View allAll Photos Tagged iLok
Liberty Bridge or Freedom Bridge in Budapest, Hungary, connects Buda and Pest across the River Danube. It is the third southernmost public road bridge in Budapest, located at the southern end of the City Centre. It was originally named Ferenc József híd (Franz Joseph Bridge).
At its two ends are two public squares, Gellért tér (at the foot of Gellért Hill, with the Gellért Spa and Hotel Gellért) and Fővám tér (with the Great Market Hall).
The Liberty Bridge is the shortest bridge in Budapest's center. Initially built as part of the Millennium World Exhibition at the end of the 19th century, the bridge features art nouveau design, mythological sculptures and the country's coat of arms adorned on its side.
The northeastern house contains a museum on the bridges of Budapest. The bridge was the first in the city to be rebuilt after suffering heavy damage during World War II.
Construction
The bridge was built between 1894 and 1896 to the plans of János Feketeházy. Although radically different in structure (it is a cantilever truss bridge with a suspended middle span), the bridge imitates the general outline of a chain-type bridge, which was considered an aesthetically preferable form at the time of construction. The bridge was opened in the presence of Emperor Franz Joseph; the last silver rivet on the Pest abutment was inserted into the iron structure by the Emperor himself, and the bridge was originally named after him.
Dimensions and decorations
The bridge is 333.6 m in length and 20.1 m in width. The top of the four masts are decorated with large bronze statues of the Turul, a falcon-like bird, prominent in ancient Hungarian mythology.
Traffic
A number of trams cross the bridge[3] as well as other road vehicles, but there is an initiative to convert it to a pedestrian-only crossing now that the fourth underground metro line is completed.
The Danube known by various names in other languages) is the second-longest river in Europe, after the Volga in Russia. It flows through much of Central and Southeastern Europe, from the Black Forest south into the Black Sea. A large and historically important river, it was once a frontier of the Roman Empire. In the 21st century, it connects ten European countries, running through their territories or marking a border. Originating in Germany, the Danube flows southeast for 2,850 km (1,770 mi), passing through or bordering Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova, and Ukraine. Among the many cities on the river are four national capitals: Vienna, Bratislava, Budapest, and Belgrade. Its drainage basin amounts to 817,000 km² and extends into nine more countries.
The Danube's longest headstream Breg rises in Furtwangen im Schwarzwald, while the river carries its name from its source confluence in Donaueschingen onwards. Since ancient times, the Danube has been a traditional trade route in Europe. Today, 2,415 km (1,501 mi) of its total length are navigable. The Danube is linked to the North Sea via the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal, connecting the Danube at Kelheim with the Main at Bamberg. The river is also an important source of hydropower and drinking water.
The Danube river basin is home to such fish species as pike, zander, huchen, Wels catfish, burbot and tench. It is also home to numerous diverse carp and sturgeon, as well as salmon and trout. A few species of euryhaline fish, such as European seabass, mullet, and eel, inhabit the Danube Delta and the lower portion of the river.
Today the river carries its name from its source confluence in Donaueschingen onwards. Its longest headstream Breg rises in Furtwangen im Schwarzwald. The river was known to the ancient Greeks as the Istros (Ἴστρος) from a root possibly also encountered in the ancient name of the Dniester (Danaster in Latin, Tiras in Greek) and akin to Iranic turos 'swift' and Sanskrit iṣiras (इषिरस्) 'swift', from the PIE *isro-, *sreu 'to flow'.
In the Middle Ages, the Greek Tiras was borrowed into Italian as Tyrlo and into Turkic languages as Tyrla; the latter was further borrowed into Romanian as a regionalism (Turlă).
The Thraco-Phrygian name was Matoas, "the bringer of luck".
The Middle Mongolian name for the Danube was transliterated as Tho-na in 1829 by Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat.
The modern languages spoken in the Danube basin all use names related to Latin: Dānuvius: German: Donau (IPA: [ˈdoːnaʊ] ); Romanian: Dunărea (IPA: [ˈdunəre̯a]; via German);[13] Bavarian: Doana; Silesian: Dōnaj; Upper Sorbian: Dunaj (IPA: [ˈdunaj]); Czech: Dunaj (IPA: [ˈdunaj]); Slovak: Dunaj (IPA: [ˈdunaj]); Polish: Dunaj (IPA: [ˈdunaj] ); Hungarian: Duna (IPA: [ˈdunɒ] ); Slovene: Donava (IPA: [ˈdóːnaʋa]); Serbo-Croatian: Dunav / Дунав (IPA: [dǔna(ː)ʋ]); Bulgarian: Дунав, romanized: Dunav (IPA: [ˈdunɐf]); Russian: Дунай, romanized: Dunaj (IPA: [dʊˈnaj]); Ukrainian: Дунай, romanized: Dunai (IPA: [dʊˈnɑj]); Greek: Δούναβης (IPA: [ˈðunavis]); Italian: Danubio (IPA: [daˈnuːbjo]); Spanish: Danubio; (IPA: [daˈnuβjo]); Turkish: Tuna; Romansh: Danubi; Albanian: Tunë, Albanian definite form: Tuna.
Danube is an Old European river name derived from the Celtic 'danu' or 'don' (both Celtic gods), which itself derived from the Proto-Indo-European *deh₂nu. Other European river names from the same root include the Dunaj, Dzvina/Daugava, Don, Donets, Dnieper, Dniestr, Dysna and Tana/Deatnu. In Rigvedic Sanskrit, dānu (दनु) means "fluid, dewdrop" and dānuja (दनु-ज) means "born from dānu" or "born from dew-drops". In Avestan, the same word means "river". The Finnish word for Danube is Tonava, which is most likely derived from the name of the river in German, Donau. Its Sámi name Deatnu means "Great River". It is possible that dānu in Scythian as in Avestan was a generic word for "river": Dnieper and Dniestr, from Danapris and Danastius, are presumed to continue Scythian *dānu apara "far river" and *dānu nazdya- "near river", respectively.
In Latin, the Danube was variously known as Danubius, Danuvius, Ister or Hister. The Latin name is masculine, as are all its Slavic names, except Slovene (the name of the Rhine is also masculine in Latin, most of the Slavic languages, as well as in German). The German Donau (Early Modern German Donaw, Tonaw, Middle High German Tuonowe) is feminine, as it has been re-interpreted as containing the suffix -ouwe "wetland".
Romanian differs from other surrounding languages in designating the river with a feminine term, Dunărea (IPA: [ˈdunəre̯a]). This form was not inherited from Latin, although Romanian is a Romance language. To explain the loss of the Latin name, scholars who suppose that Romanian developed near the large river propose that the Romanian name descends from a hypothetical Thracian *Donaris. The Proto-Indo-European root of this presumed name is related to the Iranic word "don-"/"dan-", while the supposed suffix -aris is encountered in the ancient name of the Ialomița River, Naparis, and in the unidentified Miliare river mentioned by Jordanes in his Getica. Gábor Vékony says that this hypothesis is not plausible, because the Greeks borrowed the Istros form from the native Thracians. He proposes that the Romanian name is a loanword from a Turkic language (Cuman or Pecheneg).
Classified as an international waterway, it originates in the town of Donaueschingen, in the Black Forest of Germany, at the confluence of the rivers Brigach and Breg. The Danube then flows southeast for about 2,730 km (1,700 mi), passing through four capital cities (Vienna, Bratislava, Budapest, and Belgrade) before emptying into the Black Sea via the Danube Delta in Romania and Ukraine.
Once a long-standing frontier of the Roman Empire, the river passes through or touches the borders of 10 countries: Romania (29.0% of basin area), Hungary (11.6%), Serbia (10.2%), Austria (10.0%), Germany (7.0%), Bulgaria (5.9%), Slovakia (5.9%), Croatia (4.4%), Ukraine (3.8%), and Moldova (1.6%). Its drainage basin extends into nine more (ten if Kosovo is included).
The land drained by the Danube extends into many other countries. Many Danubian tributaries are important rivers in their own right, navigable by barges and other shallow-draught boats. From its source to its outlet into the Black Sea, its main tributaries are (as they enter):
Iller (entering at Ulm)
Lech
Altmühl (entering at Kelheim)
Naab (entering at Regensburg)
Regen (entering at Regensburg)
Isar
Inn (entering at Passau)
Ilz (entering at Passau)
Enns
Morava (entering near Devín Castle)
Rába (entering at Győr)
Váh (entering at Komárno)
Hron (entering at Štúrovo)
Ipeľ
Sió
Drava (entering near Osijek)
Vuka (entering at Vukovar)
18. Tisza (entering near Titel)
19. Sava (entering at Belgrade)
20. Timiș (river) (entering at Pančevo)
21. Great Morava (entering near Smederevo)
22. Mlava (entering near Kostolac)
23. Karaš (entering near Banatska Palanka)
24. Jiu (entering at Bechet)
25. Iskar (entering near Gigen)
26. Olt (entering at Turnu Măgurele)
27. Osam (entering near Nikopol, Bulgaria)
28. Yantra (entering near Svishtov)
29. Argeș (entering at Oltenița)
30. Ialomița
31. Siret (entering near Galați)
32. Prut (entering near Galați)
The Danube flows through many cities, including four national capitals, more than any other river in the world.
Hungary
Mosonmagyaróvár
Győr
Komárom
Esztergom
Visegrád – This section of the river is also called Danube Bend.
Vác
Szentendre
Göd
Dunakeszi
Budapest – capital of Hungary, the largest city and the largest agglomeration on Danube (about 3,300,000 people).
Szigetszentmiklós
Százhalombatta
Ráckeve
Adony
Dunaújváros
Dunaföldvár
Paks
Kalocsa
Baja
Mohács
The Danube is navigable by ocean ships from the Black Sea to Brăila in Romania (the maritime river sector), and further on by river ships to Kelheim, Bavaria, Germany; smaller craft can navigate further upstream to Ulm, Württemberg, Germany. About 60 of its tributaries are also navigable.
Since the completion of the German Rhine–Main–Danube Canal in 1992, the river has been part of a trans-European waterway from Rotterdam on the North Sea to Sulina on the Black Sea, a distance of 3,500 km (2,200 mi). In 1994 the Danube was declared one of ten Pan-European transport corridors, routes in Central and Eastern Europe that required major investment over the following ten to fifteen years. The amount of goods transported on the Danube increased to about 100 million tons in 1987. In 1999, transport on the river was made difficult by the NATO bombing of three bridges in Serbia during the Kosovo War. Clearance of the resulting debris was completed in 2002, and a temporary pontoon bridge that hampered navigation was removed in 2005.
At the Iron Gate, the Danube flows through a gorge that forms part of the boundary between Serbia and Romania; it contains the Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station dam, followed at about 60 km (37 mi) downstream (outside the gorge) by the Iron Gate II Hydroelectric Power Station. On 13 April 2006, a record peak discharge at Iron Gate Dam reached 15,400 m3/s (540,000 cu ft/s).
There are three artificial waterways built on the Danube: the Danube-Tisa-Danube Canal (DTD) in the Banat and Bačka regions (Vojvodina, northern province of Serbia); the 64 km (40 mi) Danube-Black Sea Canal, between Cernavodă and Constanța (Romania) finished in 1984, shortens the distance to the Black Sea by 400 km (250 mi); the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal is about 171 km (106 mi), finished in 1992, linking the North Sea to the Black Sea. A Danube-Aegean canal has been proposed.
Danube River cruise for sightseeing is popular, especially between Passau, Germany, to Budapest, Hungary
In 2010–12, shipping companies, especially from Ukraine, claimed that their vessels suffered from "regular pirate attacks" on the Serbian and the Romanian stretches of the Danube. However, the transgressions may not be considered acts of piracy, as defined according to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, but rather instances of "river robbery"
On the other hand, media reports say the crews on transport ships often steal and sell their own cargo and then blame the plundering on "pirates", and the alleged attacks are not piracy but small-time contraband theft along the river.
Although the headwaters of the Danube are relatively small today, geologically, the Danube is much older than the Rhine, with which its catchment area competes in today's southern Germany. This has a few interesting geological complications. Since the Rhine is the only river rising in the Alps mountains which flows north towards the North Sea, an invisible line beginning at Piz Lunghin divides large parts of southern Germany, which is sometimes referred to as the European Watershed.
Before the last ice age in the Pleistocene, the Rhine started at the southwestern tip of the Black Forest, while the waters from the Alps that today feed the Rhine were carried east by the so-called Urdonau (original Danube). Parts of this ancient river's bed, which was much larger than today's Danube, can still be seen in (now waterless) canyons in today's landscape of the Swabian Alb. After the Upper Rhine valley had been eroded, most waters from the Alps changed their direction and began feeding the Rhine. Today's upper Danube is thus an underfit stream.
Since the Swabian Alb is largely shaped of porous limestone, and since the Rhine's level is much lower than the Danube's, today subsurface rivers carry much water from the Danube to the Rhine. On many days in the summer, when the Danube carries little water, it completely oozes away noisily into these underground channels at two locations in the Swabian Alb, which are referred to as the Donauversickerung (Danube Sink). Most of this water resurfaces only 12 km (7.5 mi) south at the Aachtopf, Germany's wellspring with the highest flow, an average of 8,500 L/s (300 cu ft/s), north of Lake Constance—thus feeding the Rhine. The European Water Divide applies only for those waters that pass beyond this point, and only during the days of the year when the Danube carries enough water to survive the sinkholes in the Donauversickerung.
Since such large volumes of underground water erode much of the surrounding limestone, it is estimated that the Danube upper course will one day disappear entirely in favor of the Rhine, an event called stream capturing.
The hydrological parameters of Danube are regularly monitored in Croatia at Batina, Dalj, Vukovar and Ilok.
The Danube basin was the site of some of the earliest human cultures. The Danubian Neolithic cultures include the Linear Pottery cultures of the mid-Danube basin. Many sites of the sixth-to-third millennium BCE Vinča culture, (Vinča, Serbia) are sited along the Danube. The third millennium BCE Vučedol culture (from the Vučedol site near Vukovar, Croatia) is famous for its ceramics.
Darius the Great, king of Persia, crossed the river in the late 6th century BCE to invade European Scythia and to subdue the Scythians.
Alexander the Great defeated the Triballian king Syrmus and the northern barbarian Thracian and Illyrian tribes by advancing from Macedonia as far as the Danube in 336 BCE.
Under the Romans, the Danube formed the border of the Empire with the tribes to the north almost from its source to its mouth. At the same time, it was a route for the transport of troops and the supply of settlements downstream. From 37 CE to the reign of the Emperor Valentinian I (364–375) the Danubian Limes was the northeastern border of the Empire, with occasional interruptions such as the fall of the Danubian Limes in 259. The crossing of the Danube into Dacia was achieved by the Imperium Romanum, first in two battles in 102 and then in 106 after the construction of a bridge in 101 near the garrison town of Drobeta at the Iron Gate. This victory over Dacia under Decebalus enabled the Province of Dacia to be created, but in 271 it was abandoned by emperor Aurelian.
Avars used the river as their southeastern border in the 6th century.
Budapest is the capital and most populous city of Hungary. It is the ninth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits and the largest city on the Danube river; the city has an estimated population of 1,752,286 over a land area of about 525 square kilometres (203 square miles). Budapest, which is both a city and county, forms the centre of the Budapest metropolitan area, which has an area of 7,626 square kilometres (2,944 square miles) and a population of 3,303,786. It is a primate city, constituting 33% of the population of Hungary.
The history of Budapest began when an early Celtic settlement transformed into the Roman town of Aquincum, the capital of Lower Pannonia. The Hungarians arrived in the territory in the late 9th century, but the area was pillaged by the Mongols in 1241–42. Re-established Buda became one of the centres of Renaissance humanist culture by the 15th century. The Battle of Mohács, in 1526, was followed by nearly 150 years of Ottoman rule. After the reconquest of Buda in 1686, the region entered a new age of prosperity, with Pest-Buda becoming a global city after the unification of Buda, Óbuda and Pest on 17 November 1873, with the name 'Budapest' given to the new capital. Budapest also became the co-capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a great power that dissolved in 1918, following World War I. The city was the focal point of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and the Battle of Budapest in 1945, as well as the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.
Budapest is a global city with strengths in commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment. Hungary's financial centre, Budapest is also the headquarters of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology, the European Police College and the first foreign office of the China Investment Promotion Agency. Over 40 colleges and universities are located in Budapest, including Eötvös Loránd University, Corvinus University, Semmelweis University, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest and the Budapest University of Technology and Economics. Opened in 1896, the city's subway system, the Budapest Metro, serves 1.27 million, while the Budapest Tram Network serves 1.08 million passengers daily.
The central area of Budapest along the Danube River is classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and has several notable monuments of classical architecture, including the Hungarian Parliament and the Buda Castle. The city also has around 80 geothermal springs, the largest thermal water cave system, second largest synagogue, and third largest Parliament building in the world. Budapest attracts around 12 million international tourists per year, making it a highly popular destination in Europe.
The previously separate towns of Buda, Óbuda, and Pest were officially unified in 1873 and given the new name Budapest. Before this, the towns together had sometimes been referred to colloquially as "Pest-Buda". Pest is used pars pro toto for the entire city in contemporary colloquial Hungarian.
All varieties of English pronounce the -s- as in the English word pest. The -u in Buda- is pronounced either /u/ like food (as in US: /ˈbuːdəpɛst/[50]) or /ju/ like cue (as in UK: /ˌb(j)uːdəˈpɛst, ˌbʊd-, ˈb(j)uːdəpɛst, ˈbʊd-/). In Hungarian, the -s- is pronounced /ʃ/ as in wash; in IPA: Hungarian: [ˈbudɒpɛʃt] ⓘ.
The origins of the names "Buda" and "Pest" are obscure. Buda was probably the name of the first constable of the fortress built on the Castle Hill in the 11th century
or a derivative of Bod or Bud, a personal name of Turkic origin, meaning 'twig'.
or a Slavic personal name, Buda, the short form of Budimír, Budivoj.
Linguistically, however, a German origin through the Slavic derivative вода (voda, water) is not possible, and there is no certainty that a Turkic word really comes from the word buta ~ buda 'branch, twig'.
According to a legend recorded in chronicles from the Middle Ages, "Buda" comes from the name of its founder, Bleda, brother of Hunnic ruler Attila.
Attila went in the city of Sicambria in Pannonia, where he killed Buda, his brother, and he threw his corpse into the Danube. For while Attila was in the west, his brother crossed the boundaries in his reign, because he named Sicambria after his own name Buda's Castle. And though King Attila forbade the Huns and the other peoples to call that city Buda's Castle, but he called it Attila's Capital, the Germans who were terrified by the prohibition named the city as Eccylburg, which means Attila Castle, however, the Hungarians did not care about the ban and call it Óbuda [Old Buda] and call it to this day.
— Mark of Kalt: Chronicon Pictum
The Scythians are certainly an ancient people and the strength of Scythia lies in the east, as we said above. And the first king of Scythia was Magog, son of Japhet, and his people were called Magyars [Hungarians] after their King Magog, from whose royal line the most renowned and mighty King Attila descended, who, in the 451st year of Our Lord's birth, coming down from Scythia, entered Pannonia with a mighty force and, putting the Romans to flight, took the realm and made a royal residence for himself beside the Danube above the hot springs, and he ordered all the old buildings that he found there to be restored and he built them in a circular and very strong wall that in the Hungarian language is now called Budavár [Buda Castle] and by the Germans Etzelburg [Attila Castle]
— Anonymus: Gesta Hungarorum
There are several theories about Pest. One states that the name derives from Roman times, since there was a local fortress (Contra-Aquincum) called by Ptolemy "Pession" ("Πέσσιον", iii.7.§ 2). Another has it that Pest originates in the Slavic word for cave, пещера, or peštera. A third cites пещ, or pešt, referencing a cave where fires burned or a limekiln.
The first settlement on the territory of Budapest was built by Celts before 1 AD. It was later occupied by the Romans. The Roman settlement – Aquincum – became the main city of Pannonia Inferior in 106 AD. At first it was a military settlement, and gradually the city rose around it, making it the focal point of the city's commercial life. Today this area corresponds to the Óbuda district within Budapest. The Romans constructed roads, amphitheaters, baths and houses with heated floors in this fortified military camp. The Roman city of Aquincum is the best-conserved of the Roman sites in Hungary. The archaeological site was turned into a museum with indoor and open-air sections.
The Magyar tribes led by Árpád, forced out of their original homeland north of Bulgaria by Tsar Simeon after the Battle of Southern Buh, settled in the territory at the end of the 9th century displacing the founding Bulgarian settlers of the towns of Buda and Pest, and a century later officially founded the Kingdom of Hungary. Research places the probable residence of the Árpáds as an early place of central power near what became Budapest. The Tatar invasion in the 13th century quickly proved it is difficult to defend a plain. King Béla IV of Hungary, therefore, ordered the construction of reinforced stone walls around the town and set his own royal palace on the top of the protecting hills of Buda. In 1361 it became the capital of Hungary.
The cultural role of Buda was particularly significant during the reign of King Matthias Corvinus. The Italian Renaissance had a great influence on the city. His library, the Bibliotheca Corviniana, was Europe's greatest collection of historical chronicles and philosophic and scientific works in the 15th century, and second in size only to the Vatican Library. After the foundation of the first Hungarian university in Pécs in 1367 (University of Pécs), the second one was established in Óbuda in 1395 (University of Óbuda). The first Hungarian book was printed in Buda in 1473. Buda had about 5,000 inhabitants around the year 1500.
The Ottomans conquered Buda in 1526, as well as in 1529, and finally occupied it in 1541.[68] The Ottoman Rule lasted for more than 150 years. The Ottoman Turks constructed many prominent bathing facilities within the city. Some of the baths that the Turks erected during their rule are still in use 500 years later, including Rudas Baths and Király Baths. By 1547 the number of Christians was down to about a thousand, and by 1647 it had fallen to only about seventy. The unoccupied western part of the country became part of the Habsburg monarchy as Royal Hungary.
In 1686, two years after the unsuccessful siege of Buda, a renewed campaign was started to enter Buda. This time, the Holy League's army was twice as large, containing over 74,000 men, including German, Croat, Dutch, Hungarian, English, Spanish, Czech, Italian, French, Burgundian, Danish and Swedish soldiers, along with other Europeans as volunteers, artillerymen, and officers. The Christian forces seized Buda, and in the next few years, all of the former Hungarian lands, except areas near Temesvár (Timișoara), were taken from the Turks. In the 1699 Treaty of Karlowitz, these territorial changes were officially recognized as the end of the rule of the Turks, and in 1718 the entire Kingdom of Hungary was removed from Ottoman rule.
