footrest photos on Flickr

Red soft slippers DSCF4743 by slipper2006

16 6

Linda resting her slippers on a footrest

Kawasaki Z1 1972 900 by Trevor Earl

19 6

A very tidy Kawasaki Z1

Jacks Hill Cafe Bike Night

Towcester

The finer detail indicates US spec reflectors on the forks and shocks although there are UK spec footrests, the 2nd front disc was availible as an optional extra, the standard bike had a single front disc.

No 125: Royal Enfield Bike Engine by Gordon Calder - 7 Million Views - Thanks!

19 7

First one of these I have done for a while. This is probably the cleanest classic bike engine I have ever seen. My Photoshop work probably added 5% to the shine, and I have removed 99% of blemishes, dents, burnt oil on the exhaust, repaired the worn footrest rubber and painted in the lettering on the engine casing.

View Large

www.flickr.com/photos/gordoncalder/24939239489/sizes/k/

My entire engine set (over 120 images)

www.flickr.com/photos/gordoncalder/sets/72157612757443903...

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gillian footrest birds eye by Nicole Vaughan

11 6

craftapalooza.typepad.com/crafted/2007/02/meet_rod.html

SCANIA - G 500 XT 8x4 ( Dorresteijn ) by Willem P Bos

25

Have you noticed that this cabin has an extra footrest next to the left front door. A handle is installed above the door to work safely at height.

Oldsmobile Model R 'Curved Dash' Runabout - 1903 by Perico001

6 2

This car is known as the ‘Curved Dash’ for obvious reasons.

The Oldsmobile Runabout was first offered for sale in 1901. Over 11,000 of the Curved Dash models were constructed before production ceased in 1907, making it the first volume produced American automobile. Indeed, Olds’ many promotional trips and exhibitions helped create the public image of the automobile as a viable and economical alternative to the horse.

While the basic Curved Dash is relatively primitive, this example has a number of options, notably the full top and ‘dos-à-dos’ rear seat with fold-down footrest. It also features a pair of oil sidelights. It still retains its original Oldsmobile painted emblems.

A highly original example of America’s best known and most readily recognized Veteran car.

Louwman Museum

Den Haag - The Hague

Nederland - Netherlands

January 2022

The footrest of the golden throne of Tutankhamun by Merja Attia

12

The footrest of the throne of Tutankhamun is constructed of heavy wood, gessoed, gilded and inlaid with blue faience and yellow stone. The top surface carries a design consisting of three Nubians and three Asiatics, the chieftains of 'all foreign lands (who) are under his (the king's) feet'.

Egyptian Museum, Cairo"

Footrest by James Gehrt

11 2

1948 Vincent Black Chopper T.O. Bike Show by cdn.slacker

18 7

Vincent Motorcycles

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

Vincent Engineers Ltd

Vincent Logo.PNG

New York Vincent-HRD Series C Black Shadow Motorcycle.jpg

Vincent Series C Black Shadow

Trading name

Vincent Engineers (Stevenage) Ltd.

Formerly called

Vincent HRD

Industry

Manufacturing and engineering

Fate

Bankrupt

Successor

Harper Engineering (Stevenage)[1][2][3]

Founded

1928

Founder

Philip Vincent

Defunct

1959

Headquarters

Stevenage, Hertfordshire, England

Key people

Phil Irving (Designer and development engineer)

Ted Davis (Chief tester)[4][5]

George Brown (Tester)[5][6]

Products

Motorcycles, three-wheelers, pumps, amphibious vehicles, drones

Vincent Motorcycles was a British manufacturer of motorcycles from 1928 to 1955. The business was established by Philip Vincent who bought an existing manufacturing name HRD, initially renaming it as Vincent HRD, producing his own motorcycles as previously with bought-in engines. From 1934, two new engines were developed in 500 cc and 1,000 cc capacities. Production grew from 1936, with the most-famous models being developed from the original designs after the War period in the late 1940s.[7]

The 1948 Vincent Black Shadow was at the time the world's fastest production motorcycle.[8] The name was changed to Vincent Engineers (Stevenage) Ltd. in 1952 after financial losses were experienced releasing capital to produce a Vincent-engined prototype Indian for the US market during 1949.[7] In 1955 the company discontinued motorcycle production after experiencing further heavy financial losses.

Contents [hide]

1 History 1.1 Phil Vincent

1.2 Phil Irving

2 World War II

3 Models 3.1 Meteor and Comet

3.2 1936 Series A Rapide 3.2.1 Specifications

3.3 1946 Series B Rapide

3.4 1948 Series C Vincents 3.4.1 Specifications

3.5 1954 "Series D" Vincents

3.6 Fireflys, three wheelers, and NSU

4 The Last Vincent Motorcycle

5 Post motorcycle manufacturing

6 Subsequent developments 6.1 Norvin

6.2 Fritz Egli

6.3 Vincent RTV Motorcycles

6.4 Vincent Motors

6.5 Irving Vincent

7 See also

8 Notes

9 References

10 External links

History[edit]

Vincent Motorcycles, "the makers of the world's fastest motorcycles", began with the purchase of HRD Motors Ltd less the factory premises, by Philip Vincent in May, 1928.

HRD was founded by the British Royal Flying Corps (RFC) pilot, Howard Raymond Davies, who was shot down and captured by the Germans in 1917. Legend has it that it was while a prisoner of war that he conceived the idea of building his own motorcycle, and contemplated how he might achieve that. It was not until 1924 that Davies entered into partnership with E J Massey, trading as HRD Motors. Various models were produced, generally powered by J.A.P. engines.

Unfortunately, although HRD motorcycles won races, the company ran at a loss. In January 1928 it went into voluntary liquidation. The company was initially bought by Ernest Humphries of OK-Supreme Motors for the factory space, and the HRD name, jigs, tools, patterns, and remaining components were subsequently offered for sale again.

Phil Vincent[edit]

Main article: Phil Vincent

Detail of Vincent cantilever suspension

Philip Vincent was advised to start production under an established name. He had built a motorcycle of his own in 1927 and in 1928 had registered a patent for a cantilever rear suspension of his own design. With the backing of his family wealth from cattle ranching in Argentina, Vincent acquired the trademark, goodwill and remaining components of HRD from Humphries for £450 in 1928.

HRD motorcycle badge.JPG

The company was promptly renamed Vincent HRD Co., Ltd and production moved to Stevenage. The new trademark had The Vincent in very small letters above the large "HRD". After World War 2 Britain had an export drive to repay its war debts, and the USA was the largest market for motorcycles, so from 1950 the HRD was dropped from the name to avoid any confusion with the "HD" of Harley Davidson,[9] and the motorcycle became The Vincent.

In 1928 the first Vincent-HRD motorcycle used a JAP single-cylinder engine in a Vincent-designed cantilever frame. The earliest known example extant exists in Canberra, Australia. Some early bikes used Rudge-Python engines. But after a disastrous 1934 Isle of Man TT, with engine problems and all three entries failing to finish, Phil Vincent and Phil Irving decided to build their own engines.

Phil Vincent also experimented with three-wheeled vehicles, amphibious vehicles, and automobiles. In 1932 the first 3-wheeler, "The Vincent Bantam" appeared, powered by a 293cc Villiers engine. It was a 2.5 cwt delivery van with a car seat and a steering wheel. The Bantam cost £57-10-0 and the windscreen and hood option cost £5-10-0. Production ceased in 1936.[10]

Phil Irving[edit]

Main article: Phil Irving

Vincent Comet from 1950 at the Deutsches Zweirad- und NSU-Museum

In late 1931 Phil Irving first joined Vincent as an engineer alongside fellow-engineer E.J. Massey from the original HRD company after initially working on metallurgy for Velocette,[11][12] leaving to return to his native Australia in 1949.[7] His first engine design was an OHV 500 cc single-cylinder engine in 1934 called the "Meteor".

World War II[edit]

In 1937 Phil Irving went to work for Velocette but returned to Vincent Motorcycles in 1943. Vincent primarily made munitions, but Vincent engines were trialled in boats and portable pumps during the war, and the end of hostilities saw Vincent ready to return to motorcycle production. Vincent developed a highly efficient opposed-piston two-stroke engine for use in air-dropped lifeboats, although development outlasted the war and it never went into service.

Vincent already looked to America for sales, and in 1944 Eugene Aucott opened the first USA dealership in the city of Philadelphia. Others followed.

Models[edit]

Meteor and Comet[edit]

Vincent HRD (4156704856).jpg

The standard motor was known as the Meteor and the sports motor was the Vincent Comet; it was distinguished from earlier Vincent models of that name by the “Series-A” prefix. There was a TT replica & the Comet Special (basically a TTR with lights, horn etc.), which used a bronze head.[13] The Meteor motor produced 26 bhp (19 kW) @ 5300 rpm,

An unusual feature of the valve design for these motors was the double valve guides, and the attachment of the forked rocker arm to a shoulder between the guides, to eliminate side forces on the valve stem and ensure maximum valve life under racing conditions.

The Series-A Comet could do 90 mph (140 km/h), but Phil Vincent and his racing customers wanted more.

1936 Series A Rapide[edit]

Main article: Vincent Rapide

Vincent Series 'A' Rapide

Legend has it that Irving accidentally put a side-view tracing of the Vincent 500 motor wrong way up on top of an equally sized drawing of the same view of the same motor, and saw, moving the tracing so the crankshafts and idler gears coincided, that the result looked like a possible design for a V-twin. This resulted in the 47.5° V twin which appeared in 1936. (The single leaned forward 23.75°.)[14][not in citation given]

The Vincent V-twin motorcycle incorporated a number of new and innovative ideas, some of which were more successful than others.

The Vincent HRD Series A Rapide was introduced in October 1936. Its frame was of brazed lug construction, based on the Comet design but extended to accommodate the longer V twin engine. It continued the use of "cantilever" rear suspension, which was used on all Vincents produced from 1928 until 1955. Other innovations included a side stand.

Innovative telescopic forks were not adopted by Vincent, with both Phils believing girder forks were superior at the time and beyond. The Series-A had external oil lines – known as "the plumber's nightmare" – and a separate gearbox.[15]

With 6.8:1 compression ratio, the 998 cc Series A Rapide Vincent produced 45 hp (34 kW), and was capable of 110 miles per hour (180 km/h). The high power meant that the Burman clutch and gearbox transmission did not cope well.[16][17]

Specifications[edit]

Engine: 998 cc, 47.5 degree v-twin ohv four-stroke

Bore and Stroke: 84 × 90 mm

Compression Ratio: 6.8:1

Power: 45 bhp (34 kW) @ 5500 rpm

Produced: 1936–1939

Wheelbase: 58.5 inch

Dry Weight: 430 lb (200 kg)

Carburettor: 1.0625 inch Amal

Gearbox: Burman 4 speed, triplex chain primary, wet multiplate clutch

Frame: Brazed lug duplex tubular cradle. Cantilever rear springing

Front forks: Brampton girder forks

Top Speed: 110 mph (180 km/h)

1946 Series B Rapide[edit]

The Series B Rapide designed during the war and released to the press before end of hostilities looked radically different from the A: now the oil pipes were internal, and the gearbox was part of the engine casting (Unit Construction). The angle between the cylinders was now 50° instead of the 47.5° of the Series A engine. This allowed the use of the engine as a stressed member of the frame, which consisted of an oil-tank spine with the engine hanging below, and the front and rear suspension attached at the ends. This was considered sensational at the time, and the arrangement was not seen again till the late seventies. The use of the engine-gearbox unit as a stressed member became more usual. Brakes were dual single-leading shoe (SLS), front and rear. The 55.5-inch (1,410 mm) wheelbase was three inches (76 mm) shorter than the Series A, and its dimensions were more like a 500 cc bike of the time.

A more modern hydraulic shock absorber and spring assembly later replaced the old twin springs and friction damper. The rear seat was supported by a sub-frame down to the rear frame pivot point, providing a semi-sprung seat with 6 inches (150 mm) of suspension. (Yamaha would rediscover this suspension system nearly 40 years later.)

The Series B had a Feridax Dunlopillo Dualseat, and a tool tray under the front.[18]

The Series "B" incorporated an inline felt oil filter instead of the metal gauze of the Series "A".

Vincent used quickly detachable wheels, making wheel and tyre changes easier. The rear wheel was reversible, and different size rear sprockets could be fitted for quick final-drive ratio changes. The brake & gear shift were adjustable for reach to suit individual feet. The rear mud guard was hinged to facilitate the removal of the rear wheel.

From today's perspective, it seems incongruous that Vincent could see the need for, and design, a cantilever rear suspension, as well as incorporate so many other new ideas, yet use Brampton girder forks with friction dampers up front. The two Phils felt that the telescopic forks of the time were prone to lateral flex, so they persisted with girder forks, and did use hydraulic damping in the Series C "Girdraulic" forks.

Starting in 1948, Indian Motorcycles distributed Vincents in the United States along with other British motorcycles including AJS, Royal Enfield, Matchless and Norton.[19] That same year an Indian Chief was sent to Stevenage to be fitted with a Vincent Rapide engine. The resulting hybrid Vindian did not go into production.

