Leather Crafts
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More than one millions bulbs of tulips, hyacinths daffodils and others will create a 14 hectares tapestry of colours and fantasy in the park of the castle. This flower show is possible thanks to the cooperation of major dutch bulb producers and exporters.
Spring in the park of the castle of Groot-Bijgaarden in Belgium.
Dienstag maritim - Das RoRo-Frachtschiff "EXPORTER" läuft von Rauma (Finnland) kommend den Rostocker Seekanal an. Das Schiff fährt unter finnischer Flagge, ist 122 Meter lang und bereits über 31 Jahre alt.
Aktuell (03.01.2023) fährt das Schiff im Englischen Kanal und wird am Morgen des 05.01.2023 in Satander (Spanien) erwartet.
Allen Freunden einen schönen Dienstag gewünscht.
This bell is a trinket purchased in Nova Scotia. The little lobster hanging inside the handle is intended to honor the fact that the tiny Canadian province of Nova Scotia is the world's largest exporter of lobster (sourced from Wikipedia, hope that's right!). I guess maybe they have lots of snakes too? HMM!
Mittwoch maritim - Das RoRo-Frachtschiff "EXPORTER" im Nord-Ostsee-Kanal. Das Schiff fährt unter finnischer Flagge, ist 122 Meter lang und bereits 30 Jahre alt. Aktuell (24.02.2021) läuft das Schiff in der Ostsee - es hat gestern Nachmittag im schwedischen Hafen Norrkoping abgelegt und wird am Morgen des 26.02.2021 in Sheerness (UK) erwartet.
Allen Freunden einen schönen Mittwoch gewünscht.
Miscellaneous photos June and July 2022.
Once a major exporter of copper and coal, Swansea Harbour is now mainly home to pleasure vessels. The multiple tower blocks are mainly 21st century replacements for the dockside equipment that were here from the mid 19th century.
RV (Research Vessel) Mary Anning is moored in Swansea Harbour. The vessel was completed in May 2019 for Swansea University to use for research use. For more details, see www.swansea.ac.uk/bioscience/seacams-2/seacams2-research-...
Mary Anning is regarded as the founder of palaentology, the study of fossils. From an early age she accompanied her father on hunts around her home town in Lyme Regis, Devon, for fossils to sell to tourists. Her discovery of complete skeletons of hitherto unknown creatures led her on a quest for self education to provide answers to the many questions thus raised. Due to her gender especially she was never given serious accreditation for her research, although her background from the 'poor' side of town did not help in an age dominated even more than today by the 'gentleman' culture. Regrettably our present government (2022) is apparently trying to return us to the norms of that era by only providing university study options outside 'marketable' skills to those who have personal means.
Pacific Farms :large macadamia producer and exporter.
Located in the Byron Bay hinterland and situated on deep, rich volcanic soilNear Bangalow, NSW
G-SOLAR being the leading harvester and exporter of solar energy, the solar array tower uses its unique honeycomb crystalline solar cells which absorb 60% of solar irradiance per 1m² of crystal surface. The long daylight hours on the moon allows for maximum power generation with an average of 5000kWh/earth day. The solar panel automatic controls are guided by a sunlight gyro sensor at the centre of the array. Having to need regular system checks and maintenance an elevator is provided at the neck of the tower with easy access and reapair equipment provided. The bottom of the tower houses the energy converters for the absorbed energy which can be used as battery charges for any traveller in the vicinity.
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* I am very happy to finally post this project !. It is definitly something that I have been delaying and delaying for the right time and now its finally here. These assets are to give even more industrial aesthetics to the MOONY2308 project which my more recent works have been about. The solar array had to be the main course of the project so getting a unique shape and design was the real challenge, but I think the curved array was the right direction waht do yall think? :)
Build made with Bricklink Studio 2.0 with existing parts and image enhanced and edited in Photoshop.
The funny thing is that in Polish and then in Lithuanian, tea is called completely different that in the other languages. The word "arbata" (similar like Polish "herbata") comes from "herba tea" ("healing herb") as we firstly called it in Poland. More international "tea", "te" or "thé" comes from Duth exporters, who brought this name from Asian "te", "ta" or "thay". Ceylon "thay" is similar to Mandarinian "cha" - close to Russian, other Slavian or Arab languages word for this great drink. Cheers ;)
Vilnius, Lithuania.
Ghost sign on a wall in New York, New York. It's for A. Steinhardt & Brother, whose entrance was at 860 Broadway. A. Steinhardt and Brother were importers, exporters, and manufacturers of “fancy goods".
This is a 64 image panorama of the Merchant Seafarers Memorial in Cardiff Bay, Cardiff created using the Brenizer Method.
This unique sculpture is the Merchant Seafarers War Memorial in Cardiff Bay. This is a striking piece of street art situated right outside the Welsh Assembly Building, Y Senedd. Cardiff Bay played a major part in the development and success of Cardiff as an exporter of coal to power the industrial age. Tiger Bay is historically one of the first multicultural ports in Great Britain and the community comes from up to 45 different nationalities. The docks were regenerated in 1999 by the creation of the Cardiff Bay Barrage
Vicinal Lavinia-São Paulo, Paisagem rural com a Lua ao fundo
Brazil is the world’s largest beef exporter by volume, leading a market that is expected to grow by 35% over the next two decades. With its vast territory, favorable climate, and strong cattle ranching culture, Brazil is poised to serve a growing share of the global market.
To face these challenges and spur a cycle of economic growth, Brazil’s beef industry must increase transparency across the supply chain, offering better visibility into the origins of its cattle and,most important, ensuring that production is not linked to deforestation.Brazil’s agribusiness industry has been a major driver of the country's economy. While Brazil’s GDP rose a mere 1.1% in 2019, agriculture grew3.81%—accounting for around 21% of the country’s total output. The beef industry, including retail and other associated sectors, is one of the main pillars of Brazil’s agribusiness sector, making up 8.5% of the country’s GDP in 2019.
O Brasil é o maior exportador mundial de carne bovina em volume, liderando um mercado que deverá crescer 35% nas próximas duas décadas. Com seu vasto território, clima favorável e forte cultura pecuária, o Brasil está preparado para atender uma parcela crescente do mercado global. Para enfrentar estes desafios e estimular um ciclo de crescimento económico, a indústria da carne bovina do Brasil deve aumentar a transparência em toda a cadeia de abastecimento, oferecendo melhor visibilidade sobre as origens do seu gado e, o mais importante, garantindo que a produção não está ligada ao desmatamento. A indústria do agronegócio brasileiro tem sido um importante impulsionador da economia do país. Embora o PIB do Brasil tenha aumentado apenas 1,1% em 2019, a agricultura cresceu 3,81% – representando cerca de 21% da produção total do país. A indústria da carne bovina, incluindo o varejo e outros setores associados, é um dos principais pilares do setor do agronegócio brasileiro, respondendo por 8,5% do PIB do país em 2019.
Brasil es el mayor exportador de carne vacuna del mundo por volumen y lidera un mercado que se espera que crezca un 35% en las próximas dos décadas. Con su vasto territorio, clima favorable y una fuerte cultura ganadera, Brasil está preparado para atender una porción cada vez mayor del mercado global. Para enfrentar estos desafíos y estimular un ciclo de crecimiento económico, la industria cárnica de Brasil debe aumentar la transparencia en toda la cadena de suministro, ofreciendo una mejor visibilidad de los orígenes de su ganado y, lo más importante, garantizando que la producción no esté vinculada a la deforestación. La industria agroindustrial de Brasil ha sido un importante impulsor de la economía del país. Si bien el PIB de Brasil aumentó apenas un 1,1% en 2019, la agricultura creció un 3,81%, lo que representa alrededor del 21% de la producción total del país. La industria de la carne vacuna, incluido el comercio minorista y otros sectores asociados, es uno de los principales pilares del sector agroindustrial de Brasil y representó el 8,5% del PIB del país en 2019.
Il Brasileè il più grande esportatore mondiale di carne bovina in termini di volume,guidando un mercato che si prevede crescerà del 35% nei prossimi due decenni.Grazie al suo vasto territorio, al clima favorevole e alla forte culturadell’allevamento del bestiame, il Brasile è pronto a servire una quotacrescente del mercato globale.
Peraffrontare queste sfide e stimolare un ciclo di crescita economica, l’industriabrasiliana della carne bovina deve aumentare la trasparenza lungo tutta lacatena di approvvigionamento, offrendo una migliore visibilità sulle originidel suo bestiame e, cosa più importante, garantendo che la produzione non sialegata alla deforestazione. L’industria agroalimentare brasiliana è stata unodei principali motori dell’economia del paese. Mentre il PIL del Brasile ècresciuto solo dell’1,1% nel 2019, l’agricoltura è cresciuta del 3,81%,rappresentando circa il 21% della produzione totale del paese. L’industriadella carne bovina, compresa la vendita al dettaglio e altri settori associati,è uno dei pilastri principali del settore agroalimentare brasiliano, rappresentandol’8,5% del PIL del paese nel 2019.
Brazilië is qua volume de grootsterundvleesexporteur ter wereld en leidt een markt die naar verwachting dekomende twintig jaar met 35% zal groeien. Met zijn uitgestrekte grondgebied,gunstig klimaat en sterke veehouderijcultuur is Brazilië klaar om eengroeiend deel van de wereldmarkt te bedienen.
Om deze uitdagingen het hoofd te bieden en eencyclus van economische groei te stimuleren, moet de Braziliaanserundvleesindustrie de transparantie in de hele toeleveringsketen vergroten, eenbeter inzicht bieden in de oorsprong van het vee en, het allerbelangrijkste,ervoor zorgen dat de productie niet gekoppeld is aan ontbossing. DeBraziliaanse landbouwindustrie is een belangrijke motor van de economie van hetland geweest. Terwijl het bbp van Brazilië in 2019 met slechts 1,1% steeg,groeide de landbouw met 3,81% – goed voor ongeveer 21% van de totale productievan het land. De rundvleesindustrie, inclusief de detailhandel en andereaanverwante sectoren, is een van de belangrijkste pijlers van de Braziliaanselandbouwsector en vertegenwoordigt in 2019 8,5% van het bbp van het land.
Le Brésilest le plus grand exportateur mondial de viande bovine en volume, leader sur unmarché qui devrait croître de 35 % au cours des deux prochaines décennies. Avecson vaste territoire, son climat favorable et sa forte culture d’élevage debétail, le Brésil est sur le point de servir une part croissante du marchémondial.
Pourrelever ces défis et stimuler un cycle de croissance économique, l’industriebovine brésilienne doit accroître la transparence tout au long de la chaîned’approvisionnement, en offrant une meilleure visibilité sur l’origine de sonbétail et, plus important encore, en garantissant que la production n’est pasliée à la déforestation. L’industrie agroalimentaire brésilienne est un moteurmajeur de l’économie du pays. Alors que le PIB du Brésil n’a augmenté que de1,1 % en 2019, l’agriculture a augmenté de 3,81 %, ce qui représente environ 21% de la production totale du pays. L’industrie bovine, y compris la vente audétail et d’autres secteurs associés, est l’un des principaux piliers dusecteur agroalimentaire brésilien, représentant 8,5 % du PIB du pays en 2019.
Brasilien ist der mengenmäßig größte Rindfleischexporteur der Welt und führt einen Markt an, der in den nächsten zwei Jahrzehnten voraussichtlich um 35 % wachsen wird. Mit seinem riesigen Territorium, dem günstigen Klima und der ausgeprägten Viehzuchtkultur ist Brasilien bereit, einen wachsenden Anteil des Weltmarktes zu bedienen.Um diesen Herausforderungen zu begegnen und einen Kreislauf des Wirtschaftswachstums anzukurbeln, muss die brasilianische Rindfleischindustrie die Transparenz in der gesamten Lieferkette erhöhen, einen besseren Einblick in die Herkunft ihres Viehs bieten und vor allem sicherstellen, dass die Produktion nicht mit der Abholzung der Wälder zusammenhängt. Die brasilianische Agrarindustrie war ein wichtiger Motor der Wirtschaft des Landes. Während Brasiliens BIP im Jahr 2019 lediglich um 1,1 % stieg, wuchs die Landwirtschaft um 3,81 % – was rund 21 % der Gesamtproduktion des Landes ausmachte. Die Rindfleischindustrie, einschließlich des Einzelhandels und anderer damit verbundener Sektoren, ist eine der Hauptsäulen des brasilianischen Agrarsektors und machte im Jahr 2019 8,5 % des BIP des Landes aus.
تعد البرازيل أكبر مصدر للحوم الأبقار في العالم من حيث الحجم، وتقود سوقًا من المتوقع أن تنمو بنسبة 35% خلال العقدين المقبلين. بفضل أراضيها الشاسعة، ومناخها الملائم، وثقافة تربية الماشية القوية، تستعد البرازيل لخدمة حصة متزايدة من السوق العالمية.
ولمواجهة هذه التحديات وتحفيز دورة من النمو الاقتصادي، يتعين على صناعة لحوم الأبقار في البرازيل أن تعمل على زيادة الشفافية عبر سلسلة التوريد، وتوفير رؤية أفضل لأصول الماشية، والأهم من ذلك، ضمان عدم ربط الإنتاج بإزالة الغابات. كانت صناعة الأعمال الزراعية في البرازيل محركًا رئيسيًا لاقتصاد البلاد. وفي حين ارتفع الناتج المحلي الإجمالي في البرازيل بنسبة 1.1% فقط في عام 2019، نمت الزراعة بنسبة 3.81%، وهو ما يمثل حوالي 21% من إجمالي إنتاج البلاد. تعد صناعة لحوم البقر، بما في ذلك تجارة التجزئة والقطاعات الأخرى المرتبطة بها، إحدى الركائز الأساسية لقطاع الأعمال الزراعية في البرازيل، حيث تشكل 8.5٪ من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي للبلاد في عام 2019.