The 19th century was dominated by the Hungarian struggle for independence and modernisation. The national insurrection against the Habsburgs began in the Hungarian capital in 1848 and was defeated one and a half years later, with the help of the Russian Empire. 1867 was the year of Reconciliation that brought about the birth of Austria-Hungary. This made Budapest the twin capital of a dual monarchy. It was this compromise which opened the second great phase of development in the history of Budapest, lasting until World War I. In 1849 the Chain Bridge linking Buda with Pest was opened as the first permanent bridge across the Danube and in 1873 Buda and Pest were officially merged with the third part, Óbuda (Old Buda), thus creating the new metropolis of Budapest. The dynamic Pest grew into the country's administrative, political, economic, trade and cultural hub. Ethnic Hungarians overtook Germans in the second half of the 19th century due to mass migration from the overpopulated rural Transdanubia and Great Hungarian Plain. Between 1851 and 1910 the proportion of Hungarians increased from 35.6% to 85.9%, Hungarian became the dominant language, and German was crowded out. The proportion of Jews peaked in 1900 with 23.6%. Due to the prosperity and the large Jewish community of the city at the start of the 20th century, Budapest was often called the "Jewish Mecca" or "Judapest". Budapest also became an important center for the Aromanian diaspora during the 19th century. In 1918, Austria-Hungary lost the war and collapsed; Hungary declared itself an independent republic (Republic of Hungary). In 1920 the Treaty of Trianon partitioned the country, and as a result, Hungary lost over two-thirds of its territory, and about two-thirds of its inhabitants, including 3.3 million out of 15 million ethnic Hungarians.
In 1944, a year before the end of World War II, Budapest was partly destroyed by British and American air raids (first attack 4 April 1944). From 24 December 1944 to 13 February 1945, the city was besieged during the Battle of Budapest. Budapest sustained major damage caused by the attacking Soviet and Romanian troops and the defending German and Hungarian troops. More than 38,000 civilians died during the conflict. All bridges were destroyed by the Germans. The stone lions that have decorated the Chain Bridge since 1852 survived the devastation of the war.
Between 20% and 40% of Greater Budapest's 250,000 Jewish inhabitants died through Nazi and Arrow Cross Party, during the German occupation of Hungary, from 1944 to early 1945.
Swiss diplomat Carl Lutz rescued tens of thousands of Jews by issuing Swiss protection papers and designating numerous buildings, including the now famous Glass House (Üvegház) at Vadász Street 29, to be Swiss protected territory. About 3,000 Hungarian Jews found refuge at the Glass House and in a neighboring building. Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg saved the lives of tens of thousands of Jews in Budapest by giving them Swedish protection papers and taking them under his consular protection. Wallenberg was abducted by the Russians on 17 January 1945 and never regained freedom. Giorgio Perlasca, an Italian citizen, saved thousands of Hungarian Jews posing as a Spanish diplomat. Some other diplomats also abandoned diplomatic protocol and rescued Jews. There are two monuments for Wallenberg, one for Carl Lutz and one for Giorgio Perlasca in Budapest.
Following the capture of Hungary from Nazi Germany by the Red Army, Soviet military occupation ensued, which ended only in 1991. The Soviets exerted significant influence on Hungarian political affairs. In 1949, Hungary was declared a communist People's Republic (People's Republic of Hungary). The new Communist government considered the buildings like the Buda Castle symbols of the former regime, and during the 1950s the palace was gutted and all the interiors were destroyed (also see Stalin era). On 23 October 1956 citizens held a large peaceful demonstration in Budapest demanding democratic reform. The demonstrators went to the Budapest radio station and demanded to publish their demands. The regime ordered troops to shoot into the crowd. Hungarian soldiers gave rifles to the demonstrators who were now able to capture the building. This initiated the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. The demonstrators demanded to appoint Imre Nagy to be Prime Minister of Hungary. To their surprise, the central committee of the "Hungarian Working People's Party" did so that same evening. This uprising was an anti-Soviet revolt that lasted from 23 October until 11 November. After Nagy had declared that Hungary was to leave the Warsaw Pact and become neutral, Soviet tanks and troops entered the country to crush the revolt. Fighting continued until mid November, leaving more than 3000 dead. A monument was erected at the fiftieth anniversary of the revolt in 2006, at the edge of the City Park. Its shape is a wedge with a 56 angle degree made in rusted iron that gradually becomes shiny, ending in an intersection to symbolize Hungarian forces that temporarily eradicated the Communist leadership.
From the 1960s to the late 1980s Hungary was often satirically referred to as "the happiest barrack" within the Eastern bloc, and much of the wartime damage to the city was finally repaired. Work on Erzsébet Bridge, the last to be rebuilt, was finished in 1964. In the early 1970s, Budapest Metro's east–west M2 line was first opened, followed by the M3 line in 1976. In 1987, Buda Castle and the banks of the Danube were included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. Andrássy Avenue (including the Millennium Underground Railway, Hősök tere, and Városliget) was added to the UNESCO list in 2002. In the 1980s, the city's population reached 2.1 million. In recent times a significant decrease in population occurred mainly due to a massive movement to the neighbouring agglomeration in Pest county, i.e., suburbanisation.
In the last decades of the 20th century the political changes of 1989–90 (Fall of the Iron Curtain) concealed changes in civil society and along the streets of Budapest. The monuments of the dictatorship were removed from public places, into Memento Park. In the first 20 years of the new democracy, the development of the city was managed by its mayor, Gábor Demszky.
In October 2019, opposition candidate Gergely Karácsony won the Budapest mayoral election, meaning the first electoral blow for Hungary's nationalist prime minister Viktor Orbán since coming to power in 2010.
Budapest, strategically placed at the centre of the Carpathian Basin, lies on an ancient route linking the hills of Transdanubia with the Great Plain. By road it is 216 kilometres (134 mi) south-east of Vienna, 545 kilometres (339 mi) south of Warsaw, 1,565 kilometres (972 mi) south-west of Moscow, 1,122 kilometres (697 mi) north of Athens, 788 kilometres (490 mi) north-east of Milan, and 443 kilometres (275 mi) south-east of Prague.
The 525 square kilometres (203 sq mi) area of Budapest lies in Central Hungary, surrounded by settlements of the agglomeration in Pest county. The capital extends 25 and 29 km (16 and 18 mi) in the north–south, east–west direction respectively. The Danube enters the city from the north; later it encircles two islands, Óbuda Island and Margaret Island.[18] The third island Csepel Island is the largest of the Budapest Danube islands, however only its northernmost tip is within city limits. The river that separates the two parts of the city is 230 m (755 ft) wide at its narrowest point in Budapest. Pest lies on the flat terrain of the Great Plain while Buda is rather hilly.
The wide Danube was always fordable at this point because of a small number of islands in the middle of the river. The city has marked topographical contrasts: Buda is built on the higher river terraces and hills of the western side, while the considerably larger Pest spreads out on a flat and featureless sand plain on the river's opposite bank. Pest's terrain rises with a slight eastward gradient, so the easternmost parts of the city lie at the same altitude as Buda's smallest hills, notably Gellért Hill and Castle Hill.
The Buda hills consist mainly of limestone and dolomite, the water created speleothems, the most famous ones being the Pálvölgyi cave (total length 7,200 m or 23,600 ft) and the Szemlőhegyi cave (total length 2,200 m or 7,200 ft). The hills were formed in the Triassic Period. The highest point of the hills and of Budapest is János Hill, at 527 metres (1,729 feet) above sea level. The lowest point is the line of the Danube which is 96 metres (315 feet) above sea level. Budapest is also rich in green areas. Of the 525 square kilometres (203 square miles) occupied by the city, 83 square kilometres (32 square miles) is green area, park and forest. The forests of Buda hills are environmentally protected.
The city's importance in terms of traffic is very central, because many major European roads and European railway lines lead to Budapest. The Danube was and is still an important water-way and this region in the centre of the Carpathian Basin lies at the cross-roads of trade routes. Budapest is one of only three capital cities in the world which has thermal springs (the others being Reykjavík in Iceland and Sofia in Bulgaria). Some 125 springs produce 70 million litres (15,000,000 imperial gallons; 18,000,000 US gallons) of thermal water a day, with temperatures ranging up to 58 Celsius. Some of these waters have been claimed to have medicinal effects due to their high mineral contents.
Budapest has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods, from the ancient times as Roman City of Aquincum in Óbuda (District III), which dates to around 89 AD, to the most modern Palace of Arts, the contemporary arts museum and concert hall.
Most buildings in Budapest are relatively low: in the early 2010s there were around 100 buildings higher than 45 metres (148 ft). The number of high-rise buildings is kept low by building legislation, which is aimed at preserving the historic cityscape and to meet the requirements of the World Heritage Site. Strong rules apply to the planning, authorisation and construction of high-rise buildings and consequently much of the inner city does not have any. Some planners would like see an easing of the rules for the construction of skyscrapers, and the possibility of building skyscrapers outside the city's historic core has been raised.
In the chronological order of architectural styles Budapest is represented on the entire timeline, starting with the Roman City of Aquincum representing ancient architecture.
The next determinative style is the Gothic architecture in Budapest. The few remaining Gothic buildings can be found in the Castle District. Buildings of note are no. 18, 20 and 22 on Országház Street, which date back to the 14th century and No. 31 Úri Street, which has a Gothic façade that dates back to the 15th century. Other buildings with Gothic features are the Inner City Parish Church, built in the 12th century, and the Mary Magdalene Church, completed in the 15th century. The most characteristic Gothic-style buildings are actually Neo-Gothic, like the most well-known Budapest landmarks, the Hungarian Parliament Building and the Matthias Church, where much of the original material was used (originally built in Romanesque style in 1015).
The next chapter in the history of human architecture is Renaissance architecture. One of the earliest places to be influenced by the Renaissance style of architecture was Hungary, and Budapest in particular. The style appeared following the marriage of King Matthias Corvinus and Beatrice of Naples in 1476. Many Italian artists, craftsmen and masons came to Buda with the new queen. Today, many of the original renaissance buildings disappeared during the varied history of Buda, but Budapest is still rich in renaissance and neo-renaissance buildings, like the famous Hungarian State Opera House, St. Stephen's Basilica and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
During the Turkish occupation (1541–1686), Islamic culture flourished in Budapest; multiple mosques and baths were built in the city. These were great examples of Ottoman architecture, which was influenced by Muslims from around the world including Turkish, Iranian, Arabian and to a larger extent, Byzantine architecture as well as Islamic traditions. After the Holy League conquered Budapest, they replaced most of the mosques with churches and minarets were turned into bell towers and cathedral spires. At one point the distinct sloping central square in Budapest became a bustling Oriental bazaar, which was filled with "the chatter of camel caravans on their way to Yemen and India". Budapest is in fact one of the few places in the world with functioning original Turkish bathhouses dating back to the 16th century, like Rudas Baths or Király Baths. Budapest is home to the northernmost place where the tomb of influential Islamic Turkish Sufi Dervish, Gül Baba is found. Various cultures converged in Hungary seemed to coalesce well with each other, as if all these different cultures and architecture styles are digested into Hungary's own way of cultural blend. A precedent to show the city's self-conscious is the top section of the city's main square, named as Szechenyi. When Turks came to the city, they built mosques here which was aggressively replaced with Gothic church of St. Bertalan. The rationale of reusing the base of the former Islamic building mosque and reconstruction into Gothic Church but Islamic style architecture over it is typically Islamic are still visible. An official term for the rationale is spolia. The mosque was called the djami of Pasha Gazi Kassim, and djami means mosque in Arabic. After Turks and Muslims were expelled and massacred from Budapest, the site was reoccupied by Christians and reformed into a church, the Inner City Parish Church (Budapest). The minaret and Turkish entranceway were removed. The shape of the architecture is its only hint of exotic past—"two surviving prayer niches facing Mecca and an ecumenical symbol atop its cupola: a cross rising above the Turkish crescent moon".
After 1686, the Baroque architecture designated the dominant style of art in catholic countries from the 17th century to the 18th century. There are many Baroque-style buildings in Budapest and one of the finest examples of preserved Baroque-style architecture is the Church of St. Anna in Batthyhány square. An interesting part of Budapest is the less touristy Óbuda, the main square of which also has some beautiful preserved historic buildings with Baroque façades. The Castle District is another place to visit where the best-known landmark Buda Royal Palace and many other buildings were built in the Baroque style.
The Classical architecture and Neoclassical architecture are the next in the timeline. Budapest had not one but two architects that were masters of the Classicist style. Mihály Pollack (1773–1855) and József Hild (1789–1867), built many beautiful Classicist-style buildings in the city. Some of the best examples are the Hungarian National Museum, the Lutheran Church of Budavár (both designed by Pollack) and the seat of the Hungarian president, the Sándor Palace. The most iconic and widely known Classicist-style attraction in Budapest is the Széchenyi Chain Bridge. Budapest's two most beautiful Romantic architecture buildings are the Great Synagogue in Dohány Street and the Vigadó Concert Hall on the Danube Promenade, both designed by architect Frigyes Feszl (1821–1884). Another noteworthy structure is the Budapest Western Railway Station, which was designed by August de Serres and built by the Eiffel Company of Paris in 1877.
Art Nouveau came into fashion in Budapest by the exhibitions which were held in and around 1896 and organised in connection with the Hungarian Millennium celebrations. Art Nouveau in Hungary (Szecesszió in Hungarian) is a blend of several architectural styles, with a focus on Hungary's specialities. One of the leading Art Nouveau architects, Ödön Lechner (1845–1914), was inspired by Indian and Syrian architecture as well as traditional Hungarian decorative designs. One of his most beautiful buildings in Budapest is the Museum of Applied Arts. Another examples for Art Nouveau in Budapest is the Gresham Palace in front of the Chain Bridge, the Hotel Gellért, the Franz Liszt Academy of Music or Budapest Zoo and Botanical Garden.
The second half of the 20th century also saw, under the communist regime, the construction of blocks of flats (panelház), as in other Eastern European countries. In the 21st century, Budapest faces new challenges in its architecture. The pressure towards the high-rise buildings is unequivocal among today's world cities, but preserving Budapest's unique cityscape and its very diverse architecture, along with green areas, forces Budapest to balance between them. The Contemporary architecture has wide margin in the city. Public spaces attract heavy investment by business and government also, so that the city has gained entirely new (or renovated and redesigned) squares, parks and monuments, for example the city central Kossuth Lajos square, Deák Ferenc square and Liberty Square. Numerous landmarks are created in the last decade in Budapest, like the National Theatre, Palace of Arts, Rákóczi Bridge, Megyeri Bridge, Budapest Airport Sky Court among others, and millions of square meters of new office buildings and apartments. But there are still large opportunities in real estate development in the city.
Most of today's Budapest is the result of a late-nineteenth-century renovation, but the wide boulevards laid out then only bordered and bisected much older quarters of activity created by centuries of Budapest's evolution as a city. Budapest's vast urban area is often described using a set of district names. These are either informal designations, reflecting the names of villages that have been absorbed by sprawl, or are superseded administrative units of former boroughs. Such names have remained in use through tradition, each referring to a local area with its own distinctive character, but without official boundaries. Originally Budapest had 10 districts after coming into existence upon the unification of the three cities in 1873. Since 1950, Greater Budapest has been divided into 22 boroughs (and 23 since 1994). At that time there were changes both in the order of districts and in their sizes. The city now consists of 23 districts, 6 in Buda, 16 in Pest and 1 on Csepel Island between them. The city centre itself, in its broadest sense, comprises Districts V, VI, VII, VIII, IX and XIII on the Pest side, and I, II, XI and XII on the Buda side of the city.
District I is a small area in central Buda, including the historic Buda Castle. District II is also in Buda, in the northwest, and District III stretches along the northernmost part of Buda. To reach District IV, one must cross the Danube to Pest (the eastern side), where it occupies the northernmost point. With District V, another circle begins, located right in the absolute centre of Pest. Districts VI, VII, VIII and IX are the neighbouring areas to the east, going southwards, one after the other. District X is another, more external circle, also in Pest, while one must jump to the Buda side again to find Districts XI and XII, going northwards. No other districts in this circle remain in Buda. We must retrace our steps to Pest again to find Districts XIII, XIV, XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX and XX (mostly external parts of the city ), lying almost regularly in a semicircle, going southwards again. District XXI is the extension of the above circle between two branches of the Danube, the northern tip of a long island south of Budapest. District XXII is still on the same circle in southwest Buda, and finally District XXIII is again in southernmost Pest, irregular only because it was part of District XX until 1994.
Budapest is the most populous city in Hungary and one of the largest cities in the European Union, with a growing number of inhabitants, estimated at 1,763,913 in 2019, whereby inward migration exceeds outward migration. These trends are also seen throughout the Budapest metropolitan area, which is home to 3.3 million people. This amounts to about 34% of Hungary's population. In 2014, the city had a population density of 3,314 people per square kilometre (8,580/sq mi), rendering it the most densely populated of all municipalities in Hungary. The population density of Elisabethtown-District VII is 30,989/km2 (80,260/sq mi), which has the highest population density figure in Hungary and one of the highest in the world. For comparison, the density in Manhattan is 25,846/km2.
Budapest is the fourth most "dynamically growing city" by population in Europe, and the Euromonitor predicts a population increase of almost 10% between 2005 and 2030. The European Observation Network for Territorial Development and Cohesion says Budapest's population will increase by 10% to 30% only due to migration by 2050. A constant inflow of migrants in recent years has fuelled population growth in Budapest. Productivity gains and the relatively large economically active share of the population explain why household incomes have increased in Budapest to a greater extent than in other parts of Hungary. Higher incomes in Budapest are reflected in the lower share of expenditure the city's inhabitants allocate to necessary spending such as on food and non-alcoholic drinks.
According to the 2016 microcensus, there were 1,764,263 people living in Budapest in 907,944 dwellings. Some 1.6 million persons from the metropolitan area may be within Budapest's boundaries during working hours, and during special events. This fluctuation in the population is caused by hundreds of thousands of suburban residents who travel to the city for work, education, health care, and special events.
By ethnicity there were 1,697,039 (96.2%) Hungarians, 34,909 (2%) Germans, 16,592 (0.9%) Romani, 9,117 (0.5%) Romanians and 5,488 (0.3%) Slovaks. In Hungary people can declare multiple ethnic identities, hence the sum may exceed 100%.[150] The share of ethnic Hungarians in Budapest (96.2%) is slightly lower than the national average (98.3%) due to the international migration.
According to the 2011 census, 1,712,153 people (99.0%) speak Hungarian, of whom 1,692,815 people (97.9%) speak it as a first language, while 19,338 people (1.1%) speak it as a second language. Other spoken (foreign) languages were: English (536,855 speakers, 31.0%), German (266,249 speakers, 15.4%), French (56,208 speakers, 3.3%) and Russian (54,613 speakers, 3.2%).
According to the same census, 1,600,585 people (92.6%) were born in Hungary, 126,036 people (7.3%) outside Hungary while the birthplace of 2,419 people (0.1%) was unknown. Although only 1.7% of the population of Hungary in 2009 were foreigners, 43% of them lived in Budapest, making them 4.4% of the city's population (up from 2% in 2001). Nearly two-thirds of foreigners living in Hungary were under 40 years old. The primary motivation for this age group living in Hungary was employment.
Budapest is home to one of the most populous Christian communities in Central Europe, numbering 698,521 people (40.4%) in 2011.[136] According to the 2011 census, there were 501,117 (29.0%) Roman Catholics, 146,756 (8.5%) Calvinists, 30,293 (1.8%) Lutherans, 16,192 (0.9%) Greek Catholics, 7,925 (0.5%) Jews and 3,710 (0.2%) Orthodox in Budapest. 395,964 people (22.9%) were irreligious while 585,475 people (33.9%) did not declare their religion. The city is also home to one of the largest Jewish communities in Europe.
Budapest is a significant economic hub, classified as a Beta + world city in the study by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network and it is the second fastest-developing urban economy in Europe as GDP per capita in the city increased by 2.4 per cent and employment by 4.7 per cent compared to the previous year in 2014. On national level, Budapest is the primate city of Hungary regarding business and the economy, accounting for 39% of the national income. The city had a gross metropolitan product of more than $100 billion in 2015, making it one of the largest regional economies in the European Union. According to Eurostat GDP, per capita in purchasing power parity is 147% of the EU average in Budapest, which means €37,632 ($42,770) per capita. Budapest is also among the Top 100 GDP performing cities in the world, measured by PricewaterhouseCoopers. The city was named as the 52nd most important business centre in the world in the Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index, ahead of Beijing, São Paulo and Shenzhen and ranking 3rd (out of 65 cities) on the MasterCard Emerging Markets Index. The city is 48th on the UBS The most expensive and richest cities in the world list, standing before cities such as Prague, Shanghai, Kuala Lumpur and Buenos Aires. In a global city competitiveness ranking by the EIU, Budapest stands before Tel Aviv, Lisbon, Moscow and Johannesburg among others.
The city is a major centre for banking and finance, real estate, retailing, trade, transportation, tourism, new media as well as traditional media, advertising, legal services, accountancy, insurance, fashion and the arts in Hungary and regionally. Budapest is home not only to almost all national institutions and government agencies, but also to many domestic and international companies. In 2014 there were 395.804 companies registered in the city. Most of these entities are headquartered in Budapest's Central Business District, in the District V and District XIII. The retail market of the city (and the country) is also concentrated in the downtown area, among others, in the two largest shopping centres in Central and Eastern Europe, the 186,000 sqm WestEnd City Center and the 180,000 sqm Arena Plaza.
Budapest has notable innovation capabilities as a technology and start-up hub. Many start-ups are headquartered and begin their business in the city. Some of the best known examples are Prezi, LogMeIn and NNG. Budapest is the highest ranked Central and Eastern European city in the Innovation Cities' Top 100 index. A good indicator of the city's potential for innovation and research, is that the European Institute of Innovation and Technology chose Budapest for its headquarters, along with the UN, whose Regional Representation for Central Europe office is in the city, responsible for UN operations in seven countries. Moreover, the global aspect of the city's research activity is shown through the establishment of the European Chinese Research Institute in the city. Other important sectors also include, natural science research, information technology and medical research, non-profit institutions, and universities. The leading business schools and universities in Budapest, the Budapest Business School, the CEU Business School and Corvinus University of Budapest offer a whole range of courses in economics, finance and management in English, French, German and Hungarian. The unemployment rate in Budapest is by far the lowest within Hungary. It was 2.7%, with many thousands of employed foreign citizens.
