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Una prestigiosa egiptóloga pakistaní que investiga los secretos de las momias y de los animales que entierran con ellos. Tiene numerosos libros y trabajos publicados sobre estos temas. La foto se la hice en Luxor y fue muy amable conmigo. En la actualidad da clases en El Cairo.
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The Lady Of The Southern Seas by Daniel Arrhakis (2018)
With the music : Mystic Sea by Dyan Garris
Work made with images of mine and stock images in a creative Art Collage composition. Textured layered techniques, digital painting processes and color saturation techniques, model from Pexels by the Photographer Qazi Ikram Ul Haq (C0 License) modified for this work .
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Mystery Feathers by Daniel Arrhakis (2019)
With the music : BROKEN DREAMS - Music by Fractured Light Music
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Receb ayı
Hürmet edilmesi gereken dört kıymetli aydan birisidir. Kur'an-ı kerimde mealen buyuruluyor ki:
Allah'ın, gökleri ve yeri yarattığı günden beri, ayların sayısı on ikidir. Bunlardan dördü, haram [hürmetli] olan aylardır. [Tevbe 36]
Resulullah efendimiz, Receb ayına çok değer verir ve "Ya Rabbi, Receb ve Şabanı bizler için mübarek kıl ve bizi Ramazana eriştir" diye dua ederdi. Hadis-i şeriflerde buyuruldu ki:
Haram aylar, Receb, Zilkade, Zilhicce ve Muharremdir. [İbni Cerir]
Haram aylarda Perşembe, Cuma ve Cumartesi günleri oruç tutana iki yıllık ibadet sevabı yazılır. [Taberani]
Haram aylarda bir gün oruç tutup bir gün yemek çok faziletlidir. [Ebu Davud]
Receb ayında Allahü teâlâya çok istiğfar edin; çünkü Allahü teâlânın, Receb ayının her vaktinde Cehennemden azat ettiği kulları vardır. Ayrıca Cennette öyle köşkler vardır ki, ancak Receb ayında oruç tutanlar girer. [Deylemi]
Allahü teâlâ, Receb ayında oruç tutanları mağfiret eder. [Gunye]
Receb-i şerifin bir gün başında, bir gün ortasında ve bir gün de sonunda oruç tutana, Recebin hepsini tutmuş gibi sevap verilir. [Miftah-ül-cenne]
Ramazan ayı dışında Allah rızası için bir gün oruç tutan, iyi bir yarış atının bir asırda alacağı mesafe kadar Cehennemden uzaklaşır. [Ebu Ya'la]
Şu beş gecede yapılan dua geri çevrilmez: Regaib gecesi, Şabanın 15. gecesi, Cuma gecesi, Ramazan bayramı ve Kurban bayramı gecesi. [İ.Asakir]
Receb büyük bir aydır. Allahü teâlâ bu ayda hasenatı kat kat eder. Receb ayında bir gün oruç tutan, bir yıl oruç tutmuş gibi sevaba kavuşur. 7 gün oruç tutana, Cehennem kapıları kapanır. 8 gün oruç tutana Cennetin 8 kapısı açılır. On gün oruç tutana, Allahü teâlâ istediğini verir. 15 gün oruç tutana, bir münadi, "Geçmiş günahların af oldu" der. Receb ayında Allahü teâlâ Nuh aleyhisselamı gemiye bindirdi ve o da, Receb ayını oruçlu geçirdi. Yanındakilere de oruç tutmalarını emretti. [Taberani]
Receb ayında, takva üzere bir gün oruç tutana, oruç tutulan günler dile gelip "Ya Rabbi onu mağfiret et" derler. [Ebu Muhammed]
Recebin ilk Cuma gecesine Regaib gecesi denir. Her Cuma gecesi kıymetlidir. Bu iki kıymetli gece bir araya gelince, daha kıymetli oluyor. Allahü teâlâ, bu gecede, müminlere, ragibetler [ihsanlar, ikramlar] yapar. Regaib, ihsanlar, ikramlar demektir. Bu geceye hürmet edenleri affeder. Regaib gecesi yapılan dua kabul olur, namaz, oruç, sadaka gibi ibadetlere, sayısız sevaplar verilir.
Princess Noura University girl Abdul Rahman Al-Saud
Honor to honor the talibes
Ikram Aledeiana
The occasion of excellence in the second Almatmralalma
We wish her more creative
Dean of the College: Dr. Ashraf emotions
“A morning is a wonderful blessing, either cloudy or sunny. It stands for hope, giving us another start of what we call Life. Good morning & have a nice day.” (Ikram Uzzal)
The road along the Lahore canal, from the Mall to Jail Road, was named after Goethe; but the road across the canal was dedicated to Annemarie Schimmel. The twin roads are a befitting symbol of Pakistan’s special relationship with Germany created by Pakistan’s national poet during his academic sojourn there in the beginning of the 20th century. Schimmel used to say, laughingly: “Pakistan didn’t even wait for me to die before naming a road after me.”
