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Woodpeckers (Picidae) are a diverse family of birds known for their unique adaptations and behaviors. With over 200 species distributed worldwide, woodpeckers have a rich evolutionary history that spans millions of years. In this brief overview, we will explore the key aspects of woodpecker evolution and their fascinating journey through time.
Woodpeckers belong to the order Piciformes, which also includes toucans, barbets, and honeyguides. Their evolutionary origins can be traced back to the early Eocene period, approximately 55 million years ago. Fossil records indicate that the earliest woodpeckers shared similarities with modern forms, possessing a sturdy beak and zygodactyl feet (two toes pointing forward and two backward) that allowed them to cling to trees and excavate cavities.
The ancestral woodpeckers likely inhabited forests and woodlands, where they foraged for insects, larvae, and other invertebrates found beneath the bark or within dead wood. Their specialized beak, reinforced with hard keratin and a chisel-like tip, enabled them to drill into tree trunks and extract prey. This feeding strategy provided a selective advantage, driving the diversification and adaptive radiation of woodpeckers into various ecological niches.
Over time, woodpeckers underwent further evolutionary adaptations. One of their most remarkable features is the presence of a hyoid apparatus, a complex arrangement of bones and muscles that supports the tongue. The long, extensible tongue can be extended well beyond the bill, allowing woodpeckers to reach deep into crevices and extract hidden prey. This tongue mechanism is unique among birds and contributes to their success as specialized insectivores.
Another notable adaptation is the protective features that enable woodpeckers to withstand the repetitive impacts of drumming and excavating. Their brain is encased in a thick, sponge-like skull that acts as a shock absorber, reducing the risk of brain injury. Furthermore, their strong neck muscles and specialized arrangement of bones and cartilage in the skull help distribute the forces generated during pecking, minimizing the strain on their brain and neck.
Woodpecker evolution has also led to remarkable diversity in terms of size, coloration, and behavior. Some species, like the great spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos major), exhibit striking black-and-white plumage with red patches, while others, such as the pileated woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus), have predominantly black feathers with a vibrant crest. These variations serve various functions, including communication, mate attraction, and camouflage.
Woodpeckers are known for their distinct drumming and vocalizations, which play a crucial role in communication and territorial defense. Drumming, achieved by rapid pecking on resonant surfaces like dead wood or metal, serves to establish their presence and ward off potential rivals. Additionally, woodpeckers produce a variety of calls, ranging from rhythmic drum rolls to chirps and rattles, allowing them to communicate with conspecifics across their habitat.
The evolutionary success of woodpeckers is evident in their global distribution, with species inhabiting diverse habitats such as forests, woodlands, savannas, and even deserts. They have adapted to various environmental conditions, exploiting niches that offer abundant food resources and suitable nesting sites.
In summary, woodpeckers have a long and fascinating evolutionary history that has shaped their unique adaptations and behaviors. From their early origins as insectivorous tree-dwellers to their diverse forms found across the globe today, woodpeckers are a testament to the incredible adaptability and resilience of life. Studying these remarkable birds provides valuable insights into the intricate relationship between form, function, and the ecological roles they play in their respective habitats.
Item No:SM-07
Product Details
Marvel Joker meets Bat Man Roller School Backpack/Bag
Sized for carrying or rolling with easy to-pull handle,padded shoulder straps comfortable wearing
2 Main Compartments, Zip Closure
Side pouch pocket keeps small necessities organized
Easy maneuver with an extensible handle
The magic of MDI + Extensible Rendering Architecture
See here: http://www.cjas.org/~leng/lainspotting/2006/02/problem-with-tab-thumbnails.html
At Xiv Lake Yamanaka, Yamanashi, Japan.
Unfortunately Mt. Fuji is behind the cloud (not the mountain in the scene.)
HDR handheld panorama, 4 pans x 3 exposures.
Stitiched with Hugin and averaged with Photomatix Pro 3.
*ist D + Peleng 8mm fisheye + swingrod.
I replaced the string and weight of the philopod with an extensible rod (aka pointer for the presentation).
Philopodを使うと、ものすごく簡単に手持ちでパノラマが撮影できるのですが、弱点は糸が風に流されやすいことと、使わない時に糸がからみやすく、準備に手間取ることがあることです。そこで、プレゼンテーション用の伸縮棒(最近はレーザーポインタに押されて絶滅寸前ですが)をぶらさげてみました。位置決め精度がすこし落ちますが、携帯するのに便利です。
Bombers de Barcelona. Escala Italiana "porta" de 22 metres, del 1883.
Barcelona fire fighters. Italian 22 meters extensible ladder "porta" from 1883.
Washington, DC
Listed 5/5/2014
Reference Number: 14000186
Bunker Hill Elementary School was designed as an extensible school building and was constructed in phases between 1939 and 1953 to replace an earlier school building on the site. The new school building was needed as the surrounding Michigan Park community came to include a growing school-age population. Its construction was strongly urged by the Michigan Park Citizens1 Association and was built by the city's Office of Municipal Architect according to designs made by private practitioner Arthur B. Heaton. The school was executed in the Colonial Revival style, the then preferred style of the Municipal Architect's office (which supervised school construction) and by the Commission of Fine Arts. The idea of the extensible school building originated in the 1920s in the Municipal Architect's Office and was intended as a way to expand buildings in an organic manner as the need for larger buildings arose, which in the case of Bunker Hill, it did in the 1940s and early 1950s. Bunker Hill school remains an almost perfect example of an extensible school, described in the Multiple Property Document, Public School Buildings ofWashington, D.C.1862-1960.