1948 Series C Vincents[edit]

Black Shadow and Black Lightning

Vincent Black Lightning from 1950 at the Zweirad-Museum Neckarsulm

The 1948 Series C Rapide differed from the Series B in having "Girdraulic" front forks – which were girder forks with hydraulic damping.[20] By 1950, the Series C featured a 998cc, 50-degree V-twin that put out between 45 and 55 horsepower, depending on the state of tune (Rapide or Black Shadow).[21]

The Black Shadow, capable of 125 mph (201 km/h), and easily recognised by the black coating on the engine and gearbox unit known as Pylumin,[22][23] and large 150 mph (240 km/h) speedometer, was introduced. The engine produced 54 bhp (40 kW) @ 5700 rpm in Black Shadow trim.

The Black Lightning was a racing version of the Black Shadow; every necessary steel part on it that could be was remade in aluminium, and anything not essential was removed altogether. These changes helped reduce the weight from 458 lb (208 kg) to 380 lb (170 kg). Every bit the racer, it had a single racing seat and rear-set footrests.

The 500 cc Meteor and Comet singles were introduced, along with a 500 cc racer, the Vincent Grey Flash. The Grey Flash racer used Albion gears, for the greater choice of ratios available.[24] The 500 cc bikes used a wet multiplate clutch, while the 998 cc V-twins used a dry, drum-type servo clutch.

Most Vincents were painted black. In 1949 a White Shadow (a machine to Black Shadow mechanical specification, with the Rapide colour scheme) was available, but only 15 were sold, and the option was dropped in 1952. In 1950 16 Red Comets were shipped to the United States. There were also 31 of the 1948 Grey Flash built.[25]

From 1950, HRD was dropped from the name, and the logo now simply read The Vincent.[9][26]

Specifications[edit]

Make: Vincent HRD

Model: 1948 Series C Black Shadow

Engine: 998 cc (84 × 90 mm bore and stroke) 50° OHV V Twin, 7.3:1 CR, polished conrods

Carburetor: 2 × 1.125-inch (28.6 mm) type 29 Amals

Ignition: Lucas magneto (1955 models: coil ignition)

Electrics: 6v 45w dynamo

Lubrication: Dry sump, 3 US quarts

Gearbox: Integral Vincent four speed, triplex chain primary, dry servo – drum clutch

Final Drive: 530 chain, 46/21 sprockets

Tyres: 3 × 20 in front, 3.50 × 19 in rear

Wheels: Front: 1.65 × 20 in. steel rim; Rear: 1.65 × 19 in. steel rim.

Frame: Spine frame with engine as stressed member

Rear Suspension: Cantilever rear springing

Front forks: Vincent Girdraulic forks, 3" travel

Brakes: Twin drums, 7 in diameter in front and rear, single leading shoe 7/8" wide.

Weight: 458 lb (208 kg) – 206 kg Wet – 500 lb (227 kg)

Wheelbase: 55.5 in. (1415 mm)

Seat height: 32.5 in. (826 mm)

Performance: 125 mph / 201 km/h – 55 bhp (41 kW) at 5500 rpm

Fuel Capacity 3.5 gallons / 16 litres

Manufacturer: The Vincent-HRD Co. Ltd., Great North Road, Stevenage, Herts

1954 "Series D" Vincents[edit]

Vincent power land speed record holder Rollie Free featured in one of the most iconic photographs in motorcycling history.

The term "Series D" was not used by the factory, but was taken as a natural progression by the motorcycling world, and indicates a change of the rear subframe with a new seat support, which freed the passenger footpegs from the swingarm-connected-seat struts of the Series B and C models. With sales falling, Vincent tried modernizing his existing line by enclosing the motorcycles in fiberglass bodywork; fairings, engine shrouds, and an enclosed tail section; these were named the Victor (an upgraded Comet), the Black Knight (an upgraded Rapide) and the Black Prince (an upgraded Shadow). They were poorly received by the public, and suffered delays in production, waiting for the new bodywork. A short-lived unfaired version of the Black Prince was then produced, and a Series D Comet.

Rolland "Rollie" Free (November 11, 1900 – October 11, 1984) was a motorcycle racer best known for breaking the American motorcycle land speed record in 1948 on the Bonneville Salt Flats, Utah. The picture of Free, prone and wearing a bathing suit, has been described as the most famous picture in motorcycling [27] and Russell Wright won another World Land Speed Record at Swannanoa with a Vincent HRD motorcycle in 1955 at 184.83 mph (297.46 km/h).

However, sales declined further after the post-war motorcycling boom owing to the availability of cheaper motor cars, so not many "Series D" models were made.

Fireflys, three wheelers, and NSU[edit]

The Firefly was a 45 cc "clip on" engined bicycle built from 1953 to 1955 under licence from Miller, who were suppliers of electrical components to Vincent. It was also known as the Vincent Power Cycle. The Vincent Owners Club was predictably surprised by this new, cheap, entry-level Vincent.[28]

By 1954, Vincent Motorcycles was in an increasingly difficult situation. In the quest for solvency, Vincent looked for ways to improve their position. The trike idea was revived. In 1932 "The Vincent Bantam" was first introduced: Vincent's first 3-wheeler, powered by a 293 cc SV JAP or 250 cc Villiers engine, was a 2.5 cwt delivery van which used a car seat and steering wheel rather than the standard motorcycle saddle and handlebars. The Bantam was priced at £57-10-0 with a windscreen and hood available for an additional £5-10-0. It ceased production in 1936 – the first year of the Series A motorcycle.

NSU-Vincent Fox

In 1954/1955, due to falling sales of motorcycles, the prototype 3-wheeler powered by a Vincent Rapide 998 cc engine was produced. (Some years later,the vehicle was named "Polyphemus" by its owner, Roy Harper.) To keep development and production costs low, it used a parts-bin approach, including pieces from Vincent motorcycles, as well as wheels which came from a Morris Minor. The body was made from 16-gauge aluminium. With the standard Rapide engine, "Polyphemus" could reach 90 mph (140 km/h). Before it was sold, in the hands of Ted Davis, it achieved 117 mph (188 km/h) with a Black Lightning engine. The “Vincent 3-wheeler” was eventually sold to a member of the public for £500 – a high price for any vehicle at the time (the BMC Mini launched four years later for £497[29]), especially for a vehicle with no reverse gear, self-starter or hood.[10]

Unfortunately Vincent motorcycles were hand-built and expensive – only a total of 11,000 machines were sold post–World War Two. A sales slump in 1954 forced the company to import and sell NSU mopeds. One hundred sixty two-stroke Foxes NSU-Vincent 123 cc were built. There were also 40 98cc OHV four-stroke NSU-Vincents, and Vincent also sold the "NSU Quickly" moped; too well it appears (selling about 20,000 in one year – a footnote to how the market had changed again), as NSU took control of its own sales after a year.

The Last Vincent Motorcycle[edit]

At a Vincent Owners' Club dinner in the summer of 1955, Phil Vincent announced that the company could no longer continue in the face of heavy losses and that production of motorcycles would cease almost immediately.[30][dead link]

In 1955, one week before Christmas, the last Vincent came off the production line and was promptly labelled "The Last".

Post motorcycle manufacturing[edit]

Vincent Amanda watercraft at the London Motorcycle Museum

The factory then turned to general engineering, the manufacture of industrial engines, and there was the Amanda water scooter.[31] A Vincent engineer lost his life testing it, drowning at sea.[32]

Vincent tried for a government contract supplying motors for the ML Aviation U120D target aircraft.[33] The motor had to be capable of passing prolonged full power operation tests. This was called the Picador project.[34] The Vincent motor was upgraded with a better crankshaft, Scintilla magneto, double speed oil pump and fuel injection. They did not get a contract. (Russel Wright's record breaking bike was fitted with a Picador crank and oil pump, by Vincent, while in England for Earls Court, shortly after the 1955 record attempt.)[35]

The company went into receivership in 1959. The name and motorcycle component manufacturing rights were taken over by a local business, Harper Engines Ltd., of Stevenage, Herts.,[1][2] and has since been bought and sold by other engineering firms.

Subsequent developments[edit]

Norvin[edit]

Norvin in traditional 1960s style showing Shadow engine finish in a Manx Norton frame, forks, swinging arm and wheels with rear hub reversed to suit the Vincent timing–side final drive

Vincent engines have been fitted to other frames. The most common was the Norvin, using a Norton Featherbed frame. Other names were used, including Vincent–Norton, Vinton and Vin–Nor.[36]

Somerton Viscount 998 cc Norvin with Manx Norton frame, swinging arm and wheels with Norton roadster 'Roadholder' front forks

Whereas most were one-off builds, an early attempt at production was announced by Staffordshire engineer Tom Somerton in late 1959, with an intended low-volume run from 1960.[37] It's not known how many were completed.

New Norvins were announced by Hailwood Motorcycle Restorations in 2008,[38] a brand associated with David Hailwood (Mike Hailwood's son) and bike restorer John Mossey. The business soon was dissolved.[39]

The Norvin is now available from John Mossey under a new brand, JMC Classics, together with the Egli-framed Vincent.

Fritz Egli[edit]

Egli Vincent

Main article: Fritz Egli

Fritz Egli, a specialist frame manufacturer based in Switzerland, produced an Egli-Vincent, and around 100[citation needed] were produced between 1967 and 1972.[clarification needed] Egli-Vincents were subsequently built under licence in France by Patrick Godet.[40] JMC Classics also produce new Egli framed Vincents in UK.

Vincent RTV Motorcycles[edit]

Vincent RTV1200

In 1996, a new motorcycle company was formed by three individuals, Rodney Brown (a metallurgical engineer), Terry Prince (a Vincent enthusiast and specialist) and Ron Slender.[41] Brown provided the financial start and along with Prince were the founding directors, with Slender specialising with business development post-production. The company was named RTV Motorcycles. Its ambition was to produce a modern day classic Vincent motorcycle that could be marketed, in reasonable volumes, worldwide. It used a redesigned and modernised version of the Vincent engine, engineered by Prince, with an increased capacity and in an Egli-style frame. The motorcycles were to be built individually by hand.

The range was to include both a touring and sports model in capacities of 1,000 cc (RTV1000) and 1,200 cc (RTV1200). Complete new engines would also be made available for separate purchase. Production was initially to begin for the larger capacity machine designated the RTV1200. These were to be fitted, as standard, with state of the art; Bosch electric start, Brembo brakes, adjustable Paioli upside down forks, Ohlins rear monoshock and V-2 multiplate clutch. The first factory prototype RTV was built in 1998, other RTV prototypes were in various stages before the company went into voluntary liquidation towards the end of that year.[42]

Vincent Motors[edit]

Vincent Motors USA founder and president, Bernard Li, acquired the Vincent trademark in 1994 and formally launched Vincent Motors USA in 1998, spending about $2 million building prototypes that resemble the original Vincent but utilised modern components like the Honda RC51 V-twin engine. Vincent Motors was based in San Diego.[43][dead link]

Beau 'Beato' Beaton on the Irving Vincent at Goodwood Festival of Speed in 2012

A resurrection of the Vincent name is now unlikely as the RC51 engine is out of production, and Li was killed in a motorcycle accident in Arizona in 2008.[44]

Irving Vincent[edit]

The Irving Vincent is produced in small numbers by HRD Engineering (Horner Race Development - Ken and Barry Horner) in Hallam, Victoria, Australia. It is a re-engineered version based on the original Phil Irving drawings, with engine capacities of 1000 cc, 1300 cc or 1600 cc.[45][46]

The marque gained worldwide recognition by winning the Daytona (Florida, US) ‘Battle of the Twins’ in its first attempt in 2008, ridden by Craig McMartin.[47][48]

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please be sure to check out my favourites on flickr..

www.flickr.com/photos/43201156@N06/favorites

Fizzy by Adrian Pink

11 4

Affectionly called the 'Fizzy', The FS1 was a Yamaha moped of the 1970s. Various letter suffixes were added to indicate model variation to suit local regulations, such the FS1-E for England, FS1P/DX NL and others.

The FS1-E was the UK model. Machines registered in the UK from 1 August 1977 were restricted to a maximum of 31 mph (50 km/h).

Originally the FS1-E was built as a five-speed transmission light motorcycle. It was originally called the FS1. Due to the regulations in Europe, the FS1-E was downtuned with a four-speed transmission.

The Yamaha FS1-E has a 49 cc single cylinder two-stroke air-cooled rotary disc-valved engine with a four-speed gearbox.

About 200,000 were produced for the UK market. An award winning short film was produced in 2006 a entitled 'Fizzy Days' encompassing the bikes and the era.

The FS1-E had the ability to be powered by pushbike type pedals since this was a legal requirement for registration as a moped in the United Kingdom and some other European countries at the time.

The special pedal cranks allowed both pedals to be rotated forward so that the pedals would form motorcycle-style footrests in normal operation. To engage the pedals, the left-hand pedal crank could be rotated 180 degrees backwards and locked, and a drive gear engaged allowing the user to pedal. A short chain connected the pedal drive to the main engine-chain drive system. Pedalling was hard work for the rider: there was no freewheel and the pedal gearing was very low. The engine could be started with pedal drive engaged, causing the pedals to rotate under engine power when the bike was in gear. In practice, the cam and shaft arrangement to engage the pedals frequently seized (in normal operation, a rider would very rarely engage pedal-drive as it was less tiring to push than to pedal).