The first disciple of Rumi in our times was Allama Iqbal. In his Persian magnum opus “Javidnamah,” Rumi was his Virgil. Annemarie Schimmel, the greatest living authority on Islamic culture and civilization who passed away in February, loved Iqbal and Rumi with equal intensity.
When she came to Lahore in 1996 to deliver a lecture on “Islam and the West” at the Goethe Institute, she was hardly in her room at Hotel Avari for 10 minutes when the phone bell rang and someone requested her for a meeting. She said she was booked for every hour of the day until June 1997, which included her Iqbal Lecture in London.
She had delivered a lecture on Rahman Baba in Peshawar in Pashtu, which, together with Sindhi, she thought more difficult than her first love, Turkish. (Linguists are agreed that Turkish is one of the most difficult languages to learn.) She loved Sindh, admired its intellectuals, tolerant culture, and its great poet Shah Abdul Latif on whom she wrote a book. She remembered fondly Sindh’s foremost intellectual, Allama I. I. Kazi and his disciple Pir Hisamuddin Rashdi, and visited the Makli tombs many times. Sitting in a café in Bonn once, journalist Tony Rosini told me in a whisper that she wanted to be buried at Makli.
In 1982, she had requested the government of Pakistan to name a road after Goethe, the German national poet that Iqbal admired, on the occasion of his 150th birth anniversary. But Pakistan went one better. The road along the Lahore canal, from the Mall to Jail Road, was named after Goethe; but the road across the canal was dedicated to Annemarie Schimmel. She was in her mid eighties, in good health, with a mind whose clarity was astounding.
She was recognized by the Islamic world for her knowledge of Islamic civilization. When she went to Egypt lecturing in Arabic about classical Arab poetry, she was received by President Hosni Mubarak. She lectured in Yemen, Syria and Morocco, talking about a heritage that most Arabs have forgotten. In Tunis, she introduced the revivalist thought of Allama Iqbal; in Teheran, she spoke in Persian about the love of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) in Rumi, disabusing today’s revolutionary Islamists of the misconceptions made current about the great Sufis of the past. She was in Uzbekistan talking to the Uzbeks about their great Muslim heritage. “If an Uzbek speaks slowly I can understand him, and I can answer in Osmanli,” she used to say.
Her first love was Pakistan and Pakistan responded to her in equal measure. She fondly remembered the President of the National Bank of Pakistan, Mumtaz Hassan, the great teacher of philosophy M. M. Sharif, the historian S. M. Ikram, the scholar Khalifa Abdul Hakim and Pir Hisamuddin Rashdi, who welcomed her again and again to Pakistan when she was young. She recalled her Urdu lecture on Iqbal in Government College Lahore in 1963 on the invitation of Bazm-e-Iqbal. Befittingly, Allama Iqbal’s son, Dr. Javid Iqbal, is a devotee who often visited her at her residence on Lennestrasse in Bonn. When national awards were set up, she received the highest of them, Hilal-e-Imtiaz and Sitara-e-Quaid-e-Azam.
She was so completely at ease with her subject that she hardly realized that she was working so hard, teaching at Bonn University since 1961, and at Harvard University since 1970. The Islamic world did not ignore her work. She received the First Class Award for Art and Science from Egypt’s president Hosni Mubarak, and a Gold Medal from Turkey for her services to Turkish cultural heritage. Austria gave her the prestigious Hammar-Purgstall prize; Los Angeles had given her the Della Vida award for Excellence in Islamic Studies; Germany bestowed upon her the famous Ruecart Medal and Voss Medal for Translation; and the Union of German Publishers recently gave her their highest Peace Prize which she treasured. There are many other German awards that celebrated her work in the promotion of understanding between religions.
Annemarie Schimmel was born in Erfurt, a town that fell to East Germany after the Second World War, in the family of a civil servant who greatly loved poetry and philosophy. She recalled reading the German classics at home, including the poetry of Rilke. Her interest in the Orient grew out of the classical trend of treating oriental themes in German poetry and drama. When she was seven, her parents already knew she was a special child on whom normal laws of upbringing couldn’t be applied. At 15, she was able to get hold of a teacher of Arabic who had a taste in Arabic classical poetry. Her second love was Turkish which she learned before she went to the university.