ブラジルは世界最大の牛肉輸出国であり、今後 20 年間で 35% の成長が見込まれる市場をリードしています。広大な領土、良好な気候、強力な牧畜文化を備えたブラジルは、世界市場でますます大きなシェアを占める態勢が整っています。これらの課題に直面し、経済成長のサイクルを促進するために、ブラジルの牛肉産業は、サプライチェーン全体の透明性を高め、牛の産地の可視性を高め、最も重要なこととして、生産が森林破壊に結びつかないようにする必要があります。ブラジルのアグリビジネス産業は、ブラジル経済の主要な原動力となっています。 2019年のブラジルのGDPはわずか1.1%増加したが、農業は3.81%増加し、国の総生産量の約21%を占めた。小売およびその他の関連部門を含む牛肉産業は、ブラジルのアグリビジネス部門の主要な柱の 1 つであり、2019 年の同国の GDP の 8.5% を占めています。
Aruba, a small island in the Dutch Caribbean off the coast of Venezuela, has a dry climate, sunny beaches and gentle waves. Constant winds produce a cool breeze and tilt trees (like the famous divi-divi) to the southwest. The European influence appears in the architecture, characterized by the Dutch gables painted in tropical pastel tones. This is also evident in the coexistence of the local language, Papiamento, with English, Dutch and Spanish. The country does not have fresh water but it has desalinated water of excellent quality and you can safely drink tap water. The small country is a major producer and exporter of aloe vera (aloe vera) and is strong in the financial and fishing sectors, in addition to logistical services in the oil sector. It is a small island with a lot of sun and wind all the time, which favors the country's main economic activity, tourism. Its area is 179 km2 (69.1 mi2) and is densely populated by approximately 110,000 inhabitants (2020 Census) and has a per capita income of just over US$25,000 p.a. The country's capital is Oranjestad.
Aruba, pequena ilha do Caribe holandês ao largo da costa da Venezuela, tem clima seco, praias ensolaradas e ondas suaves. Ventos constantes produzem uma brisa fresca e inclinam as árvores (como a famosa divi-divi) para o sudoeste. A influência europeia aparece na arquitetura, caracterizada pelas empenas holandesas pintadas em tons pastel tropicais. Isso também fica evidente na convivência do idioma local, o papiamento, com o inglês, o holandês e o espanhol. O país não tem água doce mas tem água dessalinizada de ótima qualidade e vc pode tomar agua da torneira com segurança. O pequeno país é um grande produtor e exportador de aloé vera (babosa) e é forte no setor financeiro e de pesca além de serviços logísticos na área petroleira. É uma pequena ilha com muito sol e vento o ano todo o que favorece a principal atividade econômica do país, o turismo. Sua área é de 179 km2 (69.1 mi2) e é densamente povoada por aproximadamente 110.000 habitantes (Censo de 2020) e tem uma renda per capita de pouco mais de US$ 25,000 a.a. A capital do país é Oranjestad.
Aruba, een klein eiland in de Nederlandse Caraïben voor de kust van Venezuela, heeft een droog klimaat, zonnige stranden en zachte golven. Constante winden produceren een koel briesje en kantelen bomen (zoals de beroemde divi-divi) naar het zuidwesten. De Europese invloed komt terug in de architectuur, gekenmerkt door de Hollandse gevels geschilderd in tropische pasteltinten. Dit blijkt ook uit het naast elkaar bestaan van de lokale taal, Papiamento, met Engels, Nederlands en Spaans. Het land heeft geen zoet water maar wel ontzilt water van uitstekende kwaliteit en je kunt er veilig kraanwater drinken. Het kleine land is een belangrijke producent en exporteur van aloë vera (aloë vera) en is sterk in de financiële en visserijsector, naast de logistieke dienstverlening in de oliesector. Het is een klein eiland met de hele tijd veel zon en wind, wat de belangrijkste economische activiteit van het land, het toerisme, bevordert. Het gebied is 179 km2 (69,1 mi2) en is dichtbevolkt met ongeveer 110.000 inwoners (telling van 2020) en heeft een inkomen per hoofd van de bevolking van iets meer dan 25.000 dollar per jaar. De hoofdstad van het land is Oranjestad.
Aruba, una piccola isola dei Caraibi olandesi al largo della costa del Venezuela, ha un clima secco, spiagge assolate e onde dolci. I venti costanti producono una brezza fresca e inclinano gli alberi (come i famosi divi-divi) a sud-ovest. L'influenza europea appare nell'architettura, caratterizzata dai timpani olandesi dipinti in toni pastello tropicali. Ciò è evidente anche nella coesistenza della lingua locale, il papiamento, con l'inglese, l'olandese e lo spagnolo. Il paese non ha acqua dolce ma ha acqua desalinizzata di ottima qualità e si può bere tranquillamente l'acqua del rubinetto. Il piccolo paese è un importante produttore ed esportatore di aloe vera (aloe vera) ed è forte nei settori finanziario e della pesca, oltre ai servizi logistici nel settore petrolifero. È una piccola isola con tanto sole e vento tutto il tempo, il che favorisce la principale attività economica del paese, il turismo. La sua area è di 179 km2 (69,1 mi2) ed è densamente popolata da circa 110.000 abitanti (censimento 2020) e ha un reddito pro capite di poco superiore a US $ 25.000 all'anno. La capitale del paese è Oranjestad.
Aruba, una pequeña isla en el Caribe holandés frente a la costa de Venezuela, tiene un clima seco, playas soleadas y olas suaves. Los vientos constantes producen una brisa fresca e inclinan los árboles (como el famoso divi-divi) hacia el suroeste. La influencia europea aparece en la arquitectura, caracterizada por los frontones holandeses pintados en tonos pastel tropicales. Esto también es evidente en la coexistencia del idioma local, el papiamento, con el inglés, el holandés y el español. El país no tiene agua dulce pero tiene agua desalada de excelente calidad y se puede beber agua del grifo sin peligro. El pequeño país es un importante productor y exportador de aloe vera (sábila) y es fuerte en los sectores financiero y pesquero, además de los servicios logísticos en el sector petrolero. Es una isla pequeña con mucho sol y viento todo el tiempo, lo que favorece la principal actividad económica del país, el turismo. Su área es de 179 km2 (69.1 mi2) y está densamente poblada por aproximadamente 110,000 habitantes (Censo 2020) y tiene un ingreso per cápita de poco más de US$25,000 p.a. La capital del país es Oranjestad.
Aruba, eine kleine Insel in der niederländischen Karibik vor der Küste Venezuelas, hat ein trockenes Klima, sonnige Strände und sanfte Wellen. Konstante Winde erzeugen eine kühle Brise und neigen Bäume (wie das berühmte Divi-Divi) nach Südwesten. Der europäische Einfluss zeigt sich in der Architektur, die durch die in tropischen Pastelltönen gestrichenen holländischen Giebel gekennzeichnet ist. Dies zeigt sich auch in der Koexistenz der lokalen Sprache Papiamento mit Englisch, Niederländisch und Spanisch. Das Land hat kein Süßwasser, aber entsalztes Wasser von ausgezeichneter Qualität und Leitungswasser kann bedenkenlos getrunken werden. Das kleine Land ist ein bedeutender Produzent und Exporteur von Aloe Vera (Aloe Vera) und ist neben logistischen Dienstleistungen im Ölsektor stark im Finanz- und Fischereisektor. Es ist eine kleine Insel mit viel Sonne und Wind, was die wichtigste wirtschaftliche Aktivität des Landes, den Tourismus, begünstigt. Seine Fläche beträgt 179 km2 (69,1 mi2) und ist mit etwa 110.000 Einwohnern (Volkszählung 2020) dicht besiedelt und hat ein Pro-Kopf-Einkommen von knapp über 25.000 US-Dollar pro Jahr. Die Hauptstadt des Landes ist Oranjestad.
Aruba, une petite île des Caraïbes néerlandaises au large des côtes du Venezuela, a un climat sec, des plages ensoleillées et des vagues douces. Des vents constants produisent une brise fraîche et inclinent les arbres (comme le fameux divi-divi) vers le sud-ouest. L'influence européenne apparaît dans l'architecture, caractérisée par les pignons hollandais peints dans des tons pastel tropicaux. Cela est également évident dans la coexistence de la langue locale, le papiamento, avec l'anglais, le néerlandais et l'espagnol. Le pays ne dispose pas d'eau douce mais il dispose d'une eau dessalée d'excellente qualité et vous pouvez boire l'eau du robinet en toute sécurité. Le petit pays est un important producteur et exportateur d'aloe vera (aloe vera) et est fort dans les secteurs financier et de la pêche, en plus des services logistiques dans le secteur pétrolier. C'est une petite île avec beaucoup de soleil et de vent tout le temps, ce qui favorise la principale activité économique du pays, le tourisme. Sa superficie est de 179 km2 (69,1 mi2) et est densément peuplée d'environ 110 000 habitants (recensement de 2020) et a un revenu par habitant d'un peu plus de 25 000 $ US par an. La capitale du pays est Oranjestad.
تتمتع أروبا ، وهي جزيرة صغيرة في منطقة البحر الكاريبي الهولندية قبالة سواحل فنزويلا ، بمناخ جاف وشواطئ مشمسة وأمواج لطيفة. تنتج الرياح المستمرة نسيمًا باردًا وتميل الأشجار (مثل ديفي ديفي الشهير) إلى الجنوب الغربي. يظهر التأثير الأوروبي في العمارة التي تتميز بالجملونات الهولندية المطلية بدرجات ألوان الباستيل الاستوائية. وهذا واضح أيضًا في تعايش اللغة المحلية ، البابيامينتو ، مع الإنجليزية والهولندية والإسبانية. لا يوجد في البلاد مياه عذبة ولكنها تحتوي على مياه محلاة بجودة ممتازة ويمكنك شرب مياه الصنبور بأمان. تعد الدولة الصغيرة منتجًا ومصدرًا رئيسيًا للصبار (الألوة فيرا) وهي قوية في قطاعي المال وصيد الأسماك ، بالإضافة إلى الخدمات اللوجستية في قطاع النفط. إنها جزيرة صغيرة بها الكثير من الشمس والرياح طوال الوقت ، مما يفضل النشاط الاقتصادي الرئيسي للبلاد ، وهو السياحة. تبلغ مساحتها 179 كيلومترًا مربعًا (69.1 ميل 2) وهي مكتظة بالسكان بحوالي 110.000 نسمة (تعداد 2020) ويبلغ دخل الفرد فيها أكثر من 25000 دولار أمريكي بقليل. عاصمة البلاد هي أورانجيستاد.
ベネズエラ沖のオランダのカリブ海にある小さな島、アルバは、乾燥した気候、太陽が降り注ぐビーチ、穏やかな波に恵まれています。絶え間ない風が涼しい風を生み出し、木々を（有名なディビディビのように）南西に傾けます。ヨーロッパの影響は、熱帯のパステル トーンで描かれたオランダの切妻を特徴とする建築に現れます。これは、地元の言語であるパピアメント語と、英語、オランダ語、スペイン語が共存していることにも明らかです。この国には真水はありませんが、優れた品質の淡水化された水があり、水道水を安全に飲むことができます。この小さな国は、アロエベラ (アロエベラ) の主要な生産国および輸出国であり、石油部門の物流サービスに加えて、金融および漁業部門に強みを持っています。それは国の主要な経済活動である観光に有利な、常に太陽と風がたくさんある小さな島です。その面積は 179 km2 (69.1 mi2) で、約 110,000 人の住民 (2020 年の国勢調査) が密集しており、1 人あたりの収入は年間 25,000 米ドル強です。国の首都はオラニエスタッドです。kkkk um
In an 1894 advertisement George Gregory styled himself as an “English, Foreign, Colonial and General Book Merchant, Library Buyer and Exporter”, issuing monthly catalogues, and with “upwards of 100,000 volumes always on sale” He held the Royal Warrant as Bookseller to Queen Alexandra, and was President of the Antiquarian Booksellers’ Association from 1915 to 1918.
Portra 400, Leica M2, 21mm C Biogon
Brazil is the world’s largest beef exporter by volume, leading a market that is expected to grow by 35% over the next two decades. With its vast territory, favorable climate, and strong cattle ranching culture, Brazil is poised to serve a growing share of the global market.
To face these challenges and spur a cycle of economic growth, Brazil’s beef industry must increase transparency across the supply chain, offering better visibility into the origins of its cattle and,most important, ensuring that production is not linked to deforestation.Brazil’s agribusiness industry has been a major driver of the country's economy. While Brazil’s GDP rose a mere 1.1% in 2019, agriculture grew3.81%—accounting for around 21% of the country’s total output. The beef industry, including retail and other associated sectors, is one of the main pillars of Brazil’s agribusiness sector, making up 8.5% of the country’s GDP in 2019.