Budapest is among the 25 most visited cities in the world, welcoming more than 4.4 million international visitors each year,[166] therefore the traditional and the congress tourism industry also deserve a mention, as they contribute greatly to the city's economy. The capital is home to many convention centres and there are thousands of restaurants, bars, coffee houses and party places, besides a full range of hotels. As regards restaurants, examples can be found of the highest quality Michelin-starred restaurants, such as Onyx, Costes, Tanti and Borkonyha. The city ranked as the most liveable city in Central and Eastern Europe on EIU's quality of life index in 2010.
The Budapest Stock Exchange, a key institution of publicly offered securities in Hungary and Central and Eastern Europe, is situated in Budapest's CBD at Liberty Square. BSE also trades other securities such as government bonds and derivatives as well as stock options. Large Hungarian multinational corporations headquartered in Budapest are listed on the BSE, for instance the Fortune Global 500 firms MOL Group, the OTP Bank, FHB Bank, Gedeon Richter, Magyar Telekom, CIG Pannonia, Zwack Unicum and more. Nowadays nearly all branches of industry can be found in Budapest. Although there is no particularly special industry in the city's economy, the financial centre role of the city is strong, with nearly 40 major banks being represented in the city including as well as those like Bank of China, KDB Bank and Hanwha Bank, which are unique in the region.
Many international banks and financial service providers also support the financial industry of Budapest, firms such as Citigroup, Morgan Stanley, GE Capital, Deutsche Bank, Sberbank, ING Group, Allianz, KBC Group, UniCredit and MSCI among others. Another particularly strong industry in the capital city is the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry. There are also traditionally strong domestic companies in Budapest such as Egis, Gedeon Richter, Chinoin as well as international biotechnology corporations such as Pfizer, Teva, Novartis, Sanofi, which also have R&D and production divisions here. Further high-tech industries, involved in software development and engineering are notable as well. Nokia, Ericsson, Bosch, Microsoft and IBM employ thousands of engineers in research and development in the city. Game design is also strongly represented with headquarters of domestic companies Digital Reality, Black Hole and the studios of Crytek and Gameloft. Apart from the above, there are regional headquarters of global firms such as Alcoa, General Motors, General Electric, ExxonMobil, BP, BT, Flextronics, Panasonic, Huawei, Knorr-Bremse, Liberty Global, Tata Consultancy, Aegon, WizzAir, TriGránit, MVM Group and Graphisoft. There is a base for major international companies including, but not limited to, Nissan CEE, Volvo, Saab and Ford.
As the capital of Hungary, Budapest is the seat of the country's national government. The President of Hungary resides at the Sándor Palace in the District I (Buda Castle District), while the office of the Hungarian Prime Minister is in the Carmelite Monastery in the Castle District. Government ministries are all located in various parts of the city, most of them are in the District V, Leopoldtown. The National Assembly is seated in the Hungarian Parliament, which also located in the District V. The President of the National Assembly, the third-highest public official in Hungary, is also seated in the largest building in the country, in the Hungarian Parliament.
Hungary's highest courts are located in Budapest. The Curia (supreme court of Hungary), the highest court in the judicial order, which reviews criminal and civil cases, is located in the District V, Leopoldtown. Under the authority of its president it has three departments: criminal, civil and administrative-labour law departments. Each department has various chambers. The Curia guarantees the uniform application of law. The decisions of the Curia on uniform jurisdiction are binding for other courts.[172] The second most important judicial authority, the National Judicial Council, is also housed in the District V, with the tasks of controlling the financial management of the judicial administration and the courts and giving an opinion on the practice of the president of the National Office for the Judiciary and the Curia deciding about the applications of judges and court leaders, among others. The Constitutional Court of Hungary is one of the highest level actors independent of the politics in the country. The Constitutional Court serves as the main body for the protection of the Constitution, its tasks being the review of the constitutionality of statutes. The Constitutional Court performs its tasks independently. With its own budget and its judges being elected by Parliament it does not constitute a part of the ordinary judicial system. The constitutional court passes on the constitutionality of laws, and there is no right of appeal on these decisions.
Budapest hosts the main and regional headquarters of many international organizations as well, including United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, European Institute of Innovation and Technology, European Police Academy, International Centre for Democratic Transition, Institute of International Education, International Labour Organization, International Organization for Migration, International Red Cross, Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe, Danube Commission and even others. The city is also home to more than 100 embassies and representative bodies as an international political actor.
Environmental issues have a high priority among Budapest's politics. Institutions such as the Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe, located in Budapest, are very important assets. To decrease the use of cars and greenhouse gas emissions, the city has worked to improve public transportation, and nowadays the city has one of the highest mass transit usage in Europe. Budapest has one of the best public transport systems in Europe with an efficient network of buses, trolleys, trams and subway. Budapest has an above-average proportion of people commuting on public transport or walking and cycling for European cities. Riding on bike paths is one of the best ways to see Budapest – there are about 180 kilometres (110 miles) of bicycle paths in the city, fitting into the EuroVelo system.
Crime in Budapest is investigated by different bodies. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime notes in their 2011 Global Study on Homicide that, according to criminal justice sources, the homicide rate in Hungary, calculated based on UN population estimates, was 1.4 in 2009, compared to Canada's rate of 1.8 that same year. The homicide rate in Budapest is below the EU capital cities' average according to WHO also. However, organised crime is associated with the city, the Institute of Defence in a UN study named Budapest as one of the "global epicentres" of illegal pornography, money laundering and contraband tobacco, and also a negotiation center for international crime group leaders.
Budapest has been a metropolitan municipality with a mayor-council form of government since its consolidation in 1873, but Budapest also holds a special status as a county-level government, and also special within that, as holds a capital-city territory status. In Budapest, the central government is responsible for the urban planning, statutory planning, public transport, housing, waste management, municipal taxes, correctional institutions, libraries, public safety, recreational facilities, among others. The Mayor is responsible for all city services, police and fire protection, enforcement of all city and state laws within the city, and administration of public property and most public agencies. Besides, each of Budapest' twenty-three districts has its own town hall and a directly elected council and the directly elected mayor of district.
The Mayor of Budapest is Gergely Karácsony who was elected on 13 October 2019. The mayor and members of General Assembly are elected to five-year terms. The Budapest General Assembly is a unicameral body consisting of 33 members, which consist of the 23 mayors of the districts, 9 from the electoral lists of political parties, plus Mayor of Budapest (the Mayor is elected directly). Each term for the mayor and assembly members lasts five years. Submitting the budget of Budapest is the responsibility of the Mayor and the deputy-mayor in charge of finance. The latest, 2014 budget was approved with 18 supporting votes from ruling Fidesz and 14 votes against by the opposition lawmakers.
Main sights and tourism
Budapest is widely known for its well-kept pre-war cityscape, with a great variety of streets and landmarks in classical architecture.
The most well-known sight of the capital is the neo-Gothic Parliament, the biggest building in Hungary with its 268 metres (879 ft) length, also holding (since 2001) the Hungarian Crown Jewels.
Saint Stephen's Basilica is the most important religious building of the city, where the Holy Right Hand of Hungary's first king, Saint Stephen is on display as well.
The Hungarian cuisine and café culture can be seen and tasted in a lot of places, like Gerbeaud Café, the Százéves, Biarritz, Fortuna, Alabárdos, Arany Szarvas, Kárpátia and the world-famous Mátyás-pince restaurants and beer bars.
There are Roman remains at the Aquincum Museum, and historic furniture at the Nagytétény Castle Museum, just 2 out of 223 museums in Budapest. Another historical museum is the House of Terror, hosted in the building that was the venue of the Nazi Headquarters. The Castle Hill, the River Danube embankments and the whole of Andrássy út have been officially recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Castle Hill and the Castle District; there are three churches here, six museums, and a host of interesting buildings, streets and squares. The former Royal Palace is one of the symbols of Hungary – and has been the scene of battles and wars ever since the 13th century. Nowadays it houses two museums and the National Széchenyi Library. The nearby Sándor Palace contains the offices and official residence of the President of Hungary. The seven-hundred-year-old Matthias Church is one of the jewels of Budapest, it is in neo-Gothic style, decorated with coloured shingles and elegant pinnacles. Next to it is an equestrian statue of the first king of Hungary, King Saint Stephen, and behind that is the Fisherman's Bastion, built in 1905 by the architect Frigyes Schulek, the Fishermen's Bastions owes its name to the namesake corporation that during the Middle Ages was responsible of the defence of this part of ramparts, from where opens out a panoramic view of the whole city. Statues of the Turul, the mythical guardian bird of Hungary, can be found in both the Castle District and the Twelfth District.
In Pest, arguably the most important sight is Andrássy út. This Avenue is an elegant 2.5 kilometres (2 miles) long tree-lined street that covers the distance from Deák Ferenc tér to the Heroes Square. This Avenue overlooks many important sites. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. As far as Kodály körönd and Oktogon both sides are lined with large shops and flats built close together. Between there and Heroes' Square the houses are detached and altogether grander. Under the whole runs continental Europe's oldest Underground railway, most of whose stations retain their original appearance. Heroes' Square is dominated by the Millenary Monument, with the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in front. To the sides are the Museum of Fine Arts and the Kunsthalle Budapest, and behind City Park opens out, with Vajdahunyad Castle. One of the jewels of Andrássy út is the Hungarian State Opera House. Statue Park, a theme park with striking statues of the Communist era, is located just outside the main city and is accessible by public transport.
The Dohány Street Synagogue is the largest synagogue in Europe, and the second largest active synagogue in th
·¾q?ÿÒÛéòÜƦ:q$Wƽ0[jw¶o*Ægª}«¢TÕ´Én^80fñ?«#A6¨±@ ×·R0S0PW·W
ȶäNääiLñG%åçfôÉ#â$\iÊc$W\¤aUQñi˦â½)\²ÈL!c`Òðp7£TÄd)´I-¸ÔåõÛ©+O£YÈmTÎÎíÖeƽ52êÖAÑî)î|1¤*^Jò´~£¼AXTõ¡®]PkÈl¡ÙrÊXrã_áIÊf$ÒLY¸Îç¥wÃL¸Ý5â@´ïÄÔãÂ4=¾¬¦Aðß±Ü5 ²H]Añ5É·Æ1
â{äj]GÕI®þ?<z-
ëó¤
"ª©PTJ+ÔødË)ÔwÜ fvæÙÜd¯f6æ ¨¨ÃLþ¡(qûG¡®ûckMÁAU ¥+òÊÈMå
ÑÄO|@[Vkqm,9j\ÉÐA´%Õݲ[§ÉùÈhbjBb
ÖãøW¶UÂÈ·((jV ôɯÿÓÇR0ÃÄ®Ûý§%lM($@PW"JV¹ºýr6¢IñåµÅ*É8¥´uos^EÔôä4?<*¯-¦K8íÍz§|<*ÌÀ}±ï]6¦¦Ù-Å
Æ¥vê~._¯'{S@´¬à¤¯6ÁHY¹< n£
!rÄy ¶!½·K¡RWb@=²ÈØz2Í[ËÎéVÕiG)c1
âßh9§/ñJ!$}î0r.¸»*3
Q
}׺ôÖËFÚýª%ªÜ<vRFÀrÃEX¿.ã¥ÈâBR,nBУ|!»êeXèAÉ°2W
ÌßåZÆßÿÔ¶v±86:×Æ\±iEÂ2Åã¸in
x'lª|1êSÙuZ×¥´±âÄWî+JýãSü¾Þú«.ü§JdÄZßËÚL¨C];*#s(*=Cö)¶ËOµ Ú
ôHøPIñ=ñ8Ój
[r·2DÈÅ zÓ¦5Jµ´ûgVD¢¹Ü
©1AP}1ËÖ0ÒÉAØaáM«{* .Ñöâ'ût¦@E«N^
f©"ÉUW|A_o¢èÜËI%«éSZ{PdiJ
½áIK½E~+Ð!VÜëd¢Iû³ÔSl6nÖâ9aq1e;pãJæwù`AOâÓC:iB{üsÿñh¡æ]F+`µ¸&P(k¶Ãqð>1ZBÝjCPT~>Bøj6ïÊvwHiØoó#b)B>Vª/s1â¬ìlõÉ*âÎMU½Bê6;`µi/e#Ó9%jkAĵÜïBIZ¼ øº0.9]Iô©nØ´¸L=Kmúðñ¶Ã@'U6yA¥kJý"Z=b6aõcìÝ6úYÃ&êos2Vh~È·÷ÈpHïK,ÑPWuo2úªB7¡ùd¸)1$UÁnóiPvÿDÙ|2XÛZGi<±Ý\Íƶé#Å$lj)È¡SNÿÅ @wIm}=Æ'(Î3HÊ
OsJ$µ\À-'KfX-B+Ï${ÌÕªú`7ØÛ®Cs±eæéÄþy·Õ²Âk f*L3?Ú§"#½me¬yïJç´-o#úàrõJzÄËEQð¯ÚoæÉr<ÚÎO$¢ÓÌán¤nG¢Lq7ѶñÇÄkÛ¿ó5¬Á¥Þ'«"fVø@äÈ¥vÁQÏOÆ;%#ܳñPb5û.+¹ë½2b²D5)§8Ô
l7ß
èsÚ^;Á,\Ìh ÝÒ7>?i\·lÑbSé|Ð\4p\Åp±zÜî uËðð¢ÙjüK±³YËIpò
ÊÈ#{èzÑâw*ýÔþÖù_åüÓâ:mçN¸tÕ#¡¥b*Âh¯Oµ½?ke9!(ìÌJÔHUÓCìðî}ùeemoÍÍñ'áb(ú:ä¤
ã4É@Q8×ö_}#l
Z÷þºÊ×ujíò98ÂÒ¾åÿ0ß*Me§MtXþïÓRCm㲿$eúðql©s¦yË뫧2ãëUm¢
*xü#.rC-{ûûÍoFÔÖhDȯÄC¡Ë#2ZhÊÞKÝBN&>@îͽ:û×&I1LÃMÑîíôÖ3L¶¨Ï!!K°èwnÙ!9²ÓèoаÒV#¦bG§ê)©äÿX%¼k0£Íâo¢O}®ÂÒ\Ü>7¶OE.ÍÆBcoÛÊÌ(ìØ'ct«UÕ§¼;Øm×N³dÿ¤[
UñÆì>ÍEr&}Uºz¬:VÐéÇÕG
EHBBËÐ2
~רör2È"-¤)Ju¡2òNB(ä
Cfõ»}Þßk*2ÚÚnÑß¡nø
¸°¤ûNùâ³$#ÙÛÚ#2°.ÒÜHuU ÓÅáþF_ÄJ
æ©a
k9Vé)@ÌWá¥A5åñqûYgcz®SY½8ì8;´$+VÑ\Ò¸FÊ6ÿ×àq9t¤Jà»1&¦¬âåþö²°zcô ØSJ*10*ÑjT±÷'li+³Éð Ý[j² XÐ
é×ùp
Èþ±:iU©ö8ݲ°W¶¯³0²iÓjß+-S9e³Ô-eô¥Ì\eæXaÇz
r¨ìX]-ÑE>*îÛcãÉ»iÔN³qôæ
¯c³Âtágųê£
$°©S!ùªE}©ý^Yª]§ørÉÓ;Ú¥úzâóàiæn-%}È<rR2<Ë*¤8¾uW#+©¨aB
=ºd8UQµCÄMc-Ť0vÛ|¥q?%`%æFêÝ*+úòq¡£ùwTÖãkV$C¼®V@hO\º15°[ìDѵ©R+]RU°±µ '\nTüto¯<R®^ÇqMµ9th'aÑD&ZG-24
á`HÜJ8@(¦Zf(Ò`Ë wêÆ:\zÓXY.bØÛº±Ü2¸ûÎ"Ù;[æKÛa46
A¸i¥-:É@ÈÐñ<W¯í'ÚÿWî üË{%Ôï¤Z¼w3*©aç33(͹·EËá\-Ë$¨Ë¡ËmaeúÊ;É%ÑÈn`X
G&þb¸2ÍQ*Ko5y ¸HÑÞÍ÷ZsÌÔãƤÔ7ùY);tj2Ý/¸¾¾9dçV
ÇsǪ5hܼ2¡eZ
Ï5T"oHÖÀ15<2c¥A&·}ÉÍepËÍ("u¯í.ãÆSó\I-gRªÎ+¦5ú2ÌqZçëz!©¼È&?f¿³î+yÖZËp#<V TÍS
±-é©'b:ýq¦`²Iǧ(I:1êÀ×¥?¦ñ+³Ì¹7*SzoÖí\QìâHÁg¬©ììíx$ò@
euôaüMÄþ¯imëDY¢^**h~*Ó¸§õÀbVRO%t4`¡xý
Op²Å~ Ib6eïMÆ2RÝçÂÞ&Þª¯ÁNû¨Ò)^¬¾^Ü$éF×Ç#³%nl´¦Â¤Tø`á´Ú%.B0VE?7îS(nÄUü«6Ò°iñäâOFÁT©y¥öâ9MOÂ)¸¡xæAdUdù*ìj@,DPÉòóÍÌË ¹°&0ü;°¨_ñ.[,&;Ç!#²y¥þ_èPAGv<²ÿLMsk¶·<ÚÊ,HÖe·*øvZ»Ó;Ø
Úåò
Ñt}#HÕîu-]Rþ6ä';})-Oõ²1ÍzÈ*%T|_µ!6±'MëÆ0ãöȧÆÇÀvÉÚòVº¸-g$2úQH.é2ÑT*hV£ýl(µUKsn±FöLwNþ!^R9 RFa1baÕ-űÂDÌT|$(¨}l)næá-¢kQúÇ&&FV8ñU4øj§%j]<HâÙa)+_Þ8v&¬@ª×ØX×7ÿÑà³h7±ÊÑÉ Ú&%qêJÕAoõN_àJاº7ü¹{x"[ÛÛK
Fee"<¨Ýz[Pæ@ÒÀõ,%`]'þXZÉi<vÚÊ%Á£[®}ññx÷ý®z-¶6Â:½÷sFòLWz´ú~£7Õ!÷5ûr)
«¬¥
yWÙʱi®U#MÙsðÆÇ©æ&ù[FH¢]Vcs'Ç uIa¡%·Ø9l´pÅL1gÒÍåÓö?_C ja#ÍæË{襁¥¦^Ç©ÚZ+Éiû©Z²/ùQ³cGõXu8æ}%OÈDë,¥"AmâÇÛ^na$mÃàWåö°é´ã$ª\çËÀ,2UÒüÁ½4/ÜjKVXùT´Áy|f(ô·ZÓ}ÍÜ[ë27YЦp
¸ôiQY¨_ìòÆ:fÒeÔòöÏU ,w76»ñèàëP´f'¥Ã3ªæ]jÚd·vÓ/Ö"8´3ÚI"±êzLßð4Ê¡ÝD꬧²¯?üª»ti^òæïQK+z3Bd~Ãx#_ò~ÎUÒMôP2ÄòbÚ¡©Ý(²ÓôØ¡b«