Her subject led her to Persian, which she learned enough to be smitten by the poetry of Rumi. She regretted that she didn’t learn English well since she was busy passing two classes in a term. (She was an extremely articulate speaker in English.) One is not surprised that when she finally finished her doctorate, she was only 19, a German record at a time when women were not encouraged in higher learning. (She once remarked that the bias still existed because she was not given a chair at the University of Bonn.) The topic of her Ph.D. dissertation was “Position of Caliph and Qazi in Mameluke Egypt.” She recalled that her father was killed four days before the war came to an end, and while she studied, she had to do six months of forced labour and work six days a week in a factory. After the war, she went to West Germany, interpreting and translating in Turkish for the Foreign Office and working on her thesis for teaching. Marburg University took her in as a professor of Arabic, Persian, Turkish, history of Islamic art and religion after her graduation when she was only 23!
In 1949, she did another Ph.D. in history of religions and went to Sweden to pursue theological and oriental studies for two months. In 1952, she was able to travel in Turkey, keen to visit Konia where her “murshid” Jalauddin Rumi lay buried. She said that Konia was a sleepy little town where the genius of Rumi was easily invoked. In 1953, she was again at Ankara University lecturing on Islamic art and religion in Turkish. The university offered her, a non-Muslim, the chair of history of religion and she stayed there for five years, writing her books in Turkish, including a Turkish version of Allama Iqbal’s “Javidnamah.” She had written hundreds of books and papers as far apart in subject matter as the mystery of numbers in Arabic, Arabic Names and Persian Sufi poet Qurat-ul-Ain Tahira who she called the first Muslim feminist. Her first book to be known in Pakistan was “Gabriel’s Wing” but it was published in Holland and was not properly distributed in Pakistan.
It is surprising that Pakistani publishers have not tried to get the publishing rights of her great books like “Islam in the Indian Subcontinent” printed 20 years ago, and others like “Deciphering the Science of God” and “Mystery of Numbers” and “Gifford Lectures on Islam.” She translated hundreds of Islamic classics, as is manifest from the awards she received. Her work in German will probably take a long time in reaching the international audience (for instance her beautifully produced work on imagery in Persian poetry), but what she published in English is lying with such obscure publishers in Europe and the United States that it has no way of reaching the Pakistani market.
She remained a recluse in matters of publishing; her publishers seldom wrote to her because of bad marketing. “I don’t care that I haven’t made money from my books; I have enough to live on,” she used to say thoughtfully. Her house in Lennestrasse was full of rare manuscripts on Islam but she gradually began to give them away to institutions, like Bonn University, as she thought they would take care of them and make good use of them.
Annemarie Schimmel was not into the politics of orientology as most of us who are busy thinking about civilizational conflict are inclined to think. While she considered Edward Said’s critique of Western orientalism justified, she believed it was misapplied to German and Russian orientology. Her interest in Islam sprang from her great reverence for its intellectual and spiritual genius. She was a “practicing” scholar who admired Massignon and was deeply involved in the philosophical aspects of the religion of Islam. She believed that Iqbal was the only Muslim genius who responded intellectually to Goethe’s “West-Eastern Divan.” She was the only western intellectual who responded to the true spirit of Islam. Her poems in German and English were published in two volumes and proved that her interest was not merely restricted to bloodless research. She was of no use to those who study a religion only to find fault with it. She has passed away but her work on and love for Islam will continue to illuminate the true path.
30 May 2003
Saqqara es el emplazamiento de la necrópolis principal de la ciudad de Menfis, en la ribera occidental del Nilo, situada a unos 30 km de El Cairo y 17 de la ciudad de Guiza. Funcional desde la Dinastía I (ca. 3050 a. C.) hasta época cristiana (ca. 540).
En 1979, el conjunto de Menfis con sus necrópolis y campos de pirámides (Guiza, Abusir, Saqqara y Dahshur) fue declarado Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la Unesco, con el nombre de Menfis y su necrópolis - Zonas de las pirámides desde Guiza hasta Dahshur.
La importancia de la necrópolis se debe a los restos de complejos funerarios, erigidos por los faraones del Imperio Antiguo y la gran cantidad de tumbas de nobles, pues el lugar, consagrado al dios Sokar, fue elegido por los faraones del Imperio Antiguo para establecer su necrópolis; ésta fue saqueada desde tiempos antiguos.
La tumba del monarca más antiguo posiblemente enterrado en esta necrópolis pudo ser la de Narmer, aunque tiene una tumba, o cenotafio, la B17 en la necrópolis de Umm el Qaab, en Abidos, lejos de Saqqara, en el Alto Egipto, y otra en la necrópolis de Tarjan.
