Jose Garcia Antonio lost his sight 18 years ago to glaucoma. He continues to work with the assistance of his wife, Teresa Mendoza, and their two children. San Antonino Castillo Velasco, Oaxaca.

Ramil, who had one eye removed due to pain from glaucoma, enjoying his breakfast.

In the winter of viral discontent, it might be easy to overlook some recent breakthroughs in lifespan expansion.

 

David Sinclair from Harvard Medical School just published the latest advances in reversing the biological clock and restoring function in the vision system. Full disclosure: after I read his book, he helped with due diligence when we became the largest investor in Cambrian Bio, a company that seeks to reverse the root causes of aging and disease.

 

Sinclair’s focus in on analog information loss, the epigenetic noise that accumulates in the methylation patterns running along our DNA and disturbing its expression. This degradation is a biological clock of aging, and today’s results “tell us the clock doesn't just represent time—it is time," said Sinclair. "If you wind the hands of the clock back, time also goes backward." (more book quotes below, after the news)

 

Today’s news: “Harvard Medical School scientists have successfully restored vision in mice by turning back the clock on aged eye cells in the retina to recapture youthful gene function. The achievement represents the first successful attempt to reverse glaucoma-induced vision loss, rather than merely stem its progression, the team said. If replicated through further studies, the approach could pave the way for therapies to promote tissue repair across various organs and reverse aging and age-related diseases in humans.

 

The team's approach is based on a new theory about why we age. Most cells in the body contain the same DNA molecules but have widely diverse functions. To achieve this degree of specialization, these cells must read only genes specific to their type. This regulatory function is the purview of the epigenome, a system of turning genes on and off in specific patterns without altering the basic underlying DNA sequence of the gene.

 

This theory postulates that changes to the epigenome over time cause cells to read the wrong genes and malfunction—giving rise to diseases of aging. One of the most important changes to the epigenome is DNA methylation, a process by which methyl groups are tacked onto DNA. Patterns of DNA methylation are laid down during embryonic development to produce the various cell types. Over time, youthful patterns of DNA methylation are lost, and genes inside cells that should be switched on get turned off and vice versa, resulting in impaired cellular function. Some of these DNA methylation changes are predictable and have been used to determine the biologic age of a cell or tissue.

 

The treatment worked similarly well in elderly, 12-month-old mice with diminishing vision due to normal aging. Following treatment of the elderly mice, the gene expression patterns and electrical signals of the optic nerve cells were similar to young mice, and vision was restored. When the researchers analyzed molecular changes in treated cells, they found reversed patterns of DNA methylation—an observation suggesting that DNA methylation is not a mere marker or a bystander in the aging process, but rather an active agent driving it.”

 

And from the Nature Paper:

“Ageing is a degenerative process that leads to tissue dysfunction and death. A proposed cause of ageing is the accumulation of epigenetic noise that disrupts gene expression patterns, leading to decreases in tissue function and regenerative capacity. Changes to DNA methylation patterns over time form the basis of ageing clocks… Collectively, these changes cause cells to lose their identity and so to lose the DNA-, RNA- and protein-expression patterns that once promoted their youthful resilience. These data indicate that mammalian tissues retain a record of youthful epigenetic information—encoded in part by DNA methylation—that can be accessed to improve tissue function and promote regeneration in vivo.”

 

Some of my favorite passages from his recent book, Lifespan:

 

“Aging, quite simply, is a loss of information. Yes, a singular reason why we age.” (p.20)

 

“Unlike digital DNA, analog information degrades over time — falling victim to the conspiring forces of magnetic fields, gravity, cosmic rays, and oxygen. Worse still, information is lost as it’s copied.” (p.22)

 

“Our DNA is constantly under attack. On average, each of our 46 chromosomes is broken in some way every time a cell copies its DNA, amounting to more than 2 trillion breaks in our body per day. And that’s just the breaks that occur during replication. If we didn’t have a way to repair our DNA wouldn’t last long.: (p.44) “Sirtuins stabilize human rDNA and prevent cellular senescence.” (p.43) “Adding more copies of the sirtuin genes increases the health and extends the lifespan of mice, just as adding extra copies does in yeast.” (p.45).

 

“Aging itself is a disease. Physicians and researchers have been avoiding saying that for a long time. Aging, we’ve long been told, is simply the process of growing old. And growing old has long been seen as an inevitable part of life.” (p.67).

 

“We know the process of aging begins long before we notice it. Girls who go through puberty earlier than normal, for example, have an accelerated epigenetic clock. The mistakes are there, even as a teenager.” (p.72)

 

“Your chance of developing a lethal disease increases by a thousandfold between the ages of 20 and 70, so preventing one disease makes little difference to lifespan.” (p.77) “Though smoking increases the risk of getting cancer five fold, being 50 years old increases your cancer risk a hundredfold. By the age of 70, it’s a thousandfold. Such exponentially increasing odds also apply to heart disease. And diabetes. And dementia.” (p.80)

 

“There’s a reason smokers seem to age fast: they do age faster. Smoking is not a private, victimless activity. The levels of DNA-damaging aromatic amines in cigarette smoke are about 50 to 60 times as high in secondhand as in firsthand smoke. In some places — cities with lots of cars, especially — the simple act of breathing is enough to do extra damage to your DNA.” (p.113)

 

“NAD boosts the activity of all seven sirtuins. And because NAD is used by over 500 different enzymes, without any NAD, we’d be dead in 30 seconds. NAD acts as a fuel for sirtuins. NAD levels decrease with age throughout the body. Human studies with NAD boosters (NMN and NR) are ongoing. So far, there has been no toxicity, not even a hint of it.” (p.134)

 

“Once you recognize that there are universal regulators of aging in everything from yeast to roundworms to mice to humans… and once you recognize that these regulators can be changed with a molecule such as NMN or a few hours of vigorous exercise or a few less meals… and once you realize that it’s all just one disease, it all becomes clear: Aging is going to be remarkably easy to tackle. Easier than cancer. I know how that sounds. It sounds crazy.” (p.148)

 

“Together, all the DNA in our body, if laid end to end, would stretch twice the diameter of the solar system. Unlike a simple DVD, the DNA in our cells is wet and vibrating in three dimensions. No wonder gene reading becomes difficult the older we get; it’s miraculous that any cell finds the right genes in the first place.” (p.159)

 

“That’s the world’s biggest problem: the future is seen as someone else’s concern. This is what I want to change— more than anything else in the world. I want everyone to expect that they will meet not only their grandchildren but their great-great-grandchildren. We will be accountable — in this life — for the decisions we made in the past that will impact the future. That, more than anything else, is how our understanding of aging and inevitable prolonged vitality is going to change the world. It will compel us to confront the challenges we currently push down the road.” (p.292-3)

Ramil is a sharp snow leopard. He came to the Zoo in 2014 with a chronic eye problem and was trained to receive daily eye drops for treatment. Unfortunately, his condition progressed to glaucoma and topical medications were no longer effective. To ensure Ramil's comfort and overall health, veterinarians removed his left eye last month. We're happy to report that Ramil has been recovering without problems. Shout-out to our incredible staff for taking care of our cool cat.

 

How exactly do you give a snow leopard eye drops? Learn all about Ramil's care from one of his keepers: bit.ly/TScats201

 

~=~=~=~=~

 

My sweet friends, we got great news from the eye doctor. The pressure in Daddy's eyes is down to normal and his eyesight is almost back to the way it was before this glaucoma episode. He is getting his strength back and wants to go home. I talked him into staying with us until the weekend. :-)

Yuki trying to get Cherry's attention.

 

Took Yuki to see another doctor today and found out that on top of the cataracts, she has glaucoma in one eye. She can't have the cataract surgery until the glaucoma is controlled, but we don't know whether the three eye drops will work. My poor baby, why does she have to endure so much at such a young age.

hey out there , we offer Medical Cannabis for patients and private consumers ready to kill their pains,anxiety,depression and more situations that requires Cannabies treatment , we also have all grades of cannabis oil and dabs all along with vape for various users

  

-Depression

- Anxiety

-Bipolar Disorder

-Severe nausea

-Severe pain

-ALS or Lou Gehrig’s Disease

- Cancer

-sex anxiety

-Glaucoma

- HIV/AIDS

-Hepatitis C

-Tourette’s Syndrome

- Crohn’s disease

-PTSD

- Severe arthritis

-Fibromyalgia

- Alzheimer’s disease

- A chronic or debilitating disease that produces:

- Cachexia or wasting syndrome

- Peripheral neuropathy

-Intractable pain

- Severe nausea

-Seizures

- Severe or persistent muscle spasms

-Cachexia (wasting syndrome)

-Seizures

 

Medical Cnnabis and its oil are the best solutions for this above issues . send us a PM to enquire more information on this

A time for special thanks.

 

While on a break on a photo odyssey with my new friend and contact DrMarciana, we discussed the special bonds which develop between the contacts on Flickr. There is a special connection between people here because we share our lives in addition to sharing our photographs.

 

An example I mentioned was Marcia Marton and her battle with glaucoma - from which I also suffer. I said she was the dearest person imaginable. The next morning I found this post on her site...

 

www.flickr.com/photos/marcia_marton/3105600530/

 

Thank you dear Marcia...

 

My friend DrMarciana had mentioned that it was a comment on the site of MrsMama which led her to make me a contact. The next morning DrMarciana and I found a photograph from both of us on MrsMama's site.

 

www.flickr.com/photos/mrsgriffin/3107298484/

 

Thank you both. My thanks and love also goes out to my dearest friends in Germany, Sonia, Andreas, and Brigitte, as well as M~chelle in Missouri. Other dear friends in Ohio, Ireland, Italy, Brazil and Iceland - to name just a few - have also offered such kind words lately.

 

This photo is a break from my brightly colored output of late. This was an underground storage area I found on a farm which once belonged to my family 100 years ago.

after being warned 4 months ago of the possibility of glaucoma

i am grateful my eye pressure levels are normal today

soooo ~grateful~ for working eyes!

 

~

  

"Everything in nature is a wonderful miracle…"—Amma, "Awaken Children", Vol. 9, p. 186

 

"Only through opening our heart and mind can we find His world which is full of bliss in the midst of this world which is full of hurdles."—Amma, "Immortal Light", p. 100

 

"You can live in such a way that you are in the Kingdom of God every moment. This is not just a wish, and it is not a promise of some future happiness. This is a reality…The paradise of forms and colors is always accessible. Your eyes may be in good condition, but do you know it?

 

Breathing in, I am mindful that I have eyes that are still in good condition.

Breathing out, I smile to my eyes that are still in good condition."

 

You only have to open them to make contact with the paradise of forms and colors, a true paradise."—Thich Nhat Hanh, "You are Here", p.13

 

"Do you not know that you are the temple of God, and that the Spirit of God dwells in you?"—St. Paul, 1 Corinthians 3:16-23

 

“Behold, the Kingdom of God is within You.”—Luke 17:20-21

 

“..to live gratitude is to touch Heaven.”— Johannes A. Gaertner quoted in Words of Gratitude by Robert A. Emmons and Joanna Hill

   

Loos is a locality on the Canadian National Railway west of McBride, British Columbia, immediately next to Crescent Spur and the confluence of the Morkill River with the Fraser River. The Grand Trunk Pacific Railway station here was renamed from "Crescent Island" to Loos later in 1916. The community experienced flooding in 1936. The original settlers were Ole Olson Leboe, originally of Vagland, Norway, and his wife Anna Maria. Around 1917 their sons built the Leboe Lumber Company sawmill here on the banks of the Fraser River. It was destroyed by fire, and rebuilt several times.

 

(from 1918 - Wrigley's British Columbia directory) - LOOS - a post office and station on the G. T. P. Ry. 37 miles west of McBride, in Fort George Provincial Electoral District. The population in 1918 was 85. Local resources: Lumbering and a few settlers and mixed farms.

 

Link to - Local author details family's pioneering history - www.princegeorgecitizen.com/news/local-news/local-author-...

 

The founding family of Loos was Ole Olson Leboe (originally from Vagland, Sweden)* and his wife Anna Marie. Around 1917 their sons Alvin, Bert, Harold and Wilf built the first Leboe Lumber Company sawmill on the edge of the Fraser River. The sawmill was the reason Loos grew from a mere station beside the tracks into a community. A post office was established in 1916 in the cabin of the postmistress, Mrs. A. Martin, at the west switch of the GTPR passing track at Loos. The post office moved into its own building in 1919, near the Leboe Lumber Company sawmill, with Ole Olson Leboe as postmaster. After the flood of 1936 mail was collected and distributed from the [Leboe's house] where the post office remained until 1950..." (Postscript 90: Commemorating 75 Years of Postal History in the Fraser-Fort George Region; Fraser-Fort George Museum Society, 1990.) The post office was closed 11 July 1951; by that time fires had destroyed the GTPR station and the Leboe Lumber Company sawmill and the population had largely relocated to the nearby community of Crescent Spur.

 

Loos Post Office opened - 1 June 1916, named in recognition of the Battle of Loos of World War I. The first postmaster was Mrs. A. S. Martin. The post office closed 11 July 1951, after most of the residents had moved to Crescent Spur.

 

Loos (List of Postmasters / Postmistresses)

Mrs. A. Martin 1916 - 1919

O. O. Leboe 1919 - 1937

Mrs. Anna Marie Leboe 1937 - 1950

Robert Orris Bourette 1951

LINK to - Prince George & area Postmasters / Mistresses - www.pggenealogy.ca/1_27_prince-george-area-postmasters-mi...

 

Mrs. A.S. MARTIN, Postmistress, General Store and Hotel.

 

/ LOOS / SP 19 / 22 / B.C / - split ring cancel - this split ring hammer was proofed - 30 March 1916.

 

Message on postcard reads: Jasper Park / Sept 13 / 22 - Dear Emmie - Looks like us doesn't it (referring to the picture on the front of this postcard)? Say, I wish you were here to stay a month or two. Sorry I couldn't see you before I left. Just leaving for Loos. I will write later & please write yourself. Love to all - Elsie. P.S. The train left before I could post this so its late getting started.

 

Addressed to: Miss Emmie Milledge / 1019 Nanaimo Street / New Westminster / British Columbia

 

Emmie Milledge was known locally for her smoothness and dexterity as a rock climber. She was the third woman to summit Mount Robson, led the first all-woman ascent of Mount Garibaldi, and went on an exploratory trip into the Tantalus Range with Neal Carter.

 

Elizabeth (Emmie) Ada Milledge - Emmie was born on September 22 1899, in Surrey, England. She married Frederic (Eric) Brooks on March 7, 1935 in New Westminster - he was born in 1902, in Kentucky,

 

Eric Brooks 1902 - 2001 - As an old friend and occasional climbing companion of Eric Brooks, and as a fellow member of the Alpine Club of Canada, I would like to offer my remembrance. Eric started climbing when he met Emmie Milledge, already an enthusiastic climber, in the 1920s, and they climbed together both before and after their marriage in 1935. He and Emmie did many climbs together in the years between the wars, including Mt. Robson, Emmie being the third woman to make that ascent. Eric joined the Alpine Club of Canada in 1928 and was President from 1941 to 1946, and Honorary President from 1954 to 1965. As such he represented the Alpine Club of Canada at the Centenary of the Alpine Club in London, in 1957. Eric was made an Honorary Member of the Alpine Club, had also been a member of the American Alpine Club since 1943. During his years as president of the Alpine Club of Canada, Eric organized their annual summer camps. I first met him as a weekend guest at the Consolation Valley camp in 1942. In addition to these regular camps, he was also responsible for a military camp in 1943 for the purpose of training troops in mountaineering techniques. In 1966 he was chair of the selection committee for the Yukon Alpine Centennial Expedition 1967. After the war (in 1948-49) he spent a year as an exchange teacher at Eastbourne, England, which enabled him to climb in the English Lake District, in Wales, and in the Alps. In his later years he traveled to Britain, to Europe, and to Nepal several times, where as well as trekking he contributed to the building of a school in a remote village, which he visited when over 90. On his 89th birthday, he climbed Snowdon from Bettws-y-coed, and I believe he celebrated his 90th birthday by climbing Scafell! Not only was he an expert and enthusiastic climber, but also a splendid and unassuming organizer who would take enormous trouble to help others, in the Alpine Club of Canada, in his profession of teaching, and with his private friends, as I can personally attest. His final decade was marred by progressive blindness, caused by glaucoma, but that did not stop him from continuing to live alone at his home at Madeira Park, on the B.C. coast some 60 miles northwest of Vancouver, until a few weeks before his death. This was made possible for him by frequent visits from his friend Valerie Walker, who came up regularly from Vancouver. by - John S.T.Gibson, AAC, ACC

 

Link to a photo of Emmie Milledge climbing on the Vice-President, 1930s (donated by Eric Brooks) see page 4 - www.accvancouver.org/newsletters/Newsletter%20-%20Jan%202...