O Brasil é o maior exportador mundial de carne bovina em volume, liderando um mercado que deverá crescer 35% nas próximas duas décadas. Com seu vasto território, clima favorável e forte cultura pecuária, o Brasil está preparado para atender uma parcela crescente do mercado global. Para enfrentar estes desafios e estimular um ciclo de crescimento económico, a indústria da carne bovina do Brasil deve aumentar a transparência em toda a cadeia de abastecimento, oferecendo melhor visibilidade sobre as origens do seu gado e, o mais importante, garantindo que a produção não está ligada ao desmatamento. A indústria do agronegócio brasileiro tem sido um importante impulsionador da economia do país. Embora o PIB do Brasil tenha aumentado apenas 1,1% em 2019, a agricultura cresceu 3,81% – representando cerca de 21% da produção total do país. A indústria da carne bovina, incluindo o varejo e outros setores associados, é um dos principais pilares do setor do agronegócio brasileiro, respondendo por 8,5% do PIB do país em 2019.
Brasil es el mayor exportador de carne vacuna del mundo por volumen y lidera un mercado que se espera que crezca un 35% en las próximas dos décadas. Con su vasto territorio, clima favorable y una fuerte cultura ganadera, Brasil está preparado para atender una porción cada vez mayor del mercado global. Para enfrentar estos desafíos y estimular un ciclo de crecimiento económico, la industria cárnica de Brasil debe aumentar la transparencia en toda la cadena de suministro, ofreciendo una mejor visibilidad de los orígenes de su ganado y, lo más importante, garantizando que la producción no esté vinculada a la deforestación. La industria agroindustrial de Brasil ha sido un importante impulsor de la economía del país. Si bien el PIB de Brasil aumentó apenas un 1,1% en 2019, la agricultura creció un 3,81%, lo que representa alrededor del 21% de la producción total del país. La industria de la carne vacuna, incluido el comercio minorista y otros sectores asociados, es uno de los principales pilares del sector agroindustrial de Brasil y representó el 8,5% del PIB del país en 2019.
Il Brasileè il più grande esportatore mondiale di carne bovina in termini di volume,guidando un mercato che si prevede crescerà del 35% nei prossimi due decenni.Grazie al suo vasto territorio, al clima favorevole e alla forte culturadell’allevamento del bestiame, il Brasile è pronto a servire una quotacrescente del mercato globale.
Peraffrontare queste sfide e stimolare un ciclo di crescita economica, l’industriabrasiliana della carne bovina deve aumentare la trasparenza lungo tutta lacatena di approvvigionamento, offrendo una migliore visibilità sulle originidel suo bestiame e, cosa più importante, garantendo che la produzione non sialegata alla deforestazione. L’industria agroalimentare brasiliana è stata unodei principali motori dell’economia del paese. Mentre il PIL del Brasile ècresciuto solo dell’1,1% nel 2019, l’agricoltura è cresciuta del 3,81%,rappresentando circa il 21% della produzione totale del paese. L’industriadella carne bovina, compresa la vendita al dettaglio e altri settori associati,è uno dei pilastri principali del settore agroalimentare brasiliano, rappresentandol’8,5% del PIL del paese nel 2019.
Brazilië is qua volume de grootsterundvleesexporteur ter wereld en leidt een markt die naar verwachting dekomende twintig jaar met 35% zal groeien. Met zijn uitgestrekte grondgebied,gunstig klimaat en sterke veehouderijcultuur is Brazilië klaar om eengroeiend deel van de wereldmarkt te bedienen.
Om deze uitdagingen het hoofd te bieden en eencyclus van economische groei te stimuleren, moet de Braziliaanserundvleesindustrie de transparantie in de hele toeleveringsketen vergroten, eenbeter inzicht bieden in de oorsprong van het vee en, het allerbelangrijkste,ervoor zorgen dat de productie niet gekoppeld is aan ontbossing. DeBraziliaanse landbouwindustrie is een belangrijke motor van de economie van hetland geweest. Terwijl het bbp van Brazilië in 2019 met slechts 1,1% steeg,groeide de landbouw met 3,81% – goed voor ongeveer 21% van de totale productievan het land. De rundvleesindustrie, inclusief de detailhandel en andereaanverwante sectoren, is een van de belangrijkste pijlers van de Braziliaanselandbouwsector en vertegenwoordigt in 2019 8,5% van het bbp van het land.
Le Brésilest le plus grand exportateur mondial de viande bovine en volume, leader sur unmarché qui devrait croître de 35 % au cours des deux prochaines décennies. Avecson vaste territoire, son climat favorable et sa forte culture d’élevage debétail, le Brésil est sur le point de servir une part croissante du marchémondial.
Pourrelever ces défis et stimuler un cycle de croissance économique, l’industriebovine brésilienne doit accroître la transparence tout au long de la chaîned’approvisionnement, en offrant une meilleure visibilité sur l’origine de sonbétail et, plus important encore, en garantissant que la production n’est pasliée à la déforestation. L’industrie agroalimentaire brésilienne est un moteurmajeur de l’économie du pays. Alors que le PIB du Brésil n’a augmenté que de1,1 % en 2019, l’agriculture a augmenté de 3,81 %, ce qui représente environ 21% de la production totale du pays. L’industrie bovine, y compris la vente audétail et d’autres secteurs associés, est l’un des principaux piliers dusecteur agroalimentaire brésilien, représentant 8,5 % du PIB du pays en 2019.
Brasilien ist der mengenmäßig größte Rindfleischexporteur der Welt und führt einen Markt an, der in den nächsten zwei Jahrzehnten voraussichtlich um 35 % wachsen wird. Mit seinem riesigen Territorium, dem günstigen Klima und der ausgeprägten Viehzuchtkultur ist Brasilien bereit, einen wachsenden Anteil des Weltmarktes zu bedienen.Um diesen Herausforderungen zu begegnen und einen Kreislauf des Wirtschaftswachstums anzukurbeln, muss die brasilianische Rindfleischindustrie die Transparenz in der gesamten Lieferkette erhöhen, einen besseren Einblick in die Herkunft ihres Viehs bieten und vor allem sicherstellen, dass die Produktion nicht mit der Abholzung der Wälder zusammenhängt. Die brasilianische Agrarindustrie war ein wichtiger Motor der Wirtschaft des Landes. Während Brasiliens BIP im Jahr 2019 lediglich um 1,1 % stieg, wuchs die Landwirtschaft um 3,81 % – was rund 21 % der Gesamtproduktion des Landes ausmachte. Die Rindfleischindustrie, einschließlich des Einzelhandels und anderer damit verbundener Sektoren, ist eine der Hauptsäulen des brasilianischen Agrarsektors und machte im Jahr 2019 8,5 % des BIP des Landes aus.
تعد البرازيل أكبر مصدر للحوم الأبقار في العالم من حيث الحجم، وتقود سوقًا من المتوقع أن تنمو بنسبة 35% خلال العقدين المقبلين. بفضل أراضيها الشاسعة، ومناخها الملائم، وثقافة تربية الماشية القوية، تستعد البرازيل لخدمة حصة متزايدة من السوق العالمية.
ولمواجهة هذه التحديات وتحفيز دورة من النمو الاقتصادي، يتعين على صناعة لحوم الأبقار في البرازيل أن تعمل على زيادة الشفافية عبر سلسلة التوريد، وتوفير رؤية أفضل لأصول الماشية، والأهم من ذلك، ضمان عدم ربط الإنتاج بإزالة الغابات. كانت صناعة الأعمال الزراعية في البرازيل محركًا رئيسيًا لاقتصاد البلاد. وفي حين ارتفع الناتج المحلي الإجمالي في البرازيل بنسبة 1.1% فقط في عام 2019، نمت الزراعة بنسبة 3.81%، وهو ما يمثل حوالي 21% من إجمالي إنتاج البلاد. تعد صناعة لحوم البقر، بما في ذلك تجارة التجزئة والقطاعات الأخرى المرتبطة بها، إحدى الركائز الأساسية لقطاع الأعمال الزراعية في البرازيل، حيث تشكل 8.5٪ من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي للبلاد في عام 2019.
ブラジルは世界最大の牛肉輸出国であり、今後 20 年間で 35% の成長が見込まれる市場をリードしています。広大な領土、良好な気候、強力な牧畜文化を備えたブラジルは、世界市場でますます大きなシェアを占める態勢が整っています。これらの課題に直面し、経済成長のサイクルを促進するために、ブラジルの牛肉産業は、サプライチェーン全体の透明性を高め、牛の産地の可視性を高め、最も重要なこととして、生産が森林破壊に結びつかないようにする必要があります。ブラジルのアグリビジネス産業は、ブラジル経済の主要な原動力となっています。 2019年のブラジルのGDPはわずか1.1%増加したが、農業は3.81%増加し、国の総生産量の約21%を占めた。小売およびその他の関連部門を含む牛肉産業は、ブラジルのアグリビジネス部門の主要な柱の 1 つであり、2019 年の同国の GDP の 8.5% を占めています。
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Pakistan
Pakistan's principal natural resources are arable land and water. About 25% of Pakistan's total land area is under cultivation and is watered by one of the largest irrigation systems in the world. Pakistan irrigates three times more acres than Russia. Agriculture accounts for about 21% of GDP and employs about 41% of the labor force.
Early history
Barley and wheat cultivation—along with the domestication of cattle, primarily sheep and goat—was visible in Mehrgarh by 8000-6000 BCE.[1][2] Early Mehrgarh residents lived in mud brick houses, stored their grain in granaries, fashioned tools with local copper ore, and lined their large basket containers with bitumen. They cultivated six-row barley, einkorn and emmer wheat, jujubes and dates, and herded sheep, goats and cattle. Residents of the later period (5500 BC to 2600 BC) put much effort into crafts, including flint knapping, tanning, bead production, and metal working. The site was occupied continuously until about 2600 BC.[3]
Irrigation was developed in the Indus Valley Civilization(see alsoMohenjo-daro) by around 4500 BCE.[4] The size and prosperity of the Indus civilization grew as a result of this innovation, which eventually led to more planned settlements making use of drainage and sewers.[4] Sophisticated irrigation and water storage systems were developed by the Indus Valley Civilization, including artificial reservoirs at Girnar dated to 3000 BCE, and an early canal irrigation system from circa 2600 BCE.[5]
Archeological evidence of an animal-drawn plough dates back to 2500 BC in the Indus Valley Civilization.
Rankings
Pakistan is one of the world's largest producers and suppliers of the following according to the 2005 Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations and FAOSTAT given here with ranking:
•Chickpea (2nd)
•Apricot (4th)
•Cotton (4th)
•Sugarcane (4th)
•Milk (5th)
•Onion (5th)
•Date Palm (6th)
•Mango (7th)
•Tangerines, mandarin oranges, clementine (8th)
•Rice (8th)
•Wheat (9th)
•Oranges (10th)
Pakistan ranks fifth in the Muslim world and twentieth worldwide in farm output. It is the world's fifth largest milk producer.
Crops
The most important crops are wheat, sugarcane, cotton, and rice, which together account for more than 75% of the value of total crop output.
Pakistan's largest food crop is wheat. In 2005, Pakistan produced 21,591,400 metric tons of wheat, more than all of Africa (20,304,585 metric tons) and nearly as much as all of South America (24,557,784 metric tons), according to the FAO[7]
Pakistan has also cut the use of dangerous pesticides dramatically. [8]
Pakistan is a net food exporter, except in occasional years when its harvest is adversely affected by droughts. Pakistan exports rice, cotton, fish, fruits (especially Oranges and Mangoes), and vegetables and imports vegetable oil, wheat, cotton, pulses and consumer foods. The country is Asia's largest camel market, second-largest apricot and ghee market and third-largest cotton, onion and milk market.
The economic importance of agriculture has declined since independence, when its share of GDP was around 53%. Following the poor harvest of 1993, the government introduced agriculture assistance policies, including increased support prices for many agricultural commodities and expanded availability of agricultural credit. From 1993 to 1997, real growth in the agricultural sector averaged 5.7% but has since declined to about 4%. Agricultural reforms, including increased wheat and oilseed production, play a central role in the government's economic reform package.
Much of the Pakistan's agriculture output is utilized by the country's growing processed-food industry. The value of processed retail food sales has grown 12 percent annually during the Nineties and was estimated at over $1 billion in 2000, although supermarkets accounted for just over 10% of the outlets. [9]
The Federal Bureau of Statistics provisionally valued major crop yields at Rs.504,868 million in 2005 thus registering over 55% growth since 2000 [10] while minor crop yields were valued at Rs.184,707 million in 2005 thus registering over 41% growth since 2000. The exports related to the agriculture sector in 2009-10 are Rs 288.18 billion including food grains, vegetables, fruits, tobacco, fisheries products, spices and livestock.
Crops
The most important crops are wheat, sugarcane, cotton, and rice, which together account for more than 75% of the value of total crop output.
Pakistan's largest food crop is wheat. In 2005, Pakistan produced 21,591,400 metric tons of wheat, more than all of Africa (20,304,585 metric tons) and nearly as much as all of South America (24,557,784 metric tons), according to the FAO[7]
Pakistan has also cut the use of dangerous pesticides dramatically. [8]
Pakistan is a net food exporter, except in occasional years when its harvest is adversely affected by droughts. Pakistan exports rice, cotton, fish, fruits (especially Oranges and Mangoes), and vegetables and imports vegetable oil, wheat, cotton, pulses and consumer foods. The country is Asia's largest camel market, second-largest apricot and ghee market and third-largest cotton, onion and milk market.
The economic importance of agriculture has declined since independence, when its share of GDP was around 53%. Following the poor harvest of 1993, the government introduced agriculture assistance policies, including increased support prices for many agricultural commodities and expanded availability of agricultural credit. From 1993 to 1997, real growth in the agricultural sector averaged 5.7% but has since declined to about 4%. Agricultural reforms, including increased wheat and oilseed production, play a central role in the government's economic reform package.