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha_FS1

(1620) beach chair / Ostseebad Kühlungsborn / Germany by unicorn 81

16 20

....Zahlenbild......!

Strandkorb /

A strandkorb (German, literally beach basket) is a special chair designed to provide comfort and protection from sun, wind, rain, and sand on beaches frequented by tourists.

Strandkorbs are predominantly used on the coasts of North Sea and Baltic Sea, as well as other coasts with strong winds. During the summer months, they can usually be rented from strandkorb keepers. Two different shapes can be distinguished, the straight angular North Sea variety and the round rolling Baltic Sea variety.

The strandkorb is said to have been invented in 1882 by German basketmaker Wilhelm Bartelmann in Rostock on request of a tourist from Warnemünde. In 1883, he announced the first rental service in a local newspaper. The first models were single seaters and appeared quickly on other parts of the German coast. Today's models are mostly two seaters with tiltable tops, some allowing people to lay down completely. They are equipped with armrests and footrests, storage space below the seats, rain proof covers and sunshades.

************************************************************************************************

Ein Strandkorb ist ein spezielles Sitzmöbel aus Korbgeflecht für den Strand, vergleichbar einem verkleideten Sessel. Sein Zweck ist, Schutz vor Sonne, Wind, Regen und Sandflug zu bieten.

Strandkörbe sind häufig an den Sandstränden der Nord- und Ostsee bzw. an Meeresküsten mit viel Wind zu finden. Sie können in der warmen Jahreszeit üblicherweise bei Strandkorbwärtern gemietet werden. Man unterscheidet bei den Strandkörben in Deutschland eine abgerundete, geschwungene Ostseeform und die gerade, eckig anmutende Nordseeform.

Den Strandkorb gibt es seit mehr als 125 Jahren. Der Rostocker Hof-Korbmachermeister Wilhelm Bartelmann (1845-1930) konstruierte 1882 den ersten Strandkorb für die rheuma-kranke Elfriede von Maltzahn, die sich als Badegast in Warnemünde eine Sitzgelegenheit für den Strand wünschte. Er nannte diesen Sessel anfangs Strandstuhl, der erstmals am 15. Juni zum Einsatz kam. Im Allgemeinen Rostocker Anzeiger veröffentlichte er 1883 eine Anzeige, in der er die Strandkorb-Vermietung bekanntgab. Auch in anderen Küstenorten Norddeutschlands wurden damals die ersten Einsitzer am Strand gesichtet. Die ersten Modelle ließen sich noch nicht nach hinten klappen; diese Mechanik wurde erst um 1897 eingeführt.

Heutige Strandkörbe sind meist Zweisitzer, deren Oberteil beliebig gekippt werden kann. Je nach Ausführung als „Halblieger“ oder „Ganzlieger“ dienen sie so als Sitz- oder Liegegelegenheit. Mit Griffen zum Tragen können sie beliebig gedreht werden und bieten zudem einen Komfort mit Polsterung, Armlehnen, ausziehbaren Fußbänken, Klapptischen, Schattenmarkise und einer regendichten Überdachung. Die Geflechte sind heute aus Kunststoff, Naturrohr oder auch Rattan gefertigt.

Honda CB125F & KTM RC125 - Aberdeen 2018 by DanoAberdeen

14

Sun shone for most of today here in Aberdeen Scotland, after a few hours over at Torry docks I decided to visit the North Pier , as I parked my car two bikers arrived and parked their bikes in front of the Marine Operations Centre gate where I usually take my photos of ships arriving and leaving, I quickly asked if I could capture their magnificent bikes with my Nikon and they agreed, thanks guys, finished off my afternoon perfectly .

Honda 125cc - Reg - W33 CBF

Vehicle make: HONDA

Date of first registration: August 2017

Year of manufacture: 2017

Cylinder capacity (cc): 125 cc

CO₂Emissions: 0 g/km

Fuel type: PETROL

Export marker: No

Vehicle status: Tax not due

Vehicle colour: WHITE

Vehicle type approval: L3

Wheelplan: 2-WHEEL

Engine

Bore × Stroke (mm)52.4x57.8

CarburationPGM-FI electronic fuel injection

Compression Ratio9.2:1

C02 Emissions45

Engine Displacement (cc)124.7cc

Engine Type (cm³)Air-cooled 4-stroke 2-valve OHC single with balancer shaft

Max. Power Output7.8kW @ 7,750rpm

Max. Torque10.2Nm @ 6,250rpm

Oil Capacity (Litres)1.0

StarterElectric

Wheels

Brakes Front240mm disc with double piston caliper

Brakes Rear130mm drum

Suspension Front120mm telescopic fork (31mm diameter)

Suspension RearDual rear shocks with 5-step spring preload adjustment

Tyre Size Front80/100 – 18M/C 47P

Tyre Size Rear90/90 – 18M/C 51P

Wheels Front18” six spoke cast aluminium

Wheels Rear18” six spoke cast aluminium

Dimensions and Weights

Battery Capacity (VAh)12V/6AH

Caster Angle26°

Dimensions (L×W×H) (mm)2,035x765x1,080

Frame typeDiamond; steel

Fuel Tank Capacity (Litres)13 litres

Fuel Consumption151.1 mpg

Ground Clearance (mm)160

Kerb Weight (kg)128kg (Front 58kg; Rear 70kg)

Seat Height (mm)775

Trail (mm)97

Wheelbase (mm)1295

Transmission

ClutchWet, multiplate with coil springs

Final DriveStandard chain

Gearbox5 speed

Instruments and Electrics

Headlights12V 35W (low), 35W (high)

InstrumentsSpeedometer, milometer, fuel gauge, rpm counter, gear position indicator

Tail Light12V 21W (stop), 5W (tail)

KTM 125cc - Reg - SP16 VPU

Vehicle make: KTM

Date of first registration: March 2016

Year of manufacture: 2016

Cylinder capacity (cc): 125 cc

CO₂Emissions: 0 g/km

Fuel type: PETROL

Export marker: No

Vehicle status: Taxed and due

Vehicle colour: BLACK

Vehicle type approval: L3

Wheelplan: 2-WHEEL

MODEL DESCRIPTION

The entry level for really ambitious racers. The state-of-the-art, water-cooled DOHC engine delivers 11 kW (15 hp), 12 Nm of torque and total race performance for everyday use. Every ride turns into preparation for the next race with the new street-legal KTM RC 125.

FRAME

Visually similar to the lightweight and approved Duke steel trellis frame, the orange painted frame has been modified to better fit the supersport ergonomics and dynamics. The increase of the steering head angle to 66,5 degree resulted in a shorter trail, shorter wheelbase and increased ground clearance. All these modifications release the complete racing potential of the RC and guarantee quick, agile and playful handling.

SWINGARM

The light alloy swingarm with directly linked WP shock absorber excels with extreme torsional stiffness and outstanding tracking stability.

TELESCOPIC FORK

The KTM RC 125 high-quality upside-down fork from WP Suspension has the same 43 mm outer tube diameter as the RC8 R – in other words, real racing equipment that guarantees highest levels of stability and precision.

INSTRUMENT

The 100% digital LCD display has everything you could expect from a state-of-the-art KTM motorcycle, including engaged gear, fuel gauge and service reminder information. Just like supersport racing machines an RPM alert indicates when is the best moment for shifting up.

ENGINE

The state-of-the-art, liquid cooled, single-cylinder four-stroke 125ccm engine with twin overhead camshafts, four valves and electronic fuel injection, provides outstanding power and thanks to the balancer shaft, delivers the highest levels of smoothness. The engine is equipped with an electric starter powered by a 12V/8Ah battery and it effortlessly achieves its peak power of 11 kW (15 hp).

TRIPLE CLAMPS

The brand new forged aluminum triple clamps are eye-catchers and together with the clip on handlebars guarantee a pure supersport racing feeling.

BRAKES

KTM developed in cooperation with Brembo a powerful and easy to control brake-system which allows the rider to be always in control of the RC. A four piston radially bolted caliper in combination with a single brake disk (300mm diameter) in the front and a single piston floating caliper with a single brake disk (230mm diameter) for the rear wheel guarantee excellent braking response in all situations.

PILLION RIDE SEAT

In order to make no compromises in terms of supersport looks, the KTM engineers integrated the pillion seat into the bodywork lines so that it resembles a real racing bike tail, yet still ensures excellent comfort for the passenger.

BODYWORK

The brand new bodywork, footrests and pedals not just provide a unique supersport look but also help the RC to master extreme cornering with more leaning angle. For MY 2016, all the sticker and graphic design shines new.

HEADLIGHT

The twin headlight opens a new direction for KTM style and perfectly matches with the racing supersport look of RC.

INTEGRATED BLINKERS

As a special feature, the RC incorporates blinkers into the mirror structure, which not only look sporty but also contribute to the perfect aerodynamics.

THIN TAIL

Fitting perfectly into the pure racing look the number plate holder rounds KTM's high performance bike off.

STANDARD ABS

With ABS equipped as standard, every RC 125 demonstrates KTM's commitment to safety even in the small capacity class. As always the RC 125 is Ready to Race with the option to disengage the ABS system.

WHEELS

Equally lightweight as they are stable, the 17 inch orange painted cast light alloy wheels sized 110 mm wide at the front and an impressive 150 mm at the rear. The tyres impress with tremendous grip in both wet and dry conditions, as well as providing supreme durability.

A1 LICENSE

With a maximum power of 11kW (15hp) the RC125 is right at the limit of the A1 driver´s license, making the new KTM RC125 the sportiest option for A1 riders.

SEAT

The two-part seat offers first class supersport ergonomics with perfect support for rider and pillion. With a seat height of 820mm it enables the rider to have a secure stand while also being high enough for sporty use and real big-bike feeling.

HANDLEBAR

The clip on handlebars and switches contribute to a sporty and aggressive riding position combined with advanced control.

FUEL TANK

A steel fuel tank with 10l capacity (including 1,5l reserve) has been developed for the RC, perfectly matching the supersport style and vehicle design, together with rider ergonomics. Thanks to the economic engine, the RC achieves even in the sportiest manner of riding a considerable range.

WINDSHIELD

The advanced design windshield in combination with the aerodynamic optimized motorcycle front ensures an incredible wind protection for rider's chest and arms.

ENGINE TYPE - 1-CYLINDER, 4-STROKE ENGINE, WATER-COOLED

DISPLACEMENT - 124.7 CC

STARTER - ELECTRIC STARTER

TRANSMISSION - 6 SPEED, CLAW SHIFTED

ENGINE LUBRICATION - WET SUMP

COOLING - LIQUID COOLING SYSTEM, CONTINUOUS CIRCULATION OF COOLING LIQUID WITH WATER PUMP

CLUTCH - WET MULTI-DISC CLUTCH, MECHANICALLY OPERATED

IGNITION - BOSCH EMS

ABS SYSTEM - BOSCH 9MB TWO CHANNEL

FRAME - STEEL TRELLIS FRAME, POWDER COATED

CHAIN - 5/8 X 1/4 X-RING

STEERING HEAD ANGLE - 66.5 DEGREES

TANK CAPACITY - APPROX. 10 LITRES

Welcome To Coastliner Country... BT66MVP 3632 (433) and BT66MVO 3631 (432) Transdev Yorkshire Coastliner by MTBP (Chris Nelson) - York Bus Photos

14 5

It's been some time coming, but finally the replacements for the FJ08 batch of Volvo B9TL's with Yorkshire Coastliner are arriving, and on December 8 2016 the new buses were launched at an event outside York Minster. As a repeat of history back from 2003, the Coastliner order is a tag-on to an order made for Harrogate and District's route 36 - however an improvement from 2003-4 is that the Coastliner buses are specified to just as high a standard if not better.

The vehicles used for the launch event are BT66 MVO and BT66 MVP which are Volvo B5TL Wright Eclipse Gemini 3's - oddly these have been given 36xx fleetnumbers, the reason I've been given is simply because these 'follow on' from the Harrogate order, but for clarity I have included the *correct* fleetnumbers in brackets for the photo titles. As it stands, only these two vehicles have currently been delivered - though two more are due late next week whilst the rest are still either in Northern Ireland or at Heysham; the two buses seen here will see their first day of service on December 12 with a new timetable in effect at the same time (the timetable conveniently shows which journeys will be run by the new buses). This order of B5TL's consists of ten vehicles to fully replace 411-420, and the order is worth just over £2.3Million; the engines comply to Euro 6 standard which means these buses emit less pollution in terms of particulate matter than a small diesel hatchback car (and studies have proven this). Each bus has a gross vehicle weight of 18t and is 11.5m long and 4.4m heigh.

In famous Transdev style, the plan for 411-420 has changed at the 11th hour and 59th minute: rather than going to keighley the company has decided not to renew the lease and so those will leave the group as a whole.