National Register of Historic Places Homepage
Mel cortile del Castello Angioino
L'origine del nome di questo antico centro molisano è questione alquanto complessa: autori come il Galanti vedono in "Marano" l'antica "Maronea" dei Sanniti, anche se successivi studi hanno dimostrato le difficoltà di collocare storicamente tale insediamento sannita in quel preciso territorio. Altri, come il Masciotta, ritengono invece che il nome "marano" derivi semplicemente dall'aggettivo dialettale "ombroso", o poco battuto dal sole. Si ritrova infatti nel 999 nei documenti di Ottone il nome di "Campimarani".
"Civitas", molto probabilmente, fu aggiunto successivamente all'afflusso ed all'incremento demografico posteriore e conseguente allo spopolamento dei casali circostanti.
In origine il castello di Civitacampomarano era di forma quadrangolare, con quattro torri difensive ai rispettivi angoli. Successivamente, questo, grazie a diversi ampliamenti e rifacimenti di chiaro stampo aragonese, si è contraddistinto per la sua funzione cosiddetta di castello di transizione.
Nel 1400 furono aggiunte, su due diversi piani, due gallerie per la sistemazione delle armi da fuoco, così come le due torri che furono risistemate proprio per tale scopo. Le stesse torri hanno conservato la volta a cupola ed una botola che comunicava con i sotterranei grazie a delle scale allungabili. Nel successivo periodo rinascimentale, proprio in tali gallerie, è stata costruita la bella loggia con sei arcate.
The courtyard of the Angevin Castle
The origin of the name of this ancient Molise center is a rather complex question: authors such as Galanti see in "Marano" the ancient "Maronea" of the Samnites, even if subsequent studies have shown the difficulties of historically placing this Samnite settlement in that precise territory. Others, such as Masciotta, believe instead that the name "marano" derives simply from the dialect adjective "shadowy", or little beaten by the sun. In fact, in 999 the name of "Campimarani" is found in the documents of Ottone.
"Civitas", most likely, was added later to the influx and subsequent demographic increase and consequent to the depopulation of the surrounding hamlets.
Originally the castle of Civitacampomarano was quadrangular in shape, with four defensive towers at the respective corners. Subsequently, thanks to several extensions and renovations of clear Aragonese style, it was distinguished by its so-called function of transition castle.
In 1400, two galleries were added on two different floors for the arrangement of firearms, as well as the two towers which were rearranged precisely for this purpose. The same towers have preserved the domed vault and a trap door that communicated with the basement thanks to the extendable stairs. In the following Renaissance period, the beautiful loggia with six arches was built in these galleries.
La cour du Château Angevin
L'origine du nom de cet ancien centre du Molise est une question assez complexe : des auteurs comme Galanti voient dans "Marano" l'ancienne "Maronea" des Samnites, même si des études ultérieures ont montré les difficultés de situer historiquement cette colonie samnite dans cette territoire précis. D'autres, comme Masciotta, pensent plutôt que le nom "marano" dérive simplement de l'adjectif dialectal "ombre", ou peu battu par le soleil. En effet, en 999, le nom de "Campimarani" se retrouve dans les documents d'Ottone.
"Civitas", très probablement, a été ajouté plus tard à l'afflux et à l'augmentation démographique subséquente et conséquent au dépeuplement des hameaux environnants.
À l'origine, le château de Civitacampomarano était de forme quadrangulaire, avec quatre tours défensives aux angles respectifs. Par la suite, grâce à plusieurs extensions et rénovations de style aragonais clair, il se distingua par sa fonction dite de château de transition.
En 1400, deux galeries ont été ajoutées sur deux étages différents pour l'aménagement des armes à feu, ainsi que les deux tours qui ont été réaménagées précisément à cet effet. Les mêmes tours ont conservé la voûte en dôme et une trappe qui communiquait avec le sous-sol grâce à l'escalier extensible. A la Renaissance qui suivit, la belle loggia à six arcades fut construite dans ces galeries.
Note: The left side of the photo exhibits natural soil structure. The right side has been smoothed.
A representative soil profile of Grainola clay loam. (Soil Survey of Noble County, Oklahoma; by Gregory F. Scott, Troy L. Collier, Jim E. Henley, R. Dwaine Gelnar, and Karen B. Stevenson, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Grainola series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils that formed in material weathered from shale of Permian age. These soils are on summits and backslopes of low hills in the Central Rolling Red Prairies (MLRA 80A). Slope ranges from 1 to 25 percent. Mean annual air temperature is 16 degrees C (60 degrees F), and mean annual precipitation is 840 mm (33 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, thermic Udertic Haplustalfs
Depth to bedrock: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 in)
Parent material: noncemented soft siltstone or shale bedrock
Soil cracking: This soil has cracks within 125 cm (50 in)of the soil surface that are 5 mm (1 in) or more wide to a thickness of 30 cm (12 in) or more for some time in most years.
Depth to vertic features: pressure faces, slickensides or wedge-shaped aggregates in a layer 15 cm or more thick that has it upper boundary within 125 cm of the soil surface.
Linear extensibility of 6.0 cm or more between the soil surface and a depth of 100 cm (39 in) or a densic contact, whichever is shallower.