P4ɧ/PN¿ËÞ7Ãf ÚKmm«¬½äÑÚÕx+Ë!BätTr =ò2 ² ÅàaEÎ=9d" ñ8@Yk2=êåÝZêà=
ÉƬÅþÙ§ÚGR?Êþl¿I4¼b:µ2¶q)¿½{Yx 5EFÜ|rïC(ÁêÝ@`S5å¤ÉV'͵¾ÿ
IJö|pF,§!pÈÑñ+Z|Aÿör@l&ì¦2ñÁûÎ
$(ã UT/_"XÈÍm(Û×a:²õ3R@¦Ôd{ÑÊ5¢îï|¬$%
ØR{peáL1F(+KfeG¤Zv$'®N§ÿÒäVõgP·¢4F-Äвü\¿Ö˪î!è£}épPÂÏÁÝ¥zäS§JäN¨Én)¢»´ib¶6äcçpè®{B> r3ÕP®¬Ì麧 º! ¹º âçÈ´;ÐP0ûT'ÖÓQïLáÔ-"Å%ا©³=ìý²Ë¥Gc)S½TÁo.-¦$q4í%}UÝvø¿k20H»¯Öje×í¦ß^«¥}y§÷+Û-Ù£óß$P½°Ê«-Ť(ê®Çr!2rôZNDVʬðK+[8âGAË)«ÜÈW·ÚÉ
ÜIkòqGÜéúe½ºúräâã ø@|K7\U¿k,ÇPúIrêLǪ¤Ë%²¢"¼Ñ¹U¹%
KöCÁ,§ÌÛZ£@WíavóX^ÚÚ%Xà )ø[ÆR
¢Hn-¾mÕÁiut¹`Ä `
~ØòË3.ö¡CÎã«F·ÖR£
èrCU/%:Xy®5ëÇéLÐOtªHwhßþÖÀ7ü?,ß0ØÞùÅäöëlð©è:¨£±5>ÝIÌ|Óܶã¨
´/.4ǧéCÔüB¾!ÃâÙã2*êWÕ
ü·¿_·thÄ$Õ\ÈËñ =% 7kÍS
uªyÜÉa=ÖÅ{:ÂW£lÌiû,xåÓ×D=_Îqâ'{
Ò5I´»¥ÔÞáXJ¡Iúøf3˸sn8¶t×z©¹m©ñH¾£$åµ*+ãÝîotP]ws¨EK%´ð)æȱjñZUpF$ÐH"¸êtP0VýÔŸ÷£Tþ³Un²©»Ó^è£b>Ã(`ßä^ªÕÉ$×*g¤j7ën¦Xî.läl*ÙI§
W<§"wÅaÈËQ"nÿÍ`#}PVÞMÿN¸dÔdÕYÞX®ä
qÃÃ0A<%'=I&Ô?/üŧ7ÂösmÜOÁ$¡Ü|eYX}®-Íãçɸj"WÚh·ðYofu^;1õHØ1¯¯üc£N=g«yBÕaâçUÁ¥O%åĨføéNY@Æ̨ÿ5ªèÕZBe·3_\,°ò Ò)ŪEÝ}¯µÏàË´ØSWM§5ÿÓá)§i±µÔ%Æ(Öì¥$V¼døy«Ñ0àø+u#w[ÚÎöi5$S¬!@¾É¾Ï/ò3%µÌ« ÷WHT
»ØÉ-UBmOÞ7ùTÿ+CM#Ðõ[m) ê6&!'2|L7Xù
Í~Û+×Æ-¦I=ÌR¤k,VÈ}6½QDv®À$RûñUåÇ3&ZòâVÂ[5kë=@óÿ%ßSá0ß|Óqäý:Íù\]ÁsSûÀâX@U°¯ªà|?¨åT¾óݪVÊÂ+M-¸^ËÇ2«Iû5_ù§"0
» µÍ
y,[TOZÈÄÃ(ØÙò¯ú¿g%[ÅÒN4XìKÙÝ7Ý@%·'ö²|föS#{²¦V#P[eÚ
Í)E¥=²ÀGrIÒ®5IØIpî°ÓøÙ¡>$e´Ês,A£ÞºÚ3Lx'+¹d@C¿Úø{å2Æ® ¦ÚõÄ6þL/%sþÄzA«Ò@$5õγ©p¶ôk
`eçüUuÿ'.ñ6ܦ" ó_c¢ÝÙE=Ä''
ÍlÕKh¦N=OÚÊ¥ Q9l½Ô/ॸ´4UãêƬNÅOoõr@2ÇB¡m«éÎîóYòéÖT2©p»ì(HjþÕrÜ99)GÿÔã:÷Ѽßaºû]Úÿ/1::y|P~iÿzaþãûßØÿz¾×oøß'âåàåÕÞÿÇJ·ýàéóïü2ðåCé
ÍýÒôþó·Ûèzàê£qgÿïµßüÇ·ób9´Ëë+ïî!ëöOÛû];6)Rý¼`fºüqáëö{uë³þñÅÔùwýï¸ÿçûÏ/ûÍþò}ýç¿ükÇžLÿOÿ}£ýçëÐÿ}ïrëú¼ÇþRWÿy?¿ýîÿy¾Ñû_ñ®k7cOkògûÏ©ÿÇ;û¤ÿWûÇþÏþ^beúÕÏø]¢\¹
ó?ü£uÿy˨Íü?¸¡Çýä^d¿ïB¬?^jG7<óO®z¿kýýsK²=SþPËoî¿O÷åþ~§ù8rý#AæÆ´ßøåIö¿¾ÿttû?·þ_òf)æÆ|Ó¿.ÿwcÓì·ò?ÝüÙ^FóQÓÿã ÿoí¿÷½?ÙÿåqærS¶ÿ/õO÷ï_÷G§ü[þüË¢Èý)¾¥þñEÿîûÿ¨:`-CDîåþÿ¢ý·Ñzûÿ.ÍVe§ÿ½'¯íõéÛûÿò?qz±/0¼×ÿgì§÷_ï/Úÿuÿd1ór¡Ì$q¼íöþÈùu?güþÖdudy£¼©ö5÷§ûµÿy¾ß_ÚËý»¿µßì§Úù¾ùSd[½±}ö¿gæ:ÿüø:0&OÒ?³öÝkû¿÷OüoÇ
ifýÜÿïWØo￸ëßü¯æÿg.DºrPøæÃýÿ÷ruéôÿü¹0Çøº%ÚoûË/Óö?½íö0ì¿Wã
ÿÙ8BIM%¯|OY£³ô-#¿aÿâXICC_PROFILEHLinomntrRGB XYZ Î1acspMSFTIEC sRGBöÖÓ-HP cprtP3desclwtptðbkptrXYZgXYZ,bXYZ@dmndTpdmddÄvuedLviewÔ$lumiømeas$tech0rTRC<gTRC<bTRCELRY`gnu|¡©±¹ÁÉÑÙáéòú&/8AKT]gqz¢¬¶ÁËÕàëõ!-8COZfr~¢®ºÇÓàìù -;HUcq~¨¶ÄÓáðþ
+:IXgw¦µÅÕåö'7HYj{¯ÀÑãõ+=Oat¬¿Òåø2FZnª¾Òçû%:Ody¤ºÏåû
'
=
T
j
®
Å
Ü
ó"9Qi°Èáù*C\u§ÀÙó
&
@
Z
t
©
Ã
Þ
ø.Id¶Òî%A^z³Ïì&Ca~¹×õ1OmªÉè&Ed£Ãã#Cc¤Åå'IjÎð4Vx½à&Il²ÖúAe®Ò÷@e¯Õú Ek·Ý*QwÅì;c²Ú*R{£ÌõGpÃì@j¾é>i¿ê A l Ä ð!!H!u!¡!Î!û"'"U""¯"Ý#
#8#f##Â#ð$$M$|$«$Ú%%8%h%%Ç%÷&'&W&&·&è''I'z'«'Ü(
(?(q(¢(Ô))8)k))Ð**5*h**Ï++6+i++Ñ,,9,n,¢,×--A-v-«-á..L..·.î/$/Z//Ç/þ050l0¤0Û11J11º1ò2*2c22Ô3
3F33¸3ñ4+4e44Ø55M55Â5ý676r6®6é7$7`77×88P88È99B99¼9ù:6:t:²:ï;-;k;ª;è<'<e<¤ >`> >à?!?a?¢?â@#@d@¦@çA)AjA¬AîB0BrBµB÷C:C}CÀDDGDDÎEEUEEÞF"FgF«FðG5G{GÀHHKHH×IIcI©IðJ7J}JÄKKSKKâL*LrLºMMJMMÜN%NnN·OOIOOÝP'PqP»QQPQQæR1R|RÇSS_SªSöTBTTÛU(UuUÂVV\V©V÷WDWWàX/X}XËYYiY¸ZZVZ¦Zõ[E[[å\Ö]']x]É^^l^½__a_³``W`ª`üaOa¢aõbIbbðcCccëd@ddée=eeçf=ffèg=ggéh?hhìiCiiñjHjj÷kOk§kÿlWl¯mm`m¹nnknÄooxoÑp+ppàq:qqðrKr¦ss]s¸ttptÌu(u
uáv>vvøwVw³xxnxÌy*yyçzFz¥{{c{Â|!||á}A}¡~~b~Â#åG¨
kÍ0ôWºã
G
«r×;iÎ3þdÊ0ücÊ1ÿfÎ6nÖ?¨zãM¶ ô_É4
uàL¸$ühÕB¯÷dÒ@®ú i Ø¡G¡¶¢&¢££v£æ¤V¤Ç¥8¥©¦¦¦ý§n§à¨R¨Ä©7©©ªª««u«é¬\¬ÐD¸®-®¡¯¯°°u°ê±`±Ö²K²Â³8³®´%´µµ¶¶y¶ð·h·à¸Y¸Ñ¹J¹Âº;ºµ».»§¼!¼½½¾
¾¾ÿ¿z¿õÀpÀìÁgÁãÂ_ÂÛÃXÃÔÄQÄÎÅKÅÈÆFÆÃÇAÇ¿È=ȼÉ:ɹÊ8Ê·Ë6˶Ì5̵Í5͵Î6ζÏ7ϸÐ9кÑ<ѾÒ?ÒÁÓDÓÆÔIÔËÕNÕÑÖUÖØ×\×àØdØèÙlÙñÚvÚûÛÜÜÝÝÞÞ¢ß)߯à6à½áDáÌâSâÛãcãëäsäüåæ
æçç©è2è¼éFéÐê[êåëpëûìííî(î´ï@ïÌðXðåñrñÿòóó§ô4ôÂõPõÞömöû÷øø¨ù8ùÇúWúçûwüüý)ýºþKþÜÿmÿÿÿá'Fhttp://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/
<rdf:Description rdf:about=""
xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
xmlns:xmp="http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/"
xmlns:photoshop="http://ns.adobe.com/photoshop/1.0/"
xmlns:xmpMM="http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/mm/"
xmlns:stEvt="http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/sType/ResourceEvent#"
xmlns:stRef="http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/sType/ResourceRef#"
xmlns:crs="http://ns.adobe.com/camera-raw-settings/1.0/"
dc:format="image/jpeg"
xmp:CreatorTool="Adobe Photoshop Lightroom 4.0 (Windows)"
xmp:ModifyDate="2013-08-17T11:13:04+07:00"
xmp:MetadataDate="2013-08-17T11:13:04+07:00"
photoshop:DateCreated="2013-08-16T17:44:37"
xmpMM:DocumentID="xmp.did:7E9FB42EF306E311AF64A3A59F4E21D0"
xmpMM:OriginalDocumentID="6D075DD361B9BFFEBCDC91430CBFB1C1"
xmpMM:InstanceID="xmp.iid:7E9FB42EF306E311AF64A3A59F4E21D0"
crs:Version="7.0"
crs:ProcessVersion="6.7"
crs:WhiteBalance="As Shot"
crs:IncrementalTemperature="0"
crs:IncrementalTint="0"
crs:Exposure="0.00"
crs:Shadows="0"
crs:Brightness="0"
crs:Contrast="0"
crs:Saturation="0"
crs:Sharpness="0"
crs:LuminanceSmoothing="33"
crs:ColorNoiseReduction="40"
crs:VignetteAmount="0"
crs:ShadowTint="0"
crs:RedHue="0"
crs:RedSaturation="0"
crs:GreenHue="0"
crs:GreenSaturation="0"
crs:BlueHue="0"
crs:BlueSaturation="0"
crs:FillLight="0"
crs:Vibrance="+34"
crs:HighlightRecovery="0"
crs:Clarity="0"
crs:Defringe="0"
crs:HueAdjustmentRed="0"
crs:HueAdjustmentOrange="0"
crs:HueAdjustmentYellow="0"
crs:HueAdjustmentGreen="0"
crs:HueAdjustmentAqua="0"
crs:HueAdjustmentBlue="0"
crs:HueAdjustmentPurple="0"
crs:HueAdjustmentMagenta="0"
crs:SaturationAdjustmentRed="0"
crs:SaturationAdjustmentOrange="0"
crs:SaturationAdjustmentYellow="0"
crs:SaturationAdjustmentGreen="0"
crs:SaturationAdjustmentAqua="0"
crs:SaturationAdjustmentBlue="0"
crs:SaturationAdjustmentPurple="0"
crs:SaturationAdjustmentMagenta="0"
crs:LuminanceAdjustmentRed="+7"
crs:LuminanceAdjustmentOrange="0"
crs:LuminanceAdjustmentYellow="0"
crs:LuminanceAdjustmentGreen="+100"
crs:LuminanceAdjustmentAqua="0"
crs:LuminanceAdjustmentBlue="0"
crs:LuminanceAdjustmentPurple="0"
crs:LuminanceAdjustmentMagenta="0"
crs:SplitToningShadowHue="0"
crs:SplitToningShadowSaturation="0"
crs:SplitToningHighlightHue="0"
crs:SplitToningHighlightSaturation="0"
crs:SplitToningBalance="0"
crs:ParametricShadows="0"
crs:ParametricDarks="0"
crs:ParametricLights="0"
crs:ParametricHighlights="0"
crs:ParametricShadowSplit="25"
crs:ParametricMidtoneSplit="50"
crs:ParametricHighlightSplit="75"
crs:SharpenRadius="+1.0"
crs:SharpenDetail="25"
crs:SharpenEdgeMasking="0"
crs:PostCropVignetteAmount="0"
crs:GrainAmount="0"
crs:LuminanceNoiseReductionDetail="50"
crs:ColorNoiseReductionDetail="50"
crs:LuminanceNoiseReductionContrast="0"
crs:LensProfileEnable="0"
crs:LensManualDistortionAmount="0"
crs:PerspectiveVertical="0"
crs:PerspectiveHorizontal="0"
crs:PerspectiveRotate="0.0"
crs:PerspectiveScale="100"
crs:AutoLateralCA="0"
crs:Exposure2012="+0.67"
crs:Contrast2012="0"
crs:Highlights2012="-7"
crs:Shadows2012="-18"
crs:Whites2012="0"
crs:Blacks2012="+100"
crs:Clarity20
I captured this image with my iPhone 14 Pro Max while on an excursion to the Frusha Gora Winery Ilok, Croatia. The storage area was cool and extended and held a lot of wine. It reminded me of an old railroad.
Putuješ li iz Našica u Požegu, to će te na Južnom obronku planine Krndije, gdje se sa strmina spuštaš u selo Gradište, iznenaditi divan pogled. Tebi pred očima širi se zelena ravnica, obrubljena u dalekih daljinah briegovi raznih oblika. Na lievo ti je Dilj-gora sa liepimi svojimi brežuljci i dolinami ; nad njom strše pod modrimi oblaci glavice bosanskih gora. Na desno gledaš, kao u zelen podrt zid, Sujnik planinu, a daleko se pred tobom pruža od istoka na zapad požeška gora. Njoj na podnožju vidiš svjetle zvonike i biele kuće stare Požege. Vidik je taj zaista krasan. Nehotice svrneš okom, sve to više salazeć, uviek na onaj niz šumovitih stožaca, koji se nad Požegom i vrhovačkim gradom pod oblake dižu ter se svakim kretom ceste na novo ukazuju. Dobrom cestom projuriš na šijačkih kolih kroz Kulu, ostaviš na desno Kutijevo i Vetovo, na lievo Pleternicu i Blacko, pa eto te u Padežu, eto pred tobom Požege na Orljavi. Grad se razprostire istočno-zapadnim pravcem na ušću klanjca Vučjaka pod Babjom gorom, a siže južnim svojim krajem u spomenuti klanjac. Istočni mu dio, tako zvani Arslanovci, i glavni trg leže pod briegovi Grginim-dolom i Kapavcem, a zapadni prema Novoj Gradiški pcd Sokolovcem, nazvanom po hrabrom gvardijanu Fra Luki Imbrišinoviću, Sokolu. Od glavnih tih dielova pruža se pet drugih ulica i trg svete Terezije prema sjeveru, šesta, kako već gore rečeno, u Vučjak. Iz ovoga teče potok istoga imena. Ljeti neznatan, jedva da u njem koja kap vode, zna se on od bujica tako razlievat, da biva po grad pogibeljnim.
U proljetno je vrieme taj klanjac stan nebrojenih slavulja i ivna po njem šetnja do Vrhovaca. Briegovi na desno i na lievo obiluju kestenovim drvećem, raznovrstnim šikarjem, a dalje prema Vrhovcem liepom gorskom šumom. U pol ljeta hladi studen vjetar toplinu sunca i vrući zrak ovoga perivoja.
Požega je u svemu dosta. liepo zidana, kuće imućnijih gradjana ukusne a nova se gimnazija, stan opatica, ujedno djevojačka učiona, zatim kolegija (nadbiskupsko sirotište), crkva sv. Terezije i neke privatne kuće upravo liepimi sgradami nazvati mogu. Trgu se na sjeveru i zapadu nanizao red jednokatnih, većinom svodovanih kuća. Da su jedine ulice ravnije, bilo bi mjesto jošte mnogo ljepše, akoprem vrlo ugodno na svakoga djeluje, tko god. ovamo dodje. Liep su nakit gradu visoki vinogradi, koje i najmanja kišica maglenom koprenom zastire. Strašan je ovdje tutanj gromova, nu prekrasan vidik na cielo požeško polje.
Požega je središte svoje županije u svakom smislu. Tuj stanuje veliki župan, tuj jest sudbeni stol, (ovdje ga zovu sedrijom) porezni ured, mierničtvo, gradski sud, velika gimnazija, viša djevojačka učiona ; tuj su mnogobrojni trgovci, zanatlije svake ruke, a ponajviše opančari, klobučari, čurčije (krznari), čižmari i. t. d., koji cielu okolicu poslužuju svojom robom. Ovamo se na nedjeljne sajmove stiču seljaci sa svih sela, da prodavaju i kupuju. Ljudi su ovi liepi, čisti i dobro obučeni, a nošnja jim jedna od najljepših u cieloj Slavoniji. Ukusno se nosi ženski spol; većinom su žene kriepke i visoke, a mnoge medju njimi krasotice u pravom smislu. Što god vidiš biela na seljakinji ili mužu njenu, sve je domaći obrt žena, pače ponajviše isto sukno.
Okolica požeška od boga blagoslovljena svimi darovi naravi, ubraja se medju najljepše predjele domovine Hrvatske. Jeseni putuju ciele karavane kola kroz Požegu na Osiek, vozeć onamo šljive, kestene, srčike - jabuke, orahe i kruške, kojih su najodličnija vrst tako zvana buzdovanlije, Šteta, da je taj gorski kotao tako udaljen od svjetskih cesta.
Požega rodi već obilan broj odličnih muževa, domovini i svomu imenu na diku a od starina je na glasu kao središte Slavonije. Od ovud i Turci podjarmljivahu ostalu zemlju, kojom poslie gospodovahu, ovamo bježahu za vrieme neprilike.
I ogledajmo na ta vremena davne prošlosti, na te burne i krvave dane pa se divimo, da sam izaslanik smrti, kleti Musloman, nije mogao toliko naravne snage u našega naroda uništiti.
Već praktični Rimljani držahu ovo mjesto po njegovu položaju središtem ovih krajeva, koje nazivahu liepim imenom "vallis aurea;" mjestu nadjenuše imena "Inicerum" i "Recatina". Akoprem ne bijaše po svoj prilici tuj, gdje je dan danas, to je ipak, pružajuć se od Kaptola sve do Orljave, dosizalo dovle. Tako posvjedočavaju novci careva Antonina, Maksimina, Dioklecijana, i Konstantina , ter ostanci izkopanih rimskih sgrada na cieloj pruzi od Kaptola do Požege. Tako je važno mjesto valjalo čuvati proti nenadanim navalam sa sjevera. Tomu doskočiše Rimljani. Od Rekatine išlo se tada preko planine kaptolačke u Podravinu.
Povrh Orahovice, iznad grada Duzluka, na isoku briegu leže razvaline prastara na četir ugla sagradjena grada. Te ogromne zidine biela kamena obrasla je sada šuma, te jih zastire oku. Odavle je viditi cielu Podravinu ća do počuhskih gora .i sigetskih brežuljaka, a put, koji no mimo gradine vodi iz požeškoga polja na Kaptol ili Vetovo preko na Dravu zove se i dan danas jošte rimskim putem. Vjerojatno je, da su rimske straže sa ove strategičke točke nadzirale južne krajeve Panonije. Dobar bo pješak dodje od ovih zidina do Kaptola za dvie ure, pa je dakle straž i lahko bilo dojaviti u Rekatinu koju god pogibelj. Poslie su sjegurno i krvoločni Turci odovud pozornim okom strašili nad nezadovoljnim i slobodu snujućim hrvatskim narodom.
U sred se Požege podigo strm humak, osamljen kao da ga Kentauri ovamo hitnuše; zove se "gradom" jer je na njemu bila nekoč tvrdjava požežka, "Possegavar".
Burna je prošlost potresla i razvalila ove zidine, koje gledahu kroz tolika stoljeća slavu junačkih djela, ali i teško gospodstvo tursko; kojim se jedva jošte trag poznaje. Tko da jih je sagradio, neznam; nu skoro bih mogao uztvrditi, da je grad godine 1163. ako ne baš sagradjen, to sjegurno popravljen na poticanje Bele (Alexius), brata kralja Stjepana IlL, jer usljed njegova nastojanja gradiše Požežani te godine prve kamenom zidane kuće .
Već prije i poslie godine 1224. bijaše Požega imovinom ugarskih kraljeva, ter uživaše sva prava i slobode kr. slobodnoga grada za vladanja Karla. I oko 1311. Vrhovni je nadzor nad njom imao kraljevski blagajnik, koji joj ujedno bijaše vrhovnim sudcem u svih pravosudnih parnicah, a velik ugled ne samo u duhovnih, nego i u svjetovnih stvarih imahu prepošti i abaši požeškoga arcidiakonata. Ovaj bijaše sa 23 župe podredjen g. 1332 biskupiji pečuhskoj, Prepošt požeški bude 11 rujnu 1233. pozvan od kralja Andrije II. u Ostrogon, da uvaži i podpiše, dokumenat, sastavljen o pomirbi kralja i sina mu Bele (poslie kralj Bela IV.), koji se bješe tako ljuto zavadili, da jih je. mirio sam papa Grgur IX.
Godine 1312 upravljaše kastelom požežkim po svoj prilici neki Stjepan Bagim Požeški, koji vojujuć za svoga kralja, Karla I., proti njegovim ustašam u Magjarsku otide, kreševo u dolcu Rozgonu na rieci Tarczi zametne i ondje 15. lipnja zaglavi . Sličan udes stiže i prepošta Mihaila. Kada je najme god. 1330. slavonski ban, ujedno erdeljski vojevoda Toma Farkas predobio Karla na svoju ruku, da osvoje Vlašku zemlju, podje s njimi i požeški prepošt Mihailo. Osvetljivi bojari navale na vraćajućega se iz njihove zemlje kralja ter pokolju, akoprem već mir ugovoren bijaše, od 10. do 14. studenoga većinu kraljevske vojke, sve dvorske svećenike i prepošta požežkoga, od 10. Ako je ovaj pao kao junak, to se je opet drugi odlikovao svojim juridičkim znanjem u stvarih duhovnih. Tako posvjedočuje sliedeći dogadjaj. Henrik, abaš piliški izagna opetovano i nasilno opata Andriju iz samostana cikadorskoga. Andrija podnese svoju tužbu papi Urbanu V. a ovaj pozva godine 1367. nadbiskupa koločkoga i njegova blagajnika sa abašem požežkim, da stvar iztraže i sude kako bude pravo . Ime toga abaša nije mi poznato. Stečeni si ugled čuvahu duhovnici i nadalje, kako se kojih 15 godina za tim dokaza. Godine bo 1383., kada je u Dalmaciji buknuo ustanak proti palatinu Nikoli Gorjanskomu, poradi njegova nasilnoga vladanja posla palatin požežkoga prepošta Nikolu sa Ditrikom Bubekom, bratom dalmatinskoga bana Mirka onamo, da upru sve sile i bunu utaže. Palatinu bje do toga puno stalo, buduć u ime kraljice Marije, kćeri Ljudevitove, vladaše, koja mu svu moć prepusti. Naravno, da da se našlo protivnika, Jedva što spomenuti muževi red i mir u Dalmaciji uzpostaviše, bukne god. 1386, drugi po palatina kobniji ustanak na drugom mjestu. Jasnosti radi pripoviedati ću dogodjaj ponešto obširnije.