Much of the Pakistan's agriculture output is utilized by the country's growing processed-food industry. The value of processed retail food sales has grown 12 percent annually during the Nineties and was estimated at over $1 billion in 2000, although supermarkets accounted for just over 10% of the outlets. [9]
The Federal Bureau of Statistics provisionally valued major crop yields at Rs.504,868 million in 2005 thus registering over 55% growth since 2000 [10] while minor crop yields were valued at Rs.184,707 million in 2005 thus registering over 41% growth since 2000. The exports related to the agriculture sector in 2009-10 are Rs 288.18 billion including food grains, vegetables, fruits, tobacco, fisheries products, spices and livestock
Fishery
Fishery and fishing industry plays an important role in the national economy of Pakistan. With a coastline of about 814 km, Pakistan has enough fishery resources that remain to be fully developed. It is also a major source of export earning.
Aqaba (Arabic: العقبة, Al-ʻAqabah) is a coastal city in the far south of Jordan, the capital of Aqaba Governorate at the head of the Gulf of Aqaba. Aqaba is strategically important to Jordan as it is the country's only seaport. Aqaba is best known today as a diving and beach resort, but industrial activity remains important to the area, and the town is an exporter of phosphate and some shells. Aqaba is also the largest city on the Gulf of Aqaba.
Ancient history
Aqaba has been an inhabited settlement since 4000 BC profiting from its strategic location at the junction of trading routes between Asia, Africa, and Europe. The early settlement was presumably Edomite in ancient times. It was a centre of the Edomites, and then of the Arab Nabataeans, during the first century B.C. who populated the region extensively. The oldest known text in Arabic alphabet is an inscription found in Jabal Ram 50 km east of Aqaba.
The Bible refers to the area in (1 Kings 9:26) "King Solomon also built ships in Ezion-Geber, which is near Ayla in Edom, on the shores of the Red Sea." This verse probably refers to an Iron Age port city on the same ground as modern Aqaba.
The Ptolemaic Greeks called it Berenice, and the Romans Aila and Aelana.[2] Aqaba reached its peak during Roman times, the great long distance road the Via Traiana Nova led south from Bostra through Amman, terminating in Aqaba, where it connected with a west road leading to Philistia and Egypt. Around 106 AD Aqaba was one of the main ports for the Romans.[3] In the year 410 A.D. Aqaba (known then as Ayla) became the garrison of the Roman 10th Legion of the Sea Strait (Legio X Fretensis). Ayla was the home origin of what came to be known as the Ayla-Axum Amphoras.
Soon after the Islamic conquests, it came under the rule of the Islamic Caliphate, and thereafter passed through the hands of such dynasties as the Umayyads, Abbasids, Fatimids and Mamluks. The early days of the Islamic era saw the construction of the city of Ayla (fr), which was described by the geographer Shams Eddin Muqaddasi as being next to the true settlement, which was lying in ruins close by. The ruins of Ayla (unearthed in the 1980s by an American-Jordanian archeological team) are a few minutes walk north along the main waterfront road.
Some stories in the famous Arabian Nights also refer to Sinbad adventures to take the sea from this port city of Ayla.
During the 12th century, the Kingdom of Jerusalem controlled the area and built their fortress of Helim, which remains relatively well-preserved today. In addition to building a stronghold within Aqaba, the Crusaders fortified the small island of Ile de Graye (now known as Pharaoh's Island, near the shore of Sinai), now lies in Egyptian territorial waters about 7 kilometers west of Aqaba.
By 1187, both Aqaba and the island had been recaptured, for Muslim rule, by Saladin. The Mamluks took over in 1250 and rebuilt the fort in the 14th century under one of the last Mamluk sultans, Qansah al-Ghouri.
By the beginning of the 16th century, the Mamluk dynasty had fallen into decline and the area came under the influence of the Turkish/Ottoman Empire. During the following period, the city declined in status, for 400 years remaining a simple fishing village of little significance. The port of Aqaba quickly regained its importance after the Ottomans built the Hejaz railway, that connects the port to Damascus and Medina.
Modern history
During World War I, the occupying Ottoman forces were forced to withdraw from Aqaba after a raid, known as the Battle of Aqaba, led by T. E. Lawrence (known as Lawrence of Arabia) and the Arab forces of Sharif Hussein in 1917, making the territory part of the Kingdom of Hejaz, under the rule of Prince Faisal. The capture of Aqaba helped open supply lines from Egypt up to Arab and British forces afield further north in Transjordan and Greater Palestine, and more importantly alleviated a threat of a Turkish offensive onto the strategically important Suez Canal.
Aqaba was ceded to the British protectorate of Transjordan in 1925.
In 1965, King Hussein attempted to give Aqaba room to grow by trading land with Saudi Arabia. In return for 6,000 square kilometers of desertland in Jordan's interior, the Saudis traded 12 kilometers of prime coastline to the south of Aqaba. In addition to the extra land for expansion of the port, the swap also gave the country access to the magnificent Yamanieh coral reef.
Aqaba was a major site for imports of Iraqi goods in the 1980s until the Arab Gulf War.
In August 2000, the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority Law was passed by the Jordanian Parliament. The law established the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA)[4] as the statutory institution empowered with regulatory, administrative, fiscal and economic responsibilities within the Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZ).
Demographics
The city of Aqaba has one of the highest growth rates in Jordan, with only 44% of the buildings in the city being built before 1990.[5] A special census for Aqaba city was carried by the Jordanian department of statistics in 2007, the total population of Aqaba by the census of 2007 was 98,400. The 2009 population estimate is 108,500. The results of the census compared to the national level are indicated as follows:
Demographic data of the city of Aqaba (2007) compared to Kingdom of Jordan nationwide[5]
Aqaba City (2007)Jordan (2004 census)
1Total population98,4005,350,000
2Growth rate4.3%2.3%
3Male to Female ratio56.1 to 43.951.5 to 48.5
4Ratio of Jordanians to Foreign Nationals82.1 to 17.993 to 7
5Number of households18,425946,000
6Persons per houshold4.95.3
7Percent of population below 15 years of age35.6%37.3%
8Percent of population over 65 years of age1.7%3.2%
Tourism
Aqaba is well known for its beach resorts and luxury hotels, which service those who come for diving, fun in the sand as well as watersports like windsurfing and Scuba diving. It also offers activities which take advantage of its desert location. Its many coffee shops offer mansaf and knafeh, and baqlawa desserts. Another very popular venue is the Turkish Bath (Hamam) built in 306AD, in which locals and visitors alike come to relax after a hot day. Aqaba and Wadi Rum are the sites of the annual Jordan – Middle East Distant Heat Festival, an annual electronic dance festival. It takes place on 31 July and 1 August. DJs from Jordan, the Middle East and around the world participate in this unique dance festival. Some famous artists who participate in the festival are Armin Van Buuren, Ferry Corsten, Above & Beyond, and Josh Gabriel.
In 2006, the Tourism Division of the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA) reported that the number of tourists visiting the Zone in 2006 rose to about 432,000, an increase of 5% over previous year. Approximately 65%, or 293,000 were Jordanians. Of foreign tourists, Europeans visited the Zone in the largest numbers, with about 98,000 visiting during the year. The division has financed tourism advertising and media campaigns with the assistance of the European Union.[6]
During national holidays, Jordanians from the north, particularly Amman and Irbid, flock to Aqaba's luxury resorts and sandy beaches. During these holiday weekends, hotel occupancy reaches 100%.
Aqaba has been chosen for the site of a new waterfront building project that would rebuild Aqaba with new man-made water structures, new high-rise residential and office buildings, and more tourist services to place Aqaba on the investment map and challenge other centers of waterfront development throughout the region.
The Distant Festival held at Aqaba on the last Thursday of July and the following day at Aqaba and Wadi Rum which features the world's most famous trance and electronica dancers.
Aqaba has been chosen as the Arab Tourism City of 2011
Economy
Benefiting from its location and status as Jordan's special economic zone, Aqaba's economy is based on the tourism and port industry sectors. The economical growth in Aqaba is higher than the average economical growth in the country. Under the special economic zone status some investments and trades are exempted from taxation, as a result, new resorts, housing developments, and retail outlets are being constructed. New projects such as Tala Bay and Saraya al Aqaba are constructed aiming at providing high-end vacation and residential homes to locals and foreigners alike.
Over twenty billion dollars have been invested in Aqaba since 2001 when the Special Economic Zone was established. Along with tourism projects, Aqaba has also attracted global logistic companies such as APM Terminals and Agility to invest in logistics, which boosted the city's status as a transport and logistics hub.
There are numerous hotels that reside in Aqaba but new hotels are also under construction.
Aqaba is the only seaport of Jordan so virtually all of Jordan's exports depart from here. Heavy machinery industry is also flourishing in the city with regional assembly plants being located in Aqaba such as the Land Rover Aqaba Assembly Plant. By 2006 the ASEZ had attracted $8bn in committed investments, beating its $6bn target by 2020 by a third and more in less than a decade. The goal was adjusted to bring in another $12bn by 2020, but in 2009 alone, deals worth $14bn were inked.[15] Some projects currently under construction are:
•Saraya Aqaba, a $700 million resort with a man made lagoon, luxury hotels, villas, and townhouses that will be completed by 2010.
•Ayla Oasis, a $1 billion resort around a man made lagoon with luxury hotels, villas, a 18-hole golf course. It also has an Arabian Venice theme with apartment buildings built along canals only accessible by walkway or boat. A water park is part of the project. This project will be completed by 2017.
•Tala Bay, a $500 million resort with a manmade lagoon, luxury hotels such as the Hilton and villas. It is already completed. It also has a beach club that hosts the annual Distant Heat Festival, a rave held 1 August.
•Marsa Zayed, a $10 billion marina community that is the largest real estate project in Jordan's history, which maximizes frontage on the Gulf of Aqaba to create a vibrant mixed-use community. Part of the Jordanian government's initiative to double its tourism economy by 2010, Marsa Zayed is designed to help fuel the country's growth by providing more than 300 yacht berths in a luxury marina, a cruise ship terminal and a mix of hotels, apartments, villas and townhouses for more than 50,000 people. This project will be completed by 2017.[16]
•The Red Sea Astratium, the world's only Star Trek themed park, worth $1.5 billion will be completed by 2014. The park will span 184 acres (74 ha) will include "technologically advanced attractions, five-star accommodation, captivating theatrical productions," and night-time spectacles. The project will include four hotels and provide 500 job opportunities in the coastal city.[17]
•Port relocation. Aqaba's current port will be relocated to the southernmost part of the province near the Saudi border. Its capacity will surpass that of the current port. The project costs $5 billion, and it will be completed by 2013.
•Aqaba will be connected by the national rail system which will be completed by 2013. The rail project will connect Aqaba with all Jordan's main cities and economic centers and several countries like Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Syria.
•The Aqaba Container Terminal (ACT) handled a record 587,530 twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs) in 2008, an increase of 41.6% on the previous year. To accommodate the rise in trade on the back of the increasing popularity of container shipping and the stabilising political situation in Iraq, the Aqaba Development Corporation (ADC) has announced plans for a new port. The port relocation 20 km to the south will cost an estimated $600m and will improve infrastructure, while freeing up space for development in the city. Plans for upgrading the King Hussein International Airport (KHIA) and the development of a logistics centre will also help position Aqaba as a regional hub for trade and transport.
Transportation
By land
The city is connected to the rest of Jordan by the Desert Highway and the King's Highway. Aqaba is connected to Eilat, Israel by the Wadi Araba crossing and to Haql, Saudi Arabia by the Durra Border Crossing. There are many bus services between Aqaba and Amman and the other major cities in Jordan. JETT and Trust International are the most common lines.[18] These buses use the Desert Highway. Taxi services are also available between Aqaba and Eilat.
The Aqaba railway system is only used for cargo transportation and no longer functions for travellers, with the exception of the route to Wadi Rum.
By sea
The Arab Bridge Maritime company vessels connect Aqaba to the Egyptian ports of Taba and Nuweiba. More than one million passengers travelled between Aqaba and the ports of Nuweiba and Sharm el-Sheikh by ferries. An Abu Dhabi consortium of companies called 'Al Maabar' has won the bid to relocate and manage the Aqaba Port for 30 years and expand the existing ferry terminal which receives about 1.3 million passengers and thousands of trucks and cars coming from across the shore in Egypt.
By air
King Hussein International Airport connects Aqaba to Amman, Sharm el-Sheikh, Dubai and Alexandria and several destinations in Europe. It is the headquarters of the Jordan Aviation Airlines.
Education
The universities and institutes in Aqaba are mostly scheduled to start their first academic semesters in the years 2011–2012:
1.Red Sea Institute of Cinematic Arts
2.University of Jordan at Aqaba[19] (2009)
3.Aqaba University of Technology (2011)
4.American University of Aqaba (2009)
5.British University of Aqaba (2009)
6.Institute of Banking Studies: Aqaba Branch
Sister cities
• Varna, Bulgaria
• Málaga, Spain
• Saint Petersburg, Russia
To be shipped for Valentines Day.....Kenya is the second largest exporter of roses after Colombia....
Brazil is the world’s largest beef exporter by volume, leading a market that is expected to grow by 35% over the next two decades. With its vast territory, favorable climate, and strong cattle ranching culture, Brazil is poised to serve a growing share of the global market.