I decided to sit at my desk for a while and try to get some things done. Nope, I am told that is not my decision to make. Playing in the yard is far more important.

 

I am fascinated by their contrasts. Suzanne is a moose compared to Ernestine. (At last weigh-in, Suzanne was 34 pounds and Ernestine was 27 pounds) Their coats are different. The shape of their heads and muzzles are so different. Ernestine's glaucoma aside, their eyes are differently shaped and placed. Their personalities could not be more dissimilar, either.

 

They are both black and white and loved all over!

Washington & Colorado.

State Motto: "Don't taze me, bro!"

Large On Black

 

So, this shot shows an eye that is almost recovered from the effects of the allergic reaction to the Combigan. I am now on a pressure medication that is one half of Combigan, and the pressure is higher then it was, but the eye area is no longer swollen and inflamed. Eyelid not yet back to normal; if I put medication in and then close the eye the stuff leaks out. Did not used to do that.

Anyway, back in two months for some tests of function, glaucoma, photos of inside of eye, stuff. Meantime, he gave me names of things wrong with it to look up as I said I had not found much eye stuff googling shingles or herpes zoster. More on that another time.

 

Also, I asked about cataract, and he said messing with it too soon could open up a whole new can of worms, and the eye is finally becoming stable (13 months later) and we don't want to ruin the progress. So, sometime next Summer maybe. Meantime, the shot below shows pretty much what I see with that eye. Makes no difference whether I use reading glasses, regular glasses, binoculars, or what. Eye is essentially worthless.

 

Meh

RAY CHARLES - Live

www.youtube.com/watch?v=vzkLs7ymZqU&ob=av2n

  

Un des artistes le plus influents de la musique

populaire américaine du XXe siècle…

 

Ray Charles Robinson est né le 23 septembre 1930 dans une famille très pauvre d'Albany en Géorgie. Il a une enfance difficile. En effet, après avoir assisté impuissant à la noyade de son jeune frère de trois ans, il contracte un glaucome à l'âge de quatre ans.

Trois ans plus tard il devient complètement aveugle, il est alors placé dans un établissement spécialisé.

 

« The Genius » (le génie) s'est produit 4 fois à Montreux pendant le Festival de Jazz. La première fois en 1978 puis deux concerts le 16 et 17 juillet 1991 au Casino et une dernière fois en 1997. Il meurt à 73 ans d'une maladie du foie, le 10 juin 2004, dans sa maison de Beverly Hills, il repose au cimetière d'Inglewood en Californie.

 

Son buste se trouve dans le jardin du Montreux Palace aux côtés de B.B. King et Ella Fitzgerald

 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

One of the most influential artists of the American popular music of the XXth century …

 

Ray Charles Robinson was born on September 23rd, 1930 in a very poor family from Albany to Georgia. He has a difficult childhood. Indeed, having attended powerless in the drowning of his young three-year-old brother, he contracts a glaucoma at the age of four.

Three years later he becomes completely blind, he is then placed in a specialized establishment.

 

"The Genius" ( the genius) occurred 4 times to Montreux during the Jazz festival. The first time in 1978 then two concerts on July 16th and 17th, 1991 to the Casino and the last time in 1997. He dies in 73 years of a disease of the liver, on June 10th, 2004, in his Beverly Hills's house, he rests in the cemetery of Inglewood in California.

 

His bust is in the garden of Montreux Palace beside B.B. King and Ella Fitzgerald

Nearly everyone has had headache pain, and most of us have had it many times. A minor headache is little more than a nuisance that's relieved by an over-the-counter pain reliever, some food or coffee, or a short rest. But if your headache is severe or unusual, you might worry about stroke, a tumor, or a blood clot. Fortunately, such problems are rare. Still, you should know when a headache needs urgent care and how to control the vast majority of headaches that are not threatening to your health. Headache is defined as a pain arising from the head or upper neck of the body. The pain originates from the tissues and structures that surround the skull or the brain because the brain itself has no nerves that give rise to the sensation of pain (pain fibers). The thin layer of tissue (periosteum) that surrounds bones, muscles that encase the skull, sinuses, eyes, and ears, as well as thin tissues that cover the surface of the brain and spinal cord (meninges), arteries, veins, and nerves, all can become inflamed or irritated and cause headache. The pain may be a dull ache, sharp, throbbing, constant, intermittent, mild, or intense. Headaches can be more complicated than most people realize. Different kinds can have their own set of symptoms, happen for unique reasons, and need different kinds of treatment. Once you know the type of headache you have, you and your doctor can find the treatment that’s most likely to help and even try to prevent them.

Headache is the symptom of pain anywhere in the region of the head or neck. It occurs in migraines (sharp, or throbbing pains), tension-type headaches, and cluster headaches.Frequent headaches can affect relationships and employment. There is also an increased risk of depression in those with severe headaches. Headaches can occur as a result of many conditions whether serious or not. There are a number of different classification systems for headaches. The most well-recognized is that of the International Headache Society. Causes of headaches may include fatigue, sleep deprivation, stress, the effects of medications, the effects of recreational drugs, viral infections, loud noises, common colds, head injury, rapid ingestion of a very cold food or beverage, and dental or sinus issues.The pain you feel during a headache comes from a mix of signals between your brain, blood vessels, and nearby nerves. Specific nerves of the blood vessels and head muscles switch on and send pain signals to your brain. But it's not clear why these signals turn on in the first place. People often get headaches because of:

Illness: such as an infection, cold, or fever. They’re also common with conditions like sinusitis (inflammation of the sinuses), a throat infection, or an ear infection. In some cases, the headaches may be the result of a blow to the head or rarely, a sign of a more serious medical problem. Stress: Emotional stress and depression as well as alcohol use, skipping meals, changes in sleep patterns, and taking too much medication. Other causes include eyestrain and neck or back strain due to poor posture. Your environment, including secondhand tobacco smoke, strong smells from household chemicals or perfumes, allergens, and certain foods. Stress, pollution, noise, lighting, and weather changes are other possible triggers. Headaches, especially migraine headaches, tend to run in families. Most children and teens (90%) who have migraines have other family members who get them. When both parents have a history of migraines, there is a 70% chance that their child will also have them. If only one parent has a history of these headaches, the risk drops to 25%-50%.

Doctors don’t know exactly what causes migraines. A popular theory is that triggers cause unusual brain activity, which causes changes in the blood vessels there. Some forms of migraines are linked to genetic problems in certain parts of the brain. Too much physical activity can also trigger a migraine in adults. Treatment of a headache depends on the underlying cause, but commonly involves pain medication. Some form of headache is one of the most commonly experienced of all physical discomforts. About half of adults have a headache in a given year. Tension headaches are the most common, affecting about 1.6 billion people (21.8% of the population) followed by migraine headaches which affect about 848 million (11.7%)

 

There are more than two hundred types of headaches. Some are harmless and some are life-threatening. The description of the headache and findings on neurological examination, determine whether additional tests are needed and what treatment is best. Once you get your headaches diagnosed correctly, you can start the right treatment plan for your symptoms. The first step is to talk to your doctor about your headaches. She’ll give you a physical exam and ask you about the symptoms you have and how often they happen. It’s important to be as complete as possible with these descriptions. Give your doctor a list of things that cause your headaches, make them worse, and what helps you feel better. You can track details in a headache diary to help your doctor diagnose your problem. Most people don’t need special diagnostic tests. But sometimes, doctors suggest a CT scan or MRI to look for problems inside your brain that might cause your headaches. Skull X-rays are not helpful. An EEG (electroencephalogram) is also unnecessary unless you have passed out when you had a headache. If your headache symptoms get worse or happen more often despite treatment, ask your doctor to refer you to a headache specialist. If you need more information, contact one of the organizations in the resource list for a list of member doctors in your state.

 

Your doctor may recommend different types of treatment to try. She also might recommend more testing or refer you to a headache specialist. The treatment you need will depend on a lot of things, including the type of headache you get, how often, and its cause. Some people don’t need medical help at all. But those who do might get medications, counseling, stress management, and biofeedback. Your doctor will make a treatment plan to meet your specific needs. Once you start a treatment program, keep track of how well it’s working. A headache diary can help you note any patterns or changes in how you feel. Know that it may take some time for you and your doctor to find the best treatment plan, so try to be patient. Be honest with her about what is and isn’t working for you. Even though you’re getting treatment, you should still steer clear of the things you know can trigger your problem, like foods or smells. And it’s important to stick to healthy habits that will keep you feeling good, like regular exercise, enough sleep, and a healthy diet. Also, make your scheduled follow-up appointments so your doctor can see how you’re doing and make changes in the treatment program if you need them.

 

Headaches are broadly classified as "primary" or "secondary". Primary headaches are benign, recurrent headaches not caused by underlying disease or structural problems. For example, migraine is a type of primary headache. While primary headaches may cause significant daily pain and disability, they are not dangerous. Secondary headaches are caused by an underlying disease, like an infection, head injury, vascular disorders, brain bleed or tumors. Secondary headaches can be harmless or dangerous. Certain "red flags" or warning signs indicate a secondary headache may be dangerous.Occurring in about three of every four adults, tension headaches are the most common of all headaches. In most cases, they are mild to moderate in severity and occur infrequently. But a few people get severe tension headaches, and some are troubled by them for three or four times a week. The typical tension headache produces a dull, squeezing pain on both sides of the head. People with strong tension headaches may feel like their head is in a vise. The shoulders and neck can also ache. Some tension headaches are triggered by fatigue, emotional stress, or problems involving the muscles or joints of the neck or jaw. Most last for 20 minutes to two hours.If you get occasional tension-type headaches, you can take care of them yourself. Over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, other brands) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, naproxen (Aleve, other brands), or ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil, other brands) often do the trick, but follow the directions on the label, and never take more than you should. A heating pad or warm shower may help; some people feel better with a short nap or light snack. If you get frequent tension-type headaches, try to identify triggers so you can avoid them. Don't get overtired or skip meals. Learn relaxation techniques; yoga is particularly helpful because it can relax both your mind and your neck muscles. If you clench your jaw or grind your teeth at night, a bite plate may help. If you need more help, your doctor may prescribe a stronger pain medication or a muscle relaxant to control headache pain. Many people with recurrent tension-type headaches can prevent attacks by taking a tricyclic antidepressant such as amitriptyline (Elavil, generic). Fortunately, most people with tension-type headaches will do very well with simpler programs. 90% of all headaches are primary headaches. Primary headaches usually first start when people are between 20 and 40 years old. The most common types of primary headaches are migraines and tension-type headaches.[6] They have different characteristics. Migraines typically present with pulsing head pain, nausea, photophobia (sensitivity to light) and phonophobia (sensitivity to sound). Tension-type headaches usually present with non-pulsing "bandlike" pressure on both sides of the head, not accompanied by other symptoms. Other very rare types of primary headaches include: cluster headaches: This type is intense and feels like a burning or piercing pain behind or around one eye, either throbbing or constant. It’s the least common but the most severe type of headache. The pain can be so bad that most people with cluster headaches can’t sit still and will often pace during an attack. On the side of the pain, the eyelid droops, the eye reddens, pupil gets smaller or the eye tears. The nostril on that side runs or stuffs

They’re called “cluster headaches” because they tend to happen in groups. You might get them one to three times per day during a cluster period, which may last 2 weeks to 3 months. Each headache attack last 15 mins to 3 hours and often wakens the patient from sleep. The headaches may disappear completely (go into "remission") for months or years, only to come back again. Cluster headaches affect men 3-4 times more often than women.short episodes (15–180 minutes) of severe pain, usually around one eye, with autonomic symptoms (tearing, red eye, nasal congestion) which occur at the same time every day. Cluster headaches can be treated with triptans and prevented with prednisone, ergotamine or lithium. trigeminal neuralgia or occipital neuralgia: shooting face pain hemicrania continua: continuous unilateral pain with episodes of severe pain. Hemicrania continua can be relieved by the medication indomethacin.

primary stabbing headache: recurrent episodes of stabbing "ice pick pain" or "jabs and jolts" for 1 second to several minutes without autonomic symptoms (tearing, red eye, nasal congestion). These headaches can be treated with indomethacin. primary cough headache: starts suddenly and lasts for several minutes after coughing, sneezing or straining (anything that may increase pressure in the head). Serious causes (see secondary headaches red flag section) must be ruled out before a diagnosis of "benign" primary cough headache can be made. primary exertional headache: throbbing, pulsatile pain which starts during or after exercising, lasting for 5 minutes to 24 hours. The mechanism behind these headaches is unclear, possibly due to straining causing veins in the head to dilate, causing pain. These headaches can be prevented by not exercising too strenuously and can be treated with medications such as indomethacin. primary sex headache: dull, bilateral headache that starts during sexual activity and becomes much worse during orgasm. These headaches are thought to be due to lower pressure in the head during sex. It is important to realize that headaches that begin during orgasm may be due to a subarachnoid hemorrhage, so serious causes must be ruled out first. These headaches are treated by advising the person to stop sex if they develop a headache. Medications such as propranolol and diltiazem can also be helpful.

hypnic headache: moderate-severe headache that starts a few hours after falling asleep and lasts 15–30 minutes. The headache may recur several times during night. Hypnic headaches are usually in older women. They may be treated with lithium.

]

Headaches may be caused by problems elsewhere in the head or neck. Some of these are not harmful, such as cervicogenic headache (pain arising from the neck muscles). Medication overuse headache may occur in those using excessive painkillers for headaches, paradoxically causing worsening headaches.More serious causes of secondary headaches include: meningitis: inflammation of the meninges which presents with fever and meningismus, or stiff neck

bleeding inside the brain (intracranial hemorrhage)

subarachnoid hemorrhage (acute, severe headache, stiff neck WITHOUT fever) ruptured aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation, intraparenchymal hemorrhage (headache only)

brain tumor: dull headache, worse with exertion and change in position, accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Often, the person will have nausea and vomiting for weeks before the headache starts. temporal arteritis: inflammatory disease of arteries common in the elderly (average age 70) with fever, headache, weight loss, jaw claudication, tender vessels by the temples, polymyalgia rheumatica acute closed angle glaucoma (increased pressure in the eyeball): headache that starts with eye pain, blurry vision, associated with nausea and vomiting. On physical exam, the person will have a red eye and a fixed, mid dilated pupil. Post-ictal headaches: Headaches that happen after a convulsion or other type of seizure, as part of the period after the seizure (the post-ictal state) Gastrointestinal disorders may cause headaches, including Helicobacter pylori infection, celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, gastroparesis, and hepatobiliary disorders. The treatment of the gastrointestinal disorders may lead to a remission or improvement of headaches.

 

The brain itself is not sensitive to pain, because it lacks pain receptors. However, several areas of the head and neck do have pain receptors and can thus sense pain. These include the extracranial arteries, middle meningeal artery, large veins, venous sinuses, cranial and spinal nerves, head and neck muscles, the meninges, falx cerebri, parts of the brainstem, eyes, ears, teeth and lining of the mouth.Pial arteries, rather than pial veins are responsible for pain production. Headaches often result from traction to or irritation of the meninges and blood vessels. The nociceptors may be stimulated by head trauma or tumors and cause headaches. Blood vessel spasms, dilated blood vessels, inflammation or infection of meninges and muscular tension can also stimulate nociceptors and cause pain. Once stimulated, a nociceptor sends a message up the length of the nerve fiber to the nerve cells in the brain, signaling that a part of the body hurts.