Palatinovimi najme spletkami, komu se nedade odreći gospodovanja, bje novo izabrani kralj Karlo Dračanin (Durazzo) u Budimu ubijen. Usljed toga se pristaše kraljevi ujedno protivnici palatina razbjegoše na sve strane, bojeći se, da jih nestigne ista kob kao i kralja.Najžešći neprijatelji Nikole Gorjanskoga, Stjepan Lacković, Stjepan Simontornya ter Ivan Horvat uteknu u Hrvatsku“, odakle sakupljenom ondje vojskom već u travnju i svibnju iste godine na dalmatinske gradove udariše, da se osvete za Karlovo ubojstvo. Oholi Gara, preziruć nepovoljne viesti iz Dalmacije, pozva kraljicu Mariju, kćer Ljudevita i Jelisavu udovu njegovu, da podju s njim u u Slavoniju, gdje mu je djedovina, grad Gorjani kod Djakova. pa da se same osvjedoče o ništetnosti ustaških pokušaja. One se dadoše na put, praćene samo banom Nikolom, njegovimi sinovi i rodjaci, nadalje Blažem Forgačem i malom četicom dvorjana. Na dan svetoga Jakova stigoše u Djakovo. Krenuv pako odavle, dočeka jih obavješteni po dobrih uhodah Ivan Horvat. Znajući za smjer njihova putovanja udari iz zasjede nenadano na nje obkoli jih svojom četom, ter nastane kratka ali žestoka borba napastovanih proti mnogo većemu broju napastnika. Blaža Forgača baci hitac sulice sa konja, a glavu mu od trupla odsjekoše sablje nesmiljenih neprijatelja. Tada skoči palatin strielomice s konja na uzlaz kraljičinih kola pa posegnuv za sabljom trgne ju taj strahoviti čovjek iz korica, da obrani sirote ženske. Preziranju smrti vikao, negleda na leteće oko sebe strielje nu neopazi, takodjer, da se jedan od neprijatelja došnljao izpod kola do njega. Taj ga pograbi za nogu. Sruši ga na tla ter mu na zapovjed Horvata s mjesta glavu odsieče. Najmladjega sina palatinova ulove, stariji uteče sa svojimi bratići. Ulovljenu kraljicu dade Horvat posvoj prilici na Požegu odvesti u grad Krupu u Lici, tada vlastničtvo vranskoga priora. Mislim, da je tom sgodom bila Marija u Požegi, jer se ovdje Horvat u to vrieme češće nalazio, pače ovdje svoje ljude oko sebe sakupljao. Za Jelisavu veli Bonfinius, da ju baciše u rieku Bosut, gdje se utopila, dočim de Paulo tvrdi, da ju je dao vranski prior u Novom gradu zadušiti.
Prolivena krv zlim plodom urodi. Čim je kralj Žiga sjeo na ugarsko prestolje, izdade godine 1387. na sam veliki četvrtak zapovied, da se gospoda hrvatska. i dalmatinska spremaju na vojsku proti slavonskim ustašam, velike čete proti kralju na oružje dignuvšim, ter ovimi svu Slavoniju zlostavivšim. Kraljevoj se zapovjedi prvi odazva mačvanski ban Nikola sin ubijenoga kod Gorjana palatina. Osvojivši brzo Ilok, ulovi ondje Mirka, sina Andrije Lackovića i dovede zatim svoju vojsku pred Požegu. Ovamo bijaše medjutim Ivan Horvat pribjegao pa se u gradinu zatvorio. Obsjedanje započe, ali nada, da će Horvata zarobiti, iznevjeri bana Nikolu. Za vrieme dogovaranja o predaji trdjave izmaknu Horvat pomoćju Simontornye, lažljivoga prijatelja banova, a viernoga svoga na kraljevska vrata u Bosnu. I to bilo jošte godine 1387.
Deset je zatim godina vladao priličan mir oko Požege. Tada udariše 1397 Muslomani sa Tvrdkom Surom na njenu okolicu i na sam grad, dočim jim druga njihova vojska sa nevjernim Simontornyem i Laokovićem Sriem osvajaše. Godine istom 1398. protjera ih ban Ivan Morović preko Save. Usljed toga dodje malo kašnje kralj Žiga osobno u Požegu. Utaborivši ovdje svoju malu vojsku, odluči dulje vremena ostati. Iz Požege napisa list Trogiranom, moleći jih da mu pošalju svoje strojeve za hitanje kamenja i svoje željezne kuke za razvalivanje zidova; koje da će od njih preuzeti izaslanik njegov, Ivan Gorjanski ter dovesti u Dubicu, buduć da je naumio odanle osvajati Bosnu. Ujedno poruči u Magjarsku i u Erdelj, da mu pošalju dovoljan broj banderija. Kraljeva se medjutim nada neizpuni. Travljani nedadoše svojih strojeva radi nemogućnosti i raznih potežkoća, a magjarske banderije nedodjoše; k tomu neimaše on dosta novaca, da veću vojsku sakupi. Zato odluči drugo. Jedan dio vojske odpremi u Vlašku, ostali porazdieli uz duž Save, sam otide u Poljsku. Pet godina kašnje, 1403, bude opet Požega središtem vanredna sastanka. U tih najme i nekih drugih krajevih kraljevine puče glas, da će umjesto Žige zakraljevati Ladislav, sin ubijenoga u Budimu Karla Dračanina. Pristaše se daklenovoga nazovi kralja, većinom sami magjarski velikani sastadoše u Požegi. Svrha njihova viećanja bijaše pismen sastavak o dočeku i krunisanju novoga poglavara zemlje, o kom mišljahu, da će skoro doći. Taj pako nedodje, bojeći se slične kobi, kao što je stigla bila njegova otca. Sastanak požežki, videći, da novoga kralja neima te čuvši, da Žiga kraljem ostaje, razide se opet.
Dosele bijaše Požega kraljevskom imovinom, nu god. 1415 dobi drugoga gospodara; bosanskoga najme vojevodu, Ivana Hrvoju, kojemu ju Žiga kao nagradu za vierno ratovanje proti ustašam pokloni. Nije joj bilo sudjeno ostati Hervojinom. Vojevoda, odmetnuv se naskoro od kralja, bude lišen svih svojih dobara a Požega opet kraljevskim vlastničtvom. Lahko moguće, da ju poslije opet darovao Žiga prije svoje smrti jošte Ladislavu plem. Thamasy-u. Ovaj bo dolazi godine 1437 kao grof požežki. Revan katolik i velik Protivnik Husita i Patarena, stanujućih medju Dunavom i Savom", zavoli on živo papinoga izaslanika, franjevca Jakova de Monte Brandona, koji proti tim razkolnikom po cieloj pečuhskoj biskupiji, naravno i u Požegi propoviedaše. Čini se, da je grofova požežkih bila gradina i poslie godine 1445. U okolici bijahu plemići iza smrti kralja Žige podigli radi buknuloga tada gradjanskoga rata nekoliko novih kula i gradova. Sabor na Rakošu (1445) dozvoli, da se te a i požežka tvrdjava kao branici proti Muslomanom neporuše.
Sabor ustanovi takodjer, da svaki vlastnik svoju kulu ili grad iz vlastitih svojih sredstava popravljati i u dobrom redu držati mora, ali da u tu svrhu nijednoga od svojih podanika na privažanje zaire ili na rad prisiljavati nesmie; nadalje, da svi imućni stanovnici varoša, dakle i gradjani požežki, osobno i to jahajuć na pomoć doći imaju, ako bi Osmanlije navalili. Broj ote konjaničke čete nije bio stalan, ali grof je požežki imao svakiput 100 jahača, a ciela županija 300 momaka na noge staviti. To je svega banderija od kojih 450, strielicami, tobolci mačevi i sabljami naoružanih vojnika. Njim na čelu bijaše po svoj prilici sam grof; regeste bo kralja Žige odredjuju, da svi imućni plemići i baruni osobno u rat poći imadu, postavivši kastelane na obranu svojih tvrdjava i gradina, pa ako bi koji od njih prije dovršena rata potajno povjerenu mu četu ostavio, da gubi svoja imanja.
Dozvola, što no ju gore spomenuti sabor na Rakošu dade, bude razlogom, da su plemići, svakojakimi poveljami obdareni, ovu dozvolu zlo rabili. Njihove se najme kule, proti neprijateljem sagradjene, pretvoriše u gniezda okrutnih otimača, koji sve to bezobraznije ugnjetavahu narod. Svi mogući zločini bijahu na dnevnom redu. Ubojstva, prodavanje ljudi, rušenje kuća, osakaćivanje čeljadi, zatvaranje sudaca, koji hotijahu svojom odlukom kojega od, plemića kazniti, postadoše svakdanjimi dogadjaji a otimanje nescienjahu sramotom, nego vitežkom zabavom. Tomu zlu da na put stane; odredi kralj Matija 1478. da tako zvani judicium generale, to jest krvni sud proputuje županijom .požežkom. Strahom ga i trepetom dočekaše plemički razbojnici, sjedeći u svojih kulah, po zakutcih pakračke-Papuk-Sujnik-požeške i· Krndije-gore, jer strahovit zaista bijaše ovaj pod vedrim nebom držani sud.
Okrivljenika postaviše uz zataknutu u zemlju sulicu, na okolo posjedoše prisjednici. Ove si izabra sam predsjednik Mihailo Orsag plem. Guth, muž strog, nepodmitljiv nu i pravedan. Nakon najstrožije iztrage spusti se sulica nad glavom krivca u znak, da je na smrt odsudjen. Judicium generale dolazilo dva put u Požegu ; drugi put, god. 1480, odsudi slavonskoga bana Ivana Tuza de Lak na prognanstvo.
Pa kakos je djelovao taj krvni sud na poboljšanje objestnoga plemstva? Ostalo sve kako i bilo. Slab je blagoslov, gdje su velika gospoda, koja nepripoznavaju nikakova zakona. Kralj je Matija bio višeput bez novaca, plemići mu posudjivahu svojih, nije dakle čudo, da je jedan zaštićivao drugoga, pa da kralj uz najbolju svoju volju nije mogao red uvesti, kako ga je želio. Posudjivanje i zalaganje bijaše običai plemstva; i Požega bje za posudjene novce založena. Nadošavši njezin god. 1491 novi vlastnik Nikola Hedervarski, te uveden u svoje ovo imanje po konventu Krstaša sv. Stjepana Jeruzolimskoga de Biela. ostavi grad i pripadajuča ovomu dobra Franji Hedervaru. Ovaj založi god. 1500 i grad i gospoštnu svomu šogoru Stjepanu Rozgonju i njegovoj supruzi Katarini; možebit zato, što je ne samo novaca trebao, nego i u strahu bio za svoje, buduć da su Osmanlije god. 1494 Požegu i požešku županiju, isto tako i križevačku i varaždinsku poharali i kojih 7000 zarobljenika u sužanjstvo odveli bili. Hedervar nenasluti zaista uzalud drugu navalu Turaka, jer u ljetu god. 1502. pre djoše oni kod sela Malina, bivše gradiške pukovnije, oriovačke satnije preko Save. udariše opet na Pcžegu, osvojiše i razoriše varoš i gradinu, nastavivši svoje haranje' tja do Vukovara-". Vraćajuće se odanle hametorn potuče Juraj Kanižki kod Mitrovice:", tako, da se nisu mogli nadalje držati u Slavoniji.
Nemiri i otimanje za priestolje u državi ugarskoj, bijahu već od davna povodom, da je poštenija većina težila za uredjivanjem nasljedstva u vladi. Zaradi toga zaključi sabor na Rakošu god. 1505, 4. Iistopada., da odsele samo Magyar kraljem biti može. Taj zaključak bijahu pod pisala i dva izaslanika požeške županije, Nikola Szelnatacs i Žiga Ratkaj. Mir, koji no zavlada u toliko oko Pežege, da se, kako vidimo, moglo-malo više misliti i na poslove unutarnje, umiri i obitelj spomenutih Hedervara. Založenu gradinu i gospoštinu požešku izkupi vlastnik joj Franjo Hedervar na kratko vrieme. Godine 1514 ju sa svim pripadajućim zemljištem uruči Franji Dessofy-u. Predaju potvrdi kralj Vladislav II. a na petak poslie svih svetih iste god. bude Dessofy u svoja dobra i u županiju kao veliki župan uveden". Veliki su župani tada imali više vojničkih posala nego današnji. Valjalo je ne samo novačenje izvesti, nego i gospodu plemiće prisiljivati, da i oni vrše vojničke svoje dužnosti. Kada je god. 1525 kralj Ljudevit II. zahtievao, da se naoružani izaslanici ciele države sakupe kod Hatvana pod gorom Matrom, naredi, da županija požeška kao i vuko varska stalan broj punomoćnika i svaka po 1000 konjanika saboru na dispoziciju pošalje. Tomu se je pozivu županija svakako odazvala, a požežki su konjanici sjegumo valjani i hrabri bili, jer je Ljudevit imao na svom dvoru požežkih husara, medju kojimi je služio za malenu plaću i bivši ban Petar Keglević". Medju velikimi župani pošežkimi nalazimo zatim god. 1526 nekoga Petra Martins-a, Magjara. a godine zatim, 1527. grofa Krisofa Frankopana zaštitnikom iste županije, kojim ga imenova Ivan Zapoljski, kada si je po Slavoniji stranku stvarao proti kralju Ferdinandnu.
Petnaest godina bijaše medjutim minulo, odkada je, Požega postala imanjem Dessöfy-a : nu kako su sve na e svietu mienja tako i gospodari njeni. Godine 1529. pokloni ju Ferdinand I. Ladislavu More-u, učinivši ga 1 ujedno pokroviteljem benediktinske opatije "Gotho", t. j. kutijevačke. Ćudna zaista pokrovitelja samostana! Lav pokrovitelj mirnih gazela, vuk čuvar ovaca! More bijaše nasilnik i otimač, da mu nije bilo para. Ne samo po Slavoniji. nego i po Magjarskoj imaše velik broj otimačkih kula, u kojih naslagaše porobljeno kojekud blago, pače i crkvene dragocjenosti. On bo nije izbirao ; otimati kršćaninu ili Turčinu, seljaku ili crkvi, bogu posvećenoj: to mu bijaše svejed no. I sada zatraži i zadobi pokroviteljstvo samostana kutijevačkoga - da može dohodke njegove pobirati!
Slabo je valjada veselje imala nad tim svojim gospodarom i Požega, akoprem niti novi nadošavši za Moreom ništa bolji od ovoga nebijahu.
Pošto je već prije Solejman veliki dio Slavonije osvojio, dodje god. 1535. Mohamed Jahi Oglu u Požegu, čuvši, da su svi bogatiji stanovnici iz okolice onamo pouticali, osvoji grad, koji se radi slabe svoje posade braniti nemogaše i protjera sve kanonike i svećenike. Ovi utekoše u Pečuh.
Žalostan bijaše odsele udes Požežana, jer Turci strahovito gospodovahu. Ciela bi se knjiga njihova zuluma napisati dala a svako se srdce sgraža nad tolikim krvničtvom, što no ga ovi vam pir i kroz koje 152 godine ovdje počiniše. Ćestiti gradjani hrabro se doduše otimahu, jedan se je junak za drugim podigao, da staru slobodu uzpostavi - ali zaman. Osamljeni i svakoj pomoći u svojoj gorskoj kotlini nepristupni, moradoše podleći. Krvavi oni listovi njihove povjesti, u koliko su fragmentarno sačuvani, pripoviedaju o tih borba, njim na diku a Turkom na vječnu sramotu. Od onih 15 zapovjednika, kojih imena znademo, malo je koji umro naravnom smrću a jedva jih je dvoje, kojim se može nadjenuti častno ime čovjeka. Evo jih u izvadku. Prva su tri Mohamed Jahi Oglu : Mura i Jahija. sin Oglua.
Jahija opljeni samostan franjevaca. Četvrti bijaše Skander-bog. Ovaj pade 1580 kod razvalina grada Gorbonka u bitci proti Baltazaru Batthyanu, Gjuri Zrinjskornu, Franji Nadazsdu i Franji Glaubitzeru. Skanderbergovu glavu poslaše junaci nadvojvodi Karlu u znak, da se bolje bore sa Turci nego li Niemci. Za Skanderbergom sliedi 1581 beg nepoznata imena. Taj podje na zapovjed Šašvarberga u Magjarsku, da ju poharuju. Ondje zaglavi po svoj prilici s drugimi po Zrinjskom, Batthyanu, Nadazsdu i Glaubitzeru poraženi mi Turci u močvarah kod Szent- Balasa.
Imena petoga i šestoga paše nisu poznata; onoga ubiše ustaše požeški kod vrhovačkog grada, ovoga u samoj Požegi. Solčić paša bijaše sedmi u tom kolu. Ime ga odaje poturicom : isto tako i sliedećega za njim Hassan pašu Zloića. Taj zasluži svoje ime u svakom smislu nečovječnošću i krvoločtvom. Za njegova gospodovanja dodje god. 1603. Sigmund Trautmansdorf., da se Turkom osveti na Brestovac u Požegu, razvali gradine i sela, zapljeni marhu, ter otme Turkom sve, što su imali. Kukavna zemlja više postrada tom zgodom, nego isti Turci. Zloića hitnuše Lapsanovićevi vojnici u bezdno (valjda u zdenac). Dobar je i pošten čovjek bio Karamustafa Čunić; njega pako otrovaše Turci, jer je bio pravedan i čuvao kršćane. Hussein Sulimanića ubiFranjo Matijević; Nuri Effendi pogibe, kako vele, od otrova. a i sliedeću dvojicu pogubiše razjareni Slavonci. Serasćera najme usmrti Tomo Bakić; Rustan pašu, najkrvoločnijega zlotvora, koga majka rodi, ustrieli puškom Nikola Šarić. Zadnji. od paša pošežkih bijaše Ibrahim. Slaba i ostarjela tiela ter nemogav se malom svojom posadom odoljeti navali dolazećega u rujnu god. 1687 generala Dünewalda, odluči on, da će ostaviti Požegu. Njegova momčad zapali varoš, oplieni okolicu i pobježe preko Save. Njim se pridružiše i Turci iz susjednih oko Požege kula. Dünewald ostavi 1000 momaka posade u Požegi, pa odjuri u Gradišku. Pred njim pobjegoše svi Turci, stanujući medju Savom i Dravom preko u Bosnu Ali liepi krajevi požeški veoma jim omiliše. God. 1689 udare opet na Požegu, prešav kod mjesta Svinjara. Nu Fra Luka Imbrišinović, gvardijan franjevačkog samostana, obaviešten o njihovu dolazku po fratrih bosanskih, sakupi brzo vojsku, kojom jih na briegu Sokolovcu . i razbije. Car ga Leopold pohvali i sokolom nazva. Nemogavši osvojiti Požege, nahrupe i godine sliedeće 1690. mnogobrojniji i zato silniji ter ju zauzmu. Relju, koji caru Leopoldu Irnbrišinovićeve izvještaje nosaše, na kolac nataknuše , uhvaćenoga pako Imbrišinovića odsudiše doduše na smrt, al ga za velike novce opet na slobodu pustiše. Pokusi, što jih zatim od god. 1691. do 1699. učiniše, da Slavoniju stalno osvoje, nebijahu uspješni. Tvrdjava požeška dobila je po odlazku Turaka jaku posadu, kojoj na čelu bijaše zapovjednik Mihovio Zöld a poslie njega god. 1710. podpukovnik Valvazor. Ovaj. umre god. 1714. - 22. siečnja te bude sahranjen kod franjevaca. Već 1. svibnja iste godine dodje na njegovo mjesto Pinter". Nanj udare Turci 1716. zadnjim svojim, nasrtajem, ali mu u pomoć dodje general grof Drašković tim da je potisnuo Turke iz Hrvatske, najme iz Podzvezde i Biele stiene uslied čega i Slavoniju ostaviše. Kada se pako na broju 4000 povratiše, zauzeše opet Požegu. Nu čini se, da zatim ondje ostali nisu, jer Pinter umre god. 1719. u gradu i bude takodjer kod franjevaca zakopan'". Njega nasliedi gradski zapovjednik Pös, koji izgorjelu god. 1720. varoš ponešto opet podigne. Pös, bijaše dugo u Požegi jer istom 1730. dodje mu zamienik grof Locatelli'". U to je vrieme čestito gradjanstvo marljivo nastojalo oko razvitka zaostale kulture. Isusovci, došavši prvi put g. 1698. u Požegu'", nastaniše se razorenom djeloma samostanu Paulina kod kamenitih vrata, nu sagradiše već 1731. svoju palaču, današnji kolegij.?" Oni, pa nadalje barun Pejačević i obitelj Dessoöffy najviše djelovahu oko razvitka škole ; temelj, što no ga ovi položiše, bijaše dobar, jer se god. 1762 i 1763. bogoslovne i mudroslovne znanosti u Požegi predavahu. Obitelj Dessoöffy imala grad i perivoj uz cestu, kojom se ide iz Brestovca u Orljavac. kod sela po njih "Deževci" nazvanoga. Sada neima niti temeljnih zidova više.
Požeški grad ostade po odlasku zadnje garnizone 1750. prazan'". Zato odredi iste god. županija. da imadu ti njem stanovati 3 županijska pandura: Kralj ga onda g. 1753. predade zagrebačkomu biskupu Thausy-u, koji ga naumi popraviti. Zaište zato i pripadajuće zemljište, kojega mu Požežani nehtjedoše dati, tako, da je biskup od svoje nakane odustao. Tim bijaše sudbina grada, to jest propast potvrdjena.
Kako stari ljudi pripoviedaju, to nebijaše gradina velika, ali veoma visoka i jaka, zazubljenih i puškarnicami probijenih zidina; ulaz joj na iztoku od arslanovačke strane a na zapadu visoka kula. Gromovi su jako pucali u nju a g. 1809. udari tako jako u podrtinu, da je zid prema župnoj crkvi sv. Terezije od ozgor do dole razkolio. Tadanji župnik Luka Peaković u strahu, da bi se zid mogao srušiti na crkvu, zamoli pismeno, da poglavarstvo grad poruši. Izaslana u tu svrhu komisija pristane uz župnika te grad bude srušen. Njegovim su kamenem temelji mnogih kuća pod briegom sazidani. Sada je nešto malo jošte temeljnoga zida vidjeti, ostalo pako poravnano i u šetalište pretvorene. Okružni zid, koji je opasao nekoč gradinu i kuće pod njom, bijaše kulami utvrdjen. Od svega ostade samo malen dio i jedna kula u tako zvanom gradskom majuru, gdje je od ceste uklonjen i tim spašen.
Konačno primiećujem, da je Požega silno postradala od vatre i od vode. Godine 1779. izgori velik dio, zatim 1842. - 29. travnja 168 kuća sa, gradskim arkivom, samostanskom knjižnicom i dragocjenimi u njoj povjestničkimi rukopisi fratara; ujedno nestade i latinskoga rukopisa povjesti slavonske od podžupana Čoke. Treći veliki požar bijaše god. 1854. - 16. travnja
Dva poloma oblaka, prvi god. 1792., a drugi 16. svibnja 1868. počiniše kuće rušeć i sve potapajuć silnu štetu.