To face these challenges and spur a cycle of economic growth, Brazil’s beef industry must increase transparency across the supply chain, offering better visibility into the origins of its cattle and,most important, ensuring that production is not linked to deforestation.Brazil’s agribusiness industry has been a major driver of the country's economy. While Brazil’s GDP rose a mere 1.1% in 2019, agriculture grew3.81%—accounting for around 21% of the country’s total output. The beef industry, including retail and other associated sectors, is one of the main pillars of Brazil’s agribusiness sector, making up 8.5% of the country’s GDP in 2019.
O Brasil é o maior exportador mundial de carne bovina em volume, liderando um mercado que deverá crescer 35% nas próximas duas décadas. Com seu vasto território, clima favorável e forte cultura pecuária, o Brasil está preparado para atender uma parcela crescente do mercado global. Para enfrentar estes desafios e estimular um ciclo de crescimento económico, a indústria da carne bovina do Brasil deve aumentar a transparência em toda a cadeia de abastecimento, oferecendo melhor visibilidade sobre as origens do seu gado e, o mais importante, garantindo que a produção não está ligada ao desmatamento. A indústria do agronegócio brasileiro tem sido um importante impulsionador da economia do país. Embora o PIB do Brasil tenha aumentado apenas 1,1% em 2019, a agricultura cresceu 3,81% – representando cerca de 21% da produção total do país. A indústria da carne bovina, incluindo o varejo e outros setores associados, é um dos principais pilares do setor do agronegócio brasileiro, respondendo por 8,5% do PIB do país em 2019.
Brasil es el mayor exportador de carne vacuna del mundo por volumen y lidera un mercado que se espera que crezca un 35% en las próximas dos décadas. Con su vasto territorio, clima favorable y una fuerte cultura ganadera, Brasil está preparado para atender una porción cada vez mayor del mercado global. Para enfrentar estos desafíos y estimular un ciclo de crecimiento económico, la industria cárnica de Brasil debe aumentar la transparencia en toda la cadena de suministro, ofreciendo una mejor visibilidad de los orígenes de su ganado y, lo más importante, garantizando que la producción no esté vinculada a la deforestación. La industria agroindustrial de Brasil ha sido un importante impulsor de la economía del país. Si bien el PIB de Brasil aumentó apenas un 1,1% en 2019, la agricultura creció un 3,81%, lo que representa alrededor del 21% de la producción total del país. La industria de la carne vacuna, incluido el comercio minorista y otros sectores asociados, es uno de los principales pilares del sector agroindustrial de Brasil y representó el 8,5% del PIB del país en 2019.
Il Brasileè il più grande esportatore mondiale di carne bovina in termini di volume,guidando un mercato che si prevede crescerà del 35% nei prossimi due decenni.Grazie al suo vasto territorio, al clima favorevole e alla forte culturadell’allevamento del bestiame, il Brasile è pronto a servire una quotacrescente del mercato globale.
Peraffrontare queste sfide e stimolare un ciclo di crescita economica, l’industriabrasiliana della carne bovina deve aumentare la trasparenza lungo tutta lacatena di approvvigionamento, offrendo una migliore visibilità sulle originidel suo bestiame e, cosa più importante, garantendo che la produzione non sialegata alla deforestazione. L’industria agroalimentare brasiliana è stata unodei principali motori dell’economia del paese. Mentre il PIL del Brasile ècresciuto solo dell’1,1% nel 2019, l’agricoltura è cresciuta del 3,81%,rappresentando circa il 21% della produzione totale del paese. L’industriadella carne bovina, compresa la vendita al dettaglio e altri settori associati,è uno dei pilastri principali del settore agroalimentare brasiliano, rappresentandol’8,5% del PIL del paese nel 2019.
Brazilië is qua volume de grootsterundvleesexporteur ter wereld en leidt een markt die naar verwachting dekomende twintig jaar met 35% zal groeien. Met zijn uitgestrekte grondgebied,gunstig klimaat en sterke veehouderijcultuur is Brazilië klaar om eengroeiend deel van de wereldmarkt te bedienen.
Om deze uitdagingen het hoofd te bieden en eencyclus van economische groei te stimuleren, moet de Braziliaanserundvleesindustrie de transparantie in de hele toeleveringsketen vergroten, eenbeter inzicht bieden in de oorsprong van het vee en, het allerbelangrijkste,ervoor zorgen dat de productie niet gekoppeld is aan ontbossing. DeBraziliaanse landbouwindustrie is een belangrijke motor van de economie van hetland geweest. Terwijl het bbp van Brazilië in 2019 met slechts 1,1% steeg,groeide de landbouw met 3,81% – goed voor ongeveer 21% van de totale productievan het land. De rundvleesindustrie, inclusief de detailhandel en andereaanverwante sectoren, is een van de belangrijkste pijlers van de Braziliaanselandbouwsector en vertegenwoordigt in 2019 8,5% van het bbp van het land.
Le Brésilest le plus grand exportateur mondial de viande bovine en volume, leader sur unmarché qui devrait croître de 35 % au cours des deux prochaines décennies. Avecson vaste territoire, son climat favorable et sa forte culture d’élevage debétail, le Brésil est sur le point de servir une part croissante du marchémondial.
Pourrelever ces défis et stimuler un cycle de croissance économique, l’industriebovine brésilienne doit accroître la transparence tout au long de la chaîned’approvisionnement, en offrant une meilleure visibilité sur l’origine de sonbétail et, plus important encore, en garantissant que la production n’est pasliée à la déforestation. L’industrie agroalimentaire brésilienne est un moteurmajeur de l’économie du pays. Alors que le PIB du Brésil n’a augmenté que de1,1 % en 2019, l’agriculture a augmenté de 3,81 %, ce qui représente environ 21% de la production totale du pays. L’industrie bovine, y compris la vente audétail et d’autres secteurs associés, est l’un des principaux piliers dusecteur agroalimentaire brésilien, représentant 8,5 % du PIB du pays en 2019.
Brasilien ist der mengenmäßig größte Rindfleischexporteur der Welt und führt einen Markt an, der in den nächsten zwei Jahrzehnten voraussichtlich um 35 % wachsen wird. Mit seinem riesigen Territorium, dem günstigen Klima und der ausgeprägten Viehzuchtkultur ist Brasilien bereit, einen wachsenden Anteil des Weltmarktes zu bedienen.Um diesen Herausforderungen zu begegnen und einen Kreislauf des Wirtschaftswachstums anzukurbeln, muss die brasilianische Rindfleischindustrie die Transparenz in der gesamten Lieferkette erhöhen, einen besseren Einblick in die Herkunft ihres Viehs bieten und vor allem sicherstellen, dass die Produktion nicht mit der Abholzung der Wälder zusammenhängt. Die brasilianische Agrarindustrie war ein wichtiger Motor der Wirtschaft des Landes. Während Brasiliens BIP im Jahr 2019 lediglich um 1,1 % stieg, wuchs die Landwirtschaft um 3,81 % – was rund 21 % der Gesamtproduktion des Landes ausmachte. Die Rindfleischindustrie, einschließlich des Einzelhandels und anderer damit verbundener Sektoren, ist eine der Hauptsäulen des brasilianischen Agrarsektors und machte im Jahr 2019 8,5 % des BIP des Landes aus.
تعد البرازيل أكبر مصدر للحوم الأبقار في العالم من حيث الحجم، وتقود سوقًا من المتوقع أن تنمو بنسبة 35% خلال العقدين المقبلين. بفضل أراضيها الشاسعة، ومناخها الملائم، وثقافة تربية الماشية القوية، تستعد البرازيل لخدمة حصة متزايدة من السوق العالمية.
ولمواجهة هذه التحديات وتحفيز دورة من النمو الاقتصادي، يتعين على صناعة لحوم الأبقار في البرازيل أن تعمل على زيادة الشفافية عبر سلسلة التوريد، وتوفير رؤية أفضل لأصول الماشية، والأهم من ذلك، ضمان عدم ربط الإنتاج بإزالة الغابات. كانت صناعة الأعمال الزراعية في البرازيل محركًا رئيسيًا لاقتصاد البلاد. وفي حين ارتفع الناتج المحلي الإجمالي في البرازيل بنسبة 1.1% فقط في عام 2019، نمت الزراعة بنسبة 3.81%، وهو ما يمثل حوالي 21% من إجمالي إنتاج البلاد. تعد صناعة لحوم البقر، بما في ذلك تجارة التجزئة والقطاعات الأخرى المرتبطة بها، إحدى الركائز الأساسية لقطاع الأعمال الزراعية في البرازيل، حيث تشكل 8.5٪ من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي للبلاد في عام 2019.
ブラジルは世界最大の牛肉輸出国であり、今後 20 年間で 35% の成長が見込まれる市場をリードしています。広大な領土、良好な気候、強力な牧畜文化を備えたブラジルは、世界市場でますます大きなシェアを占める態勢が整っています。これらの課題に直面し、経済成長のサイクルを促進するために、ブラジルの牛肉産業は、サプライチェーン全体の透明性を高め、牛の産地の可視性を高め、最も重要なこととして、生産が森林破壊に結びつかないようにする必要があります。ブラジルのアグリビジネス産業は、ブラジル経済の主要な原動力となっています。 2019年のブラジルのGDPはわずか1.1%増加したが、農業は3.81%増加し、国の総生産量の約21%を占めた。小売およびその他の関連部門を含む牛肉産業は、ブラジルのアグリビジネス部門の主要な柱の 1 つであり、2019 年の同国の GDP の 8.5% を占めています。
Brazil is the world’s top producer and exporter of sugarcane. It supplies 50% of the world’s sugar, producing 654.8m tons of sugarcane, 41.25m tons of processed sugar and 29.7bn liters of ethanol annually. But the proportion of Brazilian land that is dedicated to sugarcane production is just 1% (8.66m ha) of the country’s total land area.
Sugar and ethanol manufacturing are key to the Brazilian economy. Sugarcane production in Brazil is a key sector from a social and developmental perspective. Around 40% of the sugarcane processed by Brazilian mills are supplied by some 76,000 independent farmers, in turn supporting hundreds of thousands of people.
Brazilian policy also helps sugarcane act as a driver for social development. For example, one piece of legislation stipulates that sugar exports from Brazil to Europe be sourced in the northeast region of Brazil, one of the most developmentally challenged areas of the country.
The Cerrado was thought challenging for agriculture until researchers at Brazil’s agricultural and livestock research agency, Embrapa, discovered that it could be made fit for industrial crops by appropriate additions of phosphorus and lime. In the late 1990s, between 14 million and 16 million tons of lime were being poured on Brazilian fields each year. The quantity rose to 25 million tons in 2003 and 2004, equalling around five tons of lime per hectare. This manipulation of the soil allowed for industrial agriculture to grow exponentially in the area.
Researchers also developed tropical varieties of soybeans, until then a temperate crop, and currently, Brazil is the world's main soyabeans exporter due to the boom in animal feed production caused by the global rise in meat demand. Today the Cerrado region provides more than 70% of the beef cattle production in the country, being also a major production center of grains, mainly soya, beans, maize and rice. Large extensions of the Cerrado are also used for the production of cellulose pulp for the paper industry, with the cultivation of several species of Eucalyptus and Pinus, but as a secondary activity. Coffee produced in the Cerrado is now a major export.
The region is dominated by Oxisols.
Import corn in India is expected in a very huge quantity in coming days. India is considering importing corn of an extra 500,000 tonnes to overcome a shortage in India after a second straight drought cut output, a government source stated on Wednesday.
India is traditionally a good corn exporter...
tradeexim.com/india-plans-to-import-corn-in-500000-tonnes...
Hull 11 May 2014
Swinging into Queen Elizabeth Dock stern first on the regular ro-ro service from Sweden.
Built in 1991 by Fosen M/V A/S, Rissa on a hull constructed at Brodogradiliste 'Sava', Macvanska Mitrovica as GRANÖ. Renamed BIRKA EXPORTER in 2002, then EXPORTER in 2013. Still in service with Holmen Carrier, but the UK terminal has now switched to Sheerness.
Orthodox tea suppliers in India, supply best quality of loose orthodox tea in cheap price. alobha exim is a best Orthodox Tea Exporter India and tea manufacturer.
Creator: H. Cooper (original photograph), Strabane & District Camera Club (modern image)
Date: c.1920 & September 2015
Original Format: Glass plate negative
Description: Group of workers in front of Irish Butter and Egg Exporters, Ltd.
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The photo I have always thought was Hartwood Diesel Engine Exporters and on the main road. Ex GMT Fleetlines and again Gardner engines. Notice the Central Workshops on the roof, was the full title NCB Central Workshops. A Flickr search shows DNF 708C (on the left) was exported to the USA for open top work, it has since returned to the UK and is now in the care of the SELNEC Society. Looking at the wheels on the vehicle in the foreground suggest that to could also be ready for re-sale.
Welcome to the Irrlicht Engine
The Irrlicht Engine is an open source realtime 3D engine written in C++. It is cross-platform, using D3D, OpenGL and its own software renderers. OpenGL-ES2 and WebGL renderers are also in development. It is a stable library which has been worked on for nearly 2 decades. We've got a huge community and Irrlicht is used by hobbyists and professional companies alike. You can find enhancements for it all over the web, like alternative terrain renderers, portal renderers, exporters, world layers, tutorials, editors, language bindings and so on. And best of all: It's completely free.