Primary headaches are more difficult to understand than secondary headaches. The exact mechanisms which cause migraines, tension headaches and cluster headaches are not known. There have been different theories over time which attempt to explain what happens in the brain to cause these headaches.

 

Migraines are currently thought to be caused by dysfunction of the nerves in the brain. This condition is accompanied by intense headaches. These headaches are often described as pounding, throbbing pain. They can last from 4 hours to 3 days and usually happen one to four times per month. Along with the pain, people have other symptoms, such as sensitivity to light, noise, or smells; nausea or vomiting; loss of appetite; and upset stomach or belly pain. When a child has a migraine, she may look pale, feel dizzy, and have blurry vision, fever, and an upset stomach.Migraines occur less often than tension-type headaches, but they are usually much more severe. They are two to three times more common in women than men, but that's small consolation if you are among the 6% to 8% of all men who have migraines. And since a Harvard study of 20,084 men age 40 to 84 reported that having migraines boosts the risk of heart attacks by 42%, men with migraines should take their headaches to heart. Neurologists believe that migraines are caused by changes in the brain's blood flow and nerve cell activity. Genetics play a role since 70% of migraine victims have at least one close relative with the problem. Migraine triggers. Although a migraine can come on without warning, it is often set off by a trigger. The things that set off a migraine vary from person to person, but a migraine sufferer usually remains sensitive to the same triggers. A small percentage of children's migraines include digestive symptoms, like vomiting, that happen about once a month. Previously, migraines were thought to be caused by a primary problem with the blood vessels in the brain.This vascular theory, which was developed in the 20th century by Wolff, suggested that the aura in migraines is caused by constriction of intracranial vessels (vessels inside the brain), and the headache itself is caused by rebound dilation of extracranial vessels (vessels just outside the brain). Dilation of these extracranial blood vessels activates the pain receptors in the surrounding nerves, causing a headache. The vascular theory is no longer accepted. Studies have shown migraine head pain is not accompanied by extracranial vasodilation, but rather only has some mild intracranial vasodilation.

Currently, most specialists think migraines are due to a primary problem with the nerves in the brain. Auras are thought to be caused by a wave of increased activity of neurons in the cerebral cortex (a part of the brain) known as cortical spreading depression followed by a period of depressed activity. Some people think headaches are caused by the activation of sensory nerves which release peptides or serotonin, causing inflammation in arteries, dura and meninges and also cause some vasodilation. Triptans, medications which treat migraines, block serotonin receptors and constrict blood vessels. People who are more susceptible to experience migraines without headache are those who have a family history of migraines, women, and women who are experiencing hormonal changes or are taking birth control pills or are prescribed hormone replacement therapy. Tension headaches are thought to be caused by activation of peripheral nerves in the head and neck muscles Cluster headaches involve overactivation of the trigeminal nerve and hypothalamus in the brain, but the exact cause is unknown.

 

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headache

So, new eye tests on Monday to establish a baseline as this eye is borderline glaucomic. At least, it was two months ago. With my luck it will be worse now.

 

All this because of the steroid. Same one that caused the cataract. Not sure I am happy with that medicine and wonder if it did any good at all.

 

View On Black

  

Leonardo da Vinci

  

* cameraphone - VODAFONE 904SH

        

FACTS ABOUT EYES

   

1. Blinking helps to wash tears over our eyeballs.

That keeps them clean and moist.

Also, if something is about to hit our eye, we will blink automatically.

 

2. Our body has some natural protection for our eyes.

Our eyelashes help to keep dirt out of our eyes.

Our eyebrows are made to keep sweat from running into our eyes.

  

3. The study of the iris of the eye is called iridology.

 

4. The shark cornea has been used in eye surgery,

since its cornea is similar to a human cornea.

 

5. The number one cause of blindness in adults

in the United States is diabetes.

 

6. The eyeball of a human weighs

approximately 28 grams.

 

7. The eye of a human can distinguish

500 shades of the gray.

 

8. The cornea is the only living tissue

in the human body that does not contain any blood vessels.

 

9. The conjunctiva is a membrane

that covers the human eye.

 

10. Sailors once thought that wearing

a gold earring would improve their eyesight.

 

11. Research has indicated that a tie

that is on too tight can increase

the risk of glaucoma in men.

 

12. People generally read 25% slower

from a computer screen compared to paper.

 

13. Men are able to read fine print

better than women can.

 

14. It is impossible to sneeze with your eyes open.

 

15. The space between your eyebrows is called the Glabella.

 

16. The reason why your nose gets runny when you are crying

is because the tears from the eyes drain into the nose.

   

FunShun.com

 

I apologize in advance for uploading a truly horrible portrait, no a snap, of myself. I'm not in favour of my face most of the time, but the iPhone SE has done an awful job of it. Shoulda used me, says the Z5. So bad, even the Liquefy tool is of no use.

 

All that to say, I underwent a glaucoma-cataract combo surgery yesterday and it went very well. The pressure is down, the new lens is in. A few more years left of taking pictures.

 

The surgery was performed at a North York General Hospital adjunct building on Consumers Road in North York in the eye clinic there. The surgery, performed by Dr. G.B. , took about 40 minutes under local anesthesia. I didn't feel a thing, saw blinding lights and shapes, and heard the general chatter of the medical personnel in the operating room. Interesting and eye-opening!

copyright: © FSUBF. All rights reserved. Please do not use this image, or any images from my photostream, without my permission.

www.facebook.com/AndrejePhoto

Camera: Hanimex 35s

Film: Agfacolor 100, Expired Film, May 1985.

06.06.2015. Beograd

 

The Postcard

 

A postcard that was published by F. E. Moyer of Montclair, New Jersey. It was printed by The Albertype Co. (Postcards of Quality), Brooklyn, New York.

 

The card was posted in NYC using a 2 cent stamp on Thursday the 4th. May 1922 to:

 

Miss Janet Mey,

Malvern House,

2, Spring Bank,

Bradford,

Yorkshire,

England.

 

The message on the divided back of the card was as follows:

 

"Ap. 61,

414 West 118th. St.

N.Y.

May 4th. 1922.

My Dear Janet,

Just to give you my new

address where Mrs. Grundy

& I live together most

comfortably.

Where I put the 'x' is the

little gate from which we

cross the road below to

our street, and we often

walk past the front of the

library (with the cupola

roof) to go to town or to

Riverside Drive on the bank

of the Hudson which flows

on your left as you look at

this card.

Upon the left you will see

the steps to Grant's Tomb

from where we get a

splendid view of the Hudson.

Mrs. G. & I crossed by ferry

boat/steamer on Saturday &

had a lovely car-ride and walk

into the New Jersey country.

I took some good snaps with

my Kodak.

Hope you got my last letter

some time ago & that I shall

soon hear something of you

though I mean to write to you

again soon too.

Love to you all as ever from

your school chum

Julie."

 

West 118th. Street is just out of shot on the right, and there is a barely discernible cross on the extreme right-hand edge of the card, just in front of St. Paul's Chapel.

 

Columbia University

 

Columbia University is a private Ivy League research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhattan, Columbia is the oldest institution of higher education in New York, and the fifth-oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.

 

It is one of nine colonial colleges founded prior to the Declaration of Independence, seven of which belong to the Ivy League. Columbia is ranked among the top universities in the world.

 

Columbia was established by royal charter under George II of Great Britain. It was renamed Columbia College in 1784 following the American Revolution, and in 1787 was placed under a private board of trustees headed by former students Alexander Hamilton and John Jay.

 

In 1896, the campus was moved to its current location in Morningside Heights, and renamed Columbia University.

 

Columbia scientists and scholars have played a pivotal role in scientific breakthroughs including brain-computer interface; the laser and maser; nuclear magnetic resonance; the first nuclear pile; the first nuclear fission reaction in the Americas; the first evidence for plate tectonics and continental drift; and much of the initial research and planning for the Manhattan Project during World War II.

 

Columbia is organized into twenty schools, including four undergraduate schools and 16 graduate schools. The university's research efforts include the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory, the Goddard Institute for Space Studies, and accelerator laboratories with Big Tech firms such as Amazon and IBM.

 

Columbia is a founding member of the Association of American Universities, and was the first school in the United States to grant the MD degree. The university also annually administers the Pulitzer Prize.

 

With over 15 million volumes, Columbia University Library is the third-largest private research library in the United States.

 

The university's endowment stands at $13.3 billion in 2022, among the largest of any academic institution. As of December 2021, its alumni, faculty, and staff have included: seven Founding Fathers of the United States; four U.S. presidents; 33 foreign heads of state; two secretaries-general of the United Nations; ten justices of the United States Supreme Court, one of whom currently serves; 100 Nobel laureates; 125 National Academy of Sciences members; 53 living billionaires; 22 Olympic medalists; 33 Academy Award winners; and 125 Pulitzer Prize recipients.

 

History of Columbia University

 

The Colonial Period

 

Samuel Johnson, the first president of Columbia

Discussions regarding the founding of a college in the Province of New York began as early as 1704, at which time Colonel Lewis Morris wrote to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, the missionary arm of the Church of England, persuading the society that New York City was an ideal community in which to establish a college.

 

However, it was not until the founding of the College of New Jersey (re-named Princeton) across the Hudson River in New Jersey that the City of New York seriously considered founding a college.

 

In 1746, an act was passed by the general assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college. In 1751, the assembly appointed a commission of ten New York residents, seven of whom were members of the Church of England, to direct the funds accrued by the state lottery towards the foundation of a college.

 

Classes were initially held in July 1754, and were presided over by the college's first president, Dr. Samuel Johnson. Dr. Johnson was the only instructor of the college's first class, which consisted of a mere eight students.

 

Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church, located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan. The college was officially founded on the 31st. October 1754, as King's College by royal charter of King George II, making it the oldest institution of higher learning in the State of New York, and the fifth oldest in the United States.

 

In 1763, Dr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper, a graduate of The Queen's College, Oxford, and an ardent Tory. In the charged political climate of the American Revolution, his chief opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777, Alexander Hamilton. 

 

The Irish anatomist, Samuel Clossy, was appointed professor of natural philosophy in October 1765, and later the college's first professor of anatomy in 1767.

 

The American Revolutionary War broke out in 1776, and was catastrophic for the operation of King's College, which suspended instruction for eight years beginning in 1776 with the arrival of the Continental Army.

 

The suspension continued through the military occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783. The college's library was looted, and its sole building requisitioned for use as a military hospital, first by American and then British forces.

 

Columbia University in the 18th. Century

 

After the Revolution, the college turned to the State of New York in order to restore its vitality, promising to make whatever changes to the school's charter the state might demand. The legislature agreed to assist the college, and on the 1st. May 1784, it passed an Act for granting certain privileges to the College, heretofore called King's College.

 

The Act created a board of regents to oversee the resuscitation of King's College, and, in an effort to demonstrate its support for the new Republic, the legislature stipulated that:

 

"The College within the City of New York

heretofore called King's College be forever

hereafter called and known by the name of

Columbia College."

 

This was a reference to Columbia, an alternative name for America which in turn came from the name of Christopher Columbus.

 

On the 21st. May 1787, William Samuel Johnson, the son of Dr. Samuel Johnson, was unanimously elected president of Columbia College. For a period in the 1790's, with New York City as the federal and state capital and the country under successive Federalist governments, a revived Columbia thrived under the auspices of Federalists such as Hamilton and Jay.  

 

19th. Century to Present

 

In November 1813, the college agreed to incorporate its medical school with The College of Physicians and Surgeons, a new school created by the Regents of New York, forming Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. 

 

The college's enrollment, structure, and academics stagnated for the majority of the 19th. century, with many of the college presidents doing little to change the way that the college functioned.

 

In 1857, the college moved from the King's College campus at Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th. Street and Madison Avenue, where it remained for the next forty years.

 

During the last half of the 19th. century, under the leadership of President F.A.P. Barnard, the president that Barnard College is named after, the institution rapidly assumed the shape of a modern university.

 

Barnard College was created in 1889 as a response to the university's refusal to accept women. By this time, the college's investments in New York real estate became a primary source of steady income for the school, mainly owing to the city's expanding population. 

 

In 1896, university president Seth Low moved the campus from 49th. Street to its present location, a more spacious campus in the developing neighborhood of Morningside Heights. Under the leadership of Low's successor, Nicholas Murray Butler, who served for over four decades, Columbia rapidly became the nation's major institution for research, setting the "multiversity" model that later universities would adopt.

 

Research into the atom by faculty members John R. Dunning, I. I. Rabi, Enrico Fermi and Polykarp Kusch placed Columbia's physics department in the international spotlight in the 1940's after the first nuclear pile was built to start what became the Manhattan Project.

 

In 1928, Seth Low Junior College was established by Columbia University in order to mitigate the number of Jewish applicants to Columbia College. The college was closed in 1936 due to the adverse effects of the Great Depression and its students were subsequently taught at Morningside Heights, although they did not belong to any college but to the university at large.

 

There was an evening school called University Extension, which taught night classes, for a fee, to anyone willing to attend. In 1947, the program was reorganized as an undergraduate college and designated the School of General Studies in response to the return of GIs after World War II.

 

In 1995, the School of General Studies was again reorganized as a full-fledged liberal arts college for non-traditional students (those who have had an academic break of one year or more, or are pursuing dual-degrees) and was fully integrated into Columbia's traditional undergraduate curriculum.

 

In the aftermath of World War II, the discipline of international relations became a major scholarly focus for the university, and in response, the School of International and Public Affairs was founded in 1946, drawing upon the resources of the faculties of political science, economics, and history.

 

The Columbia University Bicentennial was celebrated in 1954.

 

During the 1960's Columbia experienced large-scale student activism, which reached a climax in the spring of 1968 when hundreds of students occupied buildings on campus. The incident forced the resignation of Columbia's president, Grayson Kirk, and the establishment of the University Senate.

 

Though several schools within the university had admitted women for years, Columbia College first admitted women in the fall of 1983, after a decade of failed negotiations with Barnard College, the all-female institution affiliated with the university, to merge the two schools. Barnard College still remains affiliated with Columbia, and all Barnard graduates are issued diplomas signed by the presidents of Columbia University and Barnard College.

 

During the late 20th. century, the university underwent significant academic, structural, and administrative changes as it developed into a major research university. For much of the 19th. century, the university consisted of separate faculties specializing in Political Science, Philosophy, and Pure Science.

 

In 1979, these faculties were merged into the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. In 1991, the faculties of Columbia College, the School of General Studies, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the School of the Arts, and the School of Professional Studies were merged into the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, leading to the academic integration and centralized governance of these schools.

 

Columbia University Campus

 

Morningside Heights

 

The majority of Columbia's graduate and undergraduate studies are conducted in Morningside Heights on Seth Low's late-19th. century vision of a university campus where all disciplines could be taught at one location.

 

The campus was designed along Beaux-Arts planning principles by the architects McKim, Mead & White. Columbia's main campus occupies more than six city blocks, or 32 acres (13 ha), in Morningside Heights.

 

The university owns over 7,800 apartments in Morningside Heights, housing faculty, graduate students, and staff. Almost two dozen undergraduate dormitories (purpose-built or converted) are located on campus or in Morningside Heights.

 

Columbia University has an extensive tunnel system, more than a century old, with the oldest portions predating the present campus. Some of these remain accessible to the public, while others have been cordoned off.

 

The Butler Library

 

The Nicholas Murray Butler Library, known simply as Butler Library, is the largest single library in the Columbia University Library System, and is one of the largest buildings on the campus. It was funded by Edward Harkness, benefactor of Yale's residential college system, and designed by his favorite architect, James Gamble Rogers. It was completed in 1934 and renamed for Butler in 1946.

 

The library design is neo-classical in style. Its façade features a row of Ionic columns, above which are inscribed the names of great writers, philosophers, and thinkers, most of whom are read by students engaged in the Core Curriculum of Columbia College.