Coarse fragments: typically sandstone, sandstone cemented with hematite, and calcium carbonate concretions and nodules. Some areas have stones or boulders which cover 3 to 35 percent of the soil surface
USE AND VEGETATION: Nearly all used for range. Native vegetation is short and midgrass prairie.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Oklahoma and Kansas; LRR H, Bluestem Hills (MLRA 76), and Central Rolling Red Prairies (MLRA 80A). The series is extensive. This series and OSD was originally set in Osage County in the Flint Hills in a limestone area. Rewrote OSD and moved location to accommodate the actual setting of series.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/oklahoma/OK103...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/G/GRAINOLA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
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A representative soil profile of Pullman clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, showing minor accumulations of secondary carbonates at about 80 centimeters and a strong calcic horizon at about 135 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Deaf Smith County, Texas; by Thomas C. Byrd, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Pullman series consists of very deep, well drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in clayey eolian deposits from the Blackwater Draw Formation of Pleistocene age. These soils occur on nearly level to very gently sloping plains or playa slopes. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 483 mm (19 in) and the mean annual temperature is about 16 degrees C (60 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, superactive, thermic Torrertic Paleustolls
Soil moisture: An ustic moisture regime bordering on aridic. The soil moisture control section is dry in some or all parts for more than 180 but less than 220 days, cumulative, in normal years.
Mean annual soil temperature: 15 to 18 degrees C (59 to 64 degrees F).
Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 30 to 76 cm (12 to 30 in).
Linear extensibility of top 1 m (40 in): 6 to 9 cm.
Depth to secondary carbonates: 50 to 76 cm (20 to 30 in).
Depth to calcic horizon: 76 to 150 cm (30 to 60 in).
Solum thickness: more than 203 cm (80 in).
Particle-size control section:
Silicate clay content: 35 to 50 percent
Carbonate clay content: 0 to 3 percent
USE AND VEGETATION:
Mainly cultivated to irrigated and dryland cotton, corn, grain sorghum, and winter wheat. Climax vegetation in rangeland includes blue grama and buffalograss, with lesser amounts of vine-mesquite, western wheatgrass, galleta or tobosa, silver bluestem, wild alfalfa, and prairie clover. This soil has been correlated to the Deep Hardland (R077CY022TX) ecological site in MLRA-77C.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
General area: Western Texas
Land Resource Region: H - Central Great Plains Winter Wheat and Range Region
MLRA 77C - Southern High Plains, Southern Part
Extent: Large. This is a benchmark soil.
A benchmark soil is one of large extent within one or more major land resource areas (MLRAs), one that holds a key position in the soil classification system, one for which there is a large amount of data, one that has special importance to one or more significant land uses, or one that is of significant ecological importance.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX117/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PULLMAN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
2022 FAI F1ABP Junior World Championships for Free Flight Model Aircraft
25 Jul - 30 Jul 2022
Pordim, BUL
awesome is a highly configurable, next generation framework window manager for X. It is very fast, extensible and licensed under the GNU GPLv2 license.
It is primarily targeted at power users, developers and any people dealing with every day computing tasks and who want to have fine-grained control on their graphical environment.
Arturo demoed a scenario in which a developer built a typical dev-designed app in VisualStudio: very functional but equally ugly. He pulled the XAML into Expression Blend and applied some beautiful graphics to produce this home page.
Here is the near finished tower structure (less the antenna array!).
The tower is temporarily lashed with a rope against a setting post in order to check it for vertical alignment under load. A full metal brace, guys and clamping base will secure it to the concrete foundation and ground during 2016.
Beyond that, all that needs adding, to take the tower near to its functional state, is the section guide system and a winch. I will add these mechanisms in September 2016.
Next year I will build on my original design, thus maximising its extensibility. I plan to add a horizontal lattice section, which will enable me to mount a microwave antenna system as part of my increasing interest in space communications.
CF-5A/D
Canadian-built (Canadair) variant designated CF-116 in Canadian service. Powered by 4,300-lb (1,950-kg) static thrust J85-CAN-15 turbojets, extensible nose legs. CF-5As are single-seat fighters, CF-5Ds are two-seaters. After updating the electronics, cockpit controls and targeting systems of 36 of their 73 CF-5s, the Canadian air force made a monetary decision to sell the entire fleet. Bristol Aerospace performed the CF-5 upgrade work in 1990. The last two airworthy CF-5s were put in long-term storage in July 2004. Only 16 of the aircraft were sold (to Botswana) out of the entire fleet. Spai n may still be interested in purchasing more fighters.
This one was found about 6 meters from the place where the female specimen was found last week. It was really high in the tree but you could appreciate the extensible large dewlap or throat fan and the pronounced crest-like ridge running down the tail. This one was really huge.
The main undercarriage members embodied small, extensible steel skids for use on soft ground and were accommodated, when retracted, in bulged bays.
Fedora Commons:
In their words:
"Fedora (Flexible Extensible Digital Object Repository Architecture)
was originally developed by researchers at Cornell University as an
architecture for storing, managing, and accessing digital content in
the form of digital objects inspired by the Kahn and Wilensky
Framework. Fedora defines a set of abstractions for expressing
digital objects, asserting relationships among digital objects, and
linking "behaviors" (i.e., services) to digital objects.
The Fedora Repository Project (i.e., Fedora) implements the Fedora
abstractions in a robust open source software system. Fedora provides
a core repository service (exposed as web-based services with
well-defined APIs). In addition, Fedora provides an array of
supporting services and applications including search, OAI-PMH,
messaging, administrative clients, and more. Fedora provides RDF
support and the repository software is integrated with semantic triple
store technology, including the Mulgara RDF database. Fedora helps
ensure that digital content is durable by providing features that
support digital preservation."
