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Sonmarg is a popular tourist destination in Kashmir. Vehicles driving from Srinagar to Ladakh usually take their first halt at
Sonmarg. It is mainly popular for the Thajiwas glacier and the streams that the glacier melt creates.
By the time we went in late summer, the glacier had almost melted. Streams were flowing in full force. Gujjars, the nomadic shepherds had set up their camps around this stream. Their colorful tents are seen here in the background.
Read more of the life in Kashmir at People of the valley: Kashmir.
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We met a Gujjar family while walking up a hilly trail in Chatpal.
Head of the family then made a request for one special picture – a photo with his youngest daughter.
Fathers and daughters everywhere really do share a special bond!
Read more of the life in Kashmir at People of the valley: Kashmir
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We wish everyone a Merry Christmas! May everyone's lives be filled with joy and happiness as pure as these kids' laughter.
Kids from Rajouri, Kashmir, India
We met these Gujjar kids on our way to the Thajiwas Glacier in Sonmarg. Gujjars are a nomadic tribe of shepherds who move up to the greener pastures in the hills in the summer. Come winter, they move down to the plains with their entire households and flocks. Due to this lifestyle, the kids usually miss out on conventional schooling. These kids had attended a nomadic school and as proof, they recited to us the alphabet, numbers and also some song and dance. They were happy to receive chocolates as their award.
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We met these Gujjar kids on our way to the Thajiwas Glacier in Sonmarg. Gujjars are a nomadic tribe of shepherds who move up to the greener pastures in the hills in the summer. Come winter, they move down to the plains with their entire households and flocks.
Due to this lifestyle, the kids usually miss out on conventional schooling. These kids had attended a nomadic school and as proof, they recited to us the alphabet, numbers and also some song and dance. They were happy to receive chocolates as their award.
Read full story on Kids of the hills
More on Gujjars
Camera Canon EOS 5D Taken on July 3, 2013
Winner of Yahoo Picture of the Day 17th December 2013 - UK | Germany | Spain | France | Italy
Featured in #TwitterTuesday: Smile, Yahoo - Children from Around The World slide show.
Deutsch
Wir trafen diese Kinder auf dem Weg zum Thajiwas-Gletscher in Sonmarg. Die Gujjar sind ein Nomadenstamm , im Sommer leben Sie auf den grünen Wiesen hoch in den Bergen. Im Winter wandern Sie hinab in das Tal mit Sack und Pack. Wegen dieser Lebensweise haben die Kinder natürlich keine gewöhnliche Schule oder Unterrichtszeiten. Diese Kinder besuchen aber eine Nomadenschule und als Beweis dafür, sagten Sie uns das Alphabet auf, fingen an zu zählen und sangen sogar ein Lied und tanzten dazu. Sie waren überglücklich als Belohnung ihres Wissens von uns etwas Schokolade zu bekommen.
Español
Nos encontramos a estos niños en nuestro camino al glaciar Thajiwas en Sonmarg. Los gujjar son una tribu nómada de pastores que se trasladan a los pastos más verdes de las colinas en verano. Cuando viene el invierno, se desplazan a las llanuras la familia entera con los rebaños. Debido a su estilo de vida, los niños normalmente no reciben una escolarización convencional. Han asistido a escuelas nómadas y como prueba, nos recitaron el alfabeto, los números y también alguna canción y baile. Se alegraron de recibir chocolates como premio.
Français
Nous avons rencontré ces enfants sur la route des glaciers de Thajiwas dans la station de Sonmarg en Inde. Les Gujjars sont une tribu de bergers nomades qui se déplacent vers les pâturages des collines durant l'été. L'hiver venu, ils partent vers les plaines avec toute leur famille et leur troupeau. En raison de ce mode de vie, les enfants manquent souvent l'école. Les enfants sur la photo, avaient fréquenté une école nomade et pour nous le prouver, ils nous ont récité tout l'alphabet, récité les chiffres et ils ont chanté et dansé. Ils étaient heureux de recevoir des chocolats en récompense.
Italiano
Abbiamo incontrato questi ragazzini durante il nostro viaggio verso il ghiacciaio Thajiwas a Sonmarg. I Gujjar sono una tribù nomade di pastori che in estate si sposta sulle colline, verso i pascoli più verdi. Quando giunge l'inverno, migrano poi verso la pianura con tutte le loro famiglie e le greggi. Per via di questo stile di vita i bambini di solito non sono soggetti a una scolarizzazione convenzionale. Questi ragazzi, per esempio, avevano frequentato una scuola nomade e per darcene prova hanno recitato per noi l'alfabeto, i numeri e hanno anche improvvisato qualche canzone e una danza. Erano felici di ricevere cioccolatini in premio.