 

As of 2020, Columbia's library system includes over 15.0 million volumes, making it the eighth largest library system and fifth largest collegiate library system in the United States.

 

Low Memorial Library

 

Several buildings on the Morningside Heights campus are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Low Memorial Library, a National Historic Landmark and the centerpiece of the campus, is listed for its architectural significance. It is the large domed building in the photograph.

 

A statue by sculptor Daniel Chester French called Alma Mater is centered on the front steps of Low Memorial Library. McKim, Mead & White invited French to build the sculpture in order to harmonize with the larger composition of the court and library in the center of the campus.

 

Draped in an academic gown, the female figure of Alma Mater wears a crown of laurels and sits on a throne. The scroll-like arms of the throne end in lamps, representing sapientia and doctrina. A book signifying knowledge balances on her lap, and an owl, the attribute of wisdom, is hidden in the folds of her gown.

 

Her right hand holds a scepter composed of four sprays of wheat, terminating with a crown of King's College which refers to Columbia's origin as a royal charter institution in 1754. A local actress named Mary Lawton was said to have posed for parts of the sculpture.

 

The statue was dedicated on the 23rd. September 1903, as a gift of Mr. & Mrs. Robert Goelet, and was originally covered in gold leaf.

 

During the Columbia University protests of 1968 a bomb damaged the sculpture, but it has since been repaired.

 

The small hidden owl on the sculpture is also the subject of many Columbia legends, the main legend being that the first student in the freshmen class to find the hidden owl on the statue will be valedictorian, and that any subsequent Columbia male who finds it will marry a Barnard student, given that Barnard is a women's college.

 

"The Steps", alternatively known as "Low Steps" or the "Urban Beach", are a popular meeting area for Columbia students. The term refers to the long series of granite steps leading from the lower part of campus (South Field) to its upper terrace. With a design inspired by the City Beautiful movement, the steps of Low Library provide Columbia University and Barnard College students, faculty, and staff with a comfortable outdoor platform and space for informal gatherings, events, and ceremonies.

 

McKim's classical façade epitomizes late 19th.-century new-classical designs, with its columns and portico marking the entrance to an important structure.

 

Other Campus Buildings

 

Philosophy Hall is listed as the site of the invention of FM radio.

 

Also listed is Pupin Hall, another National Historic Landmark, which houses the physics and astronomy departments. Here the first experiments on the fission of uranium were conducted by Enrico Fermi. The uranium atom was split there ten days after the world's first atom-splitting in Copenhagen, Denmark.

 

Other buildings listed include Casa Italiana, the Delta Psi, Alpha Chapter building of St. Anthony Hall, Earl Hall, and the buildings of the affiliated Union Theological Seminary.

  

Panoramic view of the Morningside Heights campus as seen from Butler Library and facing Low Memorial Library

Other campuses

 

The Manhattanville Campus

 

In April 2007, the university purchased more than two-thirds of a 17 acre (6.9 ha) site for a new campus in Manhattanville, an industrial neighborhood to the north of the Morningside Heights campus.

 

Stretching from 125th. Street to 133rd. Street, Columbia Manhattanville houses buildings for Columbia's Business School, School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia School of the Arts, and the Jerome L. Greene Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior, where research takes place on neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.

 

The $7 billion expansion plan included demolishing all buildings, except three that are historically significant (the Studebaker Building, Prentis Hall, and the Nash Building), eliminating the existing light industry and storage warehouses, and relocating tenants in 132 apartments. Replacing these buildings created 6.8 million square feet (156 acres or 630,000 m2) of space for the university.

 

Community groups in West Harlem fought the expansion for reasons ranging from property protection and fair exchange for land, to residents' rights. Subsequent public hearings drew neighborhood opposition. In December 2008, the State of New York approved use of eminent domain, which, through declaration of Manhattanville's "blighted" status, gives governmental bodies the right to appropriate private property for public use. On the 20th. May 2009, the New York State Public Authorities Control Board approved the Manhattanville expansion plan.

 

Columbia Undergraduates

 

Columbia University received 60,551 applications for the class of 2025 (entering 2021), and a total of around 2,218 were admitted to the two schools for an overall acceptance rate of 3.66%.

 

Columbia is a racially diverse school, with approximately 52% of all students identifying themselves as persons of color. Additionally, 50% of all undergraduates received grants from Columbia. The average grant size awarded to these students is $46,516. In 2015–2016, annual undergraduate tuition at Columbia was $50,526 with a total cost of attendance of $65,860 (including room and board).

 

Annual gifts, fund-raising, and an increase in spending from the university's endowment have allowed Columbia to extend generous financial aid packages to qualifying students. On the 11th. April 2007, Columbia University announced a $400 million donation from media billionaire alumnus John Kluge to be used exclusively for undergraduate financial aid.

 

As of 2008, undergraduates from families with incomes as high as $60,000 a year will have the projected cost of attending the university, including room, board, and academic fees, fully paid for by the university.

 

Ranking

 

Columbia University is ranked 18th. in the United States and seventh globally for 2022–2023 by U.S. News & World Report. In the previous year, Columbia was ranked sixth in the United States, although this was later found to have resulted from inaccurate statistics submitted by the university, resulting in its temporary delisting from the rankings.

 

Columbia Research

 

The College of Physicians and Surgeons played a central role in developing the modern understanding of neuroscience with the publication of Principles of Neural Science, described by historian of science Katja Huenther as the "neuroscience bible." The book was written by a team of Columbia researchers that included Nobel Prize winner Eric Kandel, James H. Schwartz, and Thomas Jessell.

 

Columbia was the birthplace of FM radio and the laser.

 

The first brain-computer interface capable of translating brain signals into speech was developed by neuroengineers at Columbia.

 

The MPEG-2 algorithm for transmitting high quality audio and video over limited bandwidth was developed by Dimitris Anastassiou, a Columbia professor of electrical engineering.

 

Biologist Martin Chalfie was the first to introduce the use of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) in labeling cells in intact organisms.

 

Other inventions and products related to Columbia include Sequential Lateral Solidification (SLS) technology for making LCD's, System Management Arts (SMARTS), Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) (which is used for audio, video, chat, instant messaging and whiteboarding), pharmacopeia, Macromodel (software for computational chemistry), a new and better recipe for glass concrete, Blue LED's, and Beamprop (used in photonics).

 

Columbia scientists have been credited with about 175 new inventions in the health sciences each year. More than 30 pharmaceutical products based on discoveries and inventions made at Columbia have reached the market.

 

These include Remicade (for arthritis), Reopro (for blood clot complications), Xalatan (for glaucoma), Benefix, shoulder prosthesis, homocysteine (testing for cardiovascular disease), and Zolinza (for cancer therapy).

 

Columbia Technology Ventures, as of 2008, manages some 600 patents and more than 250 active license agreements. Patent-related deals earned Columbia more than $230 million in the 2006 fiscal year, more than any other university in the world.

 

Columbia owns many unique research facilities, such as the Columbia Institute for Tele-Information dedicated to telecommunications, and the Goddard Institute for Space Studies, which is an astronomical observatory affiliated with NASA.

 

Columbia Students

 

In 2020, Columbia University's student population was 31,455 (8,842 students in undergraduate programs and 22,613 in postgraduate programs), with 45% of the student population identifying themselves as a minority.

 

Twenty-six percent of students at Columbia have family incomes below $60,000. Seventeen percent of students are the first member of their family to attend a four-year college.

 

Columbia University Traditions

 

(a) Orgo Night

 

In one of the university's traditions, begun in 1975, at midnight before the Organic Chemistry exam—often the first day of final exams—the Columbia University Marching Band invaded and briefly occupied the main undergraduate reading room in Butler Library to distract and entertain studying students with some forty-five minutes of raucous jokes and music, beginning and ending with the singing of the school's fight song, "Roar, Lion, Roar".

 

After the main show before a crowd that routinely began filling the room well before the announced midnight start time, the Band led a procession to several campus locations, including the residential quadrangle of Barnard College for more music and temporary relief from the stress of last-minute studying.

 

In December 2016, following several years of complaints from students who said that some Orgo Night scripts and advertising posters were offensive to minority groups, as well as a The New York Times article on the Band's crass treatment of sexual assault on campus, University administrators banned the Marching Band from performing its Orgo Night show in the traditional Butler Library location.

 

Protests and allegations of censorship followed, but University President Lee Bollinger said that complaints and publicity about the shows had "nothing to do with" the prohibition. The Band instead performed—at midnight, as usual—outside the main entrance of Butler Library.

 

The Band's Alumni Association registered protests with the administration, and an ad hoc group of alumni writing under the name "A. Hamiltonius" published a series of pamphlets addressing their dissatisfaction with the ban, but at the end of the spring 2017 semester the university administration held firm, forcing the Marching Band to again stage its show outside the building.

 

For Orgo Night December 2017, Band members quietly infiltrated the library with their musical instruments during the evening, and popped up at midnight to perform the show inside despite the ban.

 

Prior to the spring 2018 exam period, the administration warned the group's leaders against a repeat and restated the injunction, warning of sanctions; the Band again staged its Orgo Night show in front of the library.

 

(b) Tree Lighting at College Walk

 

The campus Tree Lighting ceremony was inaugurated in 1998. It celebrates the illumination of the medium-sized trees lining College Walk, just before finals week in early December. The lights remain on until the 28th. February. Students meet at the sundial for free hot chocolate, performances by cappella groups, and speeches by the university president and a guest.

 

(c) The Lighting of the Yule Log

 

The lighting of the yule log is a Columbia Christmas ceremony dating to a period prior to the American Revolutionary War. It lapsed before being revived by President Nicholas Murray Butler in 1910.

 

A troop of students dressed as Continental Army soldiers carry the log from the sundial to the lounge of John Jay Hall, where it is lit amid the singing of seasonal carols. The Christmas ceremony is accompanied by a reading of A Visit From St. Nicholas by Clement Clarke Moore. There is also a Santa Claus by Francis Pharcellus Church.

 

(d) The Varsity Show

 

The Varsity Show is an annual musical written by students. It was established in 1894, making it one of Columbia's oldest traditions.

 

Past writers and directors have included Columbians Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein, Lorenz Hart, I.A.L. Diamond, Herman Wouk and Eric Garcetti. The show has one of the largest operating budgets of all university events.

 

Notable Columbia People

 

The university has graduated many notable alumni, including five Founding Fathers of the United States, an author of the United States Constitution, and a member of the Committee of Five.

 

Three United States presidents have attended Columbia, as well as ten Justices of the Supreme Court. As of 2011, 125 Pulitzer Prize winners and 39 Oscar winners have attended Columbia. As of 2006, there were 101 National Academy members who were alumni.

 

In a 2016 ranking of universities worldwide with respect to living graduates who are billionaires, Columbia ranked second, after Harvard.

 

Former U.S. Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin Delano Roosevelt attended the law school. Other political figures educated at Columbia include former U.S. President Barack Obama, Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Ruth Bader Ginsburg, former U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, former chairman of the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank Alan Greenspan, U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder, and U.S. Solicitor General Donald Verrilli Jr.

 

Alumni of Columbia have occupied top positions in Wall Street and the rest of the business world. Notable members of the Astor family attended Columbia, while other business graduates include investor Warren Buffett, former CEO of PBS and NBC Larry Grossman, chairman of Wal-Mart S. Robson Walton, Thomson Reuters CEO Tom Glocer, New York Stock Exchange president Lynn Martin, and Alliance Bernstein Chairman and CEO Lewis A. Sanders.

 

CEO's of Fortune 500 companies include James P. Gorman of Morgan Stanley, Robert J. Stevens of Lockheed Martin, Philippe Dauman of Viacom, Robert Bakish of Paramount Global, Ursula Burns of Xerox, Devin Wenig of EBay, Vikram Pandit of Citigroup, and Frank Blake of The Home Depot.

 

Notable labor organizer and women's educator Louise Leonard McLaren received her degree of Master of Arts from Columbia.

 

In science and technology, Columbia alumni include: founder of IBM Herman Hollerith; inventor of FM radio Edwin Armstrong; integral in development of the nuclear submarine Hyman Rickover; founder of Google China Kai-Fu Lee; scientists Stephen Jay Gould, Robert Millikan, Helium–neon laser inventors Ali Javan and Mihajlo Pupin; chief-engineer of the New York City Subway, William Barclay Parsons; economist Milton Friedman; psychologist Harriet Babcock; archaeologist Josephine Platner Shear; and sociologists Lewis A. Coser and Rose Laub Coser.

 

Many Columbia alumni have gone on to renowned careers in the arts, including composers Richard Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein II, Lorenz Hart, and Art Garfunkel. Also painter Georgia O'Keeffe.

 

Five United States Poet Laureates received their degrees from Columbia. Columbia alumni have made their mark in the field of American poetry and literature, with such people as Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg, pioneers of the Beat Generation; and Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston, seminal figures in the Harlem Renaissance.

 

Other notable writers who attended Columbia include authors Isaac Asimov, J.D. Salinger, Upton Sinclair, Ursula K. Le Guin, Danielle Valore Evans, and Hunter S. Thompson.

 

Columbia University alumni have also been very prominent in the film industry, with 33 alumni and former students winning a combined 43 Academy Awards (as of 2011).

 

Notable Columbia alumni that have gone on to work in film include directors Sidney Lumet (12 Angry Men) and Kathryn Bigelow (The Hurt Locker), screenwriters Howard Koch (Casablanca) and Joseph L. Mankiewicz (All About Eve).

 

Also actors James Cagney, Ed Harris and Timothée Chalamet.

 

1922 Austin Twin Tornadoes

 

So what else happened on the day that Julie posted the card?

 

Well, on the afternoon of the 4th. May 1922, two simultaneous tornadoes struck Austin, Texas, taking unusual southwesterly paths that tore through the city and surrounding areas on both sides of the Colorado River.

 

Historical accounts described the morning and afternoon as sweltering; clouds percolated northeast of Austin by noon, and had developed into thunderstorms over the city by around 4:00 p.m.

 

The first tornado began in a rural area 6 mi (9.7 km) northwest of the city and tracked across the Texas Deaf, Dumb, and Blind Institute for Colored Youth and Deep Eddy, injuring at least five people and causing around $25,000 in damage.

 

The tornado was widely photographed and was estimated to have been an F2 tornado on the Fujita scale.

 

While the first tornado was inflicting damage, a second tornado touched down near the Texas State Cemetery and tore across the Travis Heights community and St. Edwards University.

 

Its most destructive impacts occurred at the Woodward Manufacturing Company's automobile plant at Penn Field. It then curved west towards Manchaca and Oak Hill, leveling homes and uprooting numerous trees before dissipating.

 

The second tornado was the more destructive of the two and killed at least 12 people, including six at a single home in Oak Hill. It was estimated to have been an F4 tornado on the Fujita scale. In aggregate, the two tornadoes injured 50–60 people and inflicted at least $300,000 in damage, with some estimates placing the damage toll above $700,000.

We have decided to play the opposite of pranks this month. Beth and I are giving a small donation to a different charity each day of April. The first was to SEVA, a group that provides cataract surgeries, glaucoma treatment and many other sight-saving and sight-restoring treatments. They are now also using their well-established presence in many countries to battle the pandemic. SEVA has a long track record of good outcomes and low overhead - very nearly every cent of our small sum will go to work in the field.

 

Beth just gave our second donation this morning to Doctors Without Borders, another group we have supported over the years.

 

Do you know of a deserving organization?

 

6 1/4 x 4 inches

Larger cupcake than the usual. Hence the Frankie influence with that big 'ole head!

Real rivets in neck and scalp staples. Eyes are deep brown with black pupils and very lightly "clouded" like the early stages of glaucoma(sp?)..lol Sorry.

You may think that this was the result of the floods, considering the number of flood related images I have been posting. It is not even old age in this case. This is the result of a couple of New Jersey idiot youngsters in a "blazing" hurry to the Denver 4/20 hemp rally. The smoke had still not cleared inside of their car when we got to them! I guess that they did not want to miss inhaling a single whiff of their new found stash? Didn't I see that in a movie somewhere. I guess that they did not know rentals are a scarcity in Colorado and the houses for sale are often snapped up within a day. Our economy MAY be better than that in New Jersey.