En Saqqara Imhotep (el primer arquitecto conocido del mundo) diseñó para su faraón Zoser (Dyeser), de la dinastía III, una tumba con un diseño revolucionario, la pirámide escalonada, la primera de grandes dimensiones erigida en Egipto. También se encuentran muchas mastabas de miembros de la élite del Imperio Antiguo, que solían disponerse próximas a las pirámides de sus soberanos, desde Zoser (Dyeser) hasta Pepi II.
Durante el Imperio Antiguo, Saqqara fue abandonada como lugar real de enterramiento, eligiéndose Guiza como nueva necrópolis real, durante la dinastía IV. Shepseskaf volvió a utilizarla, así como los faraones siguientes de la dinastías V y VI.
A partir del periodo tardío se enterraron en el norte de la necrópolis, posiblemente por la relación que tiene la zona con Imhotep, gran número de animales sagrados, sobre todo bueyes sagrados (encarnación de Apis), así como babuinos, halcones e ibis. Un poco más hacia el este hay sepulcros de perros, chacales y gatos, llegando hasta época grecorromana.
Con posterioridad, ya en época copta, se estableció el monasterio copto de Apa Jeremias, un pequeño asentamiento, al sur de la calzada procesional de Unis, utilizando materiales de antiguas construcciones.
Edificaciones más importantes
Necrópolis con mastabas de adobe de los faraones de la dinastía I.
Tumbas de los faraones de la dinastía II.
Complejos funerarios de Dyeser (Zoser) y Shepseskaf de la dinastía III.
Pirámide de Sejemjet de la dinastía IV.
Pirámides de Userkaf, Dyedkara-Isesi, Unis de la dinastía V.
Pirámides de Teti, Pirámide de Pepy I, Merenra I y Pepy II de la dinastía VI.
Mastabas de los cortesanos Ti, Nebet, Unisanj, Iynefert, Mehu, Ajethotep, Mereruka, Idut, Ptahhotep y Ajuthotep, Neferptah, Kagemni, Nianjnum y Jnumhotep.
El Serapeum, lugar de enterramiento de los toros sagrados Apis.
Necrópolis de animales
Saqqara, independientemente del Serapeum para los toros Apis, fue un importante centro de culto donde se producían grandes cantidades de animales momificados para su venta y posterior enterramiento en zonas especializadas en donde se depositaban. Estos animales momificados servían como intermediarios en sus oraciones entre los fieles y sus dioses.
Durante las excavaciones de 2011 en la catacumba del perro (dedicada a Anubis) de la necrópolis, un equipo internacional de egiptólogos al frente de Salima Ikram y de Paul Nicholson descubrieron allí casi ocho millones de momias de animales. Entre los animales momificados, se encuentran principalmente perros, pero también había gatos y mangostas. Se está estudiando qué tipo de relación podía existir para que en un lugar de culto a Anubis, se encontrasen depositados otros animales diferentes a los caninos.
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Bolivar - Paris
September 2015
☾❤️Melody Ikram {Chaotic} Pride Event Special Edition
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Hud 50 color
20 special Pride
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Sevgilerin coşkuyla yaşandığı,
İkramların özenle sunulduğu..
Büyüklerin hatırlarının alındığı
Hasretlerin buluştuğu
Hatıraların yad edildip
Yenilerinin yazıldığı
Güzel bayramlar adına..
Sevgiyle..
..Özlem Uluğ..
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In the Parque de las Esculturas (Sculpture Park) there was a international competition going on. The competition was called "6th International Symposium of Sculpture Group", I had never seen sculptures being created before, they had 13 days to make the sculptures.
Radoslav Sultov from Bulgaria
Karin Van Ommeren from Holland
Patricia Sonville from Belgium
Carlos Monge from Mexico
Jose Vicente Gajardo from Chile
Felipe Loyola from Chile
Ikram Kabbaj from Morocco
Behnam Akharbin from Iran
Francisco Gazitua from Chile
PLEASE, NO invitations or self promotions, THEY WILL BE DELETED. My photos are FREE to use, just give me credit and it would be nice if you let me know, thanks.
In the Parque de las Esculturas (Sculpture Park) there was a international competition going on. The competition was called "6th International Symposium of Sculpture Group", I had never seen sculptures being created before, they had 13 days to make the sculptures.