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Also featured on : c-u-l-t-u-r-e-s
The 15th century Gujari Mahal was built by Kind Man Singh Tomar for his youngest wife, Mriganayani, who belonged to Gujjar tribe and demanded separate palace for her and availability of drinking water from Rai river from her native place.
The palace was decorated with artefacts of Hindu and Jain culture ranging from the 2nd century.
The palace has been converted into a museum.
Taken in Gwalior, Madhyapradesh, India
Views of the stunningly beautiful Aru Valley in Kashmir.
Aru is a grassland surrounded by a gorge on one side. It is 12 km from Pahalgam. Aru is a beautiful shaded valley of the Lidder river. Encircling and protecting Aru, are the conifer- spread mountains with occasional flash of high, snow-covered peaks rising against the blue sky. Aru is one of the most beautiful hill resorts of Kashmir and is still, serene and idyllic. There are small hamlets of wood-and-stone houses, some of them in the typical Gujjar-shepherd style with flat roofs, squat and backed against the hillside. Towering at a height of approximately 2408 meters, it follows the shepherds' trail to the high Kashmiri meadows.
Bakarwal (or Bakharwal) is a nomadic tribe based in the Himalayan mountains of South Asia. They are mainly goatherds and shepherds.
Taken recently on my trip to Srinagar…
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Meeting the Gujjars, in the Kashmir Valley of Kashmir.
Gujjars (also known as Gurjars) entered India along with White Huns in 5th century A.D. from central Asia. Some of their clan names such as Hun, Aftali, etc. indicate that they were a part of the Hun tribe. They established their rule in present day Rajasthan by the name Gurjaratra in the 7th century A.D. Mihr Bhoja became their great emperor, who expanded the Gujjar ruled area to almost the entire northwestern part of India.There are several places in India and Pakistan named after their caste name as well as their different clans names such as Gujarat, Gujjaranwala, Gujjarkhan, Gujargarh, Gujarpur, Basigujjaran, Chachian, Khatanian, Kharian, Hunwara and many others. Three states ruled by Gujjar kings were even present at the time of Independence Day of India in 1947, which got merged into India along with other states later on.
In Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal areas, Gujjars are mostly pastoral nomads, having no villages or other permanent settlements. They roam behind their herds of cattle on carts and horses and make their temporary settlements under tents in forest areas. They move to high altitude hills in summer and come back to the pastoral grounds of the lowlands in winter. In Haryana and Rajasthan and Gujarat a very small section of Gujjars is semi nomadic while the rest of them in these areas and other areas are well settled people participating in animal husbandry and agriculture. Gujjars of some areas are also viewed by other people as a community of criminals such as cattle thieves, horse thieves and looters. However, this is a misconception. Some of them are very well-to-do and rich landlords. Generally Gujjars are tall, strong and sturdy people with fair skin color and sharp features. They are considered wrestlers from birth in some areas while their other favorite sport is to lift huge, heavy stones. They are also good horse riders.
It was a dream of Tarrar Sb to see Ratti Gali and we were also inspired a lot from this dream and we get a chance to fulfill this dream and ratti gali lake proved itself a dream lake and its trek was really stunning, this shot is one of the best example and same shot has been uploaded by Nadeem Khawar Sb and I have just followed him.
While sleeping at night on first day campsite, the only thing which came in my mind was to return back from here. Earlier, we had faced bad attitude of porters, unfriendly behavior of Gujjar’s, unavailability of bread in villages and most of all, the unplanned glacier road blockage. Our four team members have already returned back on day one. Among them, one of our team members Tanwir Jogi got seriously ill because of diarrhea and have to return back to Soch village, even before the start of trek. Everything bad was happening with us.
On second day morning, when I opened my eyes, I saw five out of eight of our team members were preparing to return back from here. They did not wanted to waste more days on this journey. I asked from Rashid bhi a friend of mine from Faisalabad and my brother Salman what we should do now. Would, we go further from here or also returned back with rest. Both asked me whatever decision has to be taken, that need to be carried out by me and they will be agreed on it. Salman came to me and said, at least we should gave a try and let the other members returned. He further said, It might be happened that we could never able to visit this place again in our lives. I decided we three will continue the journey ahead. We revised our plan and decided to attempt North east pass for entering Sirkhata valley. This pass was earlier discussed with me by one of the icon of mountaineering Ahmed Mujtaba. According to him it is tough one. From top of this mountain pass there are three further routes extends: one extends towards Manusar Lake the other one enters into upstream of Jalkot nala valley and third one which we have attempted was upstream of Sirkhata valey..
The joy after returning from Saiful Malook trek on 10-12 feet snow.I love to accept the chellanges.