 

This reminds me to issue a warning to Chris (The Bridge) Christie better keep the idiots to their own devices in New Jersey. We just don't need their freeloaders, or any state's freeloaders, in Colorado. That goes double for Texas and their dead climate droughts. If they secede, we can then build our own southern border fence. I expect that Christie ought to focus on his own problems of dealing his constituents under the table and cover his own expansive butt. He needs another lap band around his brain. It keeps suffering errant waste spillages through his mouth. We can all hope folks who started industrial hemp operations here in Colorado find out the real and superior products that could be produced: parmaceuticals (best stress-reduction drug in existence, anti-seizure drugs, only known glaucoma drug), ethanol (10X more efficient than corn), clothing (7X longer lasting than cotton) paper (FAR superior to wood pulp & no forest destruction)... song bird seed (why do you think they sing - not the metal cage).

 

On the other hand, if you missed a ski vacation, a couple areas remain open... this is Colorado. A-Basin will probably close in June again. All glaciers after that. Maybe there will be one of the new smoking clubs or housing rentals up there by then. The only vending machines are in the MJ shops. HaHaHaHaHa. That's the best tale I can hang on this critter.

  

blind mouse painting for the three blind mice bar on kingsland rd.

3 other paintings by Zadok and Bert Evens (Breast Feathers) goin up there too.

copyright: © FSUBF. All rights reserved. Please do not use this image, or any images from my photostream, without my permission.

 

www.facebook.com/AndrejePhoto

 

Camera: Hanimex 35s

 

Film: Agfacolor 100, Expired Film, May 1985.

 

06.06.2015. Beograd

In May 2015, I reported almost unreadable streetname signs in Chaplin Road, Tottenham N17.

 

Until 31 October 2016 I seemed to be getting nowhere in getting Haringey Council to replace them.

 

__________________

 

This is what the London Borough of Haringey's website said about maintaining street nameplates. (Accessed 7 November 2016.)

 

"Street Name Plates

  Haringey Council is responsible for ensuring that street name plates are provided and fitted in suitable positions.

  It is important, as we travel further from our local area, that we can find where we are and where we want to go quickly and efficiently. Most importantly it is vital in the event of an urgent situation that you and your street can be located quickly by the Emergency Services.

  Haringey Council is also responsible for repair and maintenance of street name plates when this becomes necessary either due to accidental damage, vandalism or normal wear and tear.

  In the case of a new development however, the developer is responsible for the erection of name plates to Haringey Council's specification.

  To report damaged, missing or illegible street names plates please use our report a problem page. You can also email your report to frontline@haringey.gov.uk"

______________________________________

From : [Named member of Haringey staff]

Sent : 19 October 2016 16:47

To : Alan Stanton

Cc : [Second Named member of Haringey staff]

Subject : Street name plates

 

Good afternoon Mr. Stanton,

 

Due to the department’s current robust budgeting process all new street name plates are ordered then placed on hold till we have the funds to replace them.

  The ones in Chaplin Rd are on private property, so any new signs for Chaplin Rd will need to be placed on posts making them even more expensive. We are aware that the signs are not aesthetically pleasing. But to repeat once again, due to our robust budgeting process, cosmetic repairs are currently placed on hold till such time as funds are available. Our inspection officers are responsible for safety inspections and as the signs in Chaplin Road are currently safe, they will remain on hold till the funds are available. Your patience will be appreciated during this process.

 

Regards,

[Named member of Haringey staff]

 

_________________________________

 

Disappointed by this reply, I spent a couple of minutes online checking the law about local councils’ powers to put street name signs on walls of private property; and having the duty to maintain streetname signs. It seemed that Councils do have such powers. And such a duty.

  I was also surprised to be informed that replacing an existing sign needs Planning Permission. That wasn't something I recall when I was an elected councillor.

  As the Haringey Council’s member of staff had given their name I decided to phone them as see if a quick chat might help. It didn't. So I emailed back.

 

---------- Original Message ----------

From : Alan Stanton

To : [Named member of Haringey staff]

Cc : [Second Named member of Haringey staff]

Date : 20 October 2016 at 11:31

Subject : Street name plates

 

Thanks for your reply and for speaking to me this morning. I am writing to confirm that you advised me as follows:

● That replacing a street nameplate sign is a complex matter and not simply a matter of getting up on a ladder and screwing in a new sign.

● That you are unable simply to replace a street nameplate sign on private property without the permission of the owner.

● That replacing a street nameplate sign requires planning permission

● That you have large number of street nameplate signs awaiting renewal without the funds (some £20k) to do so.

● That signs on private walls will need to be replaced by signs on posts, which is more expensive.

 

I explained that while I have no expertise in this area, I looked up the position online, and that it seems to me that local councils do in fact have the legal power to replace nameplate signs on walls.

  I said that I would be taking this further. Before I do so, can I please request that you seek advice from a more senior member of staff or perhaps the legal service to check the possibility of whether or not you may be in error on this matter.

  I apologise for omitting to say in our phone conversation, that I did not report the Chaplin Road signs for any “cosmetic” or “aesthetic” reasons. Nor because they are “unsafe”. I’m sure they’ve been there for many decades and I know of no reason why they might – for example - fall off the wall.

  My view, which of course you are fully entitled to disagree with – is that these signs are almost illegible. As I have written several times, this is especially true if someone is looking for the street name at night; or in the rain; or if a person has poor eyesight. I myself have glaucoma and am short-sighted. But my camera takes perfectly sharp clear photos in daylight. If you haven’t seen them, you can do so with a smartphone by using this link.

www.flickr.com/photos/alanstanton/albums/72157663265193171

 

Alan Stanton

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency astronaut Akihiko Hoshide, Expedition 33 flight engineer, performs ultrasound eye imaging in the Columbus laboratory of the International Space Station. The Ocular Health investigation gathered physiological data to characterize the risk and define the visual and central nervous system changes observed during a six-month stay in microgravity. The study collects data from test subjects before, during and after a visit to the orbiting lab. This may help patients suffering from eye diseases such as glaucoma, and diseases of the brain like hydrocephalus and idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

 

Image credit: NASA

 

More about space station research:

www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/index.html

 

View more photos like this in the "Space Station Research Affects Lives" Flickr photoset:

www.flickr.com/photos/nasamarshall/sets/72157634178107799/

 

_____________________________________________

These official NASA photographs are being made available for publication by news organizations and/or for personal use printing by the subject(s) of the photographs. The photographs may not be used in materials, advertisements, products, or promotions that in any way suggest approval or endorsement by NASA. All Images used must be credited. For information on usage rights please visit: www.nasa.gov/audience/formedia/features/MP_Photo_Guidelin...

Jasmine is our blind (glaucoma) chihuahua

bossierfamilyeyecare.com/ - Reach our office today at 318-747-0302. The staff of Bossier Family Eye Care, are dedicated to providing their patients with the best quality care possible. We treat our patients through pediatric eye care, eye exams, and Lasik consultations. In addition, our office is equipped with safety eyewear, contacts, and on-site optical. Come visit our office in Bossier City near Adner and Audrey Park.

Please forgive me for being behind in comments. Daddy is still in the hospital. It is difficult to treat one illness without affecting another one when there are so many health issues. The medication he was given for the inflammation caused his blood sugar to increase to dangerous levels. In addition, he is now having severe pain in his eye, which concerns me since there is a risk of glaucoma associated with the anti-inflammatory drug. He continues to need your prayers. We both appreciate each and every one of them.

The Jack Russell Terrier is a British breed of small terrier. It is principally white-bodied and smooth-, rough- or broken-coated, and can be any colour.

 

It derives from dogs bred and used for fox-hunting in North Devon in the early nineteenth century by a country parson, Jack Russell – for whom the breed is named – and has similar origins to the modern Fox Terrier. Though closely similar, it is a distinct and different breed from the Parson Russell Terrier.[3]

 

Jack Russells are an energetic breed that rely on a high level of exercise and stimulation. They are relatively free from any serious health complaints. It has gone through several changes over the years, corresponding to different use and breed standards set by kennel clubs. Recognition by kennel clubs for the Jack Russell breed has been opposed by the breed's parent societies – which resulted in the breeding and recognition of the Parson Russell terrier. Jack Russells have appeared many times in film, television, and print – with several historical dogs of note.

 

History

Sporting parson

"A black and white drawing of a white dog with black markings on the face. The image is in profile with the dog facing left."

A drawing of Trump, the dog purchased by the Rev. John Russell.

The small white fox-working terriers we know today were first bred by the Reverend John "Jack" Russell, a parson and hunting enthusiast born in 1795,[4] and they can trace their origin to the now extinct English white terrier.[5] Difficulty in differentiating the dog from the creature it was pursuing brought about the need for a mostly white dog,[6] and so in 1819 during his last year of university at Exeter College, Oxford,[7] he purchased a small white and tan terrier female named Trump from a local milkman[8] in the nearby small hamlet of Elsfield[9] or Marston.[10] Trump epitomised his ideal Fox Terrier,[11] which, at the time, was a term used for any terrier which was used to bolt foxes out of their burrows.[5] Her colouring was described as "...white, with just a patch of dark tan over each eye and ear; whilst a similar dot, not larger than a penny piece, marks the root of the tail."[12] Davies, a friend of Russell's, wrote: "Trump was such an animal as Russell had only seen in his dreams".[7] She was the basis for a breeding program to develop a terrier with high stamina for the hunt as well as the courage and formation to chase out foxes that had gone to ground.[13] By the 1850s, these dogs were recognised as a distinct breed.[14]

 

An important attribute in this dog was a tempered aggressiveness that would provide the necessary drive to pursue and bolt the fox, without resulting in physical harm to the quarry and effectively ending the chase, which was considered unsporting.[15] Russell was said to have prided himself that his terriers never tasted blood.[14] This line of terriers developed by John Russell was well respected for those qualities, and his dogs were often taken on by hunt enthusiasts. It is unlikely, however, that any dogs alive today can be proved to be descendants from Trump, as Russell was forced to sell all his dogs on more than one occasion because of financial difficulty, and had only four aged (and non-breeding) terriers left when he died in 1883.[16]

 

The Fox terrier and Jack Russell terrier type dogs of today are all descended from dogs of that period. However, documented pedigrees earlier than 1862 have not been found. Several records remain of documented breeding by John Russell between the 1860s and 1880s. The Fox Terrier Club was formed in 1875 with Russell as one of the founder members; its breed standard was aspiration, and not a description of how the breed appeared then. By the start of the 20th century, the Fox Terrier had altered more towards the modern breed, but in some parts of the country the old style of John Russell's terriers remained, and it is from those dogs that the modern Jack Russell type has descended.[7]

 

Many breeds can claim heritage to the early Fox Terrier of this period, including the Brazilian Terrier, Japanese Terrier, Miniature Fox Terrier, Ratonero Bodeguero Andaluz, Rat Terrier, and Tenterfield Terrier.[17]

  

After John Russell

 

Carlisle Tack, a Fox terrier born in 1884, who was owned by John Russell.[18]

Following Russell's death, the only people who made serious efforts to continue those strains were two men, one in Chislehurst with the surname of East, and another in Cornwall named Archer. East, at one point, had several couples, all of which were descended from one of Russell's dogs. The type aimed for were not as big as the show Fox Terrier and were usually less than 7 kg (15 lb).[6]

 

Arthur Blake Heinemann created the first breed standard and, in 1894, he founded the Devon and Somerset Badger Club, the aims of which were to promote badger digging rather than fox hunting, and the breeding of terriers suitable for this purpose. Terriers were acquired from Nicholas Snow of Oare, and they were likely descended from Russell's original dogs, as Russell would probably have hunted at some point with Snow's hunting club and is likely to have provided at least some of their original terriers.[7] By the turn of the 20th century, Russell's name had become associated with this breed of dog.[19]

 

The club was later renamed the Parson Jack Russell Terrier Club.[7] Badger digging required a different type of dog than fox hunting, and it is likely that Bull Terrier stock was introduced to strengthen the breed, which may have caused the creation of a shorter legged variety of Jack Russell terrier that started to appear around this period. At the same time that a split was appearing between show and working Fox terriers, a further split was occurring between two different types of white terrier, both carrying Jack Russell's name.[6] Heinemann was invited to judge classes for working terriers at Crufts with an aim to bring working terriers back into the show ring and influence those that disregard working qualities in dogs. These classes were continued for several years by various judges, but Charles Cruft dropped the attempt as the classes were never heavily competed. Following Heinemann's death in 1930, the kennel and leadership of the club passed to Annie Harris, but the club itself folded shortly before World War II.[6][7]

 

Post-World War II

Following World War II, the requirement for hunting dogs drastically declined, and with it the numbers of Jack Russell terriers. The dogs were increasingly used as family and companion dogs.[citation needed]

 

The Jack Russell Terrier Club of America (JRTCA) was formed in 1976 by Ailsa Crawford, one of the first Jack Russell terrier breeders in the United States. Size ranges for dogs were kept broad, with the ability of working dogs awarded higher than those in conformation shows. An open registry was maintained, with restricted line breeding. Registration for the club is made at adulthood for Jack Russells, rather than at birth, to ensure the breed's qualities remain, given the open registry.[20]

 

Several breed clubs appeared in the United Kingdom during the 1970s to promote the breed, including the Jack Russell Club of Great Britain (JRTCGB) and the South East Jack Russell Terrier Club (SEJRTC). The JRTCGB promoted the range of sizes that remain in its standards today, whereas the SEJRTC set a minimum height for dogs at 33 cm (13 in). While the JRTCGB sought to ensure that the breed's working ability remained through non-recognition with other breed registries, the SEJRTC activity sought recognition with the UK Kennel club.[21] In 1983, the Parson Jack Russell Club of Great Britain (PJRTCGB) was resurrected to seek Kennel Club recognition for the breed. Although the application was initially rejected, a new standard was created for the PJRTCGB based on the standard of the SEJRTC, and under that standard the breed was recognised by the Kennel Club in 1990 as the Parson Jack Russell terrier.[22] Jack was dropped from the official name in 1999, and the recognised name of the breed became the Parson Russell Terrier.[23]

 

In the late 1990s, the American Kennel Club explored the possibility of recognising the Jack Russell Terrier.[24] This move was opposed by the Jack Russell Terrier Club of America as they did not want the breed to lose its essential working characteristics.[25] The Jack Russell Terrier Breeders Association formed and petitioned the AKC; the breed's admission was granted in 2001. Under the AKC-recognised standard, the size of the breed was narrowed from the previous club's standard, and the name of the AKC-recognised Jack Russell Terrier was changed to Parson Russell Terrier,[26] with the Jack Russell Terrier Breeders Association renamed to the Parson Russell Terrier Association of America.[24]

 

The Australian National Kennel Council (ANKC) and the New Zealand Kennel Club (NZCK) are some of national kennel associations that register both the Jack Russell terrier and the Parson Russell terrier;[27] however, the size requirements for the Jack Russell terrier under both those standards would classify a dog as a Russell terrier in the United States.[28] In 2009, there were 1073 Jack Russells registered with the ANKC, compared to 18 for the Parson Russell terrier.[29] Other modern breeds are often mistaken for modern Jack Russell terriers, including their cousin the Parson Russell terrier,[30] the Tenterfield terrier,[31] and the Rat Terrier.[32] Several other modern breeds exist that descended from the early Fox Terrier breed, including the Brazilian Terrier, Japanese Terrier, Miniature Fox Terrier, Ratonero Bodeguero Andaluz, Rat Terrier, and Tenterfield Terrier.[33]

 

A Jack Russell terrier wearing a dog harness

A Jack Russell terrier wearing a dog harness

 

A working Jack Russell terrier exits a den pipe

A working Jack Russell terrier exits a den pipe

 

Jack Russell Terriers playing with a ball

Jack Russell Terriers playing with a ball

 

A Jack Russell Terrier brings a stick

A Jack Russell Terrier brings a stick

Description

"Three mostly white terriers with different markings stand up over a log"

Jack Russell terriers come in a variety of coat types, and with a range of markings

 

An example of a broken coated Jack Russell terrier

Due to their working nature, Jack Russell terriers remain much as they were some 200 years ago.[34] They are sturdy, tough, and tenacious, measuring between 25–38 cm (10–15 in) at the withers,[35] and weigh 6–8 kg (14–18 lb).[citation needed] The body length must be in proportion to the height, and the dog should present a compact, balanced image. Predominantly white in coloration (more than 51%) with black and/or brown and/or tan markings,[35] they exhibit either a smooth, rough or a combination of both which is known as a broken coat. A broken-coated dog may have longer hair on the tail or face than that which is seen on a smooth-coated dog.[36]

  

An example of a rough-coated Jack Russell terrier

The head should be of moderate width at the ears, narrowing to the eyes, and slightly flat between the ears. There should be a defined but not overpronounced stop at the end of the muzzle where it meets the head, and a black nose. The jaw should be powerful and well boned with a scissor bite and straight teeth. The eyes are almond shaped and dark coloured and should be full of life and intelligence. Small V-shaped ears of moderate thickness are carried forward on the head.[citation needed] When the dog is alert, the tip of the V should not extend past the outer corner of the eyes. The tail is set high and in the past was docked to approximately 10 cm (5 in) in order to provide a sufficient hand-hold for gripping the terrier.[citation needed]

 

The Jack Russell should always appear balanced and alert.[35] The red fox is the traditional quarry of the Jack Russell terrier, so the working Jack Russell must be small enough to pursue it. Red foxes vary in size, but across the world, they average from 6–8 kg (13–17 lb) in weight and have an average chest size of 30–36 cm (12–14 in) at the widest part.[37]

 

Differences from related breeds

 

The Parson Russell terrier (pictured) shares a common ancestry with the Jack Russell terrier.