Interior specification for these is amlost identical to those used for Harrogate and District's route 36, however the seats have the Creating Desire moquette trim instead of leather (probably better for long journeys to the coast anyway, less sweaty bums!). Upstairs has high-backed coach seating with individual USB charging sockets, the seats themselves are wider than normal bus seats for greater comfort. Upstairs has two seating groups arranged around a table, and an improvement over the H&D 36 buses is that each table has a wireless induction charger for mobile phones; each table is also finished with a unique vinyl which is patterned for something associated with the coastliner route (likewise the interior panel of the staircase). The upper deck has a double-glazed panoramic sunlight going the length of the bus to allow better views and more light into the bus, whilst the aisles upstairs and downstairs is finished in wood effect. The seats have blue LED lights underneath to better illuminate the aisle and provide delineation between aisle and seats. The glazing panel inside for the staircase has been finished with an etched new-style Coastliner logo which is then edge-lit by blue LED's. At the rear of the lower deck the usual group of 5 forward-facing seats have been replaced by 4 wider seats to allow passengers more room, and the seats are also provided with a table complete with USB sockets, a footrest underneath and a space for bags (and in one photo is demonstrated by fellow enthusiast Frank). The bus has full CCTV coverage in addition to audio 'next stop' announcements controlled by GPS and the Mobitech destination equipment. The destinations also follow a new innovation being rolled out with new Transdev buses in that it can count down time until the bus departs its first stop.

Externally the buses have been given an entirely new livery in the current Transdev style as also seen in York on the Cityzap and Little Explorers buses, along with a new logo and the motto "Yorkshire's Amazing Day Out", as everything is amazing apparently. Each bus is given a unique rear advertisement to promote somewhere along the route, taking up the space previously used for the route map which has now been shifted to the side panels above the lower deck windows (seen in one photo where I seem to have caught Scott Poole by surprise). And the buses have crystal white LED destinations.

Misty and JonJon on my footrest. by Sheila Polhemus

4

The Theatre by am_kaiser[ღ ஐ .-~*'¨ ¯¨'*·~-.¸ ღ ஐ .-

9 6

The theatre at Butrint is constructed against the slope of the acropolis hill facing out over the Vivari Channel. Making use of the natural incline of the hill offered a practical solution for the seating area and is a common feature in ancient Greek theatres.

The earliest theatre is likely to have been quite small. This was enlarged in the 3rd century BC and the seating area (cavea) extended right up next to the treasury building. Six narrow staircases divide the semi-circular auditorium into ‘wedges’ for easy access. Seating arrangements were organised hierarchically, with the seats closest to the stage reserved for the most prominent members of the city. At Butrint the first real row of seats has footrests and is decorated with handsome lion’s feet, whereas further back the seats are plain blocks.

Takin' Tickets by Jared

5

I was onboard Amtrak 364, the eastbound Blue Water, fresh out of Chicago. As usual, it was a sold out show, the train was packed to the brim with every seat filled. Soon enough one of the conductors came calling with her ticket scanner. While the days of punching holes in tickets are long gone, the sight of a conductor tallying passengers and inquiring about their destination has remained the same. Something I wish had stayed the same were Amtrak's seats. While I like the Venture cars for their modern features and brighter interior, the seats are AWFUL, at least for someone like me with scoliosis. The seats don't recline and the lack of footrest and thin cushioning are a real pain. While it won't stop me from taking the train, it has me longing for the cushy leather seats of the Amfleet and Horizon cars.

Taken with a Pentax K1000 on Kodak Portra 160.

Honda CB125F & KTM RC125 - Aberdeen 2018 by DanoAberdeen

12

Honda 125cc - Reg - W33 CBF

Vehicle make: HONDA

Date of first registration: August 2017

Year of manufacture: 2017

Cylinder capacity (cc): 125 cc

CO₂Emissions: 0 g/km

Fuel type: PETROL

Export marker: No

Vehicle status: Tax not due

Vehicle colour: WHITE

Vehicle type approval: L3

Wheelplan: 2-WHEEL

Engine

Bore × Stroke (mm)52.4x57.8

CarburationPGM-FI electronic fuel injection

Compression Ratio9.2:1

C02 Emissions45

Engine Displacement (cc)124.7cc

Engine Type (cm³)Air-cooled 4-stroke 2-valve OHC single with balancer shaft

Max. Power Output7.8kW @ 7,750rpm

Max. Torque10.2Nm @ 6,250rpm

Oil Capacity (Litres)1.0

StarterElectric

Wheels

Brakes Front240mm disc with double piston caliper

Brakes Rear130mm drum

Suspension Front120mm telescopic fork (31mm diameter)

Suspension RearDual rear shocks with 5-step spring preload adjustment

Tyre Size Front80/100 – 18M/C 47P

Tyre Size Rear90/90 – 18M/C 51P

Wheels Front18” six spoke cast aluminium

Wheels Rear18” six spoke cast aluminium

Dimensions and Weights

Battery Capacity (VAh)12V/6AH

Caster Angle26°

Dimensions (L×W×H) (mm)2,035x765x1,080

Frame typeDiamond; steel

Fuel Tank Capacity (Litres)13 litres

Fuel Consumption151.1 mpg

Ground Clearance (mm)160

Kerb Weight (kg)128kg (Front 58kg; Rear 70kg)

Seat Height (mm)775

Trail (mm)97

Wheelbase (mm)1295

Transmission

ClutchWet, multiplate with coil springs

Final DriveStandard chain

Gearbox5 speed

Instruments and Electrics

Headlights12V 35W (low), 35W (high)

InstrumentsSpeedometer, milometer, fuel gauge, rpm counter, gear position indicator

Tail Light12V 21W (stop), 5W (tail)

KTM 125cc - Reg - SP16 VPU

Vehicle make: KTM

Date of first registration: March 2016

Year of manufacture: 2016

Cylinder capacity (cc): 125 cc

CO₂Emissions: 0 g/km

Fuel type: PETROL

Export marker: No

Vehicle status: Taxed and due

Vehicle colour: BLACK

Vehicle type approval: L3

Wheelplan: 2-WHEEL

MODEL DESCRIPTION

The entry level for really ambitious racers. The state-of-the-art, water-cooled DOHC engine delivers 11 kW (15 hp), 12 Nm of torque and total race performance for everyday use. Every ride turns into preparation for the next race with the new street-legal KTM RC 125.

FRAME

Visually similar to the lightweight and approved Duke steel trellis frame, the orange painted frame has been modified to better fit the supersport ergonomics and dynamics. The increase of the steering head angle to 66,5 degree resulted in a shorter trail, shorter wheelbase and increased ground clearance. All these modifications release the complete racing potential of the RC and guarantee quick, agile and playful handling.

SWINGARM

The light alloy swingarm with directly linked WP shock absorber excels with extreme torsional stiffness and outstanding tracking stability.

TELESCOPIC FORK

The KTM RC 125 high-quality upside-down fork from WP Suspension has the same 43 mm outer tube diameter as the RC8 R – in other words, real racing equipment that guarantees highest levels of stability and precision.

INSTRUMENT

The 100% digital LCD display has everything you could expect from a state-of-the-art KTM motorcycle, including engaged gear, fuel gauge and service reminder information. Just like supersport racing machines an RPM alert indicates when is the best moment for shifting up.

ENGINE

The state-of-the-art, liquid cooled, single-cylinder four-stroke 125ccm engine with twin overhead camshafts, four valves and electronic fuel injection, provides outstanding power and thanks to the balancer shaft, delivers the highest levels of smoothness. The engine is equipped with an electric starter powered by a 12V/8Ah battery and it effortlessly achieves its peak power of 11 kW (15 hp).

TRIPLE CLAMPS

The brand new forged aluminum triple clamps are eye-catchers and together with the clip on handlebars guarantee a pure supersport racing feeling.

BRAKES

KTM developed in cooperation with Brembo a powerful and easy to control brake-system which allows the rider to be always in control of the RC. A four piston radially bolted caliper in combination with a single brake disk (300mm diameter) in the front and a single piston floating caliper with a single brake disk (230mm diameter) for the rear wheel guarantee excellent braking response in all situations.

PILLION RIDE SEAT

In order to make no compromises in terms of supersport looks, the KTM engineers integrated the pillion seat into the bodywork lines so that it resembles a real racing bike tail, yet still ensures excellent comfort for the passenger.

BODYWORK

The brand new bodywork, footrests and pedals not just provide a unique supersport look but also help the RC to master extreme cornering with more leaning angle. For MY 2016, all the sticker and graphic design shines new.

HEADLIGHT

The twin headlight opens a new direction for KTM style and perfectly matches with the racing supersport look of RC.

INTEGRATED BLINKERS

As a special feature, the RC incorporates blinkers into the mirror structure, which not only look sporty but also contribute to the perfect aerodynamics.

THIN TAIL

Fitting perfectly into the pure racing look the number plate holder rounds KTM's high performance bike off.

STANDARD ABS

With ABS equipped as standard, every RC 125 demonstrates KTM's commitment to safety even in the small capacity class. As always the RC 125 is Ready to Race with the option to disengage the ABS system.

WHEELS

Equally lightweight as they are stable, the 17 inch orange painted cast light alloy wheels sized 110 mm wide at the front and an impressive 150 mm at the rear. The tyres impress with tremendous grip in both wet and dry conditions, as well as providing supreme durability.

A1 LICENSE

With a maximum power of 11kW (15hp) the RC125 is right at the limit of the A1 driver´s license, making the new KTM RC125 the sportiest option for A1 riders.

SEAT

The two-part seat offers first class supersport ergonomics with perfect support for rider and pillion. With a seat height of 820mm it enables the rider to have a secure stand while also being high enough for sporty use and real big-bike feeling.

HANDLEBAR

The clip on handlebars and switches contribute to a sporty and aggressive riding position combined with advanced control.

FUEL TANK

A steel fuel tank with 10l capacity (including 1,5l reserve) has been developed for the RC, perfectly matching the supersport style and vehicle design, together with rider ergonomics. Thanks to the economic engine, the RC achieves even in the sportiest manner of riding a considerable range.

WINDSHIELD

The advanced design windshield in combination with the aerodynamic optimized motorcycle front ensures an incredible wind protection for rider's chest and arms.

ENGINE TYPE - 1-CYLINDER, 4-STROKE ENGINE, WATER-COOLED

DISPLACEMENT - 124.7 CC

STARTER - ELECTRIC STARTER

TRANSMISSION - 6 SPEED, CLAW SHIFTED

ENGINE LUBRICATION - WET SUMP

COOLING - LIQUID COOLING SYSTEM, CONTINUOUS CIRCULATION OF COOLING LIQUID WITH WATER PUMP

CLUTCH - WET MULTI-DISC CLUTCH, MECHANICALLY OPERATED

IGNITION - BOSCH EMS

ABS SYSTEM - BOSCH 9MB TWO CHANNEL

FRAME - STEEL TRELLIS FRAME, POWDER COATED

CHAIN - 5/8 X 1/4 X-RING

STEERING HEAD ANGLE - 66.5 DEGREES

TANK CAPACITY - APPROX. 10 LITRES

Seated Figure Of The 16th President Of The United States Abraham Lincoln By Daniel Chester French, Lincoln Memorial, National Mall, Washington DC, USA. by PHOTOGRAPHY by DM & DBM.

9

Abraham Lincoln (1920) is a colossal seated figure of the 16th president of the United States, Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865), sculpted by Daniel Chester French (1850–1931) and carved by the Piccirilli Brothers. Located in the Lincoln Memorial (constructed 1914–1922), on the National Mall, Washington, D.C., United States, the statue was unveiled in 1922. The work follows in the Beaux Arts and American Renaissance style traditions.

The 170-ton statue is composed of 28 blocks of white Georgia marble (Georgia Marble Company)[1][vague] and rises 30 feet (9.1 m) from the floor, including the 19-foot (5.8 m) seated figure (with armchair and footrest) upon an 11-foot (3.4 m) high pedestal. The figure of Lincoln gazes directly ahead and slightly down with an expression of gravity and solemnity. His frock coat is unbuttoned, and a large United States flag is draped over the chair back and sides. French paid particular attention to Lincoln's expressive hands, which rest on the enormous arms of a semi-circular ceremonial chair, whose fronts bear fasces, emblems of authority from Roman antiquity. French used casts of his own fingers to achieve the correct placement.

Daniel Chester French was selected in 1914 by the Lincoln Memorial Committee to create a Lincoln statue as part of the memorial to be designed by architect Henry Bacon (1866–1924). French was already famous for his 1874 The Minute Man statue in Concord, Massachusetts, and other works such as his 1884 John Harvard statue. He was also the personal choice of Bacon, who had already been collaborating with him for nearly 25 years. French resigned his chairmanship of the Fine Arts Commission in Washington, D.C. — a group closely affiliated with the memorial's design and creation — and commenced work in December.

French had already created (1909–1912) a major memorial statue of Lincoln—this one standing—for the Nebraska State Capitol (Abraham Lincoln, 1912) in Lincoln, Nebraska. His previous studies of Lincoln—which included biographies, photographs, and a life mask of Lincoln by Leonard Volk done in 1860—had prepared him for the challenging task of the larger statue. He and Bacon decided that a large seated figure would be most appropriate for the national memorial. French started with a small clay study and subsequently created several plaster models, making subtle changes in the figure's pose or setting. He placed Lincoln not in an ordinary 19th-century seat but in a classical chair, including fasces, a Roman symbol of authority, to convey that the subject was an eminence for all the ages.