Irrlichtelieren (Will-o’-the-wisping-around)
Jane K. Brown
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON
The lexeme Irrlichtelieren (will-o’-the-wisping-around, i.e. thinking outside the box) is Goethe’s neologism for a heterodox line of thought that displaces traditional methods of philosophy and science. Although the term occurs only once, in the student scene of Faust, Part One (FA 1.7:83.1917), the shifting value of will-o’-the-wisps in Faust and other works corresponds to the theories of scientific method Goethe advanced in essays of the 1790s and especially to the methodology of his Zur Farbenlehre (Theory of Color) of 1810. While in Goethe’s letters and in the devil’s language in Faust, will-o’-the-wisps betoken illusion, they develop in the course of Faust into symbols of the ineffable truth that Kantian metaphysics had effectively substituted for God. The ironic dialectic of the will-o’-the-wisps shapes Goethe’s views of pedagogy and scientific epistemology and his positions on the idealist subject/object dichotomy, on the relationships of nature and truth, on representation and knowledge, and on knowledge and community.
Introduction
Etymological Implications
Learning as Flitting Around
Subject-Object Relations
The Relationship of Nature and Truth
Representation as Knowledge
Knowledge and Community
Notes
Related Entries
Works Cited and Further Reading
Introduction
The neologism irrlichtelieren can be defined as: “An innovative and eccentric line of thought, [. . .] a lexical innovation [. . .] that configures the ‘improper’ imperative of Goethean thought [. . .] to displace the ‘proper’ way of doing philosophy (including logic, rationalist metaphysics, and transcendental idealism) by repurposing its traditional instruments of torture.”1 Goethe invented the word and used it only once, in the student scene of Faust I. Derived from the noun Irrlicht (will-o’-the-wisp, or ignis fatuus), it initially identifies the confused thinking of the student who has yet to learn logic,
Daß er bedächtiger so fortan
Hinschleiche die Gedankenbahn,
Und nicht etwa, die Kreuz und Quer,
Irrlichteliere hin und her. (FA 1.7:83.1914–17)2
So that he creep more circumspectly
along the train of thought
and not go will-o’-the-wisping
back and forth and here and there.
However, the use of will-o’-the-wisp in Faust transforms this apparent praise of logic into its opposite, so that “will-o’-the-wisping back and forth” comes to represent the epistemology actually promoted not only in Faust but also in Goethe’s essays on scientific methodology and optics from the 1790s and in his massive Zur Farbenlehre (Theory of Colors) of 1810. Derived from irren (erring), the central theme of Faust, where the Lord says “Es irrt der Mensch, so lang er strebt” (FA 1.7:27.317; man errs as long as he strives) and Licht (light), used consistently as an image for knowledge or truth in Goethe, as so often in the period, irrlichtelieren becomes a useful term for Goethe’s process of learning truth by trial and error. It engages a series of epistemological issues typical of the period: thinking outside the box, subject/object, the relation of nature and truth, the role of representation in knowledge, and the epistemology of community formation. Irrlichtelieren not only exemplifies Goethe’s tendency to heuristic rather than systematic thought (unlike that of his Romantic colleagues), but indeed embodies its own meaning—for will-o’-the-wisps and similar figures appear as characters in his (arguably) most characteristic works: Faust and the Märchen (Fairy Tale) of 1795. Furthermore, the word irrlichtelieren appears in Faust in the context of philosophical discourse when Mephistopheles is holding forth on the place of logic in the curriculum; similarly, in Faust II, a will-o’-wisp-like creature named Homunculus, seeking to become, is introduced in the context of implied questions of becoming in idealist philosophy as well as the philosophical-scientific discourse of classical antiquity invoked by the two pre-Socratics Anaxagoras and Thales. Yet because, unlike most of the terms in this lexicon, irrlichtelieren begins in Goethe’s poetic works as a metaphor that then becomes a personification, it emerges as a philosophical concept only in the metadiscourse of scholarly analysis.
Etymological Implications
The addition of “-ieren” to the word “Irrlicht” turns it into a verb, so that it means “to wisp around.” The combination of “will-o’-the-wisp” with the formal French suffix is intentionally frivolous, as is often the case with Goethe at his most ironic and most profound moments. In Goethe’s day, an Irrlicht was a still mysterious natural phenomenon (now understood as a natural fluorescence originating in the spontaneous combustion of gases from rotting matter in marshy places). Its entry into folklore, specifically as a mischievous nature spirit, is documented in Germany only beginning in the sixteenth century, when the Latin term ignis fatuus (silly flame) was invented by a German humanist to lend the long-existing German word intellectual credibility.3 Although Goethe was familiar with explanations for Irrlichter extending back to Paracelsus (1493–1541) and, beyond him, to the pre-Socratics, he used it as a scientific term only once, in a reference to two essays by his friend, the botanist and Romantic natural philosopher Christian Gottfried Nees von Esenbeck (1776–1858).4 Esenbeck considered both will-o’-the-wisps and falling stars to be entirely natural phenomena connected to a slime (Schleim), but in a tension typical of Romantic Naturphilosophie remained uncertain as to whether its effects were natural or supernatural. Sly allusions to Esenbeck are to be found in Faust via the presence of falling stars in the “Walpurgis Night’s Dream” and the sticky roses that torment Mephistopheles in act five of Faust II. Otherwise, Goethe used Irrlicht in his poetic works, essays, and correspondence always negatively, to refer to delusions.5 Thus, in Faust, “will-o’-the-wisp” emerges primarily from the mouth of Mephistopheles, the skeptical conjuror of illusions, and its ultimate significance as the best way to learn about truth arises from the fundamental irony inherent in the devil’s role in the play.
Learning as Flitting Around
Irrlichter are delusive because they constantly move around and because their light leads travelers astray. And yet, for the author of innumerable works about characters who wander aimlessly, wandering is a primary mode of being. Examples of such characters include Faust, for whom erring is the only path to salvation; the hero of Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre (1795/96; Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship) and almost everyone in Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre (1829; Wilhelm Meister’s Journeyman Years); the indecisive traveler of Briefe aus der Schweiz (1808; Letters from Switzerland), who worries whether he should climb the Furka in winter; and the traveler in Italienische Reise (1816/17; Italian Journey), who hesitates to go to Sicily and decides not to go to Greece. In his autobiography, Dichtung und Wahrheit (1833; Poetry and Truth), Goethe regularly defines epochs of his life in terms of place and consistently features his own lack of agency in his choice of places. He, too, was a constant wanderer, even after he was more or less settled in Weimar.
Wandering is also the primary mode of scientific experimentation in the essays of the 1790s, where a “good experiment” (Goethe’s word is “Erfahrung [. . .] einer höhern Art”; FA 1.25:34) requires multiple observations of the same object from many different points of view (see, especially, “Der Versuch als Vermittler zwischen Objekt und Subjekt” of 1793). Indeed, the word Erfahrung contains the verb fahren (to travel). In this respect, Goethe was already ahead of Hegel, whose Phänomenologie was originally called “Die Wissenschaft der Erfahrung des Bewußtseins” (The Science of the Experience of Consciousness) and who emphasizes the notion of “dialektische Bewegung” (dialectical movement) at the heart of Erfahrung. Similarly, Part 1 of the Farbenlehre calls upon the reader to engage in several long series of observations, each of which ends with analogical amplifications of central observation rather than with a theoretical conclusion. Indeed, at the end of a Goethean experiment, the phenomenon “kann niemals isoliert werden” (FA 1.25:126; can never be isolated), the truth is to remain untouched in the unarticulated center of all the different observations. The same is still true in the Wanderjahre of the late 1820s, a text that both celebrates wandering and delights in the juxtaposition of seemingly contradictory points of view in its narratives and aphorisms. Indeed, Goethe’s cultivation of aphorism, as also his history of the science of color in the form of separate descriptions of scientists without an overarching narrative, reflect this same method of what, at first, seems to be random flitting. Irrlichterlieren is the freedom to attend to each detail carefully in itself before connecting it to others.
Subject-Object Relations
The experimental method Goethe described in the 1790s, when he was doing research in botany, anatomy, geology, and optics, when he was also absorbed in Kant’s Kritik der Urteilskraft (Critique of Judgment) and bringing scientists and philosophers (like Hegel) of the new idealist movement to the university at Jena had, as its explicit purpose, the mediation between subject and object. The multiperspectivism of “Der Versuch als Vermittler” (The Experiment as Mediator) arises from the need to keep scientific knowledge from imposing the subject on the object, the basic problem of idealism. Too much subjectivity causes the investigator to draw arbitrary and often unwarranted connections among phenomena and to become too attached to hypotheses, while too much objectivity reduces scientific knowledge to a mere collection of isolated facts (FA 1.25:31–33). Goethe resolves the problem with the term “Entäußerung,” renunciation, or, literally, withdrawal of one’s self to the outside. Goethe’s “experiment” escapes subjectivity but connects facts by multiplying and varying the conditions of observation. The quality of wandering now becomes flitting around outside of the box—that is, behaving like an Irrlicht flitting around outdoors. Similarly, Faust removes himself to the outside of his study and his identity with the aid of Mephistopheles, the invoker of will-o’-the-wisps in the play, while the world of the Märchen transcends itself through the mediation of actual will-o’-the-wisps visiting from abroad. Such is the model for Goethe’s epistemology.
The Relationship of Nature and Truth
In the Farbenlehre and repeatedly in the Wanderjahre Goethe asserts that the truth, the phenomenon (and later Urphänomen, or sometimes das Absolute), remains unknowable. Ringed about by observations, it is incommensurable, a secret to be respected, in some contexts to be reverenced, but to remain unviolated. Especially the Farbenlehre makes generous use of the terms “higher” and “highest” to rank insights and phenomena and does not hesitate to address transition points from the material to the spiritual/intellectual realm. Above all, the volume communicates the profound respect the scientist owes to the purity and essential impenetrability of the natural phenomenon. Just as in the earlier methodological essays, the phenomenon proper, which Goethe calls the “Urphänomen,” remains, to the end, a riddle at the center of all the scientist’s observations. Esenbeck’s theory of the mysterious slime that characterizes will-o’-the-wisps and falling stars is a similar mystery at the heart of a scientific explanation, leaving an opening to the realm of Geist (spirit/mind). The Irrlicht is Goethe’s image for this essential part of his epistemology. The Irrlicht can never be grasped, like the rainbow in the first scene of Faust II or the jewels scattered by Knabe Lenker (Boy Charioteer) in act two that turn to insects in the hand. In its inconstant motion, it escapes the control even of Mephistopheles in the Walpurgis Night of Faust I and it is repeatedly imagined in evanescent lights in Faust I and in a series of mysterious attractive figures in Faust II, such as Knabe Lenker, Homunculus, the angels of the burning roses in act five, and, finally, the rising Mater Gloriosa, always just out of reach at the very end of the play. In the Märchen the will-o’-the-wisps, having transubstantiated the green snake, restore the world to order and harmony and end by scattering gold, always in Goethe a symbol of the vital force of life, natura naturans. As folklore figures, will-o’-the-wisps are Goethe’s ideal image of Romantic natural supernaturalism, of the permeable, ungraspable boundary between nature and spirit, between the real and the ideal.
Representation as Knowledge
While the Absolute cannot be grasped directly, it can nevertheless be known through representations the mind stages for itself. The essay “Physik überhaupt” (1798; Physics in general) already introduces aesthetic terminology: the goal of Goethe’s series of observations is not to pin down the phenomenon but to understand it in a sequence or in a series of episodes. To present it, then, requires the condensing activity of the subject to represent aspects of the object “in einer stetigen Folge der Erscheinungen” (FA 1.25:126; in a regular series of appearances). “Aesthetic” is the appropriate term here, because all of Goethe’s poetic writing of the 1790s has episodic plots consisting of a series of experiences repeated from varied perspectives. The tripartite structure of the Farbenlehre similarly reflects Goethe’s basic principle of examining any phenomenon from several different points of view, both between and within parts, and his corresponding stylistic tendency toward episodic organization.
Yet, aesthetic terminology plays an even greater role in the epistemology of the Farbenlehre. Part 1 discusses the subject-object tension, for example, by focusing on “Begrenzung” (limitation) as the essential cause of color rather than Newton’s refraction. Color, like any other phenomenon, can only be recognized as such through its boundaries. Defining the edges of color or of light, then, transforms it into an image, a Bild (“Anzeige und Übersicht des goetheschen Werkes zur Farbenlehre,” FA 1.23.1:1045). Such framing equates to looking at the phenomenon from outside, a single perspective at a time, followed by connecting single observations into patterns in order to transform attentive looking into theorizing (FA 1.23.1:14), as already in the essays of the 1790s. But the consistent focus on the word Bild for what Goethe calls “theorizing” dominates this work (see also FA 1.23.1:12, 120). The foreword to the Farbenlehre compares understanding people’s inner (hidden) character through their deeds to understanding the nature of light through color: “Die Farben sind Taten des Lichts, Taten und Leiden” (FA 1.23.1:12; Colors are the deeds of light, what it does and what it endures). The comparison of human character to light has suddenly morphed into personification when colors become the deeds and sufferings of humanity. Colors have become actors, and indeed, given the Aristotelian atmosphere evoked by “Taten und Leiden,” tragic actors. Actors are images, personifications, representations, and not essences, but these “actors” are the realia of empirical observations. Reality is now something staged. Indeed, the first part of the Farbenlehre provides illustrations to enable the reader to repeat, to reenact, the “experiments” described in the text, and Goethe justifies this move by comparing his illustrations to a play performance, which requires spectacle, sound, and motion to be realized (FA 1.23.1:18–19). Theorizing is transformed into interpretation as observation of nature is equated to observation of a play on stage.