The Jack Russell terrier and Parson Russell Terrier breeds are similar, sharing a common origin, but have several marked differences – the most notable being the range of acceptable heights.[38] Other differences in the Parson Russell can include a longer head and larger chest as well as overall a larger body size.[39] The height of a Parson Russell at the withers according to the breed standard is 30–36 cm (12–14 in) which places it within the range of the Jack Russell Terrier Club of America's standard size for a Jack Russell of 25–38 cm (10–15 in). However, the Parson Russell is a conformation show standard whereas the Jack Russell standard is a more general working standard.[40]

 

The Russell Terrier, which is also sometimes called the English Jack Russell terrier or the Short Jack Russell terrier is a generally smaller related breed.[41] Both the breed standards of the American Russell Terrier Club and the English Jack Russell Terrier Club Alliance states that at the withers it should be an ideal height of 20–30 cm (8–12 in).[42][43] Although sometimes called the English or Irish Jack Russell terrier,[44] this is not the recognised height of Jack Russells in the United Kingdom. According to the Jack Russell Club of Great Britain's breed standard, it is the same size as the standard for Jack Russells in the United States, 25–38 cm (10–15 in).[45] Compared to the Parson Russell Terrier, the Russell Terrier should always be longer than tall at the withers, whereas the Parson Russell's points should be of equal distance.[46] The Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard for the Jack Russell terrier has this smaller size listed as a requirement.[47] Terrierman Eddie Chapman, who has hunted in Devon for more than 30 years, the same area that John Russell himself hunted, notes that, "I can state categorically that if given the choice, ninety-nine percent of hunt terrier men would buy an under 12 in (30 cm) worker, if it was available, over a 14 in (36 cm) one."[48]

 

Temperament

 

Jack Russell terriers have a high energy level.

Jack Russells are first and foremost a working terrier.[49] Originally bred to bolt foxes from their dens during hunts, they are used on numerous ground-dwelling quarry such as groundhog, badger, otter, and red and grey fox.[50] The working Jack Russell terrier is required to locate quarry in the earth, and then either bolt it or hold it in place until they are dug to.[51] To accomplish this, the dog will not bark but will expect attention to the quarry continuously. Because the preservation of this working ability is of highest importance to most registered JRTCA/JRTCGB breeders, Jack Russells tend to be extremely intelligent, athletic, fearless, and vocal dogs.[13] It is not uncommon for these dogs to become moody or destructive if not properly stimulated and exercised, as they have a tendency to bore easily and will often create their own fun when left alone to entertain themselves, leading to the semi-affectionate nickname among suburban pet dogs of "Jack Russell Terrorist".[52]

 

Their high energy and drive make these dogs ideally suited to a number of different dog sports such as flyball or agility.[53] Obedience classes are also recommended to potential owners,[50] as Jack Russells can be stubborn at times and aggressive towards other animals and humans if not properly socialized.[13] Despite their small size, these dogs are not recommended for the condominium or apartment dweller unless the owner is ready to take on the daunting task of providing the dog with the necessary amount of exercise and stimulation. They have a tremendous amount of energy for their size,[52] a fact which can sometimes lead to trouble involving larger animals.[54]

 

Health

 

Jack Russell running

 

Trump, 2002 USDAA National/World Agility Champion – 12" division

The breed has a reputation for being healthy with a long lifespan.[citation needed] Breeders have protected the gene pool, and direct in-line breeding has been prevented. Jack Russells can live from 13 to 16 years given proper care.[44] However, certain lines have been noted for having specific health concerns and, therefore, could occur in any line or generation because of recessive genes. These issues can include hereditary cataracts, ectopia lentis, congenital deafness, patellar luxation, ataxia, myasthenia gravis, Legg–Calvé–Perthes syndrome, and von Willebrand disease.[44]

 

Being a hunt-driven dog, the Jack Russell will usually pursue most creatures that it encounters. This includes the skunk, and the breed is prone to skunk toxic shock syndrome.[55] The chemical in the skunk spray is absorbed by the dog and causes the red blood cells to undergo haemolysis, which can occasionally lead to fatal anaemia and kidney failure. If sprayed underground, it can also cause chemical burning of the cornea. Treatments are available to flush the toxin out of the dog's system.[56]

 

Eye disorders

Lens luxation, also known as ectopia lentis is the most common hereditary disorder in Jack Russell terriers. Even so, this condition is not a common occurrence in the breed. Most frequently appearing in dogs between the ages of 3 and 8 years old, it is where the lens in one or both eyes becomes displaced. There are two types, posterior luxation (where the lens slips to the back of the eye) and anterior luxation (where the lens slips forward). Posterior luxation is the less severe of the two types, as the eye can appear normal although the dog's eyesight will be affected. In anterior luxation, the lens can slip forward and rub against the cornea, damaging it. Anterior luxation also has a high probability of causing glaucoma which can lead to partial or complete blindness. Treatment is available and may include both medical and surgical options. Secondary lens luxation is caused by trauma to the eye and is not hereditary.[57] The condition appears in a number of terrier breeds as well as the Border collie, Brittany and Cardigan Welsh corgi.[58]

 

Cataracts can affect any breed of dog and is the same condition as seen in humans. Here the lens of the eye hardens and is characterised by cloudiness in the eye.[58][59] Cataracts will blur the dog's vision and can lead to permanent blindness if left untreated. While considered mainly a hereditary disease, it can also be caused by diabetes, old age, radiation, eye injury or exposure to high temperatures.[59]

 

Musculoskeletal conditions

Patellar luxation, also known as luxating patella, is a hereditary disorder affecting the knees. It is where the kneecap slips off the groove on which it normally sits. The effects can be temporary with the dog running while holding its hind leg in the air before running on it again once the kneecap slipped back into place as if nothing has happened. Dogs can have a problem with both rear knees, and complications can include arthritis or torn knee ligaments. Severe cases can require surgery.[60] Some are prone to dislocation of the kneecaps, inherited eye diseases, deafness and Legg Perthes—a disease of the hip joints of small dog breeds. Prone to mast cell tumors. Legg–Calvé–Perthes syndrome, also called Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head, is where the ball section of the femur in the hip joint deteriorates following interruption of the blood flow and is the same condition as in humans.[61] In dogs, this causes lameness of the hind-legs, the thigh muscles to atrophy and pain in the joint.[62] It usually occurs between 6–12 months of age and has been documented in a variety of other terrier breeds including the Border terrier, Lakeland terrier, and Wheaten terrier.[61]

 

Well-known Jack Russell terriers

 

His Master's Voice (1898) by Francis Barraud

Nipper was a dog born in 1884 who was thought to be a dog of the Jack Russell terrier type.[63] He was the inspiration for the painting Dog looking at and listening to a Phonograph, later renamed His Master's Voice. The painting was used by a variety of music related companies including The Gramophone Company, EMI, the Victor Talking Machine Company, and RCA. Today it remains in use incorporated into the logo for HMV in the UK and Europe.[64]

 

A Jack Russell named Bothie made history in 1982 as part of the Transglobe Expedition. Owned by explorers Ranulph and Ginny Fiennes, he became the first dog to travel to both the North and South Poles.[65][66] This feat is unlikely to be repeated, as all dogs have been banned from Antarctica by the Antarctic Treaty nations since 1994, due to fears that they could transmit diseases to the native seal population.[67] Ranulph Fiennes and Charles Burton actually made the trip to the north pole by powered sledges before signalling to the base camp that they had arrived. To celebrate their achievement, a plane was sent out to take the two men champagne, along with Bothie.[68]

 

On 29 April 2007, a Jack Russell named George saved five children at a carnival in New Zealand from an attack by two pit bulls. He was reported to have charged at them and held them at bay long enough for the children to get away. Killed by the pit bulls, he was posthumously awarded the PDSA Gold Medal in 2009, the animal equivalent of the George Cross. A statue has been erected in Manaia, New Zealand, in his memory.[69] A former US Marine also donated to George's owner a Purple Heart award he had received for service in Vietnam.[70]

 

In 2019, Boris Johnson and his partner Carrie Symonds took a Jack Russell cross from an animal rescue charity in Wales.[71] The dog's name is Dilyn and he became a famous dog at a polling station in the general election.[72][73]

 

During the ongoing 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, a 2-year old Jack Russell named Patron has been working with the State Emergency Service of Ukraine to sniff out Russian explosives. As of April 20, 2022, the Ukrainian Government announced that he had located nearly 90 explosives.[74]

 

On screen and in literature

In the UK, one of the more recognisable canine stars was restaurateur and chef Rick Stein's irrepressible terrier Chalky,[75] who frequently upstaged his owner on his various cookery series.[76] He had his own line of merchandise, including plushes, tea towels, art prints, art paw prints and two real ales – Chalky's Bite and Chalky's Bark,[77] which won gold in the Quality Drink Awards 2009.[78] Chalky was given a BBC obituary when he died in 2007.[79]

 

Moose and his son Enzo played the role of Eddie on the long-running American TV sitcom Frasier.[75] Eddie belonged to lead character Frasier's father Martin Crane, and constantly "stole the show" with his deadpan antics, receiving more fan mail than any other Frasier character.[80] Moose and Enzo also starred as Skip in the 2000 film My Dog Skip.

 

Soccer was a Jack Russell who became the star of the American TV series Wishbone, which aired from 1995 to 2001.[21] In the 2009 movie Hotel for Dogs, Friday, one of the main characters is a Jack Russell, played by the dog actor Cosmo.[81] Cosmo went on to appear in the films Paul Blart: Mall Cop and Beginners.[82]

 

Uggie (2002–2015) was an animal actor, appearing in commercials starting in 2005 and in the films Water for Elephants and The Artist, both in 2011.[83] In the same year, based on interest following The Artist, the "Consider Uggie" campaign was launched, which attempted to gain the dog a nomination for an Academy Award.[84] In 2012, Uggie was named Nintendo's first-ever spokesdog.[85]

 

Sykes (est. 2001 - 2019) was a dog actor from Clifton, Oxfordshire, England. He was best known in the UK for his appearance as "Harvey" in Thinkbox's three television commercials, and, under his real name in five seasons of Midsomer Murders. He also appeared in several Hollywood blockbusters, as well as in a UK TV movie, several series and miniseries. He retired in 2016 after a long career on the big and small screen. Sykes was also a champion agility competitor.

 

A clever Jack Russel Terrier, named Jack, played a central role in the 1980s TV adventure series Tales of the Gold Monkey.

 

K.K. Slider is a Jack Russell who is a main character in the Animal Crossing series developed by Nintendo. K.K. is a musician who performs to the townsfolk. He has appeared in every Animal Crossing game to date since the original Animal Crossing game in 2001 to Animal Crossing: New Horizons in 2020.

A wonderful view! For the past 7 weeks I have been floored by acute glaucoma, I lost my vision and have slowly been getting it back, so most definitely a wonderful view!

8.5 x 11 inch watercolor. Now that my show is over I can paint for myself awhile. Some days my studio is 85 degrees, which it just a little warm for me. Oh, I had the glaucoma in my right eye treated with a laser yesterday, but today is just normal for my sight. Hope the pressure has gone down.

1101_2011_Update

 

Thanks for the German AtmoSAFE Company choosing this zebrafish photo named "Female Zebrafish-01_Worth $200 US dollars" on their official website homepage.

The homegape URL is " www.atmosafe.net/de.html ".

The application article is "Der Zebrafisch mag keinen Stress" and its URL is " www.atmosafe.net/de/anwendungen/bebrueten-und-zuechten/ze... "

 

0428.2011 Update

 

Thanks for the Anaspec Company choosing this zebrafish photo named "Female Zebrafish-01_worth $200 US dollars" on one Z-Fish Antibodies ad in the 2011 zebrafish meeting brochure (www.union.wisc.edu/zebrafish/).

 

The zebrafish meeting is "4th Strategic Conference of Zebrafish Investigators" to be held January 29th - February 2nd, 2011 at Asilomar Conference Center in Pacific Grove, California.

 

0214.2010 Update

Thanks for the Notre Dame University's NDeRC (Notre Dame extended Research Community) choose this photo as the main photo along their BioEyes website (erc.nd.edu/blogs/bioeyes/) and thier Collaborations website (erc.nd.edu/collaborations/).

 

0422.2009 Update

Thanks for the CBCnews Canada choosing this zebrafish photo named "Female Zebrafish-01_Worth $200 US dollars" on their official website.

The homegape URL is "http://www.cbc.ca/news".

The application article is "The eyes have it" and its URL is "http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/the-eyes-have-it-1.791619"

 

Acknowledgement :

Thanks for the "Lin Li-Yih Lab"* supplied the zebrafish.

* Lin Li-Yih Lab, The Department of Life Science, The National Taiwan Normal University, ROC.

 

........................................................................................................................................................

The following descriptions of zebrafish quote from wikipedia website (URL: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebrafish). All Rights are belonging to "Wikipedia website".

 

Zebrafish:

 

1.Introduce: The zebrafish, Danio rerio, is a tropical freshwater fish belonging to the minnow family (Cyprinidae). It is a popular aquarium fish, frequently sold under the trade name zebra danio, and is an important vertebrate model organism in scientific research.

 

2.Distribution: The zebrafish is native to the streams of the southeastern Himalayan region., including the countries Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Myanmar. It arose in the Ganges region in Eastern India. It commonly inhabits streams, canals, ditches, ponds, and slow-moving to stagnant water bodies, including rice fields. Zebrafish have been introduced to parts of the United States, presumably by deliberate release or by escape from fish farms. They have also been sighted in Colombia.

 

3.Description: The fish is named for the five uniform, pigmented, horizontal blue stripes on the side of the body, all of which extend to the end of the caudal fin. Its shape can be described as fusiform and laterally compressed, with its mouth directed upwards. Males are torpedo shaped and have gold stripes between the blue stripes; females have a larger, whitish belly and have silver stripes instead of gold. Adult females will exhibit a small genital papilla in front of the anal fin origin. The zebrafish can grow to 6.4 centimetres (2.5 in), although it is uncommon for them to grow past 4 centimetres in captivity.