Three plaster models of the Lincoln statue are at French's Chesterwood Studio, a National Trust Historic Site in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, including a plaster sketch (1915) and a six-foot plaster model (1916). The second of French's plasters, created at Chesterwood in the summer of 1916 (inscribed October 31), became the basis of the final work, which was initially envisioned as a 12-foot (3.7 m) bronze. In deciding the size of the final statue, French and Bacon took photographic enlargements of the model to the memorial under construction. Eventually, French's longtime collaborators, the firm of Piccirilli Brothers, were commissioned to do the carving of a much larger sculpture in marble from a quarry near Tate, Georgia.

French's design took a year to transfer to the massive marble blocks. French provided finishing strokes in the carvers' studio in The Bronx, New York City and after the statue was assembled in the memorial on the National Mall in 1920. Lighting the statue was a particular problem. In creating the work, French had understood that a large skylight would provide direct, natural illumination from overhead, but this was not included in the final plans. The horizontal light from the east flattened Lincoln's facial features—making him appear to stare blankly rather than wear a dignified expression—and highlighted his shins. French considered this a disaster. In the end, an arrangement of electric lights was devised to correct this situation. The work was unveiled at the memorial's formal dedication on May 30, 1922.

It is often said that the Lincoln figure is signing his own initials in the American manual alphabet: A with his left hand, "L" with his right. The National Park Service is at best ambivalent toward the story, saying, "It takes some imagination to see signs in Lincoln's hands." French had a deaf son and had depicted Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet signing in the manual alphabet.

Daniel Chester French (April 20, 1850 – October 7, 1931) was an American sculptor of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He is best known for his 1874 sculpture The Minute Man in Concord, Massachusetts, and his 1920 monumental statue of Abraham Lincoln in the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C.

French was the son of Anne Richardson (1811–1856), daughter of William Merchant Richardson (1774–1838), chief justice of New Hampshire; and of Henry Flagg French (1813–1885). His siblings were Henriette Van Mater French Hollis (1839–1911), Sarah Flagg French Bartlett (1846–1883), and William M.R. French (1843–1914). He was the uncle of Senator Henry F. Hollis.

French was born in Exeter, New Hampshire, to Henry Flagg French (1813–1885), a lawyer, judge, Assistant US Treasury Secretary, and author of a book that described the French drain,[1] and his wife Anne Richardson. In 1867, French moved with his family to Concord, Massachusetts, where he was a neighbor and friend of Ralph Waldo Emerson, and the Alcott family. His decision to pursue sculpting was influenced by Louisa May Alcott's sister Abigail May Alcott.

French in his studio with the model for Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet and Alice Cogswell, c. 1889, Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, DC

French's early education included training in anatomy with William Rimmer and in drawing with William Morris Hunt. French spent a year studying at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and also several years in Florence, Italy, studying in the studio of Thomas Ball. French first earned acclaim for The Minute Man, commissioned by the town of Concord, Massachusetts, which was unveiled April 19, 1875, on the centenary of the Battle of Lexington and Concord. He soon established his own studio, first in Washington, DC, moving later to Boston and then to New York City. French's reputation grew with his Statue of the Republic for the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893, in Chicago. Other memorable works by French include: the First Division Monument and the Butt-Millet Memorial Fountain in Washington; John Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; bronze doors for the Boston Public Library; and Four Continents at the US Custom House, New York (now the Alexander Hamilton US Custom House). In addition to the Lincoln Memorial, French collaborated with architect Henry Bacon on numerous memorials around the country and on the Dupont Circle fountain in Washington, DC.

In 1893, French was a founding member of the National Sculpture Society, and he was appointed a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1913. During this time, he served as an instructor at the Art Students League of New York, teaching sculpture there in 1890 and 1898. French also became a member of the National Academy of Design (1901), the American Academy of Arts and Letters (which awarded him the Gold Medal for Sculpture in 1917), the Architectural League, and the Accademia di San Luca, of Rome. He was a trustee of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, and a co-founder of the American Academy in Rome. He was a Chevalier of the French Legion of Honor and was awarded a medal of honor from the Paris Exposition of 1900; he also was granted honorary degrees from Dartmouth, Yale, Harvard, and Columbia universities. He was a founding member of the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts, serving from 1910 to 1915, including as chairman from 1912 to 1915.

In 1917, French and a colleague, Henry Augustus Lukeman, designed the Pulitzer Prize gold medal presented to laureates. French designed the side of the prize with Benjamin Franklin on it, while Lukeman created the iconic design of the printing press and the wording on the award: "For disinterested and meritorious public service rendered by an American newspaper during the year….". In collaboration with Edward Clark Potter he modeled the George Washington statue, commissioned by a group that called itself "The Association of American Women for the Erection of a Statue of Washington in Paris" and unveiled in the Place d'Iena in Paris, France, in 1900; the General Grant statue in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, commissioned by the Association for Public Art (formerly the Fairmount Park Art Association); and the equestrian statue of Joseph Hooker in Boston.

French was one of many sculptors who frequently employed Audrey Munson as a model; another frequent sitter was Hettie Anderson. Together with Walter Leighton Clark and others, he was also one of the founders of the Berkshire Playhouse, which later became the Berkshire Theatre Festival. French's daughter, Margaret, also occasionally modeled for him, including for some of his rare portrait paintings, and became famous in her own right as a sculptor under the name Margaret French Cresson. In 1917, Harvard's citation in conferring an honorary Master of Arts referred to his statue of Emerson when it called him "a sculptor, whose skillful hand, unlike that of the friend whom he portrayed, has not been stopped but spared to adorn our land by the creation of his art". French also taught; among his pupils was the sculptor Edith Howland.

French died in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, in 1931 at age 81. He is buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord.

Chesterwood, French's summer home and studio – designed by his architect friend and frequent collaborator Henry Bacon – is now a historic site owned and operated by the National Trust for Historic Preservation.

In 1940, French was selected as one of five artists to be honored in the 35-stamp "Famous Americans" series.

Chester French was an American indie band named for the artist.

"Daniel Chester French: American Sculptor" (2022) is a documentary film by Eduardo Montes-Bradley produced in association with Chesterwood and the National Trust for Historic Preservation.HD, 60 minutes.

Works

Notable public monuments

The Minute Man at the Old North Bridge in Concord, Massachusetts, (1874)

Bust of Major General William Francis Bartlett at Memorial Hall, Harvard University, (1881)

John Harvard, Harvard Yard in Cambridge, Massachusetts, (1884)

Lewis Cass, National Statuary Hall, Washington DC, (1889)

Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet and Alice Cogswell (1889), Gallaudet University, Washington, DC

Thomas Starr King monument San Francisco, California, (1891)

Statue of The Republic, the colossal centerpiece of the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893. His 24-foot gilt-bronze reduced version made in 1918 survives in Chicago.

John Boyle O'Reilly Memorial, intersection of Boylston Street and the Fenway in Boston, Massachusetts, (1897)

Rufus Choate memorial, Old Suffolk County Court House, Boston, Massachusetts, (1898)

Richard Morris Hunt Memorial, on the perimeter wall of Central Park, at 5th Avenue at 70th Street, opposite the Frick Collection, in New York City, (1900)

Commodore George H. Perkins Monument at the New Hampshire State House, Concord, New Hampshire (1902)

Alma Mater (1903), on the campus of Columbia University in New York City

Statue of Wendell Phillips, Public Garden in Boston, Massachusetts

The Four Continents – Asia, America, Europe, and Africa, a group of four statues outside the National Museum of the American Indian at the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House, Manhattan, NYC (1907)

George Robert White Memorial, Public Garden in Boston, Massachusetts

Statue of Samuel Spencer, first president of Southern Railway, located in front of Goode Building (Norfolk Southern offices) on Peachtree Street in Midtown Atlanta, Georgia, (1910)

August Meyer Memorial, 10th and The Paseo, Kansas City, Missouri (1909)

James Oglethorpe Monument, Chippewa Square, Savannah, Georgia (1910)

Standing Lincoln at the Nebraska State Capitol, Lincoln, Nebraska, (1912)

Brooklyn and Manhattan, seated figures from the Manhattan Bridge, Brooklyn Museum in Brooklyn, New York, (1915)

Minuteman, Henry Bacon designer, Jno. Williams, Inc. (NY) founder, Danville, Illinois. (1915)

The Spirit of Life, memorial to Spencer Trask, in Saratoga Springs, New York, at Congress Park, 1915

Abraham Lincoln in the Lincoln Memorial (1914–22), executed by the Piccirilli Brothers.

The Weaver, outside the Peace Dale Library in South Kingstown, Rhode Island (1919).

Marquis de Lafayette Memorial, on the perimeter of Prospect Park (Brooklyn), at 9th Street and Prospect Park West, Brooklyn, New York, (1917)

Samuel Francis du Pont Memorial Fountain, Dupont Circle, Washington DC (1921)

Alfred Tredway White Memorial, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Henry Bacon architect (1921)

Russell Alger Memorial Fountain, Grand Circus Park, Detroit, Michigan (1921).

Marquis de Lafayette Statue, Lafayette College campus, Easton, Pennsylvania (1921).

Gale Park War Memorial & Park, Exeter, New Hampshire (1922)

Bust of Washington Irving and reliefs of Boabdil and Rip Van Winkle for the Washington Irving Memorial, Irvington, New York, (1927)

Beneficence, Ball State University in Muncie, Indiana. (1930)

William Henry Seward Memorial in Florida, New York (1930)

Death and the Wounded Soldier aka Death and Youth, The Chapel of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, St. Paul's School, Concord, New Hampshire

James Woods, "Uncle Jimmy" Green, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS. (1924)

Gen. William Franklin Draper, Draper Memorial Park, Milford, Massachusetts. (1912)

Abraham Lincoln was an American lawyer, politician, and statesman, who served as the 16th president of the United States, from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. Lincoln led the United States through the American Civil War, defending the nation as a constitutional union, defeating the insurgent Confederacy, playing a major role in the abolition of slavery, expanding the power of the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in a log cabin in Kentucky and was raised on the frontier, mainly in Indiana. He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party leader, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. representative from Illinois. In 1849, he returned to his successful law practice in Springfield, Illinois. In 1854, he was angered by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, causing him to re-enter politics. He soon became a leader of the new Republican Party. He reached a national audience in the 1858 Senate campaign debates against Stephen A. Douglas. Lincoln ran for president in 1860, sweeping the North to gain victory. Pro-slavery elements in the South viewed his election as a threat to slavery, and Southern states began seceding from the nation. During this time, the newly formed Confederate States of America began seizing federal military bases in the South. A little over one month after Lincoln assumed the presidency, Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter, a U.S. fort in South Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces to suppress the rebellion and restore the union.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had to navigate a contentious array of factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic and Republican parties. His allies, the War Democrats and the Radical Republicans, demanded harsh treatment of the Southern Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing political patronage, and by appealing to the American people. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, and some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far as to plot his assassination. His Gettysburg Address came to be seen as one of the greatest and most influential statements of American national purpose. Lincoln closely supervised the strategy and tactics in the war effort, including the selection of generals, and implemented a naval blockade of the South's trade. He suspended habeas corpus in Maryland and elsewhere, and averted British intervention by defusing the Trent Affair. In 1863, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared the slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. It also directed the Army and Navy to "recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons", and to receive them "into the armed service of the United States." Lincoln pressured border states to outlaw slavery, and he promoted the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which abolished slavery, except as punishment for a crime.

Lincoln managed his own successful re-election campaign. He sought to heal the war-torn nation through reconciliation. On April 14, 1865, just five days after the Confederate surrender at Appomattox, he was attending a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his wife, Mary, when he was fatally shot by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth. Lincoln is remembered as a martyr and a national hero for his wartime leadership and for his efforts to preserve the Union and abolish slavery. Lincoln is often ranked in both popular and scholarly polls as the greatest president in American history.

The Lincoln Memorial is a U.S. national memorial that honors the 16th president of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. An example of neoclassicism, it is in the form of a classical temple and is located at the western end of the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Henry Bacon is the memorial's architect and Daniel Chester French designed the large interior statue of a seated Abraham Lincoln (1920), which was carved in marble by the Piccirilli brothers. Jules Guerin painted the interior murals, and the epitaph above the statue was written by Royal Cortissoz. Dedicated on May 30, 1922, it is one of several memorials built to honor an American president. It has been a major tourist attraction since its opening, and over the years, has occasionally been used as a symbolic center focused on race relations and civil rights.

Doric style columns line the temple exterior, and the inscriptions inside include two well-known speeches by Lincoln, the Gettysburg Address and his second inaugural address. The memorial has been the site of many famous speeches, including Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech delivered on August 28, 1963, during the rally at the end of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.