Radoslav Sultov from Bulgaria
Karin Van Ommeren from Holland
Patricia Sonville from Belgium
Carlos Monge from Mexico
Jose Vicente Gajardo from Chile
Felipe Loyola from Chile
Ikram Kabbaj from Morocco
Behnam Akharbin from Iran
Francisco Gazitua from Chile
Cemal Sepici'nin Foto Kadraj isimli işyerinin resmî açılışında Biga Belediye Başkanı Ak Partili Bülent Erdoğan ve CHP Belediye Başkan adayı Alper Şen aralarına Cemal Sepici ve eşi Aynur Sepici'yi alarak kurdele kesimini yaptılar. Kurdele kesenler arasında Esnaf ve Sanatkarlar Kooperatifi başkanı İbrahim Mutur da vardı.. Açılıştan önce dua yaptıran fotoğrafçı arkadaşımız emekli din görevlisi Şerif Arslan'ın duasına amin diye katılan hazırda bulunanlar daha sonra Gökçe Dıramalı ve İrem Dıramalı kardeşlerin kurduğu Mandalina Organizasyonun süsleme çalışmaları altında Habip Yüksel'e ait Sunum pasta tarafından hazırlanmış ikramlara geçti.
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Saqqara is an Egyptian village in Giza Governorate, that contains ancient burial grounds of Egyptian royalty, serving as the necropolis for the ancient Egyptian capital, Memphis. Saqqara contains numerous pyramids, including the Step pyramid of Djoser, sometimes referred to as the Step Tomb, and a number of mastaba tombs. Located some 30 km (19 mi) south of modern-day Cairo, Saqqara covers an area of around 7 by 1.5 km (4.3 by 0.9 mi).
Saqqara contains the oldest complete stone building complex known in history, the Pyramid of Djoser, built during the Third Dynasty. Another sixteen Egyptian kings built pyramids at Saqqara, which are now in various states of preservation. High officials added private funeral monuments to this necropolis during the entire Pharaonic period. It remained an important complex for non-royal burials and cult ceremonies for more than 3,000 years, well into Ptolemaic and Roman times.
North of the area known as Saqqara lies Abusir, and south lies Dahshur. The area running from Giza to Dahshur has been used as a necropolis by the inhabitants of Memphis at different times, and it was designated as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1979. Some scholars believe that the name Saqqara is not derived from the ancient Egyptian funerary deity, Sokar, but from a local Berber tribe called Beni Saqqar.
The earliest burials of nobles can be traced back to the First Dynasty, at the northern side of the Saqqara plateau. During this time, the royal burial ground was at Abydos. The first royal burials at Saqqara, comprising underground galleries, date to the Second Dynasty. The last Second Dynasty king, Khasekhemwy, was buried in his tomb at Abydos, but also built a funerary monument at Saqqara consisting of a large rectangular enclosure, known as Gisr el-Mudir. It probably inspired the monumental enclosure wall around the Step Pyramid complex. Djoser's funerary complex, built by the royal architect Imhotep, further comprises a large number of dummy buildings and a secondary mastaba (the so-called 'Southern Tomb'). French architect and Egyptologist Jean-Philippe Lauer spent the greater part of his life excavating and restoring Djoser's funerary complex.
Nearly all Fourth Dynasty kings chose a different location for their pyramids. During the second half of the Old Kingdom, under the Fifth and Sixth Dynasties, Saqqara was again the royal burial ground. The Fifth and Sixth Dynasty pyramids are not built wholly of massive stone blocks, but instead with a core consisting of rubble. Consequently, they are less well preserved than the world-famous pyramids built by the Fourth Dynasty kings at Giza. Unas, the last ruler of the Fifth Dynasty, was the first king to adorn the chambers in his pyramid with Pyramid Texts. During the Old Kingdom, it was customary for courtiers to be buried in mastaba tombs close to the pyramid of their king. Thus, clusters of private tombs were formed in Saqqara around the pyramid complexes of Unas and Teti.
From the Middle Kingdom onward, Memphis was no longer the capital of the country, and kings built their funerary complexes elsewhere. Few private monuments from this period have been found at Saqqara.
During the New Kingdom, Memphis was an important administrative and military centre, being the capital after the Amaran Period. From the Eighteenth Dynasty onward, many high officials built tombs at Saqqara. While still a general, Horemheb built a large tomb here, although he later was buried as pharaoh in the Valley of the Kings at Thebes. Other important tombs belong to the vizier Aperel, the vizier Neferronpet, the artist Thutmose, and the wet-nurse of Tutankhamun, Maia.
Many monuments from earlier periods were still standing, but dilapidated by this period. Prince Khaemweset, son of Pharaoh Ramesses II, made repairs to buildings at Saqqara. Among other things, he restored the Pyramid of Unas and added an inscription to its south face to commemorate the restoration. He enlarged the Serapeum, the burial site of the mummified Apis bulls, and was later buried in the catacombs. The Serapeum, containing one undisturbed interment of an Apis bull and the tomb of Khaemweset, were rediscovered by the French Egyptologist Auguste Mariette in 1851.