The approximate generation time for the Danio is 3–4 months. It has been observed that there must be a male present in order for ovulation and spawning of eggs to occur. Females are able to spawn as often as 2–3 days with hundreds of eggs being laid in each clutch. Upon release from the mother, developmental steps will be made, however without the presence of sperm growth will stop after the first few embryonic cleavages. Fertilized eggs will almost immediately become transparent, which is an important characteristic yielding D. rerio as a convenient research model. Development rapidly progresses, with precursors to all major organs appearing within 36 hours of fertilization. Hatching will take place anywhere from 48–72 hours post-fertilization, depending on the internal conditions of the embryo itself and the external temperature (ideally 28.5 °C). Swimming and feeding behavior are observed to occur approximately 72 hours post-fertilization. The sex of juvenile zebrafish cannot be distinguished except by dissection, and the genetic sex determinants are not clearly understood. The range of life-span for a zebrafish in captivity is around 2–3 years, although in ideal conditions, they may live up to 5 years. The zebrafish is omnivorous, and it primarily eats zooplankton, insects, and phytoplankton. It can eat a variety of foods if its main sources are not readily available.

 

4.Model organism for development and genetics: Zebrafish chromatophores, shown here mediating background adaptation, are studied by scientists D. rerio are a common and useful model organism for studies of vertebrate development and gene function. They may supplement higher vertebrate models, such as rats and mice. Pioneering work of George Streisinger at the University of Oregon established the zebrafish as a model organism; its importance was consolidated by large scale forward genetic screens (commonly referred to as the Tübingen/Boston screens). The scholarly journal Development devoted an issue to research using the fish in celebration of this landmark. An online database of zebrafish genetic, genomic, and developmental information, the Zebrafish Information Network (ZFIN), has been established. D. rerio is one of the few species of fish to have been flown into space.

A Zebrafish Pigment Mutant. The mutant called bleached blond was produced by insertional mutagenesis. The embryos in the picture are four days old. At the top is a wild-type embryo, below is the mutant. The mutant lacks black pigment in the melanocytes because it fails to synthesise melanin properly.

Research with D. rerio has allowed advances in the fields of developmental biology, oncology, toxicology, reproductive studies, teratology, genetics, neurobiology, environmental sciences, stem cell and regenerative medicine, and evolutionary theory. Perhaps its greatest advantages for use in the laboratory as a model system come from its now sequenced genetic code, well understood, easily observable and testable developmental behaviors, and the availability of well-characterized mutants. Zebrafish embryonic development provides advantages over other vertebrate model organisms as well. Although the overall generation time of zebrafish is comparable to that of mice, zebrafish embryos develop rapidly, progressing from eggs to larvae in under three days. The embryos are large, robust, and transparent and develop externally to the mother, characteristics which all facilitate experimental manipulation and observation. Their nearly constant size during early development facilitates simple staining techniques, and drugs may be administered by adding directly to the tank. Unfertilized eggs can be made to divide, and the two-celled embryo fused into a single cell, creating a fully homozygous embryo.

See link for pigmentation mutants of D rerio: www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v97/n3/fig_tab/6800867f5.html#...

A common reverse genetics technique is to reduce gene expression or modify splicing in zebrafish using Morpholino antisense technology. Morpholino oligonucleotides are stable, synthetic macromolecules that contain the same bases as DNA or RNA; by binding to complementary RNA sequences, they reduce the expression of specific genes. The journal Genesis devoted an issue to research using Morpholino oligos, mostly in D. rerio. Morpholino oligonucleotides can be injected into one cell of a zebrafish embryo after the 32-cell stage, producing an organism in which gene expression is reduced in only the cells descended from the injected cell. However, cells in the early embryo (<32 cells) are interpermeable to large molecules, allowing diffusion of Morpholinos between cells. A known problem with gene knockdowns in zebrafish is that, because the genome underwent a duplication after the divergence of ray-finned fishes and lobe-finned fishes, it is not always easy to silence the activity one of the two gene paralogs reliably due to complementation by the other paralog.

Despite the complications of the zebrafish genome a number of commercially available global platforms for analysis of both gene expression by microarrays and promoter regulation using ChIP-on-chip exist.

Zebrafish have the ability to regenerate fins, skin, the heart, and the brain (in larval stages). Zebrafish have also been found to regenerate photoreceptors and retinal neurons following injury. The mechanisms of this regeneration are unknown, but are currently being studied. Researchers frequently cut the dorsal and ventral tail fins and analyze their regrowth to test for mutations. This research is leading the scientific community in the understanding of healing/repair mechanisms in vertebrates.

 

5.Recent developments: In October 2001, researchers from the University of Oklahoma published the complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of D. rerio. The length of the zebrafish mitochondrial genome is 16,596 base pairs. This is within 100 base pairs of other related species of fish, and it is notably only 18 bp longer than the goldfish (Carassius auratus) and 21 bp longer than the carp (Cyprinus carpio). The zebrafish gene order and content is identical to the common vertebrate form of mitochondrial DNA. It contains 13 protein-coding genes and a noncoding control region containing the origin of replication for the heavy strand. In between a grouping of five tRNA genes, a sequence resembling vertebrate origin of light strand replication is found. In comparing the nucleotide sequence to other vertebrates it is difficult to draw any evolutionary conclusions because it is difficult to determine as to whether base pair changes have adaptive significance.

In December 2005, a study of the golden strain identified the gene responsible for the unusual pigmentation of this strain as SLC24A5, a solute carrier that appeared to be required for melanin production, and confirmed its function with a Morpholino knockdown. The orthologous gene was then characterized in humans and a one base pair difference was found to segregate strongly between fair-skinned Europeans and dark-skinned Africans. This study featured on the cover of the academic journal Science and demonstrates the power of zebrafish as a model organism in the relatively new field of comparative genomics.

In January 2007, Chinese researchers at Fudan University raised genetically modified fish that can detect estrogen pollution in lakes and rivers, showing environmental officials what waterways need to be treated for the substance, which is linked to male infertility. Song Houyan and Zhong Tao, professors at Fudan's molecular medicine lab, spent three years cloning estrogen-sensitive genes and injecting them into the fertile eggs of zebrafish. The modified fish turn green if they are placed into water that is polluted by estrogen.

On August 1, 2007, researchers at University College London said they had grown in the laboratory a type of adult stem cell found in the eyes of fish and mammals that develops into neurons in the retina. These cells could be injected in the eye to treat all diseases where the retinal neurons are damaged — nearly every disease of the eye, including macular degeneration, glaucoma, and diabetes-related blindness. Damage to the retina — the part of the eye that sends messages to the brain — is responsible for most cases of sight loss. The researchers studied Müller glial cells in the eyes of humans aged from 18 months to 91 years and were able to develop them into all types of neurons found in the retina. They were also able to grow them easily in the lab, they reported in the journal Stem Cells. The cells were tested in rats with diseased retinas, where they successfully migrated into the retina and took on the characteristics of the surrounding neurons. Now the team is working on the same approach in humans.

In February 2008, researchers at Children's Hospital Boston reported in the journal Cell Stem Cell the development of a new strain of zebrafish, named Casper, with see-through bodies. This allows for detailed visualization of individual blood stem cells and metastasizing (spreading) cancer cells within a living adult organism. Because the function of many genes are shared between fish and humans, this tool is expected to yield insight into human diseases such as leukemia and other cancers.

In April 2009, Researchers at the Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi announced the sequencing of the wild-type strain of Zebrafish, complete with about 1.7 billion genetic alphabets.

 

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Nikon AF-D 60mm F2.8 Macro

 

可以到以下網址察看斑馬魚資料，資料取自維基百科！

 

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebrafish

 

阿鶴已經上傳一套斑馬魚胚胎發育照片，從剛受精到4.5天的仔魚照片都有。，請點擊以下網址：

 

www.flickr.com/photos/chenhowen/sets/72157618669794787/

 

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 

There is one biochemistry company pay our lab $200 (US dollars) to get the rights to put this photo on their website and their product fliers. 0808.2009

 

有一家美國生技公司花200美金（約台幣6600元）向實驗室買使用權，之後這張斑馬魚照片會放在該公司的網站和產品封面。 0830.2009

Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive

Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 15, Nos. 1-4, 1921

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1921

Language: eng

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PORTRAIT OF SURGEON GENERAL E. R. STITT, U. S. NAVY —Frontispiece</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE vii</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vii</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE NAVAL HOSPITAL, MARE ISLAND, CALIF. :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORY OF THE HOSPITAL.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Operating room technique.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander Lucius W. Johnson, Medical Corps, and Bessie C.

Graham, Nurse Corps, U. S. N 10</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The urological service.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander A. B. Hepler, Medical Corps, U. S. N__ 16</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The roentgenological service.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant H. R. Coleman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 30</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The laboratory.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. A. Gray, Medical Corps. U. S. N 34</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Features of organization.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander E. C. White, Medical Corps, U. S. N 40</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General file and record system.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant D. C. Allen, Medical Corps, U. S. N 4T</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested clinical chart.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander M. C. Baker, Medical Corps, U. S. N 49</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The theater.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Pharmacist T. C. Hart, Medical Corps, U. S. N 50</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Study of one hundred navy desertions.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A H. Ehrenclou. Medical Corps, U. S. N., and</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Lieutenant W. H. Wilson, Chaplain Corps, U. S. N. R. F 53</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgical failures.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander Lucius W. Johnson, Medical Corps,</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. N 69</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Circumcision.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander Lucius W. Johnson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 77</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A glue cast for fractures of long bones.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant H. R. Coleman, Medical Corps, U. S. N . 79</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tuberculin in the early diagnosis of tuberculosis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. A. Gray, Medical Corps, U. S. N 81</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Diphtheria at Mare Island, Calif., in 1920.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. A. Gray, Medical Corps, U. S. N 84</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Agglutination of human erythrocytes by sera.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. A. Gray, Medical Corps, U. S. N., and Pharmacist's

Mate E. C. Upp, U. S. N 8G</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A method of ringing the hanging drop, etc.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Hospital Apprentice First Class D. G. Willard, U. S. N 92</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preparation of colloidal gold solution.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Marie Karlen. Reserve Nurse Corps, and Pharmacist's Mate First Class

A. E. Bourke, U. S. N 94</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of seventy-five refraction cases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. D. Horner, Medical Corps, U. S. N 95</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Empyema cases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. R. Guinan, Medical Corps, U. S. N 99</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Acute mastoiditis. Page.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. N. Meador, Medical Corps, U. S. N 106</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Dental foci in the etiology of systemic disease.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. H. Ehrenclou, Medical Corps, and Lieutenant</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">B. F. Loveall, Dental Corps, U. S. N 109</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Transfusion in medical cases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant D. H. Murray, Medical Corps, TJ. S. N 117</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A DENTAL BRANCH OF THE HOSPITAL COBPS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant B. F. Loveall, Dental Corps, U. S. N 118</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF TUBERCULOUS PEBICABDITI8.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. H. Ehrenclou, Medical Corps, U. S. N 120</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF ACUTE ANILINE POISONING.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. H. Ehrenclou, Medical Corps, U. S. N 123</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF TUBERCULOUS MENINGITIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. J. Sale, Medical Corps, U. S. N 126</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF NEUROPARALYTIC KERATITIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. N. Meador, Medical Corps, U. S. N 127</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Vernal conjunctivitis treated with radium.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. D. Horner, Medical Corps, U. S. N 1 128</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of acute myelitis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. E. Smith, Medical Corps, U. S. N 130</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of osteoma of the tibia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant F. G. Linde, Medical Corps, U. S. N 131</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A DISLOCATED SEMILUNAR CARTHAGE.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant F. G. Linde, Medical Corps, U. S. N 132</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF COMPOUND FRACTURE OF TIBIA AND FIBULA.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant F. G. Linde, Medical Corps, U. S. N 132</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A DEATH FROM NITRIC ACID POISONING.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. A. Gray, Medical Corps, U.S. N 133</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NECROSIS OF THE MANDIBLE ; TWO CASES.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant B. F. Loveall, Dental Corps, U. S. N 134</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Alexis Soyer.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain J. S. Taylor, Medical Corps, U. S. N 139</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Morale 175</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal statistics of the Army and Navy: A study of certain published

reports.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain C. E. RIggs. Medical Corps, U. S. N 179</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of one hundred compound fractures due to shell fragments or

machine-gun bullets.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander A. L. Clifton, Medical Corps, U. S. N__ 191</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Death From Novarsenobenzol.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. A. Torrance, Medical Corps, U. S. N 193</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mercurochrome —220, in dentistry.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. L. Darnall, Dental Corps, U. S. N_ 194</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —Diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.

—The clinical recognition of syphilis. —Mercury bichloride Intravenously. —

Transduodenal lavage. — Immunization against diphtheria. —Buccal auscultation

197</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and nervous diseases. — Malingering. —Extending the field of

conscious control. —The patient himself. —Anxiety and fear 210</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Blood transfusion. —Dangers of transfusion. —Mixture of ethyl

chloride, chloroform, and ether for anesthesia. — Skin grafting.—Autoplasties

for baldness. —Bladder tumors 217</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Hospital tires.—Coffee and vitamines 223

Tropical medicine. —Sterilization of ova in bilharziasis.—Antimony in the

treatment of bilharziasis 226</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Cause and diagnosis of glaucoma ; treatment

by myotics.— Corneal disease of tubercular origin. —Action of chloral on the

pupil 227</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Enlistments. —Professional training of experienced officers.—The case of

the U. S. S. Pittsburgh. —Prostatic lithiasis.—Cessation of respiration 15

hours before death. —Chloropierin to exterminate rats. —The Annual Report of

the Surgeon General, U. S. Navy. —Finding malarial parasites.— Icterus in

malaria.—Excretion of quinine.— Student health at the University of

Iowa.—Conference on war victims. —Pleasure and profit in the Medical Corps of

the Navy. —Law regarding thermometers. —Adhesive plaster. —The essential in

nursing. —Laxative cookies.—Samoa. —The Navy Mutual Aid Association 236</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 251</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE<span>   </span>VII</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VIII</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of influenza.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander J. L. Neilson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 269</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Intravenous use of magnesium sulphate in influenzal pneumonia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. J. Hogan, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R.F.<span>  </span>277</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Accidental injuries from electric currents.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. J. Zalesky and Lieutenant W. T. Brown, Medical Corps,

U. S. N 279</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Methods of sterilization in dentistry.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Harvey, Dental Corps, U. S. N. 282</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Peptic ulcer.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. S. Norburn, Medical Corps, U. S. N 285</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SURVEY OF FIFTY COURT-MARTIAL PRISONERS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. H. Castle, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R.F<span>  </span>291</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital training of apprentices.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. H. Ehrenclou, Medical Corps, U. S. N 296</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Methods of instructing hospital corpsmen.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. M. Kerr. Medical Corps, U. S.N<span>  </span>302</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Standardizing treatment for venereal disease.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. D. Owens, Medical Corps, U. S. N 308</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Plan of organization for a naval hospital.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain R. P. Crandall and Commander W. A. Angwin, Medical Corps, U.

S. N 316</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SURGERY IN THE MIDDLE AGES.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain J. S. Taylor, Medical Corps, U. S.N<span>  </span>347</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Calling a spade an implement of horticultural utility 377</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">"To bide the hobbyhorse with the boys " 378</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SIGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">RETINOSCOPIC LENS HOLDER.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain J. S. Taylor, Medical Corps, U. S. N 383</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Strong room for alcohol and narcotics.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 385</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Detection of mosquito larvae.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander J. C. Parham, Medical Corps, U. S. N 380</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tuberculous meningitis simulating lethargic encephalitis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. A. Bloedorn, Medical Corps, U. S. N 387</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Advancement of ocular muscles by the Fox technique.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander C. B. Camerer, Medical Corps. U.S. N<span>   </span><span> </span>392</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgical treatment of "saddle nose" deformity.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander C. B. Camerer, Medical Corps. U. S. N 397</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A HAND PLASTIC.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander Lucius W. Johnson. Medical Corps, U. S. N 399</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Dislocation of first cervical vertebra.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain G. T. Smith, Medical Corps, U. S. N 400</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Death from neo-arsphenamine.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. .T. Za leaky and Lieutenant J. B. Bellinger, Medical Corps,

U. S. N 401</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Thrombosis of the lateral sinus.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. E. Koebbe, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 403</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Orchitis complicating tonsillitis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenants J. D. Benjamin and T. C. Quirk, Medical Corps, U. S. N<span>  </span>408</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Operations for trauma of the urethra.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. L. Cowles, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. P 407</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sea sickness.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander C. E. Henry. Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 410</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of the " West Indian chancroid."</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N 412</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —The arsphenaniines in therapeutics. —Recital absorption

of glucose 415</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and nervous diseases. —lethargic encephalitis. —Theory of hysteria.