Like other monuments on the National Mall – including the nearby Vietnam Veterans Memorial, Korean War Veterans Memorial, and World War II Memorial – the national memorial is administered by the National Park Service under its National Mall and Memorial Parks group. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since October 15, 1966, and was ranked seventh on the American Institute of Architects' 2007 list of America's Favorite Architecture. The memorial is open to the public 24 hours a day, and more than seven million people visit it annually.

The first public memorial to United States President Abraham Lincoln in Washington, D.C., was a statue by Lot Flannery erected in front of the District of Columbia City Hall in 1868, three years after Lincoln's assassination. Demands for a fitting national memorial had been voiced since the time of Lincoln's death. In 1867, Congress passed the first of many bills incorporating a commission to erect a monument for the sixteenth president. An American sculptor, Clark Mills, was chosen to design the monument. His plans reflected the nationalistic spirit of the time and called for a 70-foot (21 m) structure adorned with six equestrian and 31 pedestrian statues of colossal proportions, crowned by a 12-foot (3.7 m) statue of Abraham Lincoln. Subscriptions for the project were insufficient.

The matter lay dormant until the start of the 20th century, when, under the leadership of Senator Shelby M. Cullom of Illinois, six separate bills were introduced in Congress for the incorporation of a new memorial commission. The first five bills, proposed in the years 1901, 1902, and 1908, met with defeat because of opposition from Speaker Joe Cannon. The sixth bill (Senate Bill 9449), introduced on December 13, 1910, passed. The Lincoln Memorial Commission had its first meeting the following year and United States President William H. Taft was chosen as the commission's president. Progress continued steadily, and by 1913 Congress had approved the commission's choice of design and location.

There were questions regarding the commission's plan. Many thought architect Henry Bacon's Greek temple design was far too ostentatious for a man of Lincoln's humble character. Instead, they proposed a simple log cabin shrine. The site too did not go unopposed. The recently reclaimed land in West Potomac Park was seen by many as either too swampy or too inaccessible. Other sites, such as Union Station, were put forth. The Commission stood firm in its recommendation, feeling that the Potomac Park location, situated on the Washington Monument–Capitol axis, overlooking the Potomac River and surrounded by open land, was ideal. Furthermore, the Potomac Park site had already been designated in the McMillan Plan of 1901 to be the location of a future monument comparable to that of the Washington Monument.

With Congressional approval and a $300,000 allocation, the project got underway. On February 12, 1914, contractor M. F. Comer of Toledo, Ohio; resident member of the memorial's commission, former Senator Joseph C. S. Blackburn of Kentucky; and the memorial's designer, Henry Bacon conducted a groundbreaking ceremony by turning over a few spadefuls of earth. The following month is when actual construction began. Work progressed steadily according to schedule. Some changes were made to the plan. The statue of Lincoln, originally designed to be 10 feet (3.0 m) tall, was enlarged to 19 feet (5.8 m) to prevent it from being overwhelmed by the huge chamber. As late as 1920, the decision was made to substitute an open portal for the bronze and glass grille which was to have guarded the entrance. Despite these changes, the Memorial was finished on schedule. Commission president William H. Taft – who was then Chief Justice of the United States – dedicated the Memorial on May 30, 1922, and presented it to United States President Warren G. Harding, who accepted it on behalf of the American people. Lincoln's only surviving son, 78-year-old Robert Todd Lincoln, was in attendance. Prominent African Americans were invited to the event and discovered upon arrival they were assigned a segregated section guarded by U.S. Marines.

The Memorial was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966.

The exterior of the Memorial echoes a classic Greek temple and features Yule marble quarried from Colorado. The structure measures 189.7 by 118.5 feet (57.8 by 36.1 m) and is 99 feet (30 m) tall. It is surrounded by a peristyle of 36 fluted Doric columns, one for each of the 36 states in the Union at the time of Lincoln's death, and two columns in-antis at the entrance behind the colonnade. The columns stand 44 feet (13 m) tall with a base diameter of 7.5 feet (2.3 m). Each column is built from 12 drums including the capital. The columns, like the exterior walls and facades, are inclined slightly toward the building's interior. This is to compensate for perspective distortions which would otherwise make the memorial appear to bulge out at the top when compared with the bottom, a common feature of Ancient Greek architecture.

Above the colonnade, inscribed on the frieze, are the names of the 36 states in the Union at the time of Lincoln's death and the dates in which they entered the Union. Their names are separated by double wreath medallions in bas-relief. The cornice is composed of a carved scroll regularly interspersed with projecting lions' heads and ornamented with palmetto cresting along the upper edge. Above this on the attic frieze are inscribed the names of the 48 states present at the time of the Memorial's dedication. A bit higher is a garland joined by ribbons and palm leaves, supported by the wings of eagles. All ornamentation on the friezes and cornices was done by Ernest C. Bairstow.

The Memorial is anchored in a concrete foundation, 44 to 66 feet (13 to 20 m) in depth, constructed by M. F. Comer and Company and the National Foundation and Engineering Company, and is encompassed by a 187-by-257-foot (57 by 78 m) rectangular granite retaining wall measuring 14 feet (4.3 m) in height.

Leading up to the shrine on the east side are the main steps. Beginning at the edge of the Reflecting Pool, the steps rise to the Lincoln Memorial Circle roadway surrounding the edifice, then to the main portal, intermittently spaced with a series of platforms. Flanking the steps as they approach the entrance are two buttresses each crowned with an 11-foot (3.4 m) tall tripod carved from pink Tennessee marble by the Piccirilli Brothers. There are a total of 87 steps (58 steps from the chamber to the plaza and 29 steps from the plaza to the Reflecting Pool).

The Memorial's interior is divided into three chambers by two rows of four Ionic columns, each 50 feet (15 m) tall and 5.5 feet (1.7 m) across at their base. The central chamber, housing the statue of Lincoln, is 60 feet (18 m) wide, 74 feet (23 m) deep, and 60 feet (18 m) high. The north and south chambers display carved inscriptions of Lincoln's second inaugural address and his Gettysburg Address.[Note 2] Bordering these inscriptions are pilasters ornamented with fasces, eagles, and wreaths. The inscriptions and adjoining ornamentation are by Evelyn Beatrice Longman.

The Memorial is replete with symbolic elements. The 36 columns represent the states of the Union at the time of Lincoln's death; the 48 stone festoons above the columns represent the 48 states in 1922. Inside, each inscription is surmounted by a 60-by-12-foot (18.3 by 3.7 m) mural by Jules Guerin portraying principles seen as evident in Lincoln's life: Freedom, Liberty, Morality, Justice, and the Law on the south wall; Unity, Fraternity, and Charity on the north. Cypress trees, representing Eternity, are in the murals' backgrounds. The murals' paint incorporated kerosene and wax to protect the exposed artwork from fluctuations in temperature and moisture.

The ceiling consists of bronze girders ornamented with laurel and oak leaves. Between these are panels of Alabama marble, saturated with paraffin to increase translucency. But feeling that the statue required even more light, Bacon and French designed metal slats for the ceiling to conceal floodlights, which could be modulated to supplement the natural light; this modification was installed in 1929. The one major alteration since was the addition of an elevator for the disabled in the 1970s.

Below the memorial is an undercroft. Due to water seeping through the calcium carbonate within the marble, over time stalactites and stalagmites have formed within it. During construction, graffiti was scrawled on it by workers, and is considered historical by the National Park Service. During the 1970s and 1980s, there were regular tours of the undercroft. The tours stopped abruptly in 1989 after a visitor noticed asbestos and notified the Service. For the memorial's centennial in 2022, the undercroft is planned to be open to visitors following a rehabilitation project funded by David Rubenstein.

IN THIS TEMPLE

AS IN THE HEARTS OF THE PEOPLE

FOR WHOM HE SAVED THE UNION

THE MEMORY OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN

IS ENSHRINED FOREVER

—Epitaph by Royal Cortissoz

Abraham Lincoln, by Daniel Chester French

Lying between the north and south chambers of the open-air Memorial is the central hall, which contains the large solitary figure of Abraham Lincoln sitting in contemplation. Its sculptor, Daniel Chester French, supervised the six Piccirilli brothers (Ferruccio, Attilio, Furio, Masaniello, Orazio, and Getulio) in its construction, and it took four years to complete.

The Lincoln Memorial Statue, with inscription in background

The 175-short-ton (159 t) statue, carved from Georgia white marble, was shipped in 28 pieces. Originally intended to be only 10 feet (3.0 m) tall, the sculpture was enlarged to 19 feet (5.8 m) from head to foot considering it would look small within the extensive interior space. If Lincoln were depicted standing, he would be 28 feet (8.5 m) tall.

The widest span of the statue corresponds to its height, and it rests upon an oblong pedestal of Tennessee marble 10 feet (3.0 m) high, 16 feet (4.9 m) wide, and 17 feet (5.2 m) deep. Directly beneath this lies a platform of Tennessee marble about 34.5 feet (10.5 m) long, 28 feet (8.5 m) wide, and 6.5 inches (0.17 m) high. Lincoln's arms rest on representations of Roman fasces, a subtle touch that associates the statue with the Augustan (and imperial) theme (obelisk and funerary monuments) of the Washington Mall. The statue is discretely bordered by two pilasters, one on each side. Between these pilasters, and above Lincoln's head, is engraved an epitaph of Lincoln by Royal Cortissoz.

An urban legend holds that the face of General Robert E. Lee is carved onto the back of Lincoln's head, and looks back across the Potomac toward his former home, Arlington House (now within the bounds of Arlington National Cemetery). Another popular legend is that Lincoln's hands are shown using sign language to represent his initials, his left hand signing an A and his right signing an L. The National Park Service denies both legends.

However, historian Gerald Prokopowicz writes that, while it is not clear that sculptor Daniel Chester French intended Lincoln's hands to be formed into sign language versions of his initials, it is possible that French did intend it. French was familiar with American Sign Language, and he would have had a reason to do so, to pay tribute to Lincoln for having signed the federal legislation giving Gallaudet University, a university for the deaf, the authority to grant college degrees. The National Geographic Society's publication "Pinpointing the Past in Washington, D.C." states that Daniel Chester French had a son who was deaf and that the sculptor was familiar with sign language. Historian James A. Percoco has observed that, although there are no extant documents showing that French had Lincoln's hands carved to represent the letters "A" and "L" in American Sign Language, "I think you can conclude that it's reasonable to have that kind of summation about the hands."

The Memorial has become a symbolically sacred venue, especially for the Civil Rights Movement. In 1939, the Daughters of the American Revolution refused to allow the African-American contralto Marian Anderson to perform before an integrated audience at the organization's Constitution Hall. At the suggestion of Eleanor Roosevelt, the wife of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harold L. Ickes, the Secretary of the Interior, arranged for a performance on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial on Easter Sunday of that year, to a live audience of 75,000 and a nationwide radio audience. On June 29, 1947, Harry Truman became the first president to address the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). The speech took place at the Lincoln Memorial during the NAACP convention and was carried nationally on radio. In that speech, Truman laid out the need to end discrimination, which would be advanced by the first comprehensive, presidentially proposed civil rights legislation.

On August 28, 1963, the memorial grounds were the site of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, which proved to be a high point of the American Civil Rights Movement. It is estimated that approximately 250,000 people came to the event, where they heard Martin Luther King Jr., deliver his historic "I Have a Dream" speech before the memorial honoring the president who had issued the Emancipation Proclamation 100 years earlier. King's speech, with its language of patriotism and its evocation of Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, was meant to match the symbolism of the Lincoln Memorial as a monument to national unity. Labor leader Walter Reuther, an organizer of the march, persuaded the other organizers to move the march to the Lincoln Memorial from the Capitol Building. Reuther believed the location would be less threatening to Congress and that the occasion would be especially appropriate underneath the gaze of Abraham Lincoln's statue. The D.C. police also appreciated the location because it was surrounded on three sides by water, so that any incident could be easily contained.

Twenty years later, on August 28, 1983, crowds gathered again to mark the 20th Anniversary Mobilization for Jobs, Peace and Freedom, to reflect on progress in gaining civil rights for African Americans and to commit to correcting continuing injustices. King's speech is such a part of the Lincoln Memorial story, that the spot on which King stood, on the landing eighteen steps below Lincoln's statue, was engraved in 2003 in recognition of the 40th anniversary of the event.

At the memorial on May 9, 1970, President Richard Nixon had a middle-of-the-night impromptu, brief meeting with protesters who, just days after the Kent State shootings, were preparing to march against the Vietnam War.

As one of the most prominent American monuments, the Lincoln Memorial is often featured in books, films, videogames, and television shows that take place in Washington; by 2003 it had appeared in over 60 films, and in 2009, Mark S. Reinhart compiled some short sketches of dozens of uses of the Memorial in film and television.

Some examples of films include Frank Capra's 1939 film Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, where in a key scene the statue and the Memorial's inscription provide inspiration to freshman Senator Jefferson Smith, played by James Stewart. The Park Service did not want Capra to film at the Memorial, so he sent a large crew elsewhere as a distraction while a smaller crew filmed Stewart and Jean Arthur inside the Memorial.

Many of the appearances of the Lincoln Memorial are actually digital visual effects, due to restrictive filming rules. As of 2017, according to the National Park Service, "Filming/photography is prohibited above the white marble steps and the interior chamber of the Lincoln Memorial."