I don't know about you guys, but where I live, this is hot and sexy
stuff, goosebump-worthy. Geek or not, it is worth prowling through the
site, at the very least to have a sense of the power and potential of
concepts sharing the future of free information flow. They're working
with the Library of Congress and VIVO for two incredibly important and
influential partners.
Library of Congress and DuraCloud Launch Pilot Program Using Cloud
Technologies to Test Perpetual Access to Digital Content: Service is
Part of National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation
Program
www.fedora-commons.org/community/announce/locduracloud
VIVO Delivers Scholarly Collaborators
expertvoices.nsdl.org/duraspace/2011/08/18/vivo-delivers-...
If you work in libraries, museums, nonprofits, computers, open source,
open access, open education, or anything remotely related to these,
you need to know about this.
White Sands Missile Range Museum
The BGM-71 TOW ("Tube-launched, Optically tracked, Wire-guided or Wireless") is an anti-tank missile, much smaller than the SS.10 and ENTAC, offering roughly twice the effective range, a more powerful warhead, and a greatly improved semi-automatic guidance system that could also be equipped with infrared cameras for night time use. First produced in 1970, the TOW is one of the most widely used anti-tank guided missiles.
In its basic form, the system comprises a missile in a sealed tube which is clipped to a launch tube prior to use. When required, the missile tube is attached to the rear of the launch tube, the target sighted and the missile fired. The launch motor ejects the missile from the launch tube, at which point four wings indexed at 45 degrees just forward of the booster nozzles spring open forward, four tail control surfaces flip open rearward, and sustained propulsion is provided by the flight motor (sustainer) which fires through lateral nozzles and propels the missile to the target. An optical sensor on the sight continuously monitors the position of a light source on the missile relative to the line-of- sight, and then corrects the trajectory of the missile by generating electrical signals that are passed down two wires to command the control surface actuators. After launch, the operator simply has to keep the cross-hairs of his sight pointing at the target, and the guidance system will automatically transmit corrective commands to the missile through the wire.
The TOW missile has been continually upgraded for a wide variety of platforms and uses, with an improved TOW missile (ITOW) appearing in 1978 that had a new warhead triggered by a long probe, which was extended after launch, that gave a stand-off distance of 15 inches for improved armor penetration. The 1983 TOW 2 featured a larger 13 pound warhead with a 21.25 inch extensible probe, improved guidance and a motor that provided around 30% more thrust. This was followed by the TOW 2A/B which appeared in 1987. Hughes developed a TOW missile with a wireless data link in 1989, referred to as TOW-2N, but this weapon was not adopted for use by the. In 1999 TOW received the Improved Target Acquisition System (ITAS).
The TOW missile in its current variations is not a fire-and-forget weapon, and like most second generation wire-guided missiles has Semi-Automatic Command Line of Sight guidance. This means that the guidance system is directly linked to the platform, and requires that the target be kept in the shooter's line of sight until the missile impacts. This has been the major impetus to develop either a fire-and-forget version of the system or to develop a successor with this ability. The M41 TOW improved target acquisition system (ITAS) is a block upgrade to the M220 ground/high-mobility multi- purpose wheeled vehicle (HMMWV)-mounted TOW 2 missile system. The TOW ITAS is currently be- ing fielded to airborne, air assault, and light infantry forces throughout the active and reserve components of the U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps where it is called the SABER. The ITAS, in addition to providing better anti-armor capabilities to antitank units, also has capabilities that make it an integral part of the combined arms team. Even when organized in heavy-light task forces, where the preponderance of antiarmor capabilities traditionally has resided in the heavy elements, TOW ITAS- equipped antitank units can not only destroy threat targets but also provide superior reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition (RSTA), rear area protection, and urban operations capabilities.
The TOW ITAS consists of three new line replaceable units: the target acquisition subsystem (TAS), the fire control subsystem (FCS), and the lithium battery box (LBB); a modified TOW 2 traversing unit; the existing TOW launch tube and tripod; and a TOW Humvee modification kit. The TAS integrates into a single housing the direct view optics, a second-generation forward looking infrared (FLIR) night vision sight (NVS), missile trackers, and a laser rangefinder. TAS electronics provide automatic boresighting for these components, eliminating both tactical collimation and 180-day verification requirements.
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The Redath Systems Ohm-73 Extensible Starfighter was originally developed to be a general-purpose starfighter , commissioned by the regional government of the Mizar system. While it did have a number of hard points where weapons, tools and equipment could be added, it all came at the price of significantly reduced durability. Of the original fifty ordered by the Mizar government, only 18 have survived and are now only used in non-combat situations.
However, the Ohm-73 gained some underground popularity due to its extensible nature, high top speed and impressive maneuverability (when it held together, that is). Redath Systems has been more than happy to produce more Ohms for the general public.
The particular fighter pictured is stripped of all but auxiliary deflectors and inertial dampeners, piloted by the racer known only as "Volt".
~~~~~
This was made with shat parts I could find, for the Vic Viper Fly-in this month in Chicago.
This taught me the definition of "swooshable".
Russ Teubner, founder and CEO of Teubner & Associates and Hostbridge Technology in Stillwater has been honored as the Distinguished Entrepreneur of the Year by the Oklahoma State University entrepreneurship program.