During the periods after the New Kingdom, when several cities in the Delta served as capital of Egypt, Saqqara remained in use as a burial ground for nobles. Moreover, the area became an important destination for pilgrims to a number of cult centres. Activities sprang up around the Serapeum, and extensive underground galleries were cut into the rock as burial sites for large numbers of mummified ibises, baboons, cats, dogs, and falcons.
Saqqara and the surrounding areas of Abusir and Dahshur suffered damage by looters during the 2011 Egyptian protests. Store rooms were broken into, but the monuments were mostly unharmed.
During routine excavations in 2011 at the dog catacomb in Saqqara necropolis, an excavation team led by Salima Ikram and an international team of researchers led by Paul Nicholson of Cardiff University uncovered almost eight million animal mummies at the burial site next to the sacred temple of Anubis. It is thought that the mummified animals, mostly dogs, were intended to pass on the prayers of their owners to their deities.
In July 2018, German-Egyptian researchers’ team head by Ramadan Badry Hussein of the University of Tübingen reported the discovery of an extremely rare gilded burial mask that probably dates from the Saite-Persian period in a partly damaged wooden coffin. The last time a similar mask was found was in 1939. The eyes were covered with obsidian, calcite, and black hued gemstone possibly onyx. "The finding of this mask could be called a sensation. Very few masks of precious metal have been preserved to the present day, because the tombs of most Ancient Egyptian dignitaries were looted in ancient times." said Hussein.
In September 2018, several dozen cache of mummies dating 2,000 years back were found by a team of Polish archaeologists led by Kamil Kuraszkiewicz from the Faculty of Oriental Studies of the University of Warsaw. The Polish-Egyptian expedition works under the auspices of the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology University of Warsaw. Investigations were carried out for over two decades in the area to the west of the Djoser Pyramid. The most important discoveries include the tomb of vizier Merefnebef with a funerary chapel decorated with multi-colored reliefs, which was uncovered in 1997. as well as the tomb of courtier Nyankhnefertem uncovered in 2003. The expedition also explored two necropoles. Archaeologists revealed several dozen graves of noblemen from the period of the 6th Dynasty, dating to the 24th–21st century BC, and 500 graves of indigent people dating approximately to the 6th century BC – 1st century AD. Most of the bodies were poorly preserved and all organic materials, including the wooden caskets, had decayed. The tombs discovered most recently (in 2018) form part of the younger, so-called Upper Necropolis.
The research of the Polish-Egyptian expedition also focuses on the interpretation of the so-called Dry Moat, a vast trench hewn around the Djoser Pyramid. The most recent discoveries confirm the hypothesis that the Dry Moat was a model of the pharaoh's journey to the netherworld, a road the deceased ruler had to follow to attain eternal life.
In November 2018, an Egyptian archaeological mission located seven ancient Egyptian tombs at the ancient necropolis of Saqqara. Three of the tombs were used for cats, some dating back to the Fifth and Sixth Dynasties, while one of four other sarcophagi was unsealed. Among the dozens of cat mummies were 100 wooden and gilded statues of cats and one in bronze dedicated to the cat goddess Bastet, and funerary items dating back to the 12th Dynasty. Another of the seven tombs belongs to Khufu-Imhat, the overseer of buildings in the royal palace.
Also in November 2018, a collection of rare mummified scarab beetles was unearthed in two sarcophagi, one of which was decorated with paintings of large black beetles.
Also in November 2018, the Egyptian government announced the discovery at Saqqara of a previously unknown 4,400-year-old tomb. It belongs to Wahtye, a high-ranking priest who served under King Neferirkare Kakai during the Fifth Dynasty, and his wife, four children and mother. The tomb is about 33 feet (10 meters) long by 10 feet (3.0 meters) wide and has five burial shafts and a basement. It contains more than fifty sculptures, and is painted with scenes of the family, wine and pottery making, musical performances, sailing, hunting, and furniture making.
On 13 April 2019, an expedition led by a member of the Czech Institute of Egyptology, Mohamed Megahed, discovered a 4,000-year-old tomb near Egypt's Saqqara Necropolis. Archaeologists confirmed that the tomb belonged to an influential person named Khuwy, who lived in Egypt during the 5th Dynasty. "The L-shaped Khuwy tomb starts with a small corridor heading downwards into an antechamber and from there a larger chamber with painted reliefs depicting the tomb owner seated at an offerings table", reported Megahed. Some paintings maintained their brightness over a long time in the tomb. Mainly made of white limestone bricks, the tomb had a tunnel entrance generally typical for pyramids. Archaeologists say that there might be a connection between Khuwy and pharaoh because the mausoleum was found near the pyramid of Egyptian Pharaoh Djedkare Isesi, who ruled during that time.