Ernest Kramoerqer.
----------------------------------------
ERNEST KRAMBERGER
(Podravska Slatina, 1843. - Celovec, 1920.);
Škole je pohađao u Bjelovaru, Grazu i Vinkovcima. Studirao je u Grazu i Beču, 1872. službovao na gimnazijama u Osijeku, Požegi, Karlovcu i Bjelovaru, gdje je od 1886. do 1892. ravnatelj Gimnazije. Plodan je pisac: surađivao je u ˝Vijencu˝, ˝Prosvjeti˝ i drugim listovima.
Napisao je ˝Povijest kr. male real. gimnazije bjelovarske˝, 1877. i niz historijskih rasprava.
Bavio se i crtanjem pejzaža, te su mnogi njegovi radovi bili objavljeni u časopisima i knjigama.
------------------------
s437 6939 Vienac1880, Požega - Risao prof. Ernest Kramberger, Zabavi i pouci, Tečaj XII., God., Uredjuje ga August Šenoa, Izdaje dionička tiskara ,1880., u Zagrebu, Tisak dioničke, tiskare
----------
Povijest.hr:
www.facebook.com/historia.hr/posts/1981834565197944
------------------------------
Vienac1880:
www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10212827774864361&set...
-----------------------------------------------------
Old towns:
www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10212827801905037&set...
---------------------------------------------------------------------
The Danube known by various names in other languages) is the second-longest river in Europe, after the Volga in Russia. It flows through much of Central and Southeastern Europe, from the Black Forest south into the Black Sea. A large and historically important river, it was once a frontier of the Roman Empire. In the 21st century, it connects ten European countries, running through their territories or marking a border. Originating in Germany, the Danube flows southeast for 2,850 km (1,770 mi), passing through or bordering Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova, and Ukraine. Among the many cities on the river are four national capitals: Vienna, Bratislava, Budapest, and Belgrade. Its drainage basin amounts to 817,000 km² and extends into nine more countries.
The Danube's longest headstream Breg rises in Furtwangen im Schwarzwald, while the river carries its name from its source confluence in Donaueschingen onwards. Since ancient times, the Danube has been a traditional trade route in Europe. Today, 2,415 km (1,501 mi) of its total length are navigable. The Danube is linked to the North Sea via the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal, connecting the Danube at Kelheim with the Main at Bamberg. The river is also an important source of hydropower and drinking water.
The Danube river basin is home to such fish species as pike, zander, huchen, Wels catfish, burbot and tench. It is also home to numerous diverse carp and sturgeon, as well as salmon and trout. A few species of euryhaline fish, such as European seabass, mullet, and eel, inhabit the Danube Delta and the lower portion of the river.
Today the river carries its name from its source confluence in Donaueschingen onwards. Its longest headstream Breg rises in Furtwangen im Schwarzwald. The river was known to the ancient Greeks as the Istros (Ἴστρος) from a root possibly also encountered in the ancient name of the Dniester (Danaster in Latin, Tiras in Greek) and akin to Iranic turos 'swift' and Sanskrit iṣiras (इषिरस्) 'swift', from the PIE *isro-, *sreu 'to flow'.
In the Middle Ages, the Greek Tiras was borrowed into Italian as Tyrlo and into Turkic languages as Tyrla; the latter was further borrowed into Romanian as a regionalism (Turlă).
The Thraco-Phrygian name was Matoas, "the bringer of luck".
The Middle Mongolian name for the Danube was transliterated as Tho-na in 1829 by Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat.
The modern languages spoken in the Danube basin all use names related to Latin: Dānuvius: German: Donau (IPA: [ˈdoːnaʊ] ); Romanian: Dunărea (IPA: [ˈdunəre̯a]; via German);[13] Bavarian: Doana; Silesian: Dōnaj; Upper Sorbian: Dunaj (IPA: [ˈdunaj]); Czech: Dunaj (IPA: [ˈdunaj]); Slovak: Dunaj (IPA: [ˈdunaj]); Polish: Dunaj (IPA: [ˈdunaj] ); Hungarian: Duna (IPA: [ˈdunɒ] ); Slovene: Donava (IPA: [ˈdóːnaʋa]); Serbo-Croatian: Dunav / Дунав (IPA: [dǔna(ː)ʋ]); Bulgarian: Дунав, romanized: Dunav (IPA: [ˈdunɐf]); Russian: Дунай, romanized: Dunaj (IPA: [dʊˈnaj]); Ukrainian: Дунай, romanized: Dunai (IPA: [dʊˈnɑj]); Greek: Δούναβης (IPA: [ˈðunavis]); Italian: Danubio (IPA: [daˈnuːbjo]); Spanish: Danubio; (IPA: [daˈnuβjo]); Turkish: Tuna; Romansh: Danubi; Albanian: Tunë, Albanian definite form: Tuna.
Danube is an Old European river name derived from the Celtic 'danu' or 'don' (both Celtic gods), which itself derived from the Proto-Indo-European *deh₂nu. Other European river names from the same root include the Dunaj, Dzvina/Daugava, Don, Donets, Dnieper, Dniestr, Dysna and Tana/Deatnu. In Rigvedic Sanskrit, dānu (दनु) means "fluid, dewdrop" and dānuja (दनु-ज) means "born from dānu" or "born from dew-drops". In Avestan, the same word means "river". The Finnish word for Danube is Tonava, which is most likely derived from the name of the river in German, Donau. Its Sámi name Deatnu means "Great River". It is possible that dānu in Scythian as in Avestan was a generic word for "river": Dnieper and Dniestr, from Danapris and Danastius, are presumed to continue Scythian *dānu apara "far river" and *dānu nazdya- "near river", respectively.
In Latin, the Danube was variously known as Danubius, Danuvius, Ister or Hister. The Latin name is masculine, as are all its Slavic names, except Slovene (the name of the Rhine is also masculine in Latin, most of the Slavic languages, as well as in German). The German Donau (Early Modern German Donaw, Tonaw, Middle High German Tuonowe) is feminine, as it has been re-interpreted as containing the suffix -ouwe "wetland".
Romanian differs from other surrounding languages in designating the river with a feminine term, Dunărea (IPA: [ˈdunəre̯a]). This form was not inherited from Latin, although Romanian is a Romance language. To explain the loss of the Latin name, scholars who suppose that Romanian developed near the large river propose that the Romanian name descends from a hypothetical Thracian *Donaris. The Proto-Indo-European root of this presumed name is related to the Iranic word "don-"/"dan-", while the supposed suffix -aris is encountered in the ancient name of the Ialomița River, Naparis, and in the unidentified Miliare river mentioned by Jordanes in his Getica. Gábor Vékony says that this hypothesis is not plausible, because the Greeks borrowed the Istros form from the native Thracians. He proposes that the Romanian name is a loanword from a Turkic language (Cuman or Pecheneg).
Classified as an international waterway, it originates in the town of Donaueschingen, in the Black Forest of Germany, at the confluence of the rivers Brigach and Breg. The Danube then flows southeast for about 2,730 km (1,700 mi), passing through four capital cities (Vienna, Bratislava, Budapest, and Belgrade) before emptying into the Black Sea via the Danube Delta in Romania and Ukraine.
Once a long-standing frontier of the Roman Empire, the river passes through or touches the borders of 10 countries: Romania (29.0% of basin area), Hungary (11.6%), Serbia (10.2%), Austria (10.0%), Germany (7.0%), Bulgaria (5.9%), Slovakia (5.9%), Croatia (4.4%), Ukraine (3.8%), and Moldova (1.6%). Its drainage basin extends into nine more (ten if Kosovo is included).
The land drained by the Danube extends into many other countries. Many Danubian tributaries are important rivers in their own right, navigable by barges and other shallow-draught boats. From its source to its outlet into the Black Sea, its main tributaries are (as they enter):
Iller (entering at Ulm)
Lech
Altmühl (entering at Kelheim)
Naab (entering at Regensburg)
Regen (entering at Regensburg)
Isar
Inn (entering at Passau)
Ilz (entering at Passau)
Enns
Morava (entering near Devín Castle)
Rába (entering at Győr)
Váh (entering at Komárno)
Hron (entering at Štúrovo)
Ipeľ
Sió
Drava (entering near Osijek)
Vuka (entering at Vukovar)
18. Tisza (entering near Titel)
19. Sava (entering at Belgrade)
20. Timiș (river) (entering at Pančevo)
21. Great Morava (entering near Smederevo)
22. Mlava (entering near Kostolac)
23. Karaš (entering near Banatska Palanka)
24. Jiu (entering at Bechet)
25. Iskar (entering near Gigen)
26. Olt (entering at Turnu Măgurele)
27. Osam (entering near Nikopol, Bulgaria)
28. Yantra (entering near Svishtov)
29. Argeș (entering at Oltenița)
30. Ialomița
31. Siret (entering near Galați)
32. Prut (entering near Galați)
The Danube flows through many cities, including four national capitals, more than any other river in the world.
Hungary
Mosonmagyaróvár
Győr
Komárom
Esztergom
Visegrád – This section of the river is also called Danube Bend.
Vác
Szentendre
Göd
Dunakeszi
Budapest – capital of Hungary, the largest city and the largest agglomeration on Danube (about 3,300,000 people).
Szigetszentmiklós
Százhalombatta
Ráckeve
Adony
Dunaújváros
Dunaföldvár
Paks
Kalocsa
Baja
Mohács
The Danube is navigable by ocean ships from the Black Sea to Brăila in Romania (the maritime river sector), and further on by river ships to Kelheim, Bavaria, Germany; smaller craft can navigate further upstream to Ulm, Württemberg, Germany. About 60 of its tributaries are also navigable.
Since the completion of the German Rhine–Main–Danube Canal in 1992, the river has been part of a trans-European waterway from Rotterdam on the North Sea to Sulina on the Black Sea, a distance of 3,500 km (2,200 mi). In 1994 the Danube was declared one of ten Pan-European transport corridors, routes in Central and Eastern Europe that required major investment over the following ten to fifteen years. The amount of goods transported on the Danube increased to about 100 million tons in 1987. In 1999, transport on the river was made difficult by the NATO bombing of three bridges in Serbia during the Kosovo War. Clearance of the resulting debris was completed in 2002, and a temporary pontoon bridge that hampered navigation was removed in 2005.
At the Iron Gate, the Danube flows through a gorge that forms part of the boundary between Serbia and Romania; it contains the Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station dam, followed at about 60 km (37 mi) downstream (outside the gorge) by the Iron Gate II Hydroelectric Power Station. On 13 April 2006, a record peak discharge at Iron Gate Dam reached 15,400 m3/s (540,000 cu ft/s).
There are three artificial waterways built on the Danube: the Danube-Tisa-Danube Canal (DTD) in the Banat and Bačka regions (Vojvodina, northern province of Serbia); the 64 km (40 mi) Danube-Black Sea Canal, between Cernavodă and Constanța (Romania) finished in 1984, shortens the distance to the Black Sea by 400 km (250 mi); the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal is about 171 km (106 mi), finished in 1992, linking the North Sea to the Black Sea. A Danube-Aegean canal has been proposed.
Danube River cruise for sightseeing is popular, especially between Passau, Germany, to Budapest, Hungary
In 2010–12, shipping companies, especially from Ukraine, claimed that their vessels suffered from "regular pirate attacks" on the Serbian and the Romanian stretches of the Danube. However, the transgressions may not be considered acts of piracy, as defined according to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, but rather instances of "river robbery"
On the other hand, media reports say the crews on transport ships often steal and sell their own cargo and then blame the plundering on "pirates", and the alleged attacks are not piracy but small-time contraband theft along the river.
Although the headwaters of the Danube are relatively small today, geologically, the Danube is much older than the Rhine, with which its catchment area competes in today's southern Germany. This has a few interesting geological complications. Since the Rhine is the only river rising in the Alps mountains which flows north towards the North Sea, an invisible line beginning at Piz Lunghin divides large parts of southern Germany, which is sometimes referred to as the European Watershed.
Before the last ice age in the Pleistocene, the Rhine started at the southwestern tip of the Black Forest, while the waters from the Alps that today feed the Rhine were carried east by the so-called Urdonau (original Danube). Parts of this ancient river's bed, which was much larger than today's Danube, can still be seen in (now waterless) canyons in today's landscape of the Swabian Alb. After the Upper Rhine valley had been eroded, most waters from the Alps changed their direction and began feeding the Rhine. Today's upper Danube is thus an underfit stream.
Since the Swabian Alb is largely shaped of porous limestone, and since the Rhine's level is much lower than the Danube's, today subsurface rivers carry much water from the Danube to the Rhine. On many days in the summer, when the Danube carries little water, it completely oozes away noisily into these underground channels at two locations in the Swabian Alb, which are referred to as the Donauversickerung (Danube Sink). Most of this water resurfaces only 12 km (7.5 mi) south at the Aachtopf, Germany's wellspring with the highest flow, an average of 8,500 L/s (300 cu ft/s), north of Lake Constance—thus feeding the Rhine. The European Water Divide applies only for those waters that pass beyond this point, and only during the days of the year when the Danube carries enough water to survive the sinkholes in the Donauversickerung.
Since such large volumes of underground water erode much of the surrounding limestone, it is estimated that the Danube upper course will one day disappear entirely in favor of the Rhine, an event called stream capturing.
The hydrological parameters of Danube are regularly monitored in Croatia at Batina, Dalj, Vukovar and Ilok.
The Danube basin was the site of some of the earliest human cultures. The Danubian Neolithic cultures include the Linear Pottery cultures of the mid-Danube basin. Many sites of the sixth-to-third millennium BCE Vinča culture, (Vinča, Serbia) are sited along the Danube. The third millennium BCE Vučedol culture (from the Vučedol site near Vukovar, Croatia) is famous for its ceramics.
Darius the Great, king of Persia, crossed the river in the late 6th century BCE to invade European Scythia and to subdue the Scythians.
Alexander the Great defeated the Triballian king Syrmus and the northern barbarian Thracian and Illyrian tribes by advancing from Macedonia as far as the Danube in 336 BCE.
Under the Romans, the Danube formed the border of the Empire with the tribes to the north almost from its source to its mouth. At the same time, it was a route for the transport of troops and the supply of settlements downstream. From 37 CE to the reign of the Emperor Valentinian I (364–375) the Danubian Limes was the northeastern border of the Empire, with occasional interruptions such as the fall of the Danubian Limes in 259. The crossing of the Danube into Dacia was achieved by the Imperium Romanum, first in two battles in 102 and then in 106 after the construction of a bridge in 101 near the garrison town of Drobeta at the Iron Gate. This victory over Dacia under Decebalus enabled the Province of Dacia to be created, but in 271 it was abandoned by emperor Aurelian.
Avars used the river as their southeastern border in the 6th century.
Budapest is the capital and most populous city of Hungary. It is the ninth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits and the largest city on the Danube river; the city has an estimated population of 1,752,286 over a land area of about 525 square kilometres (203 square miles). Budapest, which is both a city and county, forms the centre of the Budapest metropolitan area, which has an area of 7,626 square kilometres (2,944 square miles) and a population of 3,303,786. It is a primate city, constituting 33% of the population of Hungary.
The history of Budapest began when an early Celtic settlement transformed into the Roman town of Aquincum, the capital of Lower Pannonia. The Hungarians arrived in the territory in the late 9th century, but the area was pillaged by the Mongols in 1241–42. Re-established Buda became one of the centres of Renaissance humanist culture by the 15th century. The Battle of Mohács, in 1526, was followed by nearly 150 years of Ottoman rule. After the reconquest of Buda in 1686, the region entered a new age of prosperity, with Pest-Buda becoming a global city after the unification of Buda, Óbuda and Pest on 17 November 1873, with the name 'Budapest' given to the new capital. Budapest also became the co-capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a great power that dissolved in 1918, following World War I. The city was the focal point of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and the Battle of Budapest in 1945, as well as the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.
Budapest is a global city with strengths in commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment. Hungary's financial centre, Budapest is also the headquarters of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology, the European Police College and the first foreign office of the China Investment Promotion Agency. Over 40 colleges and universities are located in Budapest, including Eötvös Loránd University, Corvinus University, Semmelweis University, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest and the Budapest University of Technology and Economics. Opened in 1896, the city's subway system, the Budapest Metro, serves 1.27 million, while the Budapest Tram Network serves 1.08 million passengers daily.
The central area of Budapest along the Danube River is classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and has several notable monuments of classical architecture, including the Hungarian Parliament and the Buda Castle. The city also has around 80 geothermal springs, the largest thermal water cave system, second largest synagogue, and third largest Parliament building in the world. Budapest attracts around 12 million international tourists per year, making it a highly popular destination in Europe.
The previously separate towns of Buda, Óbuda, and Pest were officially unified in 1873 and given the new name Budapest. Before this, the towns together had sometimes been referred to colloquially as "Pest-Buda". Pest is used pars pro toto for the entire city in contemporary colloquial Hungarian.
All varieties of English pronounce the -s- as in the English word pest. The -u in Buda- is pronounced either /u/ like food (as in US: /ˈbuːdəpɛst/[50]) or /ju/ like cue (as in UK: /ˌb(j)uːdəˈpɛst, ˌbʊd-, ˈb(j)uːdəpɛst, ˈbʊd-/). In Hungarian, the -s- is pronounced /ʃ/ as in wash; in IPA: Hungarian: [ˈbudɒpɛʃt] ⓘ.
The origins of the names "Buda" and "Pest" are obscure. Buda was probably the name of the first constable of the fortress built on the Castle Hill in the 11th century
or a derivative of Bod or Bud, a personal name of Turkic origin, meaning 'twig'.
or a Slavic personal name, Buda, the short form of Budimír, Budivoj.
Linguistically, however, a German origin through the Slavic derivative вода (voda, water) is not possible, and there is no certainty that a Turkic word really comes from the word buta ~ buda 'branch, twig'.
According to a legend recorded in chronicles from the Middle Ages, "Buda" comes from the name of its founder, Bleda, brother of Hunnic ruler Attila.
Attila went in the city of Sicambria in Pannonia, where he killed Buda, his brother, and he threw his corpse into the Danube. For while Attila was in the west, his brother crossed the boundaries in his reign, because he named Sicambria after his own name Buda's Castle. And though King Attila forbade the Huns and the other peoples to call that city Buda's Castle, but he called it Attila's Capital, the Germans who were terrified by the prohibition named the city as Eccylburg, which means Attila Castle, however, the Hungarians did not care about the ban and call it Óbuda [Old Buda] and call it to this day.
— Mark of Kalt: Chronicon Pictum
The Scythians are certainly an ancient people and the strength of Scythia lies in the east, as we said above. And the first king of Scythia was Magog, son of Japhet, and his people were called Magyars [Hungarians] after their King Magog, from whose royal line the most renowned and mighty King Attila descended, who, in the 451st year of Our Lord's birth, coming down from Scythia, entered Pannonia with a mighty force and, putting the Romans to flight, took the realm and made a royal residence for himself beside the Danube above the hot springs, and he ordered all the old buildings that he found there to be restored and he built them in a circular and very strong wall that in the Hungarian language is now called Budavár [Buda Castle] and by the Germans Etzelburg [Attila Castle]
— Anonymus: Gesta Hungarorum
There are several theories about Pest. One states that the name derives from Roman times, since there was a local fortress (Contra-Aquincum) called by Ptolemy "Pession" ("Πέσσιον", iii.7.§ 2). Another has it that Pest originates in the Slavic word for cave, пещера, or peštera. A third cites пещ, or pešt, referencing a cave where fires burned or a limekiln.
The first settlement on the territory of Budapest was built by Celts before 1 AD. It was later occupied by the Romans. The Roman settlement – Aquincum – became the main city of Pannonia Inferior in 106 AD. At first it was a military settlement, and gradually the city rose around it, making it the focal point of the city's commercial life. Today this area corresponds to the Óbuda district within Budapest. The Romans constructed roads, amphitheaters, baths and houses with heated floors in this fortified military camp. The Roman city of Aquincum is the best-conserved of the Roman sites in Hungary. The archaeological site was turned into a museum with indoor and open-air sections.
The Magyar tribes led by Árpád, forced out of their original homeland north of Bulgaria by Tsar Simeon after the Battle of Southern Buh, settled in the territory at the end of the 9th century displacing the founding Bulgarian settlers of the towns of Buda and Pest, and a century later officially founded the Kingdom of Hungary. Research places the probable residence of the Árpáds as an early place of central power near what became Budapest. The Tatar invasion in the 13th century quickly proved it is difficult to defend a plain. King Béla IV of Hungary, therefore, ordered the construction of reinforced stone walls around the town and set his own royal palace on the top of the protecting hills of Buda. In 1361 it became the capital of Hungary.
The cultural role of Buda was particularly significant during the reign of King Matthias Corvinus. The Italian Renaissance had a great influence on the city. His library, the Bibliotheca Corviniana, was Europe's greatest collection of historical chronicles and philosophic and scientific works in the 15th century, and second in size only to the Vatican Library. After the foundation of the first Hungarian university in Pécs in 1367 (University of Pécs), the second one was established in Óbuda in 1395 (University of Óbuda). The first Hungarian book was printed in Buda in 1473. Buda had about 5,000 inhabitants around the year 1500.
The Ottomans conquered Buda in 1526, as well as in 1529, and finally occupied it in 1541.[68] The Ottoman Rule lasted for more than 150 years. The Ottoman Turks constructed many prominent bathing facilities within the city. Some of the baths that the Turks erected during their rule are still in use 500 years later, including Rudas Baths and Király Baths. By 1547 the number of Christians was down to about a thousand, and by 1647 it had fallen to only about seventy. The unoccupied western part of the country became part of the Habsburg monarchy as Royal Hungary.
In 1686, two years after the unsuccessful siege of Buda, a renewed campaign was started to enter Buda. This time, the Holy League's army was twice as large, containing over 74,000 men, including German, Croat, Dutch, Hungarian, English, Spanish, Czech, Italian, French, Burgundian, Danish and Swedish soldiers, along with other Europeans as volunteers, artillerymen, and officers. The Christian forces seized Buda, and in the next few years, all of the former Hungarian lands, except areas near Temesvár (Timișoara), were taken from the Turks. In the 1699 Treaty of Karlowitz, these territorial changes were officially recognized as the end of the rule of the Turks, and in 1718 the entire Kingdom of Hungary was removed from Ottoman rule.