The Distinguished Entrepreneur of the Year Award recognizes an entrepreneur who has successfully founded a venture that has had national or global impact within its industry and in addition, has demonstrated commitment and contribution to the community. The Award seeks a special entrepreneur who can inspire students at OSU to think big and reach for their dreams, serving as a role model for what they can achieve.
“Russ Teubner saw a need and an opportunity, and pursued a dream of making a positive difference in the IT industry,” said Michael H. Morris, N. Malone Mitchell Chair and head of the OSU School of Entrepreneurship. “To this day, he is known throughout the industry for a particular expertise in mainframe software, and has nurtured that expertise within his company based in Stillwater while doing business on a global level.”
Teubner is a seasoned software industry entrepreneur with more than 30 years of experience in integrating emerging technologies and software product development within large organizations. As the standards around the Internet and e-commerce matured during the late ‘90s, Teubner quickly recognized the importance of the eXtensible Markup Language (XML) as a data delivery tool that could enable mainframe applications to communicate with other XML-enabled applications. This led to the invention of HostBridge™, a patented solution that runs on IBM System z mainframes and enables a broad class of applications to communicate using XML. Teubner founded HostBridge Technology in 2000. The company provides software with an ongoing investment in customer information control system transaction (CICS) applications.
Teubner has been honored as the 1992 Stillwater Chamber of Commerce Citizen of the Year and the 1993 Oklahoma Jaycees Outstanding Young Oklahoman. He has been inducted as both an OSU Distinguished Alumni and a Spears School of Business Hall of Fame recipient. In 1998, Teubner and his wife, Julie, were honored by President and Mrs. Clinton during a White House Rose Garden Ceremony to recognize a select group of companies and business owners who promote family-friendly employment policies within their organizations and communities. Currently, Teubner serves as a board member for Southwest Bancorp, Inc. and the OSU Center for Innovation and Economic Development.
Teubner and several other entrepreneurs, students, faculty and staff were honored at a banquet held by the OSU School of Entrepreneurship and the Riata Center for Entrepreneurship to celebrated the program’s first year of entrepreneurial excellence.
Toldos brazos extensibles en Elche, toldos brazos extensibles en Alicante, Toldos brazos extensibles en Murcia, toldos brazos extensibles en Torrevieja, toldos brazos extensibles en San Juan, toldos brazos extensibles en Guardamar. Cerramientos Candela
+++ DISCLAIMER +++
Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based historical facts. BEWARE!
Some background:
The Douglas A-4 Skyhawk was a single seat subsonic carrier-capable attack aircraft developed for the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps in the early 1950s. The delta winged, single turbojet engine Skyhawk was designed and produced by Douglas Aircraft Company, and later by McDonnell Douglas. It was originally designated A4D under the U.S. Navy's pre-1962 designation system. The Skyhawk was a relatively lightweight aircraft with a maximum takeoff weight of 24,500 pounds (11,100 kg) in its late versions and had a top speed of more than 670 miles per hour (1,080 km/h). Late versions were capable of carrying a bomb load equivalent to that of a World War II-era Boeing B-17 bomber and the aircraft supported a variety of missiles, bombs, and other munitions, including nuclear stores. The type saw an intensive career with the US Navy and the US Marine Corps during the Vietnam War era and was furthermore exported and operated by a wide range of countries all over the world, serving well into the 21st century.
One of the Skyhawk’s minor operators was Spain, specifically the Spanish Navy (Armada). Like the rest of the Spanish armed forces, the Spanish Navy had maintained Franco's policy of neutrality during World War II. Since the mid-20th century the Spanish Navy began a process of reorganization to become once again one of the major navies of the world. This not only included ships and submarines, but also an aerial warfare branch for coastal defense and to support the Infantería de Marina, the Spanish Navy Marines Corps. After the development of the Baleares-class frigates based on the US Navy's Knox class the Spanish Navy embraced the American naval doctrine and started to look for a light modern fighter bomber to equip a land-based attack squadron, with the prospect to eventually obtain an aircraft carrier and use the aircraft from it.
The choice fell in 1960 on the Douglas A-4, which offered a modern, compact and simple airframe with the desired option to operate the aircraft from older, smaller World War II-era aircraft carriers. These were still used by many smaller navies during the 1960s, and the Spanish Navy envisioned the procurement of one of more of these ships as operational basis for the new jet fighter force. These older ships were often unable to accommodate newer Navy fighters such as the F-4 Phantom II and F-8 Crusader, which were faster and more capable than the A-4, but significantly larger, heavier, complex and also costly than older naval fighters.
The Spanish Navy ordered a total of eighteen new Skyhawks from the USA, fourteen single-seaters and four trainers, locally called SA-4. The Armada’s Skyhawk attack variant was based on the A4D-2 (re-designated A-4B after 1962) but had, compared with the original US Navy aircraft, improved flight control systems and navigation, including an AN/APN-141 radar altimeter and a state-of-the-art AN/ASN-19A navigation computer. The trainers were equivalent with the US Navy's contemporary TA-4J variant.
Unlike the original A-4Bs, which lacked a radar and were therefore only suited for daytime operations, the Armada’s SA-4Bs were outfitted with a compact Dassault-built Aida radar unit within the aircraft's more pointed nose, giving them a unique profile among the Skyhawk family. Like the USN A-4Bs, the Spanish machines all had air-to-air refueling capabilities in the form of a fixed refueling probe, even though it was a cranked variant (intruduced on Amercian machines with the contemporary A-4F) to avoid interferences with the Aida radar. The SA-4Bs furthermore had the ability to carry a center-mounted "buddy store", a large external fuel tank with a hose reel in the aft section and an extensible drogue refueling bucket.