Photo Taken By Ok Lodhi
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Rashid Dar, was our guide on a forest trek near Yusmarg. He had lived quite an adventurous life so far. The forests surrounding Yusmarg were like his backyard and he was an expert at finding trails in the forest.
Read full story on : People of the valley: Kashmir
I met Naran Singh Ji at the preparations for the Chandrabagha Mela in Jhalawar, Rajasthan. He does not know how old he is but thinks he is about 75. His family breed and sell horses.
The Keoladeo National Park or Keoladeo Ghana National Park formerly known as the Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary in Rajasthan, India is a famous avifauna sanctuary that sees (or saw) thousands of rare and highly endangered birds such as the Siberian Crane come here during the winter season. Over 230 species of birds are known to have made the National Park their home. It is also a major tourist centre with scores of ornithologists arriving here in the hibernal season. It was declared a protected sanctuary in 1971. It is also a declared World Heritage Site.
The sanctuary was created 250 years ago and is named after a Keoladeo (Shiva) temple within its boundaries. Initially, it was a natural depression; and was flooded after the Ajan Bund was constructed by Maharaja Suraj Mal, the then ruler of the princely state of Bharatpur, between 1726 to 1763. The bund was created at the confluence of two rivers, the Gambhir and Banganga. The park was a hunting ground for the maharajas of Bharatpur, a tradition dating back to 1850, and duck shoots were organised yearly in honor of the British viceroys. In one shoot alone in 1938, over 4,273 birds such as mallards and teals were killed by Lord Linlithgow, the then Governor-General of India. After India's independence, the rulers of the princely states were allowed shooting rights until 1972. In 1982, grazing was banned in the park, leading to violent clashes between the local farmer and Gujjar communities and the government.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Views of the stunningly beautiful Aru Valley in Kashmir.
Aru is a grassland surrounded by a gorge on one side. It is 12 km from Pahalgam. Aru is a beautiful shaded valley of the Lidder river. Encircling and protecting Aru, are the conifer- spread mountains with occasional flash of high, snow-covered peaks rising against the blue sky. Aru is one of the most beautiful hill resorts of Kashmir and is still, serene and idyllic. There are small hamlets of wood-and-stone houses, some of them in the typical Gujjar-shepherd style with flat roofs, squat and backed against the hillside. Towering at a height of approximately 2408 meters, it follows the shepherds' trail to the high Kashmiri meadows.
Yes, you guessed it right. The Gujjars originated from Gujarat & settled in Northern India, a few centuries back. You can still pick up many Gujarati words in their dialect. These nomadic people are dependant on their livestock & hence during the summers they shift to the higher parts of the mountains to feed them. They make these unique wooden homes, which are made without any bricks, cement, or steel. Mind you not even a nail is used in constructing these unique temporary stays!
In winter I am told, bears hibernate in them! Careful! 😃
Sunel is a town in Jhalawar district of Rajasthan. There is a lot of space in Muktidham here. Literary scholar Dr. Dayaram Alok Shamgarh provided 5 cement benches to this Muktidham.
This Crematorium is managed by Chensing Gujjar.
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For some baffling reason, we skipped breakfast and set out for a day trek without any supplies. Obviously, very soon, hunger struck.
By then, we were beyond the villages and there were only these Gujjar settlements around. Our guide approached them, and they invited us over for tea. The woman was unwell; they were leaving to see the doctor, around 10km away. All by foot.
And yet, they gave us some hot namkeen chai – salty tea. And apologised for the rush and not being able to serve us anything more!!
Read more stories of such warm hospitality at Friendly families from our travels in Himalayas
...portrait of a woman from a Gujar community, in a remote hamlet in the scrublands of rural Rajasthan, India (new from the archive)
© Handheld Films 2022
Views of the stunningly beautiful Aru Valley in Kashmir.
Aru is a grassland surrounded by a gorge on one side. It is 12 km from Pahalgam. Aru is a beautiful shaded valley of the Lidder river. Encircling and protecting Aru, are the conifer- spread mountains with occasional flash of high, snow-covered peaks rising against the blue sky. Aru is one of the most beautiful hill resorts of Kashmir and is still, serene and idyllic. There are small hamlets of wood-and-stone houses, some of them in the typical Gujjar-shepherd style with flat roofs, squat and backed against the hillside. Towering at a height of approximately 2408 meters, it follows the shepherds' trail to the high Kashmiri meadows.
Udalalji is a doodhwalla - a milk seller. He delivers milk to homes and businesses in Bundi, Rajasthan. I met him after he had finished his work and was enjoying a cup of tea in the bazar with a group of his friends. He teased out his moustache in preparation for the picture!