The 19th century was dominated by the Hungarian struggle for independence and modernisation. The national insurrection against the Habsburgs began in the Hungarian capital in 1848 and was defeated one and a half years later, with the help of the Russian Empire. 1867 was the year of Reconciliation that brought about the birth of Austria-Hungary. This made Budapest the twin capital of a dual monarchy. It was this compromise which opened the second great phase of development in the history of Budapest, lasting until World War I. In 1849 the Chain Bridge linking Buda with Pest was opened as the first permanent bridge across the Danube and in 1873 Buda and Pest were officially merged with the third part, Óbuda (Old Buda), thus creating the new metropolis of Budapest. The dynamic Pest grew into the country's administrative, political, economic, trade and cultural hub. Ethnic Hungarians overtook Germans in the second half of the 19th century due to mass migration from the overpopulated rural Transdanubia and Great Hungarian Plain. Between 1851 and 1910 the proportion of Hungarians increased from 35.6% to 85.9%, Hungarian became the dominant language, and German was crowded out. The proportion of Jews peaked in 1900 with 23.6%. Due to the prosperity and the large Jewish community of the city at the start of the 20th century, Budapest was often called the "Jewish Mecca" or "Judapest". Budapest also became an important center for the Aromanian diaspora during the 19th century. In 1918, Austria-Hungary lost the war and collapsed; Hungary declared itself an independent republic (Republic of Hungary). In 1920 the Treaty of Trianon partitioned the country, and as a result, Hungary lost over two-thirds of its territory, and about two-thirds of its inhabitants, including 3.3 million out of 15 million ethnic Hungarians.
In 1944, a year before the end of World War II, Budapest was partly destroyed by British and American air raids (first attack 4 April 1944). From 24 December 1944 to 13 February 1945, the city was besieged during the Battle of Budapest. Budapest sustained major damage caused by the attacking Soviet and Romanian troops and the defending German and Hungarian troops. More than 38,000 civilians died during the conflict. All bridges were destroyed by the Germans. The stone lions that have decorated the Chain Bridge since 1852 survived the devastation of the war.
Between 20% and 40% of Greater Budapest's 250,000 Jewish inhabitants died through Nazi and Arrow Cross Party, during the German occupation of Hungary, from 1944 to early 1945.
Swiss diplomat Carl Lutz rescued tens of thousands of Jews by issuing Swiss protection papers and designating numerous buildings, including the now famous Glass House (Üvegház) at Vadász Street 29, to be Swiss protected territory. About 3,000 Hungarian Jews found refuge at the Glass House and in a neighboring building. Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg saved the lives of tens of thousands of Jews in Budapest by giving them Swedish protection papers and taking them under his consular protection. Wallenberg was abducted by the Russians on 17 January 1945 and never regained freedom. Giorgio Perlasca, an Italian citizen, saved thousands of Hungarian Jews posing as a Spanish diplomat. Some other diplomats also abandoned diplomatic protocol and rescued Jews. There are two monuments for Wallenberg, one for Carl Lutz and one for Giorgio Perlasca in Budapest.
Following the capture of Hungary from Nazi Germany by the Red Army, Soviet military occupation ensued, which ended only in 1991. The Soviets exerted significant influence on Hungarian political affairs. In 1949, Hungary was declared a communist People's Republic (People's Republic of Hungary). The new Communist government considered the buildings like the Buda Castle symbols of the former regime, and during the 1950s the palace was gutted and all the interiors were destroyed (also see Stalin era). On 23 October 1956 citizens held a large peaceful demonstration in Budapest demanding democratic reform. The demonstrators went to the Budapest radio station and demanded to publish their demands. The regime ordered troops to shoot into the crowd. Hungarian soldiers gave rifles to the demonstrators who were now able to capture the building. This initiated the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. The demonstrators demanded to appoint Imre Nagy to be Prime Minister of Hungary. To their surprise, the central committee of the "Hungarian Working People's Party" did so that same evening. This uprising was an anti-Soviet revolt that lasted from 23 October until 11 November. After Nagy had declared that Hungary was to leave the Warsaw Pact and become neutral, Soviet tanks and troops entered the country to crush the revolt. Fighting continued until mid November, leaving more than 3000 dead. A monument was erected at the fiftieth anniversary of the revolt in 2006, at the edge of the City Park. Its shape is a wedge with a 56 angle degree made in rusted iron that gradually becomes shiny, ending in an intersection to symbolize Hungarian forces that temporarily eradicated the Communist leadership.
From the 1960s to the late 1980s Hungary was often satirically referred to as "the happiest barrack" within the Eastern bloc, and much of the wartime damage to the city was finally repaired. Work on Erzsébet Bridge, the last to be rebuilt, was finished in 1964. In the early 1970s, Budapest Metro's east–west M2 line was first opened, followed by the M3 line in 1976. In 1987, Buda Castle and the banks of the Danube were included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. Andrássy Avenue (including the Millennium Underground Railway, Hősök tere, and Városliget) was added to the UNESCO list in 2002. In the 1980s, the city's population reached 2.1 million. In recent times a significant decrease in population occurred mainly due to a massive movement to the neighbouring agglomeration in Pest county, i.e., suburbanisation.
In the last decades of the 20th century the political changes of 1989–90 (Fall of the Iron Curtain) concealed changes in civil society and along the streets of Budapest. The monuments of the dictatorship were removed from public places, into Memento Park. In the first 20 years of the new democracy, the development of the city was managed by its mayor, Gábor Demszky.
In October 2019, opposition candidate Gergely Karácsony won the Budapest mayoral election, meaning the first electoral blow for Hungary's nationalist prime minister Viktor Orbán since coming to power in 2010.
Budapest, strategically placed at the centre of the Carpathian Basin, lies on an ancient route linking the hills of Transdanubia with the Great Plain. By road it is 216 kilometres (134 mi) south-east of Vienna, 545 kilometres (339 mi) south of Warsaw, 1,565 kilometres (972 mi) south-west of Moscow, 1,122 kilometres (697 mi) north of Athens, 788 kilometres (490 mi) north-east of Milan, and 443 kilometres (275 mi) south-east of Prague.
The 525 square kilometres (203 sq mi) area of Budapest lies in Central Hungary, surrounded by settlements of the agglomeration in Pest county. The capital extends 25 and 29 km (16 and 18 mi) in the north–south, east–west direction respectively. The Danube enters the city from the north; later it encircles two islands, Óbuda Island and Margaret Island.[18] The third island Csepel Island is the largest of the Budapest Danube islands, however only its northernmost tip is within city limits. The river that separates the two parts of the city is 230 m (755 ft) wide at its narrowest point in Budapest. Pest lies on the flat terrain of the Great Plain while Buda is rather hilly.
The wide Danube was always fordable at this point because of a small number of islands in the middle of the river. The city has marked topographical contrasts: Buda is built on the higher river terraces and hills of the western side, while the considerably larger Pest spreads out on a flat and featureless sand plain on the river's opposite bank. Pest's terrain rises with a slight eastward gradient, so the easternmost parts of the city lie at the same altitude as Buda's smallest hills, notably Gellért Hill and Castle Hill.
The Buda hills consist mainly of limestone and dolomite, the water created speleothems, the most famous ones being the Pálvölgyi cave (total length 7,200 m or 23,600 ft) and the Szemlőhegyi cave (total length 2,200 m or 7,200 ft). The hills were formed in the Triassic Period. The highest point of the hills and of Budapest is János Hill, at 527 metres (1,729 feet) above sea level. The lowest point is the line of the Danube which is 96 metres (315 feet) above sea level. Budapest is also rich in green areas. Of the 525 square kilometres (203 square miles) occupied by the city, 83 square kilometres (32 square miles) is green area, park and forest. The forests of Buda hills are environmentally protected.
The city's importance in terms of traffic is very central, because many major European roads and European railway lines lead to Budapest. The Danube was and is still an important water-way and this region in the centre of the Carpathian Basin lies at the cross-roads of trade routes. Budapest is one of only three capital cities in the world which has thermal springs (the others being Reykjavík in Iceland and Sofia in Bulgaria). Some 125 springs produce 70 million litres (15,000,000 imperial gallons; 18,000,000 US gallons) of thermal water a day, with temperatures ranging up to 58 Celsius. Some of these waters have been claimed to have medicinal effects due to their high mineral contents.
Budapest has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods, from the ancient times as Roman City of Aquincum in Óbuda (District III), which dates to around 89 AD, to the most modern Palace of Arts, the contemporary arts museum and concert hall.
Most buildings in Budapest are relatively low: in the early 2010s there were around 100 buildings higher than 45 metres (148 ft). The number of high-rise buildings is kept low by building legislation, which is aimed at preserving the historic cityscape and to meet the requirements of the World Heritage Site. Strong rules apply to the planning, authorisation and construction of high-rise buildings and consequently much of the inner city does not have any. Some planners would like see an easing of the rules for the construction of skyscrapers, and the possibility of building skyscrapers outside the city's historic core has been raised.
In the chronological order of architectural styles Budapest is represented on the entire timeline, starting with the Roman City of Aquincum representing ancient architecture.
The next determinative style is the Gothic architecture in Budapest. The few remaining Gothic buildings can be found in the Castle District. Buildings of note are no. 18, 20 and 22 on Országház Street, which date back to the 14th century and No. 31 Úri Street, which has a Gothic façade that dates back to the 15th century. Other buildings with Gothic features are the Inner City Parish Church, built in the 12th century, and the Mary Magdalene Church, completed in the 15th century. The most characteristic Gothic-style buildings are actually Neo-Gothic, like the most well-known Budapest landmarks, the Hungarian Parliament Building and the Matthias Church, where much of the original material was used (originally built in Romanesque style in 1015).
The next chapter in the history of human architecture is Renaissance architecture. One of the earliest places to be influenced by the Renaissance style of architecture was Hungary, and Budapest in particular. The style appeared following the marriage of King Matthias Corvinus and Beatrice of Naples in 1476. Many Italian artists, craftsmen and masons came to Buda with the new queen. Today, many of the original renaissance buildings disappeared during the varied history of Buda, but Budapest is still rich in renaissance and neo-renaissance buildings, like the famous Hungarian State Opera House, St. Stephen's Basilica and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
During the Turkish occupation (1541–1686), Islamic culture flourished in Budapest; multiple mosques and baths were built in the city. These were great examples of Ottoman architecture, which was influenced by Muslims from around the world including Turkish, Iranian, Arabian and to a larger extent, Byzantine architecture as well as Islamic traditions. After the Holy League conquered Budapest, they replaced most of the mosques with churches and minarets were turned into bell towers and cathedral spires. At one point the distinct sloping central square in Budapest became a bustling Oriental bazaar, which was filled with "the chatter of camel caravans on their way to Yemen and India". Budapest is in fact one of the few places in the world with functioning original Turkish bathhouses dating back to the 16th century, like Rudas Baths or Király Baths. Budapest is home to the northernmost place where the tomb of influential Islamic Turkish Sufi Dervish, Gül Baba is found. Various cultures converged in Hungary seemed to coalesce well with each other, as if all these different cultures and architecture styles are digested into Hungary's own way of cultural blend. A precedent to show the city's self-conscious is the top section of the city's main square, named as Szechenyi. When Turks came to the city, they built mosques here which was aggressively replaced with Gothic church of St. Bertalan. The rationale of reusing the base of the former Islamic building mosque and reconstruction into Gothic Church but Islamic style architecture over it is typically Islamic are still visible. An official term for the rationale is spolia. The mosque was called the djami of Pasha Gazi Kassim, and djami means mosque in Arabic. After Turks and Muslims were expelled and massacred from Budapest, the site was reoccupied by Christians and reformed into a church, the Inner City Parish Church (Budapest). The minaret and Turkish entranceway were removed. The shape of the architecture is its only hint of exotic past—"two surviving prayer niches facing Mecca and an ecumenical symbol atop its cupola: a cross rising above the Turkish crescent moon".
After 1686, the Baroque architecture designated the dominant style of art in catholic countries from the 17th century to the 18th century. There are many Baroque-style buildings in Budapest and one of the finest examples of preserved Baroque-style architecture is the Church of St. Anna in Batthyhány square. An interesting part of Budapest is the less touristy Óbuda, the main square of which also has some beautiful preserved historic buildings with Baroque façades. The Castle District is another place to visit where the best-known landmark Buda Royal Palace and many other buildings were built in the Baroque style.
The Classical architecture and Neoclassical architecture are the next in the timeline. Budapest had not one but two architects that were masters of the Classicist style. Mihály Pollack (1773–1855) and József Hild (1789–1867), built many beautiful Classicist-style buildings in the city. Some of the best examples are the Hungarian National Museum, the Lutheran Church of Budavár (both designed by Pollack) and the seat of the Hungarian president, the Sándor Palace. The most iconic and widely known Classicist-style attraction in Budapest is the Széchenyi Chain Bridge. Budapest's two most beautiful Romantic architecture buildings are the Great Synagogue in Dohány Street and the Vigadó Concert Hall on the Danube Promenade, both designed by architect Frigyes Feszl (1821–1884). Another noteworthy structure is the Budapest Western Railway Station, which was designed by August de Serres and built by the Eiffel Company of Paris in 1877.
Art Nouveau came into fashion in Budapest by the exhibitions which were held in and around 1896 and organised in connection with the Hungarian Millennium celebrations. Art Nouveau in Hungary (Szecesszió in Hungarian) is a blend of several architectural styles, with a focus on Hungary's specialities. One of the leading Art Nouveau architects, Ödön Lechner (1845–1914), was inspired by Indian and Syrian architecture as well as traditional Hungarian decorative designs. One of his most beautiful buildings in Budapest is the Museum of Applied Arts. Another examples for Art Nouveau in Budapest is the Gresham Palace in front of the Chain Bridge, the Hotel Gellért, the Franz Liszt Academy of Music or Budapest Zoo and Botanical Garden.
The second half of the 20th century also saw, under the communist regime, the construction of blocks of flats (panelház), as in other Eastern European countries. In the 21st century, Budapest faces new challenges in its architecture. The pressure towards the high-rise buildings is unequivocal among today's world cities, but preserving Budapest's unique cityscape and its very diverse architecture, along with green areas, forces Budapest to balance between them. The Contemporary architecture has wide margin in the city. Public spaces attract heavy investment by business and government also, so that the city has gained entirely new (or renovated and redesigned) squares, parks and monuments, for example the city central Kossuth Lajos square, Deák Ferenc square and Liberty Square. Numerous landmarks are created in the last decade in Budapest, like the National Theatre, Palace of Arts, Rákóczi Bridge, Megyeri Bridge, Budapest Airport Sky Court among others, and millions of square meters of new office buildings and apartments. But there are still large opportunities in real estate development in the city.
Most of today's Budapest is the result of a late-nineteenth-century renovation, but the wide boulevards laid out then only bordered and bisected much older quarters of activity created by centuries of Budapest's evolution as a city. Budapest's vast urban area is often described using a set of district names. These are either informal designations, reflecting the names of villages that have been absorbed by sprawl, or are superseded administrative units of former boroughs. Such names have remained in use through tradition, each referring to a local area with its own distinctive character, but without official boundaries. Originally Budapest had 10 districts after coming into existence upon the unification of the three cities in 1873. Since 1950, Greater Budapest has been divided into 22 boroughs (and 23 since 1994). At that time there were changes both in the order of districts and in their sizes. The city now consists of 23 districts, 6 in Buda, 16 in Pest and 1 on Csepel Island between them. The city centre itself, in its broadest sense, comprises Districts V, VI, VII, VIII, IX and XIII on the Pest side, and I, II, XI and XII on the Buda side of the city.
District I is a small area in central Buda, including the historic Buda Castle. District II is also in Buda, in the northwest, and District III stretches along the northernmost part of Buda. To reach District IV, one must cross the Danube to Pest (the eastern side), where it occupies the northernmost point. With District V, another circle begins, located right in the absolute centre of Pest. Districts VI, VII, VIII and IX are the neighbouring areas to the east, going southwards, one after the other. District X is another, more external circle, also in Pest, while one must jump to the Buda side again to find Districts XI and XII, going northwards. No other districts in this circle remain in Buda. We must retrace our steps to Pest again to find Districts XIII, XIV, XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX and XX (mostly external parts of the city ), lying almost regularly in a semicircle, going southwards again. District XXI is the extension of the above circle between two branches of the Danube, the northern tip of a long island south of Budapest. District XXII is still on the same circle in southwest Buda, and finally District XXIII is again in southernmost Pest, irregular only because it was part of District XX until 1994.
Budapest is the most populous city in Hungary and one of the largest cities in the European Union, with a growing number of inhabitants, estimated at 1,763,913 in 2019, whereby inward migration exceeds outward migration. These trends are also seen throughout the Budapest metropolitan area, which is home to 3.3 million people. This amounts to about 34% of Hungary's population. In 2014, the city had a population density of 3,314 people per square kilometre (8,580/sq mi), rendering it the most densely populated of all municipalities in Hungary. The population density of Elisabethtown-District VII is 30,989/km2 (80,260/sq mi), which has the highest population density figure in Hungary and one of the highest in the world. For comparison, the density in Manhattan is 25,846/km2.
Budapest is the fourth most "dynamically growing city" by population in Europe, and the Euromonitor predicts a population increase of almost 10% between 2005 and 2030. The European Observation Network for Territorial Development and Cohesion says Budapest's population will increase by 10% to 30% only due to migration by 2050. A constant inflow of migrants in recent years has fuelled population growth in Budapest. Productivity gains and the relatively large economically active share of the population explain why household incomes have increased in Budapest to a greater extent than in other parts of Hungary. Higher incomes in Budapest are reflected in the lower share of expenditure the city's inhabitants allocate to necessary spending such as on food and non-alcoholic drinks.
According to the 2016 microcensus, there were 1,764,263 people living in Budapest in 907,944 dwellings. Some 1.6 million persons from the metropolitan area may be within Budapest's boundaries during working hours, and during special events. This fluctuation in the population is caused by hundreds of thousands of suburban residents who travel to the city for work, education, health care, and special events.
By ethnicity there were 1,697,039 (96.2%) Hungarians, 34,909 (2%) Germans, 16,592 (0.9%) Romani, 9,117 (0.5%) Romanians and 5,488 (0.3%) Slovaks. In Hungary people can declare multiple ethnic identities, hence the sum may exceed 100%.[150] The share of ethnic Hungarians in Budapest (96.2%) is slightly lower than the national average (98.3%) due to the international migration.
According to the 2011 census, 1,712,153 people (99.0%) speak Hungarian, of whom 1,692,815 people (97.9%) speak it as a first language, while 19,338 people (1.1%) speak it as a second language. Other spoken (foreign) languages were: English (536,855 speakers, 31.0%), German (266,249 speakers, 15.4%), French (56,208 speakers, 3.3%) and Russian (54,613 speakers, 3.2%).
According to the same census, 1,600,585 people (92.6%) were born in Hungary, 126,036 people (7.3%) outside Hungary while the birthplace of 2,419 people (0.1%) was unknown. Although only 1.7% of the population of Hungary in 2009 were foreigners, 43% of them lived in Budapest, making them 4.4% of the city's population (up from 2% in 2001). Nearly two-thirds of foreigners living in Hungary were under 40 years old. The primary motivation for this age group living in Hungary was employment.
Budapest is home to one of the most populous Christian communities in Central Europe, numbering 698,521 people (40.4%) in 2011.[136] According to the 2011 census, there were 501,117 (29.0%) Roman Catholics, 146,756 (8.5%) Calvinists, 30,293 (1.8%) Lutherans, 16,192 (0.9%) Greek Catholics, 7,925 (0.5%) Jews and 3,710 (0.2%) Orthodox in Budapest. 395,964 people (22.9%) were irreligious while 585,475 people (33.9%) did not declare their religion. The city is also home to one of the largest Jewish communities in Europe.
Budapest is a significant economic hub, classified as a Beta + world city in the study by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network and it is the second fastest-developing urban economy in Europe as GDP per capita in the city increased by 2.4 per cent and employment by 4.7 per cent compared to the previous year in 2014. On national level, Budapest is the primate city of Hungary regarding business and the economy, accounting for 39% of the national income. The city had a gross metropolitan product of more than $100 billion in 2015, making it one of the largest regional economies in the European Union. According to Eurostat GDP, per capita in purchasing power parity is 147% of the EU average in Budapest, which means €37,632 ($42,770) per capita. Budapest is also among the Top 100 GDP performing cities in the world, measured by PricewaterhouseCoopers. The city was named as the 52nd most important business centre in the world in the Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index, ahead of Beijing, São Paulo and Shenzhen and ranking 3rd (out of 65 cities) on the MasterCard Emerging Markets Index. The city is 48th on the UBS The most expensive and richest cities in the world list, standing before cities such as Prague, Shanghai, Kuala Lumpur and Buenos Aires. In a global city competitiveness ranking by the EIU, Budapest stands before Tel Aviv, Lisbon, Moscow and Johannesburg among others.
The city is a major centre for banking and finance, real estate, retailing, trade, transportation, tourism, new media as well as traditional media, advertising, legal services, accountancy, insurance, fashion and the arts in Hungary and regionally. Budapest is home not only to almost all national institutions and government agencies, but also to many domestic and international companies. In 2014 there were 395.804 companies registered in the city. Most of these entities are headquartered in Budapest's Central Business District, in the District V and District XIII. The retail market of the city (and the country) is also concentrated in the downtown area, among others, in the two largest shopping centres in Central and Eastern Europe, the 186,000 sqm WestEnd City Center and the 180,000 sqm Arena Plaza.
Budapest has notable innovation capabilities as a technology and start-up hub. Many start-ups are headquartered and begin their business in the city. Some of the best known examples are Prezi, LogMeIn and NNG. Budapest is the highest ranked Central and Eastern European city in the Innovation Cities' Top 100 index. A good indicator of the city's potential for innovation and research, is that the European Institute of Innovation and Technology chose Budapest for its headquarters, along with the UN, whose Regional Representation for Central Europe office is in the city, responsible for UN operations in seven countries. Moreover, the global aspect of the city's research activity is shown through the establishment of the European Chinese Research Institute in the city. Other important sectors also include, natural science research, information technology and medical research, non-profit institutions, and universities. The leading business schools and universities in Budapest, the Budapest Business School, the CEU Business School and Corvinus University of Budapest offer a whole range of courses in economics, finance and management in English, French, German and Hungarian. The unemployment rate in Budapest is by far the lowest within Hungary. It was 2.7%, with many thousands of employed foreign citizens.