Mitchell Newton-Matza said in 2016 that "Reflecting its cherished place in the hearts of Americans, the Lincoln Memorial has often been featured prominently in popular culture, especially motion pictures." According to Tracey Gold Bennett, "The majesty of the Lincoln Memorial is a big draw for film location scouts, producers, and directors because this landmark has appeared in a considerable number of films."

Jay Sacher writes:

From high to low, the memorial is cultural shorthand for both American ideals and 1960s radicalism. From Forrest Gump's Zelig-like insertion into anti-war rallies on the steps of the memorial, to the villainous Decepticon robots discarding the Lincoln statue and claiming it as a throne. ... The memorial's place in the culture is assured even as it is parodied.

From 1959 (the 150th anniversary of Lincoln's birth) to 2008, the memorial, with statue visible through the columns, was depicted on the reverse of the United States one-cent coin, which since 1909 has depicted a bust of Lincoln on its front.

The memorial has appeared on the back of the U.S. five-dollar bill since 1929. The front of the bill bears Lincoln's portrait.

The National Mall is a landscaped park near the downtown area of Washington, D.C., the capital city of the United States. It contains and borders a number of museums of the Smithsonian Institution, art galleries, cultural institutions, and various memorials, sculptures, and statues. It is administered by the National Park Service (NPS) of the United States Department of the Interior as part of the National Mall and Memorial Parks unit of the National Park System. The park receives approximately 24 million visitors each year.

The core area of the National Mall extends between the United States Capitol grounds to the east and the Washington Monument to the west and is lined to the north and south by several museums and a federal office building. The term National Mall may also include areas that are also officially part of neighboring West Potomac Park to the south and west and Constitution Gardens to the north, extending to the Lincoln Memorial on the west and Jefferson Memorial to the south.

Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly called Washington or D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States. The city is on the Potomac River, across from Virginia, and shares land borders with Maryland to its north and east. Washington, D.C., was named for George Washington, a Founding Father and first president of the United States. The district is named for Columbia, the female personification of the nation.

Washington, D.C., anchors the southern end of the Northeast megalopolis, one of the nation's largest and most influential cultural, political, and economic regions. As the seat of the U.S. federal government and several international organizations, the city is an important world political capital. The city had 20.7 million domestic visitors and 1.2 million international visitors, ranking seventh among U.S. cities as of 2022.

The U.S. Constitution in 1789 called for the creation of a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress. As such, Washington, D.C., is not part of any state, and is not one itself. The Residence Act, adopted on July 16, 1790, approved the creation of the capital district along the Potomac River. The city was founded in 1791, and the 6th Congress held the first session in the unfinished Capitol Building in 1800 after the capital moved from Philadelphia. In 1801, the District of Columbia, formerly part of Maryland and Virginia and including the existing settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria, was officially recognized as the federal district; initially, the city was a separate settlement within the larger federal district. In 1846, Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia, including the city of Alexandria. In 1871, it created a single municipality for the remaining portion of the district, although its locally elected government only lasted three years and elective city-government did not return for over a century. There have been several unsuccessful efforts to make the district into a state since the 1880s; a statehood bill passed the House of Representatives in 2021 but was not adopted by the U.S. Senate. Designed in 1791 by Pierre Charles L'Enfant, the city is divided into quadrants, which are centered around the Capitol Building and include 131 neighborhoods. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 689,545, making it the 23rd-most populous city in the U.S., third-most populous city in the Southeast after Jacksonville and Charlotte, and third-most populous city in the Mid-Atlantic after New York City and Philadelphia. Commuters from the city's Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, which includes parts of Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia, is the country's seventh-largest metropolitan area, with a 2023 population of 6.3 million residents.

The city hosts the U.S. federal government and the buildings that house government headquarters, including the White House, the Capitol, the Supreme Court Building, and multiple federal departments and agencies. The city is home to many national monuments and museums, located most prominently on or around the National Mall, including the Jefferson Memorial, the Lincoln Memorial, and the Washington Monument. It hosts 177 foreign embassies and serves as the headquarters for the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Organization of American States, and other international organizations. Many of the nation's largest industry associations, non-profit organizations, and think tanks are based in the city, including AARP, American Red Cross, Atlantic Council, Brookings Institution, National Geographic Society, The Heritage Foundation, Wilson Center, and others.

A locally elected mayor and 13-member council have governed the district since 1973, though Congress retains the power to overturn local laws. Washington, D.C., residents are, on the federal level, politically disenfranchised since the city's residents do not have voting representation in Congress; the city's residents elect a single at-large congressional delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives who has no voting authority. The city's voters choose three presidential electors in accordance with the Twenty-third Amendment.

The District of Columbia was created in 1801 as the federal district of the United States, with territory previously held by the states of Maryland and Virginia ceded to the federal government of the United States for the purpose of creating its federal district, which would encompass the new national capital of the United States, the City of Washington. The district came into existence, with its own judges and marshals, through the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801; previously it was the Territory of Columbia. According to specific language in the U.S. Constitution, it was 100 square miles (259 km2).

The district encompassed three small cities: Alexandria, formerly in Virginia, Georgetown, formerly Maryland, and the deliberately planned central core, the City of Washington. Both the White House and the United States Capitol were already completed and in use by 1800 as called for by the 1791 L'Enfant Plan for the City of Washington, although the city was not formally chartered until 1802. Beyond those cities, the remainder of the district was farmland organized by the 1801 Act into two counties, Washington County, D.C., on the Maryland side, and Alexandria County, D.C., on the Virginia side, encompassing today's Arlington County, Virginia, and the independent city of Alexandria.

The district was governed directly by the U.S. Congress from the beginning. Alexandria City and County were ceded back from the federal government to the commonwealth of Virginia in 1846, in a process known as retrocession, anticipating the 1850 ban on slave trading (but not slavery) in the district.

Washington and Georgetown retained their separate charters for seventy years, until the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871. That act cancelled the charters of the towns and brought the entire area within the district borders under one district government, ending any distinction between "the District of Columbia" and "Washington", making the two terms effectively synonymous.

Main article: History of Washington, D.C. § Establishment

Congress determined, in the Residence Act of 1790, that the nation's capital be on the Potomac, between the Anacostia River and today's Williamsport, Maryland, and in a federal district up to 10 miles square. The exact location was to be determined by President George Washington, familiar with the area from his nearby home and properties at Mt. Vernon, Virginia.

Its trans-state location reflected a compromise between the Southern and Northern states. Virginia lobbied for the selection, an idea opposed by New York and Pennsylvania, both of which had previously housed the nation's capital. Maryland, whose State House was older than that of Virginia, and like Virginia a slave state, was chosen as a compromise. At Washington's request the City of Alexandria was included in the district, though with the provision that no federal buildings could be built there. The new capital district was at about the center of the country.

About 2/3 of the original district was in Maryland and 1/3 in Virginia, and the wide Potomac in the middle. The future district was surveyed in 1791–92; 24 of its surviving stone markers are in Maryland, 12 in Virginia. (See Boundary Markers of the original District of Columbia.) Washington decided that the capital's location would be located between the mouth of the Anacostia River and Georgetown, which sits at the Potomac's head of navigation.

As specified by Article One of the United States Constitution, in fact as one of the enumerated powers of section 8, Congress assumed direct administrative control of the federal district upon its creation by the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801. There was no district governor or executive body. The U.S. House created a permanent Committee on the District of Columbia in January 1808, and the U.S. Senate established its counterpart in December 1816. These committees remained active until 1946. Thus the U.S. Congress managed the detailed day-to-day governmental needs of the district through acts of Congress—an act authorizing the purchase of fire engines and construction of a firehouse, for instance, or an act to commission three new city streets and closing two others in Georgetown.

The five component parts of the district operated their own governments at the lower level. The three cities within the district (Georgetown, the City of Washington, and Alexandria) operated their own municipal governments, each with a continuous history of mayors. Robert Brent, the first mayor of the City of Washington, was appointed directly by Thomas Jefferson in 1802 after the city's organization that year.

The remaining rural territory within the district belonged either to Alexandria County D.C., (district land west of the Potomac outside the City of Alexandria, formerly in Virginia) or to Washington County, D.C., (the unincorporated east side, formerly in Maryland, plus islands and riverbed). Both counties operated with boards of commissioners for county-level government functions. Both counties were governed by levy courts made of presidentially appointed Justices of the Peace. Prior to 1812, the levy courts had a number of members defined by the president, but after that Washington County had 7 members. In 1848, the Washington County levy court was expanded to 11 members, and in 1863 that was reduced by two to nine members.

The language of the establishing act of 1801 omitted any provision for district residents to vote for local, state-equivalent, or federal representatives.

This omission was not related to any constitutional restriction or, apparently, any rationale at all. Legal scholars in 2004 called the omission of voting rights a simple "historical accident", pointing out that the preceding Residence Act of July 16, 1790, exercising the same constitutional authority over the same territory around the Potomac, had protected the votes of the district's citizens in federal and state elections. Those citizens had indeed continued to cast ballots, from 1790 through 1800, for their U.S. House representatives and for their Maryland and Virginia state legislators. James Madison had written in the Federalist No. 43 that the citizens of the federal district should "of course" have their will represented, "derived from their own suffrages." The necessary language simply did not appear in the 1801 legislation.

The prospect of disenfranchisement caused immediate concern. One voice from a public meeting in January 1801, before the bill's passage, compared their situation to those who fought against British taxation without representation in the Revolutionary War—20 years prior. Despite these complaints the bill went into effect as written. Given exclusive and absolute political control, Congress did not act to restore any of these rights until the 1960s. The district still has no voting representation in Congress, and the decisions of its long-sought local government established in 1973 are still subject to close congressional review, annulment, and budget control.

Residents of Alexandria saw no economic advantage from being in the District. No federal buildings could be built on the south side of the Potomac, nor did they have representation in Congress. Some resistance was expressed immediately. One leading figure in the fight to retrocede through the 1820s was Thomson Francis Mason, who was elected mayor of Alexandria, D.C., four times between 1827 and 1830. Also Alexandria was a center of the profitable slave trade – the largest slave-trading company in the country, Franklin and Armfield, was located there – and Alexandria residents were afraid that if the District banned the slave trade, as seemed likely, this industry would leave the city.

To prevent this, Arlington held a referendum, through which voters petitioned Congress and the state of Virginia to return the portion of the District of Columbia south of the Potomac River (Alexandria County) to Virginia. On July 9, 1846, Congress retroceded Alexandria County to Virginia, after which the district's slave traders relocated to Alexandria. The district's slave trade was outlawed in the Compromise of 1850. The penalty for bringing a slave into the district for sale, was freedom for the slave. Southern senators and congressmen resisted banning slavery altogether in the District, to avoid setting a precedent. The practice remained legal in the district until after secession, with the District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act signed by Lincoln on April 16, 1862, which established the annual observance of Emancipation Day.

The District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871 created a single new district corporation governing the entire federal territory, called the District of Columbia, thus dissolving the three major political subdivisions of the district (Port of Georgetown, the City of Washington, and Washington County) and their governments. By this time the county also contained other small settlements and nascent suburbs of Washington outside its bounded limits, such as Anacostia, which had been incorporated in 1854 as Uniontown; Fort Totten, dating at least to the Civil War; and Barry Farm, a large tract bought by the Freedmen's Bureau and granted to formerly enslaved and free-born African Americans in 1867.

The newly restructured district government provided for a governor appointed by the president for a 4-year term, with an 11-member council also appointed by the president, a locally elected 22-member assembly, and a five-man Board of Public Works charged with modernizing the city. The first vice-chair of that Board of Public Works was real-estate developer Alexander Robey Shepherd, the architect and proponent of the consolidating legislation. From September 1873 to June 1874, Shepherd would serve as the second, and final, governor of the District.

The Seal of the District of Columbia features the date 1871, recognizing the year the district's government was incorporated.

Bratz Funky Fashion Furniture - Retro Swing Chair with Doll by migglemuggle

20

Featuring Party Yasmin doll.

Washington D.C. - Lincoln Memorial Abraham Lincoln Statue 03 by Daniel Mennerich

53 50

Abraham Lincoln (1920) is a colossal seated figure of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865) sculpted by Daniel Chester French (1850–1931) and carved by the Piccirilli Brothers. It is situated in the Lincoln Memorial (constructed 1914–22), on the National Mall, Washington, D.C., USA, and was unveiled in 1922. Stylistically, the work follows in the Beaux Arts and American Renaissance traditions.

The 170-ton statue is composed of 28 blocks of white Georgia marble (Murphy Marble) and rises 9,1 m from the floor, including the 5,8 m seated figure (with armchair and footrest) upon an 3,4 m high pedestal. The figure of Lincoln gazes directly ahead and slightly down with an expression of gravity and solemnity. His frock coat is unbuttoned and a large flag is draped over the chair back and sides. French paid special attention to Lincoln’s expressive hands, which rest on the enormous arms of a circular, ceremonial chair, the fronts of which bear fasces, emblems of authority from Roman antiquity. French used casts of his own fingers to achieve the correct placement.