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(region)
The Punjab (Listeni/pʌnˈdʒɑːb/, /ˈpʌndʒɑːb/, /pʌnˈdʒæb/, /ˈpʌndʒæb/), also spelled Panjab, panj-āb, land of "five rivers"[1] (Punjabi: پنجاب (Shahmukhi); ਪੰਜਾਬ (Gurumukhi)), is a geographical and cultural region in the northern part of South Asia, comprising areas of eastern Pakistan and northern India. Not being a political unit, the extent of the region is the subject of debate and focuses on historical events to determine its boundaries.
The Punjab region has been inhabited by Indus Valley Civilisation, Indo-Aryan peoples, Indo-Scythians and has seen numerous invasions by the Achaemenid Empire, Greeks, Kushan Empire, Ghaznavids, Timurids, Mughals, Afghans, British and others. The foreign invaders mainly targeted the most productive region of Punjab known as the Majha region,[2] located in central part of Punjab, which is also the bedrock of Panjabi culture and traditions.[3] The people of the Punjab today are called Punjabis and their principal language is called Punjabi. The main religions of the Punjab region are Islam, Sikhism and Hinduism. Other religious groups are Christianity, Jainism and Buddhism.
Etymology
History
The name of the region is a compound of two Persian words[1][4] Panj (five) and āb (water) and was introduced to the region by the Turko-Persian conquerors[5] of India and more formally popularised during the Mughal Empire.[6][7] Punjab literally means "(The Land of) Five Waters" referring to the rivers: Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas.[8] All are tributaries of the Indus River, the Chenab being the largest.
Physical geography
There are two main definitions of the Punjab region: the 1947 definition and the older 1846-1849 definition. The third definition incorporates both the 1947 and the older definitions but also includes northern Rajasthan on a linguistic basis and ancient river movements.
1947 definition
The 1947 definition defines the Punjab region with reference to the dissolution of British India whereby the then British Punjab Province was partitioned between India and Pakistan. In Pakistan, the region now includes the Punjab province and Islamabad Capital Territory. In India, it includes the Punjab state, Chandigarh, Haryana[9] and Himachal Pradesh.
Using the 1947 definition, the Punjab region borders Kashmir to the north, Sindh and Rajasthan to the south, the Pashtun region and Balochistan to the west, and the Hindi belt to the east. Accordingly, the Punjab region is very diverse and stretches from the hills of the Kangra Valley to the plains and to the Cholistan Desert.
Major cities
sing the 1947 definition of the Punjab region, some of the major cities of the area include Lahore, Faisalabad and Ludhiana.
The older definition of the Punjab region focuses on the collapse of the Sikh Empire and the creation of the British Punjab province between 1846 and 1849. According to this definition, the Punjab region incorporates, in Pakistan, Azad Kashmir including Bhimber and Mirpur[10] and parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (especially Peshawar[11][12] known in the Punjab region as Pishore).[13] In India the wider definition includes parts of Delhi and Jammu Division.[14][15]
Using the older definition of the Punjab region, the Punjab region covers a large territory and can be divided into five natural areas:[1]
the eastern mountainous region including Jammu Division and Azad Kashmir;
the trans-Indus region including Peshawar;
the central plain with its five rivers;
the north-western region, separated from the central plain by the Salt Range between the Jhelum and the Indus rivers;
the semi-desert to the south of the Sutlej river.
The formation of the Himalayan Range of mountains to the east and north-east of the Punjab is the result of a collision between the north-moving Indo-Australian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. The plates are still moving together, and the Himalayas are rising by about 5mm per year.
The upper regions are snow-covered the whole year. Lower ranges of hills run parallel to the mountains. The Lower Himalayan Range runs from north of Rawalpindi through Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and further south. The mountains are relatively young, and are eroding rapidly. The Indus and the five rivers of the Punjab have their sources in the mountain range and carry loam, minerals and silt down to the rich alluvial plains, which consequently are very fertile.[16]
Major cities
According to the older definition, some of the major cities include Jammu, Peshawar and parts of Delhi.
Greater Punjab
The third definition of the Punjab region adds to the definitions cited above and includes parts of Rajasthan[17][18][19][20] on linguistic lines and taking into consideration the location of the Punjab rivers in ancient times. In particular, the Sri Ganganagar and Hanumangarh districts are included in the Punjab region.
Climate
The climate is a factor contributing to the economy of the Punjab. It is not uniform over the whole region, with the sections adjacent to the Himalayas receiving heavier rainfall than those at a distance.[22]
There are three main seasons and two transitional periods. During the Hot Season, from about mid April to the end of June, the temperature may reach 49˚C. The Monsoon Season, from July to September, is a period of heavy rainfall, providing water for crops in addition to the supply from canals and irrigation systems. The transitional period after the monsoon is cool and mild, leading to the Winter Season, when the temperature in January falls to 5˚C at night and 12˚C by day. During the transitional period from Winter to the Hot Season sudden hailstorms and heavy showers may occur, causing damage to crops.[23]
History
The Punjab region of India and Pakistan has a historical and cultural link to Indo-Aryan peoples as well as partially to various indigenous communities. As a result of several invasions from Central Asia and the Middle East, many ethnic groups and religions make up the cultural heritage of the Punjab.