—Mental deficiency 420</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Resuscitation in death under anesthesia. —Advances in anesthesia.

— Sloughing in local anesthesia. —Anesthesia in abdominal surgery. —

Suppurating wounds after abdominal section. —Saving suppurating Incisions.

—Abdominal adhesions. —Perforating gastric and duodenal ulcer. — Persistence of

pyloric and duodenal ulcers. — Diverticula of the duodenum.— Orthopedic

treatment of burns. —Postoperative bronchial irritation. —Care of surgical patients.

—End-to-end anastomosis. —Genital tuberculosis.— Radium therapy of cancer of

bladder. — Radium and malignant genitourinary disease.—Bone tumors. —Fracture

of vertebrae. —Penetrating wounds of chest. —Operation for empyema.—Plastic war

surgery in civil life. —The war's contribution to civil surgery 429</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Typhus fever in Serbia 455</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bactkriology, and animal parasitology. —Diagnosis of cholera.

—Staining malarial parasites. —Saprophytysm of venereal organisms. — Variation

in size of red cells. —Anophellnes of California. —Reaction from echinococcus fluid

457</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat.— Encephalitis lethargica<span>  </span>487</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS: <span> </span></p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bronchospirochaetosis. — Starvation edema. —Dried cabbage as an antiscorbutic.

—Miner's nystagmus. —Endocrines and the teeth. — Orientation of bats. — Sugar

production.- -The teeth of the ancient Egyptians. —Treatment of enlarged

thymus. —Plague in Paris.— Antivenereal campaign in Rouen.— Medical school of

the University of Virginia. —Postgraduate study In the Japanese Navy. — National

Academy of Science.—Peking Unjon Medical College. — The dye Industry. — Naval

medical service as a career. —Naval dispensary and hospital defined.— Death of

Anton Weichselbaum. — Action of the Women's Civic League, Maiden, Mass. — Dr.

Russel H. Boggs. — Preservation of leather. —Service publications. —Picric acid

<span> </span>469</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sewage system in Charlotte Amalia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. L. Pettigrew, Civil Engineer Corps, U. S. N. and

Lieutenant E. Peterson. Medical Corps, U. S. N 481</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Application of the Schick reaction to 2,011 naval recruits.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant B. F. Norwood. Medical Corps, U. S. N 486</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Smallpox in Haiti.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander K. C. Melborn, Medical Corps, U. S. N 492</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary report on Libau, Latvia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander A. C. Smith and Lieutenant R. P. Parsons,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 492</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Summer school, Hampton Roads, Va.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander K. E. Lowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 495</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INFORMATION WANTED 498</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 499</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES : Surgical service of the United States Naval Hospital,

New Orleans, La.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. J. Riddick and Lieutenant Commander E. A.

Stephens, Medical Corps, U. S.N.<span>    </span><span> </span>507</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF HYSTERIA IN THE NAVAL SERVICE.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. A. Bloedorn, Medical Corps, U. S. N.<span>   </span>515</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF HYSTERICAL CONTRACTURE.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. H. Ehrenclou, Medical Corps, U. S. N 521</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">X-RAY PROCEDURE AND TECHNIQUE.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander I. E. Jacobs, Medical Corps, and Chief

Pharmacist's Mate C. B. Worster, U. S. N 524</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Interpretation of abdominal rigidity.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander Lucius W. Johnson, Medical Corps, U. S. N<span>    </span><span> </span>529</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF ECHINOCOCCUS CYST.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. S. Norburn, Medical Corps, U. S. N 530</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NONCORRODIBLE INSTRUMENTS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. C. Thomas, Medical Corps, U. S. N 532</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Aseptic technique for canal instruments.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Harvey, Dental Corps, U. S. N 533</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Traumata due to falling.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. H. Lane, Medical Corps, U. S. N<span>  </span><span> </span>535</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Administration of neosalvarsan.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. B. Bostick, Medical Corps, U. S. N 536</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Diet deficiency in Vincent's angina.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. H. Morris, Dental Corps, U. S. N 540</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Vincent's infection of the -mouth.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant (j. g.) J. B. Goodall, Dental Corps, U. S. N. R. F <span> </span>542</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Penetrating wound of the pelvis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant F. P. Gardner, Medical Corps, U. S. N 544</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Traumatic rupture of spleen —removal.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U.S. N., and

Lieutenant Commander E. M. Foote, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 545</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Operation for wrist drop.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. I. Yohannan, Medical Corps, U. S. N 547</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A PLASTIC OPERATION ON THE MUSCLES OF THE SHOULDER.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. W. Auerbach, Medical Corps, U. S. N 54S</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A SIMPLE OPERATION FOR TRICHIASIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant H. S. Cragin, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 551</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF ADENO-CARCINOMA.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander M. Boland, Medical Corps, U. S. N— 552</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chancroidal infections.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. F. Pearce, Medical Corps, U. S. N 554</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CA8E OF INNOCENT SYPHILIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. W. Jones, Medical Corps, U. S. N 556</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF CARCINOMA OF THE TESTICLE.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. J. Corcoran, Medical Corps, U. S. N 557</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Removal of an unusually large tumor.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander E. L. Jones, Medical Corps, U. S. N 558</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A RETROSPECT OF NAVAL AND MILITARY MEDICINE.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain J. S. Taylor, Medical Corps, U. S. N 561</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Accidental poisoning — Contributing to the Bulletin —The omission of

the—The future of nursing — Comparative values 627</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine — Mechanism of hiccough — Gases In arterial blood—Treatment

of arsenic poisoning —Treatment of encephalitis letharglca —New test for

nephritis—Blood in pellagra and beri beri —Ocular symptoms in sinus

disease—Reaction from repeated transfusions —Eye symptoms in epidemic

encephalitis —Diagnosis and treatment of hemorrhoids —Cost of venereal

disease—Future of medicine in the United States 637</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and nervous diseases —The criminal—Brain lesions of dementia

praecox —Follow-up studies on mental patients 652</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery—Trauma of the abdomen— Rubber dam tampon —Diagnosis of gastric

or duodenal ulcers —Postoperative thrombophlebitis — Treatment of fractured

patella —Affections of the tibial tubercle— 655</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and Sanitation —Sanitary features of merchant ships 659</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Errata —Centenary of von Helmholtz —Retirement of Filippo Rho, Surgeon

General, Italian Navy—A diagnostic point in tuberculosis —Curing hemorrhoids

—The X-ray and art— Industrial code of<span>  </span>New

York —Preservation of eyesight —Basal metabolism —American Society of Tropical

Medicine —Laboratory work in the Far East— Dentistry in South America

—Fireprooflng of fabrics—The exploration of Mount Everest — Physical

development in Japan — Hiccough and encephalitis lethargica —Use of fish as

food in France — Service items 665</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Rat-Proofing at the United States Navy Yard, Key West, Fla.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander P. E. Garrison, Medical Corps, U. S. N 673</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of the Fifth Congress of the International Society of Surgery,

Paris.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant S. B. Burk, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F. (Inactive) 681</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Smallpox in Port Au Prince, Haiti.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. J. Brown, Medical Corps, U. S. N 695</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical Department of the United States Naval Torpedo Station,

Alexandria, Va.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander C. C. Kress, Medical Corps, U. S. N 701</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Herman-Perutz Reaction.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. V. Genzmer, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 708</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 711</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE V</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Color blindness.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain E. J. Grow, Medical Corps, U. S. N 717</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Cardiac irregularity.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander E. U. Reed, Medical Corps, U. S. N 732</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Handling of recruits, Marine Barracks, Parris Island.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander J. C. Parham, Medical Corps, U. S. N 740</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Four centuries in the treatment of syphilis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. W. Shaffer, Medical Corps, U. S. N 749</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Marine Corps field hospital.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, U. S. N<span>  </span><span> </span>762</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Training and care of the football squad, U. S. Naval Academy, Annapolis,

Md.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant M. H. Roberts, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 770</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Gas poisoning in warfare.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. H. Mankin, Medical Corps, U. S. N 775</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal prophylaxis among U. S. Marines at Honolulu.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. H. Lane, Medical Corps, U. S. N_. 783</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Manila Galleon.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. M. Kerr, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 787</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">On learning to write-—On several phases of syphilis 801</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Dental X-ray film holder.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Harvey, Dental Corps. U. S. N_- 807</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggestion for recording dental conditions.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Harvey, Dental Corps, U. S. N-- 807</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF CUTANEOUS SPOROTRICHOSIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander R. E. Hoyt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 809</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of pellagra in Haiti.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. F. Clark, Medical Corps, U. S. N__ 813</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Acute rheumatic fever.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. M. Alberty, Medical Corps, U. S. N 814</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of poisoning by oil of chenopodium.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant B. F. Norwood, Medical Corps, U. S. N 818</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Brushing the teeth.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Harvey, Dental Corps, U. S. N<span>  </span><span> </span>824</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TWENTY-EIGHT CASES OF PNEUMONIA.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. R. Jeffrey, Medical Corps, U. S. N 825</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF TUBERCULOUS MENINGITIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander S. P. Taylor, Medical Corps, U. S. N— 830</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Cholecystectomy <span> </span>and pyelotomy in

Guam.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander A. H. Robnett, Medical Corps, U. S. N 831</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Elephantiasis of the scrotum.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. W. Breene, Medical Corps, U. S. N., and W. Zur Linden,

chief pharmacist, Medical Corps, U. S. N 884</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Rules for massage.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. S. Bainbridge, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F— 835</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —Transfusion of blood—Diabetes mellitus In the Negro

race— Diagnosis of syphilis In malarial subjects —So-called diseases of the

blood— Singultus— The role of the prostate and</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">seminal vesicles in arthritis —Medical aspects of naval aviation — Treating

syphilitics—The etiology of scurvy —Food accessory factors in relation to the

teeth 839</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Immediate surgery in fighting ships —Immediate surgery of war

wounds as practiced in hospital ships —The surgical treatment of empyema by a

closed method—Willems treatment of</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">knee-joint injuries —Observations on primary venereal sores—Resection

of the small intestine for war wounds —Tetanus in the British Army during the

European War 855</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. —New method of treatment of trypanosomiasis — Differential

diagnosis in tropical fevers —Schistosomiasis in the Yangtse Valley—Carriers of

dysenteriae among soldiers —Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine 870</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. — Cultivation of gonococcus—Aestivo-autumnal

malaria Plasmodia —Virulence of diphtheria-like organisms 885</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy.—Absorption of calcium salts in man— Improvements

in the Nephelometer-Colorimeter — Substitution of turbidimetry for nephelometry

in certain biochemical methods of analysis— Creatinuria —Phosphoric acid in the

blood of normal infants—Basal metabolism of normal women—Fat-soluble vitamine— Standards

for normal basal metabolism 887</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat.- —Injuries to the ear in modern warfare— Injuries

to the ear in modern warfare— Symptomatology and diagnosis of foreign bodies in

the air and food passages—Etiology and prevention of injuries to the eye

—Mosher-Totl operation on the lachrymal sac —-Tuberculosis of the middle ear

892</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Colles's Fracture—The French view of an American medical congress —Case

Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital— National cancer week- —

Pharmacopoeia of China —Municipal disposal of garbage—American Journal of

Tropical Medicine —Danger of week-end camping in the Tropics — Influenza

epidemic in the British Navy —Benvenuto Cellini—A Consulting Surgeon in the

Near</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">East—Asphyxiation in Garages —Dental service In the British Navy

—Surgeon Captain Lomas, R. N.—Counsels and Ideals from the Writings of William

Osler —John Keats, apothecary and poet — Life and times of Ambroise

Pare—Treatment of ozena —Lead poisoning in the pottery trade—The International

Journal of Gastro-Enterology— Treatment of malarial fever —Formaldehyde

poisoning — Toxic effects of shaking arsphenamine solution —Peking Union Medical

College —Milk standards 901</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 921</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX 983</p>

 

If you have questions concerning reproductions, please contact the Contributing Library.

 

Note: The colors, contrast and appearance of these illustrations are unlikely to be true to life. They are derived from scanned images that have been enhanced for machine interpretation and have been altered from their originals.

 

Read/Download from the Internet Archive

 

See all images from this book

See all MHL images published in the same year

a 2015 collage from a master board, w/eye stitching just added. Fitting, since right next to it is a piece of a Glaucoma awareness printout

nei.nih.gov/nehep/programs/glaucoma/infographic

 

#dogalize Enfermedades Caninas: Glaucoma en perros sintomas t.co/mfJvfQLVmA #dogs #cats #pets t.co/srPU44w6yU Cani, Gatti, Razze Cani, Razze gatti

Shot of nana rubbing her eye which is becoming increasingly irritated and painful with the onset of glaucoma

Retinal ganglion cells are neurons that send information about light from the eye to the brain via a structure called the optic nerve. Here new neurons (green) and their supporting cells, called astrocytes (red), were created in a petri dish from stem cells. Making retinal ganglion cells and astrocytes from stem cells may one day help doctors rewire optic nerves damaged by glaucoma.

 

Credit: National Eye Institute, NIH

 

(Courtesy of Thomas V. Johnson, Naoki Nakaya, and Stanislav Tomarev of the NEI Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, Molecular Mechanisms of Glaucoma Section)

 

©JaneBrown2020 All Rights Reserved. This image is not available for use on websites, blogs or other media without explicit written permission

 

HAPPY NEW YEAR TO ALL MY FLICKR CONTACTS

 

I went to see the opthamologist today to be told my eyes were a bit of a mystery. I have the symptoms of glaucoma and macular problems of diabetes . . . however I have neither glaucoma nor diabetes. So, I have been given eye drops andthere are to be further investigations . . .

Prayers are still needed. Michael's left eye is getting worse. There is glaucoma and inflamation and doctors do not know why. The good news is while there is still some bruising the right eye is healing, and when the doctors found out we no longer have insurance, they greatly reduced their charges! God is great! SHARON

Blogpost | Twitter | Pinterest

 

For this self-portrait, I sat down on a stool in my room, set my camera on a slow shutter speed and moved my head from side to side, using my remote to take pictures. Multiple myeloma can be really rough so I’m fortunate that I’m well enough to pursue photography. Taking self-portraits provide a positive outlet that benefits my health and well-being. As the weather continues to warm up, I plan to spend more time being creative in the outdoors.

 

When I saw my Glaucoma Specialist a couple of weeks ago, my eye pressure was 22, which was above normal (14). So last week I had two diagnostic tests (see photos in comments) that are useful for detecting glaucoma: a Humphrey Visual Field (HVF) test and a Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT).

 

The HVF test uses a Humphrey machine to determine if there are defects in the central and peripheral vision. A patch is put over the person’s eye while focusing on a bright light in the middle of the field. Lights of various intensity appear throughout the field and when the person sees them, they press a clicker to acknowledge it.

 

The HRT test looks at changes to the topography of the optic nerve by taking a 3-D image of each eye to determine if there is any nerve damage causing blind spots. The results are then compared with a baseline from a previous test.

 

Glaucoma is more common in black people so it is something I really have to cautious about, as the dexamethasone I’m on as part of my chemo treatment can increase my eye pressure. I will keep everyone posted on what my Glaucoma Specialist says when we meet again in June.

 

Staying positive!

Stravaigin' roon the laneways. Art, like Glaucoma is in the eye of the beholder.

 

Fujifilm FinePix S9000,