Alongside the Aida radar unit, a Swedish-made SAAB bombing computer was added to increase bombing accuracy. Specific to these machines were a TACAN receiver and a braking parachute under the tail for land operations. Internal armament remained the original pair of American 20 mm (0.79 in) Colt Mk 12 cannon with 200 RPG in the wing roots. For the Spanish Navy the SA-4Bs were outfitted with two additional underwing hardpoints and avionics for AIM-9B Sidewinder AAMs, so that they could carry a broader range of ground attack ordnance and operate in a limited aerial defense role, too. The SA-4Bs also had provision for radio-guided AGM-12 Bullpup missiles, which were the Skyhawks’ primary anti-ship weapon at the time. The missile avionics were housed in a shallow dorsal hump while a guidance antenna was mounted in a small bulge in ahead of the front landing gear well, so that the machine did not have to carry a respective external pod that would block a hardpoint.
The Skyhawk’s service in Spain was not long, though. In 1967, the mothballed US American light WWII aircraft carrier USS Cabot was loaned to Spain, becoming Dédalo, and the loan was eventually converted to a sale in 1972. By that time, the SA-4Bs – originally painted all-over dark blue – had been re-painted in a US Navy-style high-visibility scheme in Light Gull Grey over Whit and were operating from land bases only, allocated to 7th Squadron at Rota Naval Base near Cádiz in Andalusia The original plan to operate the SA-4Bs from Dédalo came to nought because the ship turned out to be too small to carry and deploy the Skyhawks properly, and the ship’s wooden deck would not withstand the stress from the modern jets’ frequent aircraft starts and landings. A new all-metal deck was not possible, due to budget and weight issues. In consequence the Armada’s SA-4s remained land-based and the Spanish Navy employed Dédalo as a helicopter-only antisubmarine warfare carrier with the SH-3D Sea King.
Attempts to add a fixed-wing strikeforce to the venerable carrier were made, though: On 8 November 1972 a Hawker Siddeley Harrier was successfully tested on the Dédalo’s deck, a first in the history of the plane. It was decided to order and deploy short-take-off-and-vertical-landing (STOVL) AV-8S Matadors (AV-8A Harrier) when Dédalo was overhauled. Since the Harriers' downdraft on vertical landing would have damaged the wooden deck, protective metal sheathing was installed on the rear area of the flight deck – a very convenient compromise.
Spain's purchase of Harriers was complicated by long-standing political friction between the British and Spanish governments of the era, though, and even though the Harriers were manufactured in the UK they were sold to Spain only with the US acting as an intermediary. The lengthy negotiation process was bridged by the SA-4s as well as a batch of AH-1G Cobra attack helicopters.
The first batch of six AV-8S single seat and two TAV-8S two seat aircraft were delivered to the Armada Española throughout 1976 and started carrier operations. Due to budget limitations and to simplify maintenance and logistics, the Spanish navy decided in 1977 to phase the Skyhawks out in favor of the more versatile Harrier, which could provide both air defense and strike capabilities for the Spanish fleet. A second batch of five AV-8S aircraft, now directly procured from UK mainly to replace losses, was delivered in 1980-. With this delivery the Spanish Skyhawks were retired and sold to Singapore, to be converted and upgraded by Douglas into A-4S-1s and later into A-4SU ‘Super Skyhawks’. With its Harrier fleet completed, Dédalo then typically carried an air group of eight AV-8S fighters, four Sea King antisubmarine warfare helicopters and four AB 212ASW Twin Hueys.
General characteristics:
Crew: one
Length: 41 ft 9 in (12.72 m) overall
40 ft 1.5 in (12.230 m) fuselage only
Wingspan: 26 ft 6 in (8.38 m)
Height: 15 ft (4.57 m)
Wing area: 259 ft² (24.15 m²)
Airfoil: NACA 0008-1.1-25 root, NACA 0005-0.825-50 tip
Empty weight: 9,146 lb (4,152 kg)
Loaded weight: 18,300 lb (8,318 kg)
Max. takeoff weight: 24,500 lb (11,136 kg)
Powerplant:
1× Curtiss-Wright J65-W-16A turbojet with 7,700 lbf (34 kN)
Performance:
Maximum speed: 575 kn (661 mph, 1,064 km/h)
Range: 1,700 nmi (2,000 mi, 3,220 km)
Combat radius: 625 nmi, 1,158 km
Service ceiling: 42,250 ft (12,880 m)
Rate of climb: 8,440 ft/min (43 m/s)
Wing loading: 70.7 lb/ft² (344.4 kg/m²)
Thrust/weight: 0.51
g-limit: +8/-3 g
Armament:
2× 20 mm (0.79 in) Colt Mk 12 cannon with 200 RPG in the wing roots
5× hardpoints for a total payload of up to 5,000 lbs (2,268 kg)
- 1× Centerline: 3,500 lbs (1.600 kg) capability
- 2× Inboard wing: 2,200 lbs (1.000 kg) capability each
- 2× Outboard wing: 1,000 lbs (454 kg) capability each
[b]The kit and its assembly:[/b]
This simple project was built on short notice after a 1-week extension had been issued for the “Sixties” Group Build at whatifmodellers.com. I had the idea for a Spanish Navy Skyhawk for some time and already stashed away a kit (Airfix, new mould) and a decal sheet from a Special Hobby AH-1 in Spanish markings – but originally planned to assemble it during a “One Week GB”.