This dramatizing personification underpins Goethe’s understanding of light. The human eye, he asserts, does not see forms, but only light, dark, and color. He continues, “Das Auge hat sein Dasein dem Licht zu danken. Aus gleichgültigen thierischen Hülfsorganen ruft sich das Licht ein Organ hervor, das seines Gleichen werde; und so bildet sich das Auge am Lichte für’s Licht, damit das innere Licht dem äußeren entgegentrete” (FA 1.23.1:24; The eye owes its existence to light. From among the lesser ancillary organs of the animals, light calls forth one organ to be its like, and thus the eye is formed by the light and for the light so that the inner light may emerge to meet the outer light).6 Now light is the creator god calling forth the human eye, made in the god’s own image. From here it is but a step back to Faust, with its little erring lights, the will-o’-the-wisps, and Faust as, in effect, the erring human eye, looking at and wanting to experience the entire creation, a notion of experience as viewing already adumbrated at the end of the Vorspiel auf dem Theater (Prelude on the Stage) and in the final line of the first scene in Faust II, “Am farbigen Abglanz haben wir das Leben” (FA 1.7.206:4727; Life is ours in the colorful reflection). Indeed, the Irrlichter in Faust actually anticipate the trajectory of color and light in the Farbenlehre. They enter the play in Mephistopheles’ frivolous neologism, irrlichtelieren, and appear on stage as speaking actors in the Walpurgis Night and in the Walpurgis Night’s Dream, then as Knabe Lenker, Homunculus, and the impish angels in Faust II. Seeming at first to be delusions leading into error, they become images, then actors, who mirror for Faust and for us the presence in the world of the invisible and incommensurable truth that gives it meaning. The whole drama is nothing but plays within the play, and, in the end, it turns out that is all anyone can expect. In the final scene, Faust floats upward and onward apparently into the infinite, but in order to know that, to perceive the infinites, images are still necessary. Hence the baroque Catholic imagery that is obviously and uncomfortably not “real.” The final “chorus mysticus” (FA 1.7:464.12104–11) speaks of “Gleichnis” (parable), an extreme form of image, and then of dramatic action (“getan” [done], “Ereignis” [event]), exactly the way the Farbenlehre describes the representation of light in color. “Das Unzulängliche” (what is inadequate/unachievable) itself is transformed in the process. In Goethe’s day, this adjective meant “inadequate” but, in Goethe’s usage, becomes “unachievable”—a category of the object becomes a category of subjective striving. The play ends with the impossible riddle, “das ewig-Weibliche” (the eternal feminine). It is the Urphänomen, the phenomenon that underlies all our observations but remains alone as a riddle in the center.
Knowledge and Community
As Irrlichter are promoted from metaphor to personification in Faust, they become mediators, agents of cooperation. They take on bodies, and in the course of Faust II appear in the bodies of poetry, the vital spirit of life, in effect as Beauty in the form of Helen, and eventually as the angelic messengers of Divine Love. In the course of the play, they represent everything up a great chain of being from delusive nature to higher truth, to pure spirit. In the Märchen their ontological status engages the same totality, but not in such a clearly ordered hierarchy. In that tale, they become brighter and apparently more solid after substantial meals of gold, and as they scatter their energy in showers of gold coins they lose substance and even visibility. But the fact that they generously spend their golden substance is crucial. In both their getting and spending they enable the troubled inhabitants of the fairytale world to work together as a community and to restore their golden age of unity, peace, and prosperity. Their arrival signals the beginning of the restoration, and their departure its completion. They are the circulators of gold, of the vitality of nature and spirit; they are the light of this particular world, its erring light. As the mediators between spirit and nature, they also enable the establishment of human community, the injection of ideal order into an otherwise imperfect real world. Cooperation is also an essential element of Goethe’s scientific epistemology: scientific knowledge is built up one small piece at a time, whether as the process of repeated observations by a single individual or, at least as importantly, as the accumulation of observations by many individuals over long periods. The historical section of the Farbenlehre is longer than its theoretical section and polemic against Newton put together. Irrlichtelieren, as a unique mode of engagement with others, inspires a different kind of cooperative knowledge from the chains of tradition.
Nevertheless, it would be naive and most un-Goethean to regard this view as simple optimistic progressivism. Irrlichter are transient, evanescent phenomena. They may inspire social cohesion for the moment, as in the Märchen, but they are eternal wanderers, succeeded in the tale, to be sure, by other wanderers, but hardly guarantors of a permanent future outside of a fairy tale. Similarly, Faust’s utopian draining of swamps does not last forever in the real world of Faust, and Faust’s own vision of the future foresees them constantly recreated in a permanent struggle with the sea. And the sea is not only a force of destruction, but is also, in itself, a life-giving force. It, too, is a wanderer. It takes wanderers, the force of constant change, to promote social community but, like the visitors to the New World in the Wanderjahre, they always leave again.
Goethe’s early political ideal was Justus Möser’s federalism of small states. While he read political thinkers like Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Gaetano Filangieri, and Cesare Beccaria, he never favored large permanent systems. He loved Rome, center of the world, for the personal relationships and development it afforded him, but not as the great political center. Not the Aeneid, the great epic of the founding of the Roman Empire, excited him, but the Odyssey, in which the hero’s struggles increasingly have to do with escaping the lures of women to return to his small island home, when he must yet again depart on another journey to plant an oar in a place where journeying by sea and epic heroism are unknown. Goethe admired but did not celebrate Napoleon, and he juxtaposed to his demonic hero Faust the passive, bourgeois heroes Wilhelm Meister and the Hermann of Hermann und Dorothea (1797; Hermann and Dorothea). His politics favored the small-scale operations that allowed for variation, change, indeed the “frivolity” of will-o’-wisps. In a common cliché, Goethe is the last Renaissance man, the last universalist, which is another way of saying that his scientific and poetic epistemologies, or his epistemology and his poetology, are essentially linked, as in this anything but frivolous term irrlichtelieren.
Clark Muenzer, personal communication. See also Muenzer’s “Begriff” entry in this volume. ↩
All references to Faust are cited parenthetically by line number. All translations are my own unless otherwise indicated. ↩
See the entry “Irrlicht” in Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens, ed. Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli and Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1931-32). ↩
G. Schmid, “Irrlicht und Sternschnuppe,” Goethe 13 (1951): 268-89. ↩
See the entries “Irrlicht,” “irrlichtartig,” and “irrlichtelieren” in the Goethe-Wörterbuch, ed. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, and the Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1978), 2:235-43. woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=GWB#0. ↩
Johann Wolfgang Goethe. Scientific Studies, trans. Douglas Miller (Suhrkamp: New York, 1988), 164. First sentence altered by JKB. ↩
"The Philadelphia Bourse was a commodities exchange founded in 1891 by George E. Bartol, a grain and commodities exporter, who modeled it after the Bourse in Hamburg, Germany. The steel-framed building – one of the first to be constructed – was built from 1893 to 1895, and was designed by G. W. & W. D. Hewitt in the Beaux-Arts style. Carlisle redstone, Pompeian buff brick and terra cotta were all used in the facade. The building was sold in 1979 to Kaiserman Company and underwent extensive renovations, bringing the internal usable surface to approximately 286,000 square feet (26,000 square meters). In 2016, MRP Realty took ownership of the building and spent $40 million renovating it. MRP Realty owns the building as part of a three-building collection named The Independence Portfolio, which also includes 325 Chestnut and 400 Market Street—both located within a block of The Bourse. The building is home to nine floors of office space which includes a Mexican Consulate. There is also a food hall on the first floor which opened on 15 November 2018.
Old City is a neighborhood in Center City, Philadelphia in the United States, near the Delaware River waterfront. It is home Independence National Historical Park, a dense section of historic landmarks including Independence Hall, the Liberty Bell, the First Bank of the United States, the Second Bank of the United States, and Carpenters' Hall. It also includes historic streets such as Elfreth's Alley, dating back to 1703.
Old City borders Northern Liberties to the north, Penn's Landing to the east, Society Hill to the south, and Chinatown and Market East to the west.
Philadelphia, often called Philly, is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the sixth-largest city in the U.S., the second-largest city in both the Northeast megalopolis and Mid-Atlantic regions after New York City, and the 68th-largest city in the world. Since 1854, the city has been coextensive with Philadelphia County, the most populous county in Pennsylvania and the urban core of the Delaware Valley, the nation's seventh-largest and world's 68th-largest metropolitan region, with 6.245 million residents as of 2020. The city's population as of the 2020 census was 1,603,797, and over 56 million people live within 250 mi (400 km) of Philadelphia.
Philadelphia was founded in 1682 by William Penn, an English Quaker. The city served as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony during the British colonial era and went on to play a historic and vital role as the central meeting place for the nation's founding fathers whose plans and actions in Philadelphia ultimately inspired the American Revolution and the nation's independence. Philadelphia hosted the First Continental Congress in 1774 following the Boston Tea Party, preserved the Liberty Bell, and hosted the Second Continental Congress during which the founders signed the Declaration of Independence, which historian Joseph Ellis has described as "the most potent and consequential words in American history". Once the Revolutionary War commenced, both the Battle of Germantown and the Siege of Fort Mifflin were fought within Philadelphia's city limits. The U.S. Constitution was later ratified in Philadelphia at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787. Philadelphia remained the nation's largest city until 1790, when it was surpassed by New York City, and served as the nation's first capital from May 10, 1775, until December 12, 1776, and on four subsequent occasions during and following the American Revolution, including from 1790 to 1800 while the new national capital of Washington, D.C. was under construction.
During the 19th and 20th centuries, Philadelphia emerged as a major national industrial center and railroad hub. The city’s blossoming industrial sector attracted European immigrants, predominantly from Germany and Ireland, the two largest reported ancestry groups in the city as of 2015. In the 20th century, immigrant waves from Italy and elsewhere in Southern Europe arrived. Following the end of the Civil War in 1865, Philadelphia became a leading destination for African Americans in the Great Migration. In the 20th century, Puerto Rican Americans moved to the city in large numbers. Between 1890 and 1950, Philadelphia's population doubled to 2.07 million. Philadelphia has since attracted immigrants from East and South Asia, Eastern Europe, and Latin America.
With 18 four-year universities and colleges, Philadelphia is one of the nation's leading centers for higher education and academic research. As of 2021, the Philadelphia metropolitan area was the nation's ninth-largest metropolitan economy with a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of US$479 billion. Philadelphia is the largest center of economic activity in Pennsylvania and the broader multi-state Delaware Valley region; the city is home to five Fortune 500 corporate headquarters as of 2022. The Philadelphia skyline, which includes several globally renowned commercial skyscrapers, is expanding, primarily with new residential high-rise condominiums. The city and the Delaware Valley are a biotechnology and venture capital hub; and the Philadelphia Stock Exchange, owned by NASDAQ, is the nation's oldest stock exchange and a global leader in options trading. 30th Street Station, the city's primary rail station, is the third-busiest Amtrak hub in the nation, and the city's multimodal transport and logistics infrastructure, including Philadelphia International Airport, the PhilaPort seaport, freight rail infrastructure, roadway traffic capacity, and warehouse storage space, are all expanding.
Philadelphia is a national cultural hub, hosting more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the same watershed, is 2,052 acres (830 ha), representing one of the nation's largest contiguous urban parks and the 45th largest urban park in the world. The city is known for its arts, culture, cuisine, and colonial and Revolution-era history; in 2016, it attracted 42 million domestic tourists who spent $6.8 billion, representing $11 billion in total economic impact to the city and surrounding Pennsylvania counties.
With five professional sports teams and a hugely loyal fan base, the city is often ranked as the nation's best city for professional sports fans. The city has a culturally and philanthropically active LGBTQ+ community. Philadelphia also has played an immensely influential historic and ongoing role in the development and evolution of American music, especially R&B, soul, and rock.
Philadelphia is a city of many firsts, including the nation's first library (1731), hospital (1751), medical school (1765), national capital (1774), university (by some accounts) (1779), stock exchange (1790), zoo (1874), and business school (1881). Philadelphia contains 67 National Historic Landmarks, including Independence Hall. From the city's 17th century founding through the present, Philadelphia has been the birthplace or home to an extensive number of prominent and influential Americans. In 2021, Time magazine named Philadelphia one of the world's greatest 100 places." - info from Wikipedia.
The fall of 2022 I did my 3rd major cycling tour. I began my adventure in Montreal, Canada and finished in Savannah, GA. This tour took me through the oldest parts of Quebec and the 13 original US states. During this adventure I cycled 7,126 km over the course of 2.5 months and took more than 68,000 photos. As with my previous tours, a major focus was to photograph historic architecture.
Now on Instagram.
Become a patron to my photography on Patreon.
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Ro-Ro Cargo Ship EXPORTER passing Schacht-Audorf / Kiel Canal eastbound | Photo: 07.09.2015 | © Hans-Wilhelm Delfs, Kiel
IMO 8820860 | MMSI 230204000 | Flag: Finland/Mariehamn | Call-Sign: OJDA | Class.: DNV-GL |
GT 6620 | NT 1986 | dwt 5409 | Bale 12014 m³ | lanes lenght 1278 m | Trailer 75 |
Loa 122,00 m | Lpp 112,00 m | Beam 19,04 m | Draught 6,363 m | Depth 12,40 m |
Engine: 1 x Vee 4 Stroke 16 Cyl. Wärtsilä Diesel engine; Type 16V32D – 5920 BHP – 4355 kW – 16,5 kn
Shipbuilder: Hull: Brodogradiliste "SAVA", Macvanska Mitrovica/Jugoslawien
Outfitting: Fosen Mekaniske Verksteder A/S, Rissa/Norwegen | | Yard-No. 304/42 |
– keel laid 01.09.1989 – launch date 29.10.1990 – Date of build 22.07.1991 |
Owner: Eckerö Shipping AB Ltd., Mariehamn/Finland | Manager: Eckerö Rederiaktiebolaget, Mariehamn/Finland
Historical data:
EXPORTER (2013-xxxx)
ex BIRKA EXPORTER (2002-2013)
ex GRANÖ (1991-2002)
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Scania R580 Livestock Truck
New - April 2006
Pictured at Swatragh Livestock Market, Swatragh County Londonderry
PR1861244 Dept No.C17222
Holden, formerly known as General Motors-Holden, was an Australian subsidiary company of General Motors. It was an Australian automobile manufacturer, importer, and exporter which sold cars under its own marque in Australia. In its last three years, it switched entirely to importing cars. It was headquartered in Port Melbourne, with major industrial operations in the states of South Australia and Victoria. The 164-year-old company ceased trading at the end of 2020.