In prehistoric times, one of the earliest known cultures of South Asia, the Indus Valley Civilisation was located in the region.
The epic battles described in the Mahabharata are described as being fought in what is now the present-day State of Haryana and historic Punjab. The Gandharas, Kambojas, Trigartas, Andhra, Pauravas, Bahlikas (Bactrian settlers of the Punjab), Yaudheyas and others sided with the Kauravas in the great battle fought at Kurukshetra.[24] According to Dr Fauja Singh and Dr L. M. Joshi: "There is no doubt that the Kambojas, Daradas, Kaikayas, Andhra, Pauravas, Yaudheyas, Malavas, Saindhavas and Kurus had jointly contributed to the heroic tradition and composite culture of ancient Punjab".[25]
Menander I Soter (165/155 –130 BC) conqueror of the Punjab, he carved out a Greek kingdom in the Punjab and ruled the Punjab till his death in 130 B.C.[26][27]
In 326 BCE, Alexander the Great invaded the tip of the Punjab from the north (present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan) and defeated King Porus. His armies entered the region via the Hindu Kush in northwest Pakistan and his rule extended up to the city of Sagala (present-day Sialkot in northeast Pakistan). In 305 BCE the area was ruled by the Maurya Empire. In a long line of succeeding rulers of the area, Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka stand out as the most renowned. The Maurya presence in the area was then consolidated in the Indo-Greek Kingdom in 180 BCE. Menander I Soter "The Saviour" (known as Milinda in Indian sources) is the most renowned leader of the era, he conquered the Punjab and made Sagala the capital of his Empire.[26] Menander carved out a Greek kingdom in the Punjab and ruled the region till his death in 130 B.C.[27] The neighbouring Seleucid Empire rule came to an end around 12 BCE, after several invasions by the Yuezhi and the Scythian people.
In 711–713 CE, 18-year-old Arab Sultan Muhammad bin Qasim of Taif, a city in what is now Saudi Arabia, came by way of the Arabian Sea with Arab troops to defeat Raja Dahir. The Sultan then led his troops to conquer the Sindh and Punjab regions for the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate. Qasim was the first to bring Islam to the region.
A section of the Lahore Fort built by the Mughal emperor Akbar.
During the establishment and consolidation of the Muslim Turkic Mughal Empire prosperity, growth, and relative peace were established. Particularly under the reign of Jahangir. Muslim empires ruled the Punjab for approximately 1000 years. The period was also notable for the emergence of Guru Nanak (1469–1539), the founder of Sikhism.
In 1758, Punjab came under the rule of Marathas who captured the region by defeating Afghan forces of Ahmad Shah Abdali. Abdali's Indian invasion weakened the Maratha influence, but he could not defeat the Sikhs. After the death of Ahmad Shah, the Punjab was freed from the Afghan yoke by Sikhs between 1773 and 1818. At the time of the formation of the Dal Khalsa in 1748 at Amritsar, the Punjab had been divided into 36 areas and 12 separate Sikh principalities, called misl. From this point onward, the beginnings of a Punjabi Sikh Empire emerged. Out of the 36 areas, 22 were united by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. The other 14 accepted British sovereignty. After Ranjit Singh's death, assassinations and internal divisions severely weakened the empire. Six years later the British East India Company was given an excuse to declare war and in 1849, after two Anglo-Sikh wars, the Punjab was annexed by the British.
In the Indian Rebellion of 1857 the Sikh rulers backed the East India Company, providing troops and support,[28] but in Jhelum 35 British soldiers of HM XXIV regiment were killed by the local resistance and in Ludhiana a rebellion was crushed with the assistance of the Punjab chiefs of Nabha and Malerkotla.
The British Raj had political, cultural, philosophical and literary consequences in the Punjab, including the establishment of a new system of education. During the independence movement, many Punjabis played a significant role, including Madan Lal Dhingra, Sukhdev Thapar, Ajit Singh Sandhu, Bhagat Singh, Udham Singh, Kartar Singh Sarabha, Bhai Parmanand, Muhammad Iqbal, Chaudhary Rehmat Ali, and Lala Lajpat Rai.
At the time of partition in 1947, the province was split into East and West Punjab. East Punjab (48%) became part of India, while West Punjab (52%) became part of Pakistan.[29] The Punjab bore the brunt of the civil unrest following the British Raj, with casualties estimated to be in millions.