In October 2019, a cache of 30 coffins with mummies was discovered, at the time Egypt's largest in more than a century and the first cache to be discovered by a solely Egyptian mission. The coffins were stacked on top of each other and arranged in two rows about three feet below the sandy surface. The first coffin's head was partially exposed in the sand, which led to the cache's discovery. Two of the coffins belonged to children, a rare occurrence in archaeology. Mostafa Waziri, secretary general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, explained that one could identify the mummy's gender by the shape of the hands on the coffin, open hands being female and hands balled into fists being male. The colors of the coffin inscriptions---made from limestone, red oak, turquoise, and other natural stones mixed with egg whites—stayed intact, and the mixture of egg yolk and candle wax spread over the coffins to make them shine was still visible, making this a unique find.
On April 28, 2020, archaeologists announced they had found a 30-foot-deep (9 meter) burial shaft containing five limestone sarcophagi, four wooden coffins with human mummies, and an array of other artifacts. Among them were 365 faience ushabti and a small wooden obelisk about 40 centimeters tall that had been painted with depictions of Horus, Isis and Nepthys.
In September 2020, a 36-foot (11-meter) deep burial shaft revealed almost 30 sarcophagi that had remained completely sealed since their interment.
On 3 October 2020, Khalid el-Anany, Egypt's tourism and antiquities minister announced the discovery of at least 59 sealed sarcophagi with mummies more than 2,600 years old. Archaeologists also revealed the 20 statues of Ptah-Soker and a carved 35-centimeter tall bronze statue of god Nefertem.
On 19 October 2020, the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities announced the discovery of gilded, wooden statues and more than 80 coffins in three burial shafts. Officials believed the coffins contain senior officials and priests from the 26th Dynasty.
In November 2020, archaeologists unearthed more than 100 delicately painted wooden coffins dating to the 26th Dynasty and 40 statues of the local goddess Ptah Soker. Other artifacts discovered include funeral masks, canopic jars and 1,000 ceramic amulets. “This discovery is very important because it proves that Saqqara was the main burial of the 26th Dynasty,” said Zahi Hawass, an Egyptologist and Egypt's former Minister of State for Antiquities Affairs.
In January 2021, the tourism and antiquities ministry announced the discovery of more than 50 wooden sarcophagi in 52 burial shafts which date back to the New Kingdom period, each around 30 to 40 feet deep, and a 13 ft-long papyrus that contains texts from Chapter 17 of the Book of the Dead. The papyrus scroll belonged to a man named Bu-Khaa-Af, whose name is written on it, on his sarcophagus, and on four ushabtis. Excerpts from the Book of the Dead were also painted onto the surface of other coffins. Also found in the shafts were wooden funerary masks, board games, a shrine dedicated to god of the dead Anubis, bird-shaped artifacts and a bronze axe. A limestone stelae dated to the reign of Ramesses II was found in one of the shafts, depicting the overseer of the king's military chariot Kha-Ptah and his wife Mwt-em-wia worshipping Osiris and sitting with six of their children.
Also in January 2021, a team of archaeologists led by Zahi Hawass found the funerary temple of Naert or Narat and three warehouses made of bricks attached to the southeastern side for storage of temple provisions, offerings and tools. Researchers also revealed that Narat's name was engraved on a fallen obelisk near the main entrance. Previously unknown to researchers, Naert was a wife of Teti, the first king of the sixth dynasty.
In November 2021, archeologists from Cairo University discovered several tombs, including that of Batah-M-Woya, chief treasurer during the reign of Ramesses II, and of a military leader named Hor Mohib.
In March 2022, five 4000-year-old tombs belonging to senior officials from the Old Kingdom and First Intermediary Period were discovered. On 30 May 2022, 250 sarcophagi and 150 statuettes were displayed at Saqqara, dated back to the Late Period more than 2,500 years ago, in addition to a 9-meter-long papyrus scroll which could be a depiction of a chapter of the Book of the Dead.
In May 2022, the discovery of the nearly 4,300-year-old tomb of an ancient Egyptian high-ranked person who handled royal, sealed documents of pharaoh was announced. According to University of Warsaw’s Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, the elaborately decorated tomb belonged to a man named Mehtjetju who served as a priest and an inspector of the royal property. Kamil O. Kuraszkiewicz, expedition director stated that Mehtjetju most likely lived at about the same time, at some point during the reigns of the first three rulers of the Sixth Dynasty: Teti, Userkare and Pepy I.