20150530 - yardsale haul - IMG_0463 - Homer Simpson, The Joker by Claire CJS

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I feel like they are both dressed cooler-than-usual.

Homer Simpson, The Joker.

Homer Simpson action figure, Radioactive Homer Simpson action figure, The Joker action figure.

cartoon: Batman. comics: The Simpsons.

upstairs, Clint and Carolyn's house, Alexandria, Virginia.

May 30, 2015.

... Read my blog at ClintJCL at wordpress.com

... Read Carolyn's blog at CarolynCASL at wordpress.com

... Read my yard sale-related blogposts at clintjcl dot wordpress dot com/category/yard-sales/

BACKSTORY: Got up around 7:00 AM, made it out driving by 7:38 AM and went out until [forgot:estimating 12:38PM] for a total of about 4 hours, 25 minutes (because we spent ~35 minutes eating).

Spent $54.67 plus ~$8.53 gas for 46.7 miles of driving (15 mpg @ $2.74/G), for a total cost of $63.20.

We drove to 29 yard sales, stopping at 19 (66%) of them [but one was a 50-vendor boy scouts sale, so this count is deceptive].

We made 36 purchases (28 items) for a total estimated value of $436.61, leading to a profit/savings of $373.41.

So in essence, we multiplied our $63.20 investment by 6.9X.

(Also, if you think about it, the profit counts for even more when you consider that we have to earn $~427 on the job, pre-tax, in order to take home the $373 in cash that we saved. How long does $ of disposable income take to earn, vs the 4.41666 hrs we spent here?)

Anyway, this works out to a *post-tax* "wage" of $84.55/hr as a couple or $40.27/hr per person.

THE TAKE:

$12.00: camping chair, Sport-Brella XTR chair, attached umbrella and footrest, blue (EV:$$41.40). Talked down from $15.

$8.00: shelf unit, accordian, black, 20 adjustable shelves, can open and close, 29x34.375x6.5625"(EV:$14.99)

$5.00: water art, Homedics Aquascape Dancing Showers, CP-AQDANC, 2003 (EV:$20.50)

$3.00: game, NCIS, Pressman, shrink-wrapped (EV:$19.99 price tag). Talked down from $5.

$3.00: pool chair, long lounge chair, orange & white (EV:$33.00)

$2.00: step stool, Rubbermaid, Roughneck, purple, 071691134664, 12.5x15.5x9.25" (EV:$8.89)

$2.00: trading cards, G.I. Joe, 1991, Impel (EV:$3.50)

$2.00: game, Puerto Rico, Rio Grande Games, 2002 (EV:$24.00)

$2.00: leather care systems (2), Miracle Seal Plus, leather cleaner, conditioner (8 containers, 8 fl oz each), ink & lipstick remover (2 containers, 2.5 oz each), sponge (2, 1 new, 1 used), cloth (2, 1 new, 1 used) (EV:$31.59)

$1.00: bbq fork/thermometer, Maverick Bar-B-Fork, Electronic Food Probe Thermometer Deluxe, 011502100556(EV:$12.60)

$1.00: shirt, Invader Zim, black, I Heart Cupcakes!, Mighty Fine, XXL (EV:$6.39)

$3.00: purse, Invader Zim, Gir (EV:$18.00)

$1.00: "poster", X-Men, Havok, Psylock, Jubilee, Wolverine, 22x34(EV:$1)

$1.00: "poster", X-Men, The Legend Continues. Mutant Genesis, Cyclops, Storm, Wolverine, Psylock, Gambit, Beast, Colossus, Rogue, ArchAngel, Polaris, Multiple Man, Havok, Guido, Wolfsbane, Nightcrawler, Domino, Kitty Pryde, Cable 13.375x~37(EV:$1)

$1.00: "poster", X-Men, X-Men#1 cover, 10.125x25.5"(EV:$1)

$1.00: "poster", X-Men, X-men on vacation, 10.125x13"(EV:$1)

$1.00: "poster", X-Men, Jean Grey, Storm, Rogue, Psylock, Jubilee, 10.125x13 (EV:$1)

$1.00: bowling ball, Brunswick Axis AML7824, green & purple swirl (EV:$43.95)

$1.00: blanket, Indian style, gray, black and white (EV:$4.99)

$1.00: strainer, with handle, 8" diameter (EV:$2.99)

$0.50: dish drainer, with separate bottom water catcher piece, Sterilite, 17.5x13x4" (EV:$12.57)

$0.50: bank, Venom, Monogram Int'l Inc, AN07-11E22, 7x7.5x6.5" (EV:$19.99)

$0.50: air pump, hand, Athletic Works, 6" inflation hose, AA-245NSP, Wal-Mart, 725033605724 (EV:$9.99)

$0.50: wrapping paper, (6) rolls, christmas (EV:$1.00 each=$6)

$0.38: action figure, Simpsons, Milhouse, Burger King, 2011, astronaut Halloween costume, 3" (EV:$3.75)

$0.38: action figure, Smurf, Papa Smurf, spy glass, 3" (EV:$5.10)

$0.38: action figure, Smurf, Chef Smurf, 3" (EV:$3.99). Given to Paul to remind him there can never be "Too Many Cooks".

$0.38: action figure, Simpsons, Nelson, Burger King, 2007, sitting on trash can, pointing, 3.25" (EV:$4.00)

$0.38: action figure, Simpsons, Homer, Burger King, 2007, with cowboy hat, says "Yee Haw", 4x4" (EV:$11.24), but that was NRFB.

$0.38: action figure, Batman, Joker, 5 joints, purple suit with card symbols spades hearts diamonds clubs, K3684, 4.5" (EV:$5.95)

$0.38: action figure, Simpsons, Homer, Burger King, 2011, Radioactive Homer, light-up machine, 4" (EV:$5.98)

$0.38: action figure, Simpsons, Bart, standing, rubbery, 3.375" (EV:$7.85)

$0.38: action figure, Simpsons, Bart, Burger King, May-Aug 2011, The Fly version with light up insect eyes and muscular chest, 3" (EV:$7.49)

$0.25: power cable, generic computer cable with velcro holder (EV:$2.44)

$FREE: scissors, black handle, 7" (EV:$1.00)

$FREE: essential oil, Cool Water, .5 fl oz, Spectrum (EV:$30.00 printed on it)

$FREE: body oil, Sex On The Beach, .5 fl oz, Sunflower Cosmetics (EV:$7.49)

110 Royal Enfield Interceptor 650 (2019) BM 19 YKB by Robert Knight

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Royal Enfield Interceptor 650 (2018-on) Engine 648cc air-&-oil-cooled SOHC, 8-valve, parallel twin

Registration Number BM 19 YKB (Birmingham)

ROYAL ENFIELD ALBUM

www.flickr.com/photos/45676495@N05/albums/72157625830205063

The Royal Enfield Interceptor 650 is a parallel twin retro-styled motorcycle introduced by Royal Enfield in 2018. It is the first modern twin cylinder motorcycle developed by the company. The bike was designed at Royal Enfield's Technology Centre at Bruntingthorpe Proving Ground in Leicestershire, England. Both models, Interceptor and Continental GT, share the same engine, frame, suspension, wheels, brakes, exhausts and mufflers. The engine is a wet-sump, 648 cc, air/oil cooled SOHC, 8v, parallel twin. Fuelling is via Bosch injection and engine management. The low 9.5:1 compression ratio will help the engine tolerate lower-octane fuel. The crankshaft has a 270° Crank, with a gear-driven balance shaft ahead of the crank. The slipper clutch drives a six-speed gearbox and chain final drive.

The Interceptor is a conventionally-styled roadster with dual seat, a rounded 13.7 litre saddle tank with a Royal Enfield classic badge and a Monza-style fuel cap. The braced handlebars and more forward-set footrests allow a sit-up-and-beg riding position, and a tubular grab-rail is fitted for the pillion passenger.

The Interceptor is marketed as the INT650 in the United States where Honda has a trademark on the Interceptor name

Diolch am 90,775,097 o olygfeydd anhygoel, mae pob un yn cael ei werthfawrogi'n fawr.

Thanks for 90,775,097 amazing views, every one is greatly appreciated.

Shot 20.03.2022 Shenstone and District Car Club - Curborough Sprint Meeting. Curborough, Lichfield. Ref. 155-110

ROMA: Basilica papale di Santa Maria Maggiore - ROME: Papal Basilica of St. Mary Major by @ Luc&Ca

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L’Incoronazione della Vergine Maria, mosaico realizzato nel catino absidale.

I cartoni per i mosaici dell'abside della basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, che raffigurano l'Incoronazione della Vergine e le Storie di Maria furono preparati da Jacopo Torriti tra il 1295 e il 1296, in vista del primo giubileo dell'anno 1300, e sono firmati e datati JACOB(US) TORRITI PICTOR H(OC) OPUS MOSIAC(UM) FEC(IT) / (ANNO DOMINI MCCL)XX(XXVI).

La committenza era papale (Niccolò IV) e la realizzazione fu seguita, dopo la morte del papa francescano, dai cardinali Giacomo e Pietro Colonna.

Qui Torriti dimostrò una capacità particolare nel distinguersi dall'arte bizantina, senza tuttavia distaccarsi completamente dalla sua struttura iconografica: basti confrontare i panneggi e i volti ieratici dei personaggi; ma Jacopo Torriti si distinse immettendo notazioni "naturalistiche" che interrompono e ben s’integrano negli sfondi dorati di questi suoi mosaici, forse con una qualche influenza della cultura tardoantica. Il sedile, in particolare, e i poggiapiedi sono disposti tridimensionalmente nello spazio e riescono a creare un'illusione di profondità, non confermata poi dalle sfumature poco incisive delle figure sacre.

The Coronation of the Virgin Mary, mosaic in the apse.

The cartoons for the mosaics in the apse of the basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore, depicting the Coronation of the Virgin and the Story of Mary were prepared by Jacopo Torriti between 1295 and 1296, in view of the first jubilee of the year 1300 and are signed and dated JACOB(US) TORRITI PICTURE HOC) OPUS MOSAIC(UM) FEC(IT) / (ANNO DOMINI MCCL)XX(XXVI). The commission was papal (Nicholas IV), and the realization was performed, after the death of the Franciscan Pope, by the Cardinals James and Peter Colonna.

Here Torriti showed a particular ability to stand out from Byzantine art, but not completely detached from its iconographic structure: just compare the draperies and the solemn faces of the characters; but Jacopo Torriti distinguished himself by entering notations "natural" that interrupt and are integrated well into the backgrounds of these golden mosaics, perhaps with some influence of the late antique culture. The seat, in particular, and the footrests are arranged three-dimensionally in space and are able to create an illusion of depth, not confirmed later by incisive little nuances of sacred figures.

20150530 - yardsale haul - IMG_0459 - the take by Claire CJS

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The total yardsale take for this week. The parts in color, that is. The desaturated stuff is stuff that was already in our house. (Our house is very visually busy. I edited the picture to be less ambiguous.)

Bart Simpson, Chef Smurf, Gir, Homer Simpson, Milhouse Van Houten, Nelson Muntz, Papa Smurf, The Joker, Venom.

BBQ fork, BBQ thermometer, Bart Simpson action figure, Chef Smurf action figure, Fly Bart Simpson action figure, Homer Simpson action figure, I Heart Cupcakes! shirt, Invader Zim purse, Invader Zim shirt, Milhouse Van Houten action figure, Monster Croquet, NCIS board game, Nelson Muntz action figure, Papa Smurf action figure, Puerto Rico board games, Radioactive Homer Simpson action figure, The Joker action figure, Venom bank, accordian shelf, body oil, bowling ball, croquet, dish drainer, dish rack, essential oil, pool chair, power cable, scissors, stepstool, water, wrapping paper.

cartoon: Batman. cartoon: Smurfs. cartoon: The Simpsons. comics: Spider-Man.

edited.

upstairs, Clint and Carolyn's house, Alexandria, Virginia.

May 30, 2015.

... Read my blog at ClintJCL at wordpress.com

... Read Carolyn's blog at CarolynCASL at wordpress.com

... Read my yard sale-related blogposts at clintjcl dot wordpress dot com/category/yard-sales/

BACKSTORY: Got up around 7:00 AM, made it out driving by 7:38 AM and wentout until [forgot:estimating 12:38PM] for a total of about 4 hours, 25 minutes (because we spent ~35 minutes eating).

Spent $54.67 plus ~$8.53 gas for 46.7 miles of driving (15 mpg @ $2.74/G), for a total cost of $63.20.

We drove to 29 yard sales, stopping at 19 (66%) of them [but one was a 50-vendor boy scouts sale, so this count is deceptive].

We made 36 purchases (28 items) for a total estimated value of $436.61, leading to a profit/savings of $373.41.

So in essence, we multiplied our $63.20 investment by 6.9X.

(Also, if you think about it, the profit counts for even more when you consider that we have to earn $~427 on the job, pre-tax, in order to take home the $373 in cash that we saved. How long does $ of disposable income take to earn, vs the 4.41666 hrs we spent here?)

Anyway, this works out to a *post-tax* "wage" of $84.55/hr asa couple or $40.27/hr per person.