Budapest is among the 25 most visited cities in the world, welcoming more than 4.4 million international visitors each year,[166] therefore the traditional and the congress tourism industry also deserve a mention, as they contribute greatly to the city's economy. The capital is home to many convention centres and there are thousands of restaurants, bars, coffee houses and party places, besides a full range of hotels. As regards restaurants, examples can be found of the highest quality Michelin-starred restaurants, such as Onyx, Costes, Tanti and Borkonyha. The city ranked as the most liveable city in Central and Eastern Europe on EIU's quality of life index in 2010.
The Budapest Stock Exchange, a key institution of publicly offered securities in Hungary and Central and Eastern Europe, is situated in Budapest's CBD at Liberty Square. BSE also trades other securities such as government bonds and derivatives as well as stock options. Large Hungarian multinational corporations headquartered in Budapest are listed on the BSE, for instance the Fortune Global 500 firms MOL Group, the OTP Bank, FHB Bank, Gedeon Richter, Magyar Telekom, CIG Pannonia, Zwack Unicum and more. Nowadays nearly all branches of industry can be found in Budapest. Although there is no particularly special industry in the city's economy, the financial centre role of the city is strong, with nearly 40 major banks being represented in the city including as well as those like Bank of China, KDB Bank and Hanwha Bank, which are unique in the region.
Many international banks and financial service providers also support the financial industry of Budapest, firms such as Citigroup, Morgan Stanley, GE Capital, Deutsche Bank, Sberbank, ING Group, Allianz, KBC Group, UniCredit and MSCI among others. Another particularly strong industry in the capital city is the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry. There are also traditionally strong domestic companies in Budapest such as Egis, Gedeon Richter, Chinoin as well as international biotechnology corporations such as Pfizer, Teva, Novartis, Sanofi, which also have R&D and production divisions here. Further high-tech industries, involved in software development and engineering are notable as well. Nokia, Ericsson, Bosch, Microsoft and IBM employ thousands of engineers in research and development in the city. Game design is also strongly represented with headquarters of domestic companies Digital Reality, Black Hole and the studios of Crytek and Gameloft. Apart from the above, there are regional headquarters of global firms such as Alcoa, General Motors, General Electric, ExxonMobil, BP, BT, Flextronics, Panasonic, Huawei, Knorr-Bremse, Liberty Global, Tata Consultancy, Aegon, WizzAir, TriGránit, MVM Group and Graphisoft. There is a base for major international companies including, but not limited to, Nissan CEE, Volvo, Saab and Ford.
As the capital of Hungary, Budapest is the seat of the country's national government. The President of Hungary resides at the Sándor Palace in the District I (Buda Castle District), while the office of the Hungarian Prime Minister is in the Carmelite Monastery in the Castle District. Government ministries are all located in various parts of the city, most of them are in the District V, Leopoldtown. The National Assembly is seated in the Hungarian Parliament, which also located in the District V. The President of the National Assembly, the third-highest public official in Hungary, is also seated in the largest building in the country, in the Hungarian Parliament.
Hungary's highest courts are located in Budapest. The Curia (supreme court of Hungary), the highest court in the judicial order, which reviews criminal and civil cases, is located in the District V, Leopoldtown. Under the authority of its president it has three departments: criminal, civil and administrative-labour law departments. Each department has various chambers. The Curia guarantees the uniform application of law. The decisions of the Curia on uniform jurisdiction are binding for other courts.[172] The second most important judicial authority, the National Judicial Council, is also housed in the District V, with the tasks of controlling the financial management of the judicial administration and the courts and giving an opinion on the practice of the president of the National Office for the Judiciary and the Curia deciding about the applications of judges and court leaders, among others. The Constitutional Court of Hungary is one of the highest level actors independent of the politics in the country. The Constitutional Court serves as the main body for the protection of the Constitution, its tasks being the review of the constitutionality of statutes. The Constitutional Court performs its tasks independently. With its own budget and its judges being elected by Parliament it does not constitute a part of the ordinary judicial system. The constitutional court passes on the constitutionality of laws, and there is no right of appeal on these decisions.
Budapest hosts the main and regional headquarters of many international organizations as well, including United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, European Institute of Innovation and Technology, European Police Academy, International Centre for Democratic Transition, Institute of International Education, International Labour Organization, International Organization for Migration, International Red Cross, Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe, Danube Commission and even others. The city is also home to more than 100 embassies and representative bodies as an international political actor.
Environmental issues have a high priority among Budapest's politics. Institutions such as the Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe, located in Budapest, are very important assets. To decrease the use of cars and greenhouse gas emissions, the city has worked to improve public transportation, and nowadays the city has one of the highest mass transit usage in Europe. Budapest has one of the best public transport systems in Europe with an efficient network of buses, trolleys, trams and subway. Budapest has an above-average proportion of people commuting on public transport or walking and cycling for European cities. Riding on bike paths is one of the best ways to see Budapest – there are about 180 kilometres (110 miles) of bicycle paths in the city, fitting into the EuroVelo system.
Crime in Budapest is investigated by different bodies. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime notes in their 2011 Global Study on Homicide that, according to criminal justice sources, the homicide rate in Hungary, calculated based on UN population estimates, was 1.4 in 2009, compared to Canada's rate of 1.8 that same year. The homicide rate in Budapest is below the EU capital cities' average according to WHO also. However, organised crime is associated with the city, the Institute of Defence in a UN study named Budapest as one of the "global epicentres" of illegal pornography, money laundering and contraband tobacco, and also a negotiation center for international crime group leaders.
Budapest has been a metropolitan municipality with a mayor-council form of government since its consolidation in 1873, but Budapest also holds a special status as a county-level government, and also special within that, as holds a capital-city territory status. In Budapest, the central government is responsible for the urban planning, statutory planning, public transport, housing, waste management, municipal taxes, correctional institutions, libraries, public safety, recreational facilities, among others. The Mayor is responsible for all city services, police and fire protection, enforcement of all city and state laws within the city, and administration of public property and most public agencies. Besides, each of Budapest' twenty-three districts has its own town hall and a directly elected council and the directly elected mayor of district.
The Mayor of Budapest is Gergely Karácsony who was elected on 13 October 2019. The mayor and members of General Assembly are elected to five-year terms. The Budapest General Assembly is a unicameral body consisting of 33 members, which consist of the 23 mayors of the districts, 9 from the electoral lists of political parties, plus Mayor of Budapest (the Mayor is elected directly). Each term for the mayor and assembly members lasts five years. Submitting the budget of Budapest is the responsibility of the Mayor and the deputy-mayor in charge of finance. The latest, 2014 budget was approved with 18 supporting votes from ruling Fidesz and 14 votes against by the opposition lawmakers.
Main sights and tourism
Budapest is widely known for its well-kept pre-war cityscape, with a great variety of streets and landmarks in classical architecture.
The most well-known sight of the capital is the neo-Gothic Parliament, the biggest building in Hungary with its 268 metres (879 ft) length, also holding (since 2001) the Hungarian Crown Jewels.
Saint Stephen's Basilica is the most important religious building of the city, where the Holy Right Hand of Hungary's first king, Saint Stephen is on display as well.
The Hungarian cuisine and café culture can be seen and tasted in a lot of places, like Gerbeaud Café, the Százéves, Biarritz, Fortuna, Alabárdos, Arany Szarvas, Kárpátia and the world-famous Mátyás-pince restaurants and beer bars.
There are Roman remains at the Aquincum Museum, and historic furniture at the Nagytétény Castle Museum, just 2 out of 223 museums in Budapest. Another historical museum is the House of Terror, hosted in the building that was the venue of the Nazi Headquarters. The Castle Hill, the River Danube embankments and the whole of Andrássy út have been officially recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Castle Hill and the Castle District; there are three churches here, six museums, and a host of interesting buildings, streets and squares. The former Royal Palace is one of the symbols of Hungary – and has been the scene of battles and wars ever since the 13th century. Nowadays it houses two museums and the National Széchenyi Library. The nearby Sándor Palace contains the offices and official residence of the President of Hungary. The seven-hundred-year-old Matthias Church is one of the jewels of Budapest, it is in neo-Gothic style, decorated with coloured shingles and elegant pinnacles. Next to it is an equestrian statue of the first king of Hungary, King Saint Stephen, and behind that is the Fisherman's Bastion, built in 1905 by the architect Frigyes Schulek, the Fishermen's Bastions owes its name to the namesake corporation that during the Middle Ages was responsible of the defence of this part of ramparts, from where opens out a panoramic view of the whole city. Statues of the Turul, the mythical guardian bird of Hungary, can be found in both the Castle District and the Twelfth District.
In Pest, arguably the most important sight is Andrássy út. This Avenue is an elegant 2.5 kilometres (2 miles) long tree-lined street that covers the distance from Deák Ferenc tér to the Heroes Square. This Avenue overlooks many important sites. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. As far as Kodály körönd and Oktogon both sides are lined with large shops and flats built close together. Between there and Heroes' Square the houses are detached and altogether grander. Under the whole runs continental Europe's oldest Underground railway, most of whose stations retain their original appearance. Heroes' Square is dominated by the Millenary Monument, with the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in front. To the sides are the Museum of Fine Arts and the Kunsthalle Budapest, and behind City Park opens out, with Vajdahunyad Castle. One of the jewels of Andrássy út is the Hungarian State Opera House. Statue Park, a theme park with striking statues of the Communist era, is located just outside the main city and is accessible by public transport.
The Dohány Street Synagogue is the largest synagogue in Europe, and the second largest active synagogue in the world. The synagogue is located in the Jewish district taking up several blocks in central Budapest bordered by Király utca, Wesselényi utca, Grand Boulevard and Bajcsy Zsilinszky road. It was built in moorish revival style in 1859 and has a seating capacity of 3,000. Adjacent to it is a sculpture reproducing a weeping willow tree in steel to commemorate the Hungarian victims of the Holocaust.
The city is also home to the largest medicinal bath in Europe (Széchenyi Medicinal Bath) and the third largest Parliament building in the world, once the largest in the world. Other attractions are the bridges of the capital. Seven bridges provide crossings over the Danube, and from north to south are: the Árpád Bridge (built in 1950 at the north of Margaret Island); the Margaret Bridge (built in 1901, destroyed during the war by an explosion and then rebuilt in 1948); the Chain Bridge (built in 1849, destroyed during World War II and then rebuilt in 1949); the Elisabeth Bridge (completed in 1903 and dedicated to the murdered Queen Elisabeth, it was destroyed by the Germans during the war and replaced with a new bridge in 1964); the Liberty Bridge (opened in 1896 and rebuilt in 1989 in Art Nouveau style); the Petőfi Bridge (completed in 1937, destroyed during the war and rebuilt in 1952); the Rákóczi Bridge (completed in 1995). Most remarkable for their beauty are the Margaret Bridge, the Chain Bridge and the Liberty Bridge. The world's largest panorama photograph was created in (and of) Budapest in 2010.
Tourists visiting Budapest can receive free maps and information from the nonprofit Budapest Festival and Tourism Center at its info-points. The info centers also offer the Budapest Card which allows free public transit and discounts for several museums, restaurants and other places of interest. Cards are available for 24-, 48- or 72-hour durations. The
Rolleiflex Integral
80mm 2.8 Planar HFT Rollei
Foma 100
RO9 Dev.11 min
Canoscan 9000F Mll
ice wine (grape) harvest Ilok Croatia
yellow filter Rollei
Ilok Castle (Croatian: Iločki dvorac or Gradina Ilok) or Odescalchi Castle overlooks the town of Ilok in eastern Croatia. It is built on a hill above the town centre, offering views on the Danube and the Pannonian Plain.
The castle was originally built in the 15th century by Nicholas of Ilok, Croatian viceroy and the king of Bosnia. The Ottomans conquered Ilok in the 16th century. After the victory against the Ottomans at the Battle of Vienna in 1683, the Emperor Leopold I granted the castle, significant properties and the title of the Duke of Syrmia to Livio Odescalchi, nephew of Pope Innocent XI and a member of the powerful Italian aristocratic Odescalchi family, which would own the castle for the next two centuries. In the 18th century, the Odescalchis reconstructed the castle in the Baroque style. The castle was nationalized by authorities of Yugoslavia in 1945. After a restoration, it was opened to visitors in 2010. The lower two floors host the Museum of the Town of Ilok. Wine cellars of the castle are among the most famous in Croatia.
--------------------------------
4376 Vienac1880 Iločka gradina Risao prof. Ernest Kramberger str 125. Br. 8 Zabavi i pouci Tečaj XII. Uredjuje ga August Šenoa, a izdaje dionička tiskara 1880. u Zagrebu Tisak dioničke tiskare.
iz Vienac 1880 god. : "Iločka gradina (K slici). Kad se najčarobniji predieli mile domovine naše nabrajaju, onda se modju prvimi spominje hrvatski Sriem. Njegova prirodna krasota od vajkada je nukala narode, da se za nj otimlju kao djeca za rumenu jabuku. Odtud i polazi te je Sriem tečajem vjekova množinu gospodara promienio. Najsjajniju prošlost proživio je on nedvojbeno za doba rimsko. Divni položaj njegov medj Dunavom, Savom i jednim dielom Bosuta; njegovo romantične gorje (Monsalmus - Frankavilla - Fruška gora) sa stoljetnim hrašćem; njegova, upravo razkošna plodovitost; njegovo blago i umiljato podnebje - sve to začaralo je Rimljane tako, da su ga prozvali „deliciae Romanorum". A da taj pridjevak što većma zavriedi, gojili su ga i njegovali u svakom pogledu. Tako uz Dunav, a na podnožju Fruške gore, podigoše tvrde, nove, gradove; stare gradove opet poljepšaše ; pusta mjesta napučiše i naseliše; drumove i puteve svud sazidaše i zasjekoše. U kratko: Sriem bijaše za dobe rimske pravim perivojem. On je Rimu podao četiri vladara, a Probo bi onaj med njimi, koj je prvi vinovu lozu zasadio na Fruškoj gori. Bujica seoba narodnih razvalila je po gdjekoj vriedni tvor ukusno rimske ruke; gospodstvo Franaka, Bizantinaca, Madjara i Turaka promienilo je mnogo toga u liepom Sriemu; ali prirodna krasota ostade mu do danas. Još uviek ga oblieva veličanstveni Dunav, srebrna Sava i tihotni Bosut; još uviek se zelene bujne šume Fruškoga gorja, u kojega krilu bjelasaju se gostoljubni samostani; još uviek kapljica žarkoga i mirisnoga vina ogrieva sriemskoga Hrvata sjećajuć ga junačkih Rimljana, koji ju ovdje zasadiše ! Medju spomenici dobe rimske prvo zauzimlju mjesto gradovi, a medju timi gradovi jedno od prvih mjesta zaprema Ilok. Ilok liepo je i bogato trgovište na podnožju vinorodne gore Fruške; polom leži na briegu, a polom u nizini kraj Dunava. Broji danas 600 kuća i 3800 stanovnika. Stari su ga Rimljani okružili visokimi utvrdami i kulami, a uz to su ga providili vodovodom. Za onda se zvao Cuccium ... Kad je postao priestolnicom sriemskih vojvoda bude znatno poljepšan i jače utvrdjen. K tomu je najviše doprineo vojvoda Lovro Ujlak sin Nikole bana mačvanskoga. Po njem dobi i današnje ime. Zvalo ga takodjer: Ujlak Vilak i Vojlach. U njem su stajale palača gospodujućeg vojvode, katedralna crkva i dvor biskupa sriemskih, samostan pustinjaka reda sv. Augustina, samostan duvnâ reda sv. Klare, samostan braće reda sv. Franje države kapistranske i mnoge druge znatne zgrade. Grad je imao takodjer ogromne lagume i podrume, koji se još danas vidjeti mogu. Godine 1526. umre Lovro, a iste godine sbudne se poznata bitka na muhačkom polju, koja je imala i to za posljedicu, da je Sriem od Turaka užasno opustošen bio, a Ilok da je, velikim dielom razvaljen, postao sielom Ali paše ... Za vlade Leopolda I. budu Turci izagnani iz Sriema, a Ilok kao carsko dobro poklonjen Levinu Odeskalku, koj je primio i naslov vojvode sriemskog. Od spomenutih zgrada stoji danas samo palača vojvoda sriemskih i oštećena ponešto crkva franciskanska sa okolnimi zidovi i tornjem. Ostalo sve je razvalina kao što se to vidi na slici našoj, za koju srdačno zahvaljujemo profesoru E. Krambergeru, kojega je vješta ruka umjela te spomenike prošlosti iločke toli liepo za naš list nacrtati. Možda će vjerna slika mnogoga, koj imade sredstva i smisla za panoramu dražestnih i zanimivih prediela, potaknuti, da putuje Sriemom i da razgleda Ilok, kojega gradine ponosno se jošte koče, te se nedadu ni od bure ni od kiše raztočiti, samo da se što dulje naužiju gledajuć daleko po čarobnoj okolini. Bilo bi to tim vriednije, što se u palači kneževoj vidjeti mogu znamenite neke starine i krasna knjižnica, a u crkvi franjevačkoj grobovi kneza Lovre i slavnih junaka hrvatskih: Sibinjanin Janka te Ivana Kapistrana. Putuje se kojekuda po svietu - a domovinu nam moraju izpitivati stranci!!"
-------------------------
morton1905.blog.hr/oznaka/iloka-gradina-4376-vienac-iloka...
--------
The city of Ilok is a small, pictoresque destination in far east Croatia, on the Danube river. The place one can describe as a slow, easy going tourism destination, hedonism and light activities in unique landscape and nature.
Excavations have brought to light the remains from Stone, Copper and Bronze Ages. Different artefacts from the Roman period have also been found due to the fact that Ilok was an important Roman bordering-guarding (Danube) limes military fortress (castrum) and civil village named “Cuccium”. Danube port in Ilok in Roman time was one of the main connections to transport goods for the Emperor seat town Syrmium (via Alma mons roads). Most of the interesting and important artefacts are in the permanent castle-museum exhibition, also in the atrium and outside “in situ”- for example roman sarqofagues...
I captured this image with my iPhone 14 Pro Max while on an excursion to the Fruska Gora Winery in Ilok, Croatia. This is the end of the cellar. The cellar was almost dungeon-like...
Old fortress above the small town of Srebrenik (if translated to English: Silvertown) in north-eastern Bosnia, existing from well before 1460's, but exact date of when it had been built remains unknown. The following text has been found on www.nerda.ba/mir/mirnerda.php?o=srebrenik&j=ENG :
The first historical mention of Srebrenik dates from 1333. The first written document about this medieval town is the Stjepan II Kotromanic Charter from 15.02.1333., in which he, as the Ban of Bosnia, gives Ston and Rat to Dubrovnik, in oder to establish and confirm good relations and open trade routes between Bosnia and Dubrovnik. During this period of territorial expansion of Bosnia under the rule of the Kotromanics, Srebrenik was a capital of the medieval Bosnia, encompassing the wide area bounded by the Sava river from the north, Zadar and Knin from the west and Herceg Novi from the southest. In October 1464, the Hungarian king Matia Korvin with his army invaded northeastern Bosnia and took over Srebrenik. From the parts he took, he formed Banovina of Srebrenik, ruled by the military principles and appointed Croatian nobleman, Nikola of Ilok, as the chief captain of Banovina.
There are two historical versions related to the Ottoman conquest of Srebrenik. According to one, Srebrenik was taken in 1512, together with Teocak. The other version says that Srebrenik was taken together with Sokol and Tesanj in 1521 by the Bosnian sanjak bey Feriz. Although there are no precise data, it can be assumed that the Srebrenik old town and its fortress were built during the Hungarian rule over Bosnia, while some parts, such as a mosque were added by the Ottomans.
After the Ottoman rule, throughout the period ruled by the Austro Hungarians and followed by the period of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Srebrenik lost its strategic importance. Only after the World War II, with the construction of the railroad Brcko Banovici and road Zupanja -Sarajevo- Opuzen, Srebrenik will regain importance and get impuls for revival and progress.
For some more info on Srebrenik in Bosnian, go to www.srebrenik.ba/index.php?option=com_content&task=bl...
"St John was born in Capistrano in the Abruzzi in 1386. He studied law at Perugia and for some time held the office of a judge. He joined the Friars Minor and was ordained. He travelled throughout Germany, Poland, Transylvania, Moldavia, and Russia, leading an apostolic life, strengthening Christian morals and combating heresy.
When the Turks were invading Europe in the wake of the fall of Constantinople, they laid siege to Belgrade, then a border fort of the kingdom of Hungary. John preached a crusade against them and took part in the battle on 22 July 1456 in which John Hunyadi, his army and John’s peasant crusaders lifted the siege and defeated the Turks, keeping Christian Europe safe from Turkish invasion for the next 70 years.
Plague spread through the camp and John died of it, at Ilok, in what is now Croatia, on 23 October 1456. He is the patron saint of military chaplains".
This stained glass window of the saint is in the Franciscan Monastery in Washington DC.
I captured this image with my iPhone 14 Pro Max while on an excursion to the Fruska Gora Winery in Ilok, Croatia. This is the beginning of the wine storage area.
This is taken few hours ago. Light you can see is a place called Ilok, and that reflection is a river Dunav. It`s a actual border between two countries Serbia (mine) and Croatia.
Pulpit on the north wall of the church, next to the tomb of the Széchenyis, is a part of Hungarian history, because of Giovanni di Capestrano, i.e. János Kapistzrán (1386– 1456) announced the campaign against the Turks in Hungary. He left Buda on April 15, 1456 to announcd the crusade against Turks throughout the country, and thus arrived in Sopron. He probably gave his sermon and exhortation on the Main Square, from that particular wooden pulpit, which was later covered with marble and is today one of the valuable and precious pieces of the church.
The triumph in the battle of Belgrade took place in July 1456. Just three weeks later, on August 11, the "Turkish beater" János Hunyadi died of the plague, and at the end of October, János Kapistzrán also died of the plague in the Franciscan monastery of Ujlak (Ilok) in present-day Croatia. He was also buried here in the clothes adorned with a cross given to him by the Pope, but he could not rest in peace for long, because when the Turks invaded here in 1526, the body of János Kapistzrán was taken to the Franciscan monastery in Nagyszőlős. During the Reformation, when the feudal lord of Nagyszőlős converted to the Protestant faith, the monastery was ransacked, the monks were killed or driven away, the relics in the church, including probably the remains of János Kapistzrán, were also thrown into the well of the priory - the corpse was lost forever...