In January 2023, Zahi Hawass announced the discovery of four tombs at Saqqara including a 4,300-year-old mummy to a man named Hekashepes covered with gold, in addition to finds date back to the 5th and 6th dynasties, such as a priest inspector named Khnumdjedef, secret keeper called Meri and a judge and writer named Fetek.
Saqqara es el emplazamiento de la necrópolis principal de la ciudad de Menfis, en la ribera occidental del Nilo, situada a unos 30 km de El Cairo y 17 de la ciudad de Guiza. Funcional desde la Dinastía I (ca. 3050 a. C.) hasta época cristiana (ca. 540).
En 1979, el conjunto de Menfis con sus necrópolis y campos de pirámides (Guiza, Abusir, Saqqara y Dahshur) fue declarado Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la Unesco, con el nombre de Menfis y su necrópolis - Zonas de las pirámides desde Guiza hasta Dahshur.
La importancia de la necrópolis se debe a los restos de complejos funerarios, erigidos por los faraones del Imperio Antiguo y la gran cantidad de tumbas de nobles, pues el lugar, consagrado al dios Sokar, fue elegido por los faraones del Imperio Antiguo para establecer su necrópolis; ésta fue saqueada desde tiempos antiguos.
La tumba del monarca más antiguo posiblemente enterrado en esta necrópolis pudo ser la de Narmer, aunque tiene una tumba, o cenotafio, la B17 en la necrópolis de Umm el Qaab, en Abidos, lejos de Saqqara, en el Alto Egipto, y otra en la necrópolis de Tarjan.
En Saqqara Imhotep (el primer arquitecto conocido del mundo) diseñó para su faraón Zoser (Dyeser), de la dinastía III, una tumba con un diseño revolucionario, la pirámide escalonada, la primera de grandes dimensiones erigida en Egipto. También se encuentran muchas mastabas de miembros de la élite del Imperio Antiguo, que solían disponerse próximas a las pirámides de sus soberanos, desde Zoser (Dyeser) hasta Pepi II.
Durante el Imperio Antiguo, Saqqara fue abandonada como lugar real de enterramiento, eligiéndose Guiza como nueva necrópolis real, durante la dinastía IV. Shepseskaf volvió a utilizarla, así como los faraones siguientes de la dinastías V y VI.
A partir del periodo tardío se enterraron en el norte de la necrópolis, posiblemente por la relación que tiene la zona con Imhotep, gran número de animales sagrados, sobre todo bueyes sagrados (encarnación de Apis), así como babuinos, halcones e ibis. Un poco más hacia el este hay sepulcros de perros, chacales y gatos, llegando hasta época grecorromana.
Con posterioridad, ya en época copta, se estableció el monasterio copto de Apa Jeremias, un pequeño asentamiento, al sur de la calzada procesional de Unis, utilizando materiales de antiguas construcciones.
Edificaciones más importantes
Necrópolis con mastabas de adobe de los faraones de la dinastía I.
Tumbas de los faraones de la dinastía II.
Complejos funerarios de Dyeser (Zoser) y Shepseskaf de la dinastía III.
Pirámide de Sejemjet de la dinastía IV.
Pirámides de Userkaf, Dyedkara-Isesi, Unis de la dinastía V.
Pirámides de Teti, Pirámide de Pepy I, Merenra I y Pepy II de la dinastía VI.
Mastabas de los cortesanos Ti, Nebet, Unisanj, Iynefert, Mehu, Ajethotep, Mereruka, Idut, Ptahhotep y Ajuthotep, Neferptah, Kagemni, Nianjnum y Jnumhotep.
El Serapeum, lugar de enterramiento de los toros sagrados Apis.
Necrópolis de animales
Saqqara, independientemente del Serapeum para los toros Apis, fue un importante centro de culto donde se producían grandes cantidades de animales momificados para su venta y posterior enterramiento en zonas especializadas en donde se depositaban. Estos animales momificados servían como intermediarios en sus oraciones entre los fieles y sus dioses.
Durante las excavaciones de 2011 en la catacumba del perro (dedicada a Anubis) de la necrópolis, un equipo internacional de egiptólogos al frente de Salima Ikram y de Paul Nicholson descubrieron allí casi ocho millones de momias de animales. Entre los animales momificados, se encuentran principalmente perros, pero también había gatos y mangostas. Se está estudiando qué tipo de relación podía existir para que en un lugar de culto a Anubis, se encontrasen depositados otros animales diferentes a los caninos.