However, since the aircraft would fall into the Sixties’ time frame and had nothing else on the work bench I decided to add a final/3rd entry into the GB.
The Airfix A-4B/Q kit goes together nicely, even though the plastic appeared a bit soft and somewhat waxy. It was basically built OOB, using the A-4Q’s small dorsal hump for AGM-12 avionics, and with a modified nose: I transplanted the small conical radome from an IAI Kfir onto the Skyhawk’s nose, what made it IMHO look like a prototype aircraft, added an bulged fairing for the AGM-12’s guidance antenna behind it (the small blade antenna on the front landing gear cover does this job in real life!) for an even different look, and I added scratched ejection trigger handles to the seat. The flaps and the air brakes were, after the photo session, mounted in open/extended position, and the ordnance was changed to a pair of AGM-12A Bullpups on scratched launch rails on the outer underwing pylons (IIRC left over from a Fujimi A-4C kit).
[b]Painting and markings:[/b]
Inspiration came from the small Spanish AH-1G Cobra fleet: I wondered if an naval attack aircraft would have carried the same attractive all-blue livery (probably FS35042, USN Gloss Sea Blue, but in photos the AH-1s appear darker and less greenish)? Therefore, the paint scheme was easily settled, even though I used a darker and rather dull/greyish tone as a basis: Humbrol 112 (Tarmac). The landing gear wells and the air intakes were painted gloss white, while the inside of the flaps and the air brakes became bright red – a stark contrast, but very attractive, together with the bright markings.
The cockpit was painted in medium grey.
After basic painting the kit received a black ink washing and some panel shading, in this case with FS35042, because it would subtly add some plasticity
The markings are a mix of decals from a Special Hobby AH-1, together with wing roundels from an AV-8S Matador and some other small bits. The St. Andrews flag on the fin was improvised with generic decal material – even though it was a bit overdone because no Spanish Navy aircraft carries this marking, only the air force machines – and Spanish P-3As in their early USN-style livery? It is, however, a nice detail, and to make it not too obtrusive I limited the fin flash to the rudder’s tip – even though it still stands out on the all dark blue airframe.
Thin white decal lines were used to create the canopy seals, the red warning markings around the air intakes were created with decals (from the optional Argentinian A-4Q from the Airfix kit, very convenient for a Spanish aircraft) and paint.
The kit was sealed with a coat of semi-gloss acrylic varnish, for a clean and shiny look, and the metallic exhaust and the jet pipe were treated with graphite to make the area look darker and burnt.
A quick build, realized over a weekend, even though, due to the Humbrol 112’s poor quality, the finish did not turn out as clean as I had hoped for. The all-blue livery, together with the red and yellow roundels and the other bold marking, suit the Skyhawk very well, it looks IMHO very attractive in this guise, despite the scheme’s simplicity.
Toldos brazos extensibles en Elche, toldos brazos extensibles en Alicante, Toldos brazos extensibles en Murcia, toldos brazos extensibles en Torrevieja, toldos brazos extensibles en San Juan, toldos brazos extensibles en Guardamar. Cerramientos Candela
For the happy dining room, the Tundra extensible table is the perfect match. Featuring the possibility of exchanging the colors of its center piece, it's visual appeal is unmatched. Whatever the size of your diner party, this table can adapt. 4 to 10 people can be comfortably seated in this table. The square base create an effect to please the eyes of your most discerning guest.
El minimalismo llevado a su máxima expresión. Las patas frontales en U aportan un toque de diseño muy limpio. Mesa extensible mediante el desplazamiento de la encimera, con un ala a juego con la encimera principal. Incorpora vidrio decorativo de 4 mm de espesor.
Washington, DC
Listed 5/5/2014
Reference Number: 14000186
Bunker Hill Elementary School was designed as an extensible school building and was constructed in phases between 1939 and 1953 to replace an earlier school building on the site. The new school building was needed as the surrounding Michigan Park community came to include a growing school-age population. Its construction was strongly urged by the Michigan Park Citizens1 Association and was built by the city's Office of Municipal Architect according to designs made by private practitioner Arthur B. Heaton. The school was executed in the Colonial Revival style, the then preferred style of the Municipal Architect's office (which supervised school construction) and by the Commission of Fine Arts. The idea of the extensible school building originated in the 1920s in the Municipal Architect's Office and was intended as a way to expand buildings in an organic manner as the need for larger buildings arose, which in the case of Bunker Hill, it did in the 1940s and early 1950s. Bunker Hill school remains an almost perfect example of an extensible school, described in the Multiple Property Document, Public School Buildings ofWashington, D.C.1862-1960.
National Register of Historic Places Homepage
La tradicional barra redonda de cocina adaptada a los nuevos tiempos. Base metálica con opciones en epoxi aluminio, blanco o negro y cromado con encimera de diámetro 80 cm.