Timeline
3300–1500 BCE: Harappan civilisation
1500–1000 BCE: (Rigvedic) Vedic civilisation
1000–500 BCE: Middle and late Vedic Period
599 BCE: Birth of Mahavira
567–487 BCE: Time of Gautama Buddha
550 BCE – 600 CE: Buddhism remained prevalent
326 BCE: Alexander's Invasion of Punjab
322–298 BCE: Chandragupta I, Maurya period
273–232 BCE: Reign of Ashoka
125–160 BCE: Rise of the Sakas
2 BCE: Beginning of Rule of the Sakas
45–180: Rule of the Kushans
320–550: Gupta Empire
500: Hunnic Invasion
510–650: Vardhana's Era
711–713: Muhammad bin Qasim conquers Sindh and small part of Punjab region
713–1200: Rajput states, Kabul Shahi & small Muslim kinddoms
1206–1290: Mamluk dynasty established by Mohammad Ghori
1290–1320: Khilji dynasty established by Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji
1320–1413: Tughlaq dynasty established by Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
1414–1451: Sayyid dynasty established by Khizr Khan
1451–1526: Lodhi dynasty established by Bahlul Khan Lodhi
1469–1539: Guru Nanak
1526–1707: Mughal rule
1526–1530: Zaheeruddin Muhammad Babur
1530–1540: Nasiruddin Muhammad Humayun
1540–1545: Sher Shah Suri of Afghanistan
1545–1554: Islam Shah Suri
1555–1556: Nasiruddin Muhammad Humayun
1556–1556: Hem Chandra Vikramaditya
1556–1605: Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar
1605–1627: Nooruddin Muhammad Jahangir
1627–1658: Shahaabuddin Muhammad Shah Jahan
1658–1707: Mohiuddin Muhammad Aurangzeb Alamgir
1539–1675: Period of 8 Sikh Gurus from Guru Angad Dev to Guru Tegh Bahadur
1675–1708: Guru Gobind Singh (10th Sikh Guru)
1699: Birth of the Khalsa
1708–1713: Conquests of Banda Bahadur
1722: Birth of Ahmed Shah Durrani, either in Multan in Mughal Empire or Herat in Afghanistan
1714–1759: Sikh chiefs (Sardars) war against Afghans & Mughal Governors
1739: Invasion by Nader Shah and defeat of weakened Mughal Empire
1747–1772: Durrani Empire led by Ahmad Shah Durrani
1756–1759: Sikh and Maratha Empire cooperation in the Punjab
1761: The Third Battle of Panipat, between the Durrani Empire against the Maratha Empire.
1762: 2nd massacre (Ghalughara) from Ahmed Shah's 2nd invasion
1765–1801: Rise of the Sikh Misls which gained control of significant swathes of Punjab
1801–1839: Sikh Empire also known as Sarkar Khalsa, Rule by Maharaja Ranjit Singh
1845–1846: First Anglo-Sikh War
1846: Jammu joined with the new state of Jammu and Kashmir
1848–1849: Second Anglo-Sikh War
1849: Complete annexation of Punjab into British India
1849–1947: British rule
1901: Peshawar and adjoining districts separated from the Punjab Province
1911: Parts of Delhi separated from Punjab Province
1947: The Partition of India divided Punjab into two parts. The Eastern part (with two rivers) became the Indian Punjab and the Western part (three rivers) the Pakistan Punjab
1966: Indian Punjab divided into three parts: Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh
1973–1995: Punjab insurgency
1986: Resolution by militants proposing an independent state of Khalistan
People of the Punjab
Ethnic ancestries of modern Punjabis include a mixture of Indo-Aryan and Indo-Scythian. Semitic ancestries can also be found in lesser numbers. With the advent of Islam, settlers from Turkestan, Afghanistan, and Kashmir have also integrated into the Muslim Punjabi society. However the majority of Punjab is still made up of the Ahirs, Arains, Dalits (mostly Chamars), Gujjars, Jats, Khatris, Tarkhans, Brahmins, Bhats, Rajputs, Rors and Saini. In the past, the most densely populated area has been the Majha region of Punjab.
Languages
The major language spoken in the Punjab is Punjabi. In the Indian Punjab this is written in the Gurmukhi script. Pakistan uses the Shahmukhi script, that is closer to Urdu script. Hindi, written in the Devanagri script, is used widely in the Indian states of Himanchal Pradesh and Haryana. Several dialects of Punjabi are spoken in the different regions. The Majhi dialect is considered to be textbook Punjabi and is shared by both countries.
Religions
The vast majority of Pakistani Punjabis are Sunni Muslim by faith, but also include large minority faiths mostly Shia Muslim, Ahmadi Muslim and Christians.
