s World Record
* World Record from Hope international World Record
* International Honours from Nigeria
* Indian icon Award from Global Records & Research Foundation (G.R.R.F.)
* International Award from USA for the year’2019 as INNOVATOR OF THE YEAR-2019
* National level Excellence Leadership Award-2020 from Anandashree Organisation, Mumbai
* Best Practical Demonstrator & Theory instructor from Collector & District Magistrate,
Balasore.
* Best Innovator Award by Bengal Book.
* Popular Indian Award by Bengal Book.
* Great man Award by Bengal Book.
* Best Indian Award by Bengal Book.
* The Man of the Era by Bengal Book.
IMPORTANT LINK FILES TO KNOW THE WORK OF
Dr. MIHIR KUMAR PANDA
Dr.Mihir Ku panda awarded at indian science congress Association, Govt. of India for 10000 innovations & 30,000 ideas
Hindi Media report- Simple innovation science show for popularisation of science in free of cost by Dr.Mihir Ku Panda
Simple innovation science show for popularisation of science in free of cost in different parts of India By Dr.Mihirku Panda
www.youtube.com/user/mihirkumarpanda/videos?view=0&so...
Simple innovation laboratory at a Glance
MORE LINK FILES OF Dr MIHIR KUMAR PANDA
www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFIh2AoEy_g
www.youtube.com/channel/UCIksem1pJdDvK87ctJOlN1g
www.youtube.com/watch?v=AHEAPp8V5MI
www.youtube.com/watch?v=W43tAYO7wpQ
www.youtube.com/watch?v=me43aso--Xg
www.youtube.com/watch?v=6XEeZjBDnu4
www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPbJyB8aE2s
www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNIIJHdNo6M
www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPBdJpwYINI
www.youtube.com/watch?v=XBR-e-tFVyE
www.youtube.com/watch?v=3JjCnF7gqKA
www.youtube.com/watch?v=raq_ZtllYRg
cholanbookofworldrecords.com/dr-mihir-kumar-pandaph-d-lit...
www.linkedin.com/in/dr-mihir-kumar-panda-ph-d-d-litt-inno...
www.bhubaneswarbuzz.com/updates/education/inspiring-odish...
www.millenniumpost.in/features/kiit-hosts-isca-national-s...
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Juba, 9 November 2022 – At a press briefing held at the UNMISS headquarters in Juba, South Sudan, today, Under-Secretary-General for UN Peace Operations, Jean-Pierre Lacroix, urged signatories to the Revitalized Peace Agreement to redouble their efforts at implementing all outstanding benchmarks contained within this 2018 peace deal. USG Lacroix’s views were echoed by the Secretary-General’s Chef de Cabinet, Courtenay Rattray. Both high-ranking UN officials have concluded a four-day visit to South Sudan where they engaged with political actors, women’s groups, humanitarians, the donor community, and peacekeepers.
Photos by Isaac Billy/ UNMISS
implementing this barnacly thing in processing. right now the pattern is just generated by interaction with the mouse. I think I'll make it more independent though.
next up is more complex surfaces. might test out Jesse's nurb's library.
based on these original sketches I made with a rhinoscript which you can see here
A John Deere 9670 STS with farm implement near McBaine in rural Boone County Missouri by Notley Hawkins Photography. Taken with a Canon EOS 5D Mark III camera with a EF16-35mm f/4L IS USM lens at f.5.6 with a 148 second exposure. Processed with Adobe Lightroom 5.7.
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©Notley Hawkins
William Stone Images - Limited Edition Fine Art Prints
Fine Art Photography Prints & Luxury Wall Art:
Our presence on flickr is to showcase our catalogue, we have selected pictures on our website, but can always add more depending on the requests we receive:
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All images on Flickr have been specifically published in a lower grade quality to amber our copyright being infringed. We have 4096x pixel full sized quality on all our photos and any of them could be ordered in high grade museum quality grade and a discount applied if the voucher WS-100 is used. Any image seen on flickr can be printed in museum grade quality, use the unique reference at the bottom of the photo description when contacting us:
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In our galleries you will find some amazing fine art photography for sale as limited edition and open edition, gallery quality prints. Only the finest materials and archival methods are used to produce these stunning photographic works of art.
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We celebrate light in our pictures. Understanding how light interacts with the camera is paramount to the work we do. The temperature, intensity and source of light can wield different photography effect on the same subject or scene; add ISO, aperture and speed, the camera, the lens type, focal length and filters…the combination is varied and multi-layered and if you know how to use them all, you will come to appreciate that all lights are useful, even those surrounded by a lot of darkness.
We are guided by three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, our longing to capture in print, that which is beautiful, the constant search for the one picture, and constant barrage of new equipment and style of photography. These passions, like great winds, have blown us across the globe in search of the one and we do understand the one we do look for might be this picture right here for someone else out there.
We want to thank you for your interest in our work and thanks for visiting our work on Flickr, we do appreciate you and the contributions you make in furthering our interest in photography and on social media in general.
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WS-56-11672497-11807585-5745815-2522023111144
Photos from the GDS: New gTLD Program Next Round Implementation Status Recap and Q&A session at the ICANN77 Policy Forum
Two enterprises in Nashik, auto parts suppliers to Mahindra and Mahindra, are implementing ILO's SCORE Workplace cooperation module. These enterprises are -- JP enterprise and Shree Shyam processors private limited. Post the implementation of the module, both enterprise report a rise in productivity, better management of workplace issues, and innovation.
Photo credit - © ILO/D. Banerjee 2017
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License. To view a copy of this license, visit creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo/deed.en_US.
Delegates are provided information at a side event on ’Improving Safeguards Implementation in
Member States – Collaboration within the IAEA and with Member States’, which took place during the IAEA’s 62nd General Conference, Vienna, Austria, 18 September 2018.
Photo Credit: Y. Yustantiana / IAEA
Barn and Hay making implements.(beside the Pennine way)
Top right is a Hay Knife for cutting the hay and bottom right is a long handled hook for cutting reeds and rushes.
The fields at Hannah's Meadow were farmed by Hannah Hauxwell using traditional methods, without the use of artificial fertilisers. The meadows are species rich and are home to many breeding birds such as lapwing, redshank, meadow pipit and skylark. There are abundant flowering plants including globeflower, wood anemone and adder's tongue fern. One of the barns has been converted to an un-manned visitors centre with displays and information.