Jute fiber is 100% bio-degradable and recyclable and thus environmentally friendly.Jute has low pesticide and fertilizer needs.It is a natural fiber with golden and silky shine and hence called The Golden Fiber.It is the cheapest vegetable fiber procured from the bast or skin of the plant's stem.It is the second most important vegetable fiber after cotton, in terms of usage, global consumption, production, and availability.It has high tensile strength, low extensibility, and ensures better breathability of fabrics. Therefore, jute is very suitable in agricultural commodity bulk packaging.It helps to make best quality industrial yarn, fabric, net, and sacks. It is one of the most versatile natural fibers that has been used in raw materials for packaging, textiles, non-textile, construction, and agricultural sectors. Bulking of yarn results in a reduced breaking tenacity and an increased breaking extensibility when blended as a ternary blend.The best source of jute in the world is the Bengal Delta Plain in the Ganges Delta, most of which is occupied by Bangladesh.
100% Aluminio y cristal, 100% reciclable. Primera mesa del mercado totalmente reciclable. Está construida con armazón y patas en perfilería de aluminio anodizado, y la encimera y extensibles con vidrio templado y coloreado. Disponible en varias medidas y acabados, y posibilidad de combinación de colores en el armazón mediante la incorporación de un laminado de alta presión. Diseño actual y ligero para cualquier estilo de amueblamiento en la cocina
A modern extensible glass dining table built around an unconventional but elegant Italian design that focuses on tangible style, elegance, and utility.
(The spell to gather all followers is Leader's Teleportation from Extensible Follower Framework by expired6978.)
La curvatura del armazón metálico en armonía con el asiento monocasco en madera laminada le confiere un toque diferenciador a su diseño y una ergonomía adaptada a las exigencias del usuario. Amplia variedad de acabados para el asiento y armazón.
La mesa Camel auna modernidad y tradición en un diseño en el que el valor añadido lo incorpora un cajón de gran capacidad con sistema de freno integrado
White Sands Missile Range Museum
The BGM-71 TOW ("Tube-launched, Optically tracked, Wire-guided or Wireless") is an anti-tank missile, much smaller than the SS.10 and ENTAC, offering roughly twice the effective range, a more powerful warhead, and a greatly improved semi-automatic guidance system that could also be equipped with infrared cameras for night time use. First produced in 1970, the TOW is one of the most widely used anti-tank guided missiles.
In its basic form, the system comprises a missile in a sealed tube which is clipped to a launch tube prior to use. When required, the missile tube is attached to the rear of the launch tube, the target sighted and the missile fired. The launch motor ejects the missile from the launch tube, at which point four wings indexed at 45 degrees just forward of the booster nozzles spring open forward, four tail control surfaces flip open rearward, and sustained propulsion is provided by the flight motor (sustainer) which fires through lateral nozzles and propels the missile to the target. An optical sensor on the sight continuously monitors the position of a light source on the missile relative to the line-of- sight, and then corrects the trajectory of the missile by generating electrical signals that are passed down two wires to command the control surface actuators. After launch, the operator simply has to keep the cross-hairs of his sight pointing at the target, and the guidance system will automatically transmit corrective commands to the missile through the wire.
The TOW missile has been continually upgraded for a wide variety of platforms and uses, with an improved TOW missile (ITOW) appearing in 1978 that had a new warhead triggered by a long probe, which was extended after launch, that gave a stand-off distance of 15 inches for improved armor penetration. The 1983 TOW 2 featured a larger 13 pound warhead with a 21.25 inch extensible probe, improved guidance and a motor that provided around 30% more thrust. This was followed by the TOW 2A/B which appeared in 1987. Hughes developed a TOW missile with a wireless data link in 1989, referred to as TOW-2N, but this weapon was not adopted for use by the. In 1999 TOW received the Improved Target Acquisition System (ITAS).
The TOW missile in its current variations is not a fire-and-forget weapon, and like most second generation wire-guided missiles has Semi-Automatic Command Line of Sight guidance. This means that the guidance system is directly linked to the platform, and requires that the target be kept in the shooter's line of sight until the missile impacts. This has been the major impetus to develop either a fire-and-forget version of the system or to develop a successor with this ability. The M41 TOW improved target acquisition system (ITAS) is a block upgrade to the M220 ground/high-mobility multi- purpose wheeled vehicle (HMMWV)-mounted TOW 2 missile system. The TOW ITAS is currently be- ing fielded to airborne, air assault, and light infantry forces throughout the active and reserve components of the U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps where it is called the SABER. The ITAS, in addition to providing better anti-armor capabilities to antitank units, also has capabilities that make it an integral part of the combined arms team. Even when organized in heavy-light task forces, where the preponderance of antiarmor capabilities traditionally has resided in the heavy elements, TOW ITAS- equipped antitank units can not only destroy threat targets but also provide superior reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition (RSTA), rear area protection, and urban operations capabilities.
The TOW ITAS consists of three new line replaceable units: the target acquisition subsystem (TAS), the fire control subsystem (FCS), and the lithium battery box (LBB); a modified TOW 2 traversing unit; the existing TOW launch tube and tripod; and a TOW Humvee modification kit. The TAS integrates into a single housing the direct view optics, a second-generation forward looking infrared (FLIR) night vision sight (NVS), missile trackers, and a laser rangefinder. TAS electronics provide automatic boresighting for these components, eliminating both tactical collimation and 180-day verification requirements.
100% Aluminio y cristal, 100% reciclable. Primera mesa del mercado totalmente reciclable. Está construida con armazón y patas en perfilería de aluminio anodizado, y la encimera y extensibles con vidrio templado y coloreado. Disponible en varias medidas y acabados, y posibilidad de combinación de colores en el armazón mediante la incorporación de un laminado de alta presión. Diseño actual y ligero para cualquier estilo de amueblamiento en la cocina