The Indian states of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh are mostly Hindu-majority. Sikhism, founded in the late 15th century, is the main religion practised in the post-1966 Indian Punjab state. About 60% of the population of Punjab state is Sikh, 37% is Hindu, and the rest are Muslims, Christians, and Jains.[30] However, due to large scale migration from Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar, Bengal and Odisha the demographics have become more skewed than reported earlier. Punjab state contains the holy Sikh city of Amritsar.
The Punjab was home to several Sufi saints.[31] Sufism is a concept in Islam. Also, Kirpal Singh revered the Sikh Gurus as saints.
Punjabi festivals
Punjabis celebrate the following cultural, seasonal and religious festivals:
Maghi
Lohri
Holi
Vaisakhi
Teeyan
Raksha Bandhan
Mela Chiraghan
Diwali
Dussehra
Karwa Chauth
Eid
Christmas
Navratri
Punjabi clothing
Traditional Punjabi clothing includes the following:
Salwar (Punjabi) Suit
Patiala salwar
Punjabi Tamba and Kurta
Phulkari
Punjabi Ghagra
Shalwar kameez
Kurta
Economy
Main articles: Economy of Punjab, Pakistan and Economy of Punjab, India
The historical region of Punjab is considered to be one of the most fertile regions on Earth. Both east and west Punjab produce a relatively high proportion of India and Pakistan's food output respectively.
The region has been used for extensive wheat farming, in addition rice, cotton, sugarcane, fruit and vegetables are also grown.
The agricultural output of the Punjab region in Pakistan contributes significantly to Pakistan's GDP. Both Indian and Pakistani Punjab are considered to have the best infrastructure of their respective countries. Indian Punjab has been estimated to be the second richest state in India.[34] Pakistani Punjab produces 68% of Pakistan's food grain production.[35] Its share of Pakistan's GDP has historically ranged from 51.8% to 54.7%.[36]
Called "The Granary of India" or "The Bread Basket of India", Indian Punjab produces 1% of the world's rice, 2% of its wheat, and 2% of its cotton.[37] In 2001, it was recorded that farmers made up 39% of Indian Punjab's workforce.
Views of the stunningly beautiful Aru Valley in Kashmir.
Aru is a grassland surrounded by a gorge on one side. It is 12 km from Pahalgam. Aru is a beautiful shaded valley of the Lidder river. Encircling and protecting Aru, are the conifer- spread mountains with occasional flash of high, snow-covered peaks rising against the blue sky. Aru is one of the most beautiful hill resorts of Kashmir and is still, serene and idyllic. There are small hamlets of wood-and-stone houses, some of them in the typical Gujjar-shepherd style with flat roofs, squat and backed against the hillside. Towering at a height of approximately 2408 meters, it follows the shepherds' trail to the high Kashmiri meadows.
Gujjars (also known as Gurjars) entered India along with White Huns in 5th century A.D. from central Asia. Some of their clan names such as Hun, Aftali, etc. indicate that they were a part of the Hun tribe. They established their rule in present day Rajasthan by the name Gurjaratra in the 7th century A.D. Mihr Bhoja became their great emperor, who expanded the Gujjar ruled area to almost the entire northwestern part of India.There are several places in India and Pakistan named after their caste name as well as their different clans names such as Gujarat, Gujjaranwala, Gujjarkhan, Gujargarh, Gujarpur, Basigujjaran, Chachian, Khatanian, Kharian, Hunwara and many others. Three states ruled by Gujjar kings were even present at the time of Independence Day of India in 1947, which got merged into India along with other states later on.
In Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal areas, Gujjars are mostly pastoral nomads, having no villages or other permanent settlements. They roam behind their herds of cattle on carts and horses and make their temporary settlements under tents in forest areas. They move to high altitude hills in summer and come back to the pastoral grounds of the lowlands in winter. In Haryana and Rajasthan and Gujarat a very small section of Gujjars is semi nomadic while the rest of them in these areas and other areas are well settled people participating in animal husbandry and agriculture. Gujjars of some areas are also viewed by other people as a community of criminals such as cattle thieves, horse thieves and looters. However, this is a misconception. Some of them are very well-to-do and rich landlords. Generally Gujjars are tall, strong and sturdy people with fair skin color and sharp features. They are considered wrestlers from birth in some areas while their other favorite sport is to lift huge, heavy stones. They are also good horse riders.
Gujjars on their migration through the Kashmir Valley up to higher pastures for the summer.
Gujjars (also known as Gurjars) entered India along with White Huns in 5th century A.D. from central Asia. Some of their clan names such as Hun, Aftali, etc. indicate that they were a part of the Hun tribe. They established their rule in present day Rajasthan by the name Gurjaratra in the 7th century A.D. Mihr Bhoja became their great emperor, who expanded the Gujjar ruled area to almost the entire northwestern part of India.There are several places in India and Pakistan named after their caste name as well as their different clans names such as Gujarat, Gujjaranwala, Gujjarkhan, Gujargarh, Gujarpur, Basigujjaran, Chachian, Khatanian, Kharian, Hunwara and many others. Three states ruled by Gujjar kings were even present at the time of Independence Day of India in 1947, which got merged into India along with other states later on.
In Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal areas, Gujjars are mostly pastoral nomads, having no villages or other permanent settlements. They roam behind their herds of cattle on carts and horses and make their temporary settlements under tents in forest areas. They move to high altitude hills in summer and come back to the pastoral grounds of the lowlands in winter. In Haryana and Rajasthan and Gujarat a very small section of Gujjars is semi nomadic while the rest of them in these areas and other areas are well settled people participating in animal husbandry and agriculture. Gujjars of some areas are also viewed by other people as a community of criminals such as cattle thieves, horse thieves and looters. However, this is a misconception. Some of them are very well-to-do and rich landlords. Generally Gujjars are tall, strong and sturdy people with fair skin color and sharp features. They are considered wrestlers from birth in some areas while their other favorite sport is to lift huge, heavy stones. They are also good horse riders.
can you see the small wooden huts, this was the village of gujjar's shehpherd, we spent night here in abondened mosque, the top mountain ridge in the photo is part of maheen top
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Gujjars are a nomadic tribe of shepherds who move up to the greener pastures in the hills in the summer. Come winter, they move down to the plains with their entire households and flocks. This was one such Gujjar family, happy to have us in their home.
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Deutsch
Gujjar home, Kashmir, India - Nomadenheim
Gujjar-Nomaden sind eine Hirten-Sippe, die im Sommer ins höhere Grasland ziehen. Kommt der Winter, ziehen sie in mit ihrem gesamten Haushalt und ihren Herden in die tiefere Ebene. Auf dem Bild sieht man so eine Gujjar-Familie, die uns sehr gastfreundlich in ihrem Heim aufnahmen.
Español
Casa Gujjar, Kashmir, India
Los gujjar son una tribu nómada de pastores que se trasladan a los pastos más verdes en las colinas en verano. Cuando llega el invierno, ellos se trasladan a los llanos con todos sus hogares y sus rebaños. Esta era una familia gujjar, feliz de tenernos en sus casas.
Français
Maison Gujjar, Cachemire, Inde
Les Gujjars sont une tribu de bergers qui se déplacent vers les pâturages dans les collines de l'été nomade. L'hiver venu, ils se déplacent vers les plaines avec l'ensemble de leurs ménages et des troupeaux. Ce fut une de ces familles Gujjar, heureux de nous avoir reçu dans leur maison.
Italiano
Famiglia Gujjar, Kashmir, India
I Gujjar sono una tribù nomade di pastori che in estate si sposta fino ai pascoli più verdi, che si trovano sulle colline. In inverno, poi, si muovono verso la pianura portando con sè le loro famiglie e le loro greggi. Quella nella foto è una famiglia Gujjar di questo tipo, felice di accoglierci in casa loro.
Arabic
منزل غوجار، كشمير، الهند بعدسة
الغوجار هي قبيلة من الرعاة البدو الرحل الذين يرحلون إلى مراع أكثر اخضرارا في التلال في فصل الصيف. عندما يأتي فصل الشتاء، يذهبون الى السهول مع أسرهم بأكملها وقطعانهم. هذه احد القبائل. كانوا سعداء لضيفتنا. بعدسة
Truck painting is a popular form of art in Pakistan and other South Asian countries. Trucks, buses and sometimes minivans are highly decorated by their owners in kaleidoscopic color schemes. The paintings usually include some architectural structure, birds, floral patterns, mirror work, wood work and hilarious poetic one-liners crafted in calligraphy. After many years, this idea has turned into a full-fledged cultural representation of Pakistan. Miniatures of trucks and rickshaws are created, which are often sold at the souvenir shops. However, this idea has also entered the fashion industry with designers decorating clothes, shoes and accessories with gorgeous truck art.
Some of the quotes that are painted on the trucks:
1. Dil baraye farukht qeemant bus ik mushkaraht (Heart for sale just for a smile)
2. Duniya jalti rahi, shahzadi chalti rahi (The world may burn but the princess will run)
3. Speed meri jawani, overtake mera nakhra (Speed is my youth, overtaking is my attitude)
4. Zidd na kar gujjar ap bara ziddi eyy (Don't be stubborn, I'm really stubborn myself)