Holden's primary products were its own models developed in-house, such as the Holden Commodore, Holden Caprice, and the Holden Ute. However, Holden had also offered badge-engineered models under sharing arrangements with Chevrolet, Isuzu, Nissan, Opel, Suzuki, Toyota, and Vauxhall Motors. The vehicle lineup had included models from GM Korea, GM Thailand, GM North America. Holden had also distributed GM's German Opel marque in Australia in 2012 and 2013.
Holden was founded in 1856 as a saddlery manufacturer in South Australia. In 1908, it moved into the automotive field. It became a subsidiary of the United States–based General Motors (GM) in 1931, when the company was renamed General Motors-Holden's Ltd. It was renamed Holden Ltd in 1998 and adopted the name GM Holden Ltd in 2005.
Holden briefly owned assembly plants in New Zealand during the early 1990s. The plants had belonged to General Motors from 1926 until 1990 in an earlier and quite separate operation from GM's Holden operations in Australia. Holden's production became increasingly concentrated in South Australia and Victoria after the Second World War. However, Holden had factories in all the mainland states of Australia when GM took over in 1931, due to the combining of Holden and GM factories around the country under Holden management. In the postwar period, this decentralisation was slowly reduced and, by 1989, the consolidation of final assembly at Elizabeth, South Australia was largely completed, except for some operations that continued at Dandenong, Victoria until 1994. Engine manufacturing was consolidated at Fishermans Bend, Victoria, which was expanded to supply markets overseas.
Although Holden's involvement in exports had fluctuated from the 1950s, the declining sales of large sedan cars in Australia led the company to look to international markets to increase profitability. From 2010, Holden incurred losses due to the strong Australian dollar and reductions of government grants and subsidies. This led to the announcement, on 11 December 2013, that Holden would cease vehicle and engine production by the end of 2017. On 29 November 2016, engine production at the Fishermans Bend plant was shutdown. On 20 October 2017, production of the last Holden designed Commodore ceased and the vehicle assembly plant at Elizabeth was shutdown.[5] On 17 February 2020, General Motors announced that the Holden marque would be retired by 2021.[6] On the 30 October 2020, the GM Australia Design Studio at Fishermans Bend was shutdown. Holden has been replaced by GM Specialty Vehicles (GMSV), which imports the Chevrolet Silverado and the Chevrolet Corvette.[7] The parts supplier known as the Holden Trade Club was renamed GM Trade Parts. An extensive Holden service network continues to help maintain the many Holdens that remain in operation in Australia.
Holden launched the new HQ series in 1971. At this time, the company was producing all of its passenger cars in Australia, and every model was of Australian design; however, by the end of the decade, Holden was producing cars based on overseas designs. The HQ was thoroughly re-engineered, featuring a perimeter frame and semi-monocoque (unibody) construction. Other firsts included an all-coil suspension and an extended wheelbase for station wagons, while the utilities and panel vans retained the traditional coil/leaf suspension configuration. The series included the new prestige Statesman brand, which also had a longer wheelbase, replacing the Brougham. The Statesman remains noteworthy because it was not marketed as a "Holden", but rather a "Statesman".
Holden's HX was an evolution of the record-selling HQ, with more than 480,000 units shifted throughout the car's lifetime.
The HQ framework led to a new generation of two-door Monaros, and despite the introduction of the similar-sized competitors, the HQ range became the top-selling Holden of all time, with 485,650 units sold in three years; 14,558 units were exported and 72,290 CKD kits were constructed. The HQ series was facelifted in 1974 with the introduction of the HJ, heralding new front-panel styling and a revised rear fascia. This new bodywork was to remain, albeit with minor upgrades, through the HX and HZ series. Detuned engines adhering to government emission standards were brought in with the HX series, whilst the HZ brought considerably improved road handling and comfort with the introduction of radial-tuned suspension. As a result of GM's toying with the Wankel rotary engine, as used by Mazda of Japan, an export agreement was initiated in 1975. This involved Holden exporting with powertrains, HJ, and later, HX series Premiers as the Mazda Roadpacer AP. Mazda then fitted these cars with the 13B rotary engine and three-speed automatic transmission. Production ended in 1977, after just 840 units sold.
Development of the Torana continued in with the larger mid-sized LH series released in 1974, offered only as a four-door sedan. The LH Torana was one of the few cars worldwide engineered to accommodate four-, six-, and eight-cylinder engines. This trend continued until Holden introduced the Sunbird in 1976, essentially the four-cylinder Torana with a new name. Designated LX, both the Sunbird and Torana introduced a three-door hatchback variant. A final UC update appeared in 1978. During its production run, the Torana achieved legendary racing success in Australia, achieving victories at the Mount Panorama Circuit in Bathurst, New South Wales.
The UC, Holden's final iteration of the Torana was replaced by an interim four-cylinder version of the Commodore until the Camira was launched in 1982. In 1975, Holden introduced the compact Gemini, the Australian version of the "T-car", based on the Opel Kadett C. The Gemini was an overseas design developed jointly with Isuzu, GM's Japanese affiliate; and was powered by a 1.6-litre four-cylinder engine. Fast becoming a popular car, the Gemini rapidly attained sales leadership in its class, and the nameplate lived on until 1987.
The Commodore was introduced in 1978, following the success of its Kingswood forebear. It would become Holden's bestselling vehicle to date.
Holden's most popular car to date, the Commodore, was introduced in 1978 as the VB.[93] The new family car was loosely based on the Opel Rekord E body shell, but with the front from the Opel Senator grafted to accommodate the larger Holden six-cylinder and V8 engines. Initially, the Commodore maintained Holden's sales leadership in Australia.[94] However, some of the compromises resulting from the adoption of a design intended for another market hampered the car's acceptance. In particular, it was narrower than its predecessor and its Falcon rival, making it less comfortable for three rear-seat passengers. With the abandonment of left-hand drive markets, Holden exported almost 100,000 Commodores to markets such as New Zealand, Thailand, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Indonesia, Malta and Singapore.
During the 1970s, Holden ran an advertising jingle "Football, Meat Pies, Kangaroos, and Holden cars", a localised version of the "Baseball, Hot Dogs, Apple Pies, and Chevrolet" jingle used by GM's Chevrolet division in the United States.
Holden discontinued the Torana in 1979 and the Sunbird in 1980. After the 1978 introduction of the Commodore, the Torana became the "in-between" car, surrounded by the smaller and more economical Gemini and the larger, more sophisticated Commodore. The closest successor to the Torana was the Camira, released in 1982 as Australia's version of GM's medium-sized "J-car".
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden#1970s
The 1980s were a time of evolution and new ventures for Holden. The VH and VK models represented further technology refinements, peaking in the VL Commodore. By 1981, the four-millionth Holden was sold, and the first 4WD vehicle was launched, the Holden Jackaroo. The JB Camira marked another first, as Holden made its foray into front wheel drive. Our motoring innovations led to GM’s SunRaycer winning the first cross-continental solar race and the VN Commodore range winning the 1988 Car of the Year award from Wheels, Car Australia and Modern Motor.
www.holden.com.au/discover-holden/heritage
The 1980s was a time for building roads, constructing bridges and computers becoming part of everyday offices. To view many more of these images go to the Main Roads Colour Photographic Series 20086 Queensland State Archives Series ID S20086
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Handout in A5 for the exporter MOTOKOV. Motorcycle manufacturer Považske strojarne n.p., Považska Bystrica, Czechoslovakia.
Ultra-Lightweight motorcycle nicknamed "pionýr", "pincek", pinďour" or "pařez".
After tens of thousands of these machines took to the Czechoslovak roads to give very good service to their owners, in 1957 several thousands of these smallest members of the JAWA family were delivered to a number of countries to show also abroad of what they are capable. Who is looking for a reliable, comfortable and cheap machine with good performance to cover short distances, will find in the JAWA 50 Ultra Lightweight the ideal fulfilment of his requirements. If short distances have been mentioned, it was not meant that JAWA 50 would not be capable to cover also long journeys. Of this a number of proofs is at hand. The most convincing one is the trip of three Czechoslovak journalists who undertook, on three of these machines, a journey through the German Democratic Republic, Poland, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania and the Soviet Union, covering 6,500 miles (10,500 km) at a daily average of 136 miles, overall average speed of 22 m.p.h. (35 km.p.h.) and a consumption of 164 m.p.g. (1,7 litres per 100 km). These figures speak for themselves.
In 1958, however, there will be available the improved 555 model with a number of novel features. These do not concern the appearance only. In respect of appearance the JAWA 50 is becoming the most elegant machine of its class. Instead of the existing front mudguard, oscillating with the front wheel, the machine is provided with a deeply valanced mudguard forming a solid unit with the front fork and offering good protection to the rider. The rear mudguard of the new model forms, together with the enclosure of the rear part of the motorcycle, an attractive whole. On its top part, behind the saddle, there is space for a luggage carrier fitted with a handle, making the manipulation with the machine easy. Another improvement is the saddle of more graceful shape, designed so as not to cause fatigue of the rider even on long trips. The saddle is now hinged in front so that it can be lifted forwards, giving thus better access to the compartment located below. The frame tube has been modified, particularly with regard the suspension of the pivoted rear fork. The original suspension by a single coil spring has been replaced by two coil springs. Both springs are protected against dirt by an easily removable cover. The 555 model has also full width hub brakes, in consequence of which its wheels are interchangeable. And perhaps most important of all is the fact that the improved cycle part is equipped with an improved engine. The engine of the 555 model has an output of 2,2 HP (instead of 1,6 HP) at 5,500 r.p.m. with the consumption remaining at 175 m.p.g. (1,6 litres per 100 km). The well known three-speed gearbox makes possible the full use of the engine power throughout its range of revolutions. Apart from these substantial improvements a number of minor modifications has been carried out on the machine. All of them signify a decisive step forward. The JAWA 50 will accordingly be more powerful and faster, yet as safe as ever, more comfortable than hitherto, and due to its graceful lines will attract the attention of everybody. It is a small machine, such as one can only wish.
Some technical data.
Engine: two-stroke, air-cooled
Number of cylinders: single
Bore: 38 mm
Stroke: 44 mm
Cylinder capacity: 49,5 c.c.
Compression ratio: 7 to 1
Power output: 2,2 HP
Fuel tank capacity: 0.8 galls (3.5 litre)
Top speed: 37 m.p.h. (60 km.p.h.)
Weight: 117 lbs (53 kg)
Carrying capacity: 231 lbs (105 kg)
Carburettor: JIKOV 2912
Tyres: 2,5 X 16 in.
Source: Czechoslovak Motor Review – 1958 issue 1
More: www.jawa-50.cz/clanek/motocykl-jawa-50-typ-555-pionyr.html and www.jawamoped.com
Español:
Tulipanes en el Parque Keukenhof. Los Países Bajos es uno de los mayores exportadores de flores de bulbo del mundo.
Más sobre Países Bajos y los tulipanes (historia, parques, museo, eventos) en mi blog y en Pocket Cultures.
English:
Tulips at the Keukenhof Park. The Netherlands is one of the biggest flower bulbs exporters in the world.
More about tulips in the Netherlands (history, parks, events) in my blog and Pocket Cultures.
Exporter's buses: Beacon Baptist Church 24 - 1993 Carpenter International - Retired, Randolph County Schools - 1992 Blue Bird International - Retired, & North East School District 5 - 2001 Thomas Freightliner - Retired; Myers Equipment Corp. - Canfield, Ohio. Three of several buses bought at Myers and elsewhere by exporters who were transporting the buses to Central America. The exporters also purchased the engines and transmissions out of many of the older buses on the lot at Myers as well.
Virginia Beach City Public Schools 476 - 2005 Thomas Freightliner - Retired; 422 Sales - Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania. Buses were owned by an exporter.
Governor Tomblin, Department of Commerce
Celebrate West Virginia's Top Exporters
Governor recognizes 37 West Virginia exporters,
announces STEP grant funding
CHARLESTON, W.Va. (August 24, 2016) - Gov. Earl Ray Tomblin, along with West Virginia Department of Commerce Secretary Keith Burdette, on Wednesday, August 24, 2016, awarded the International Market Entry Award to 37 companies from across the Mountain State. These awards honor West Virginia companies that successfully exported to a new country. In 2015, West Virginia companies exported more than $5.8 billion in products to more than 140 countries.
During the award presentation, Gov. Tomblin also announced that West Virginia has been once again selected by the U.S. Small Business Administration to receive funding through the State Trade and Export Promotion (STEP) grant initiative. These funds will support the West Virginia Development Office's export assistance program to help small businesses offset the costs of international business.
"Today we celebrate West Virginia companies that have proven our state can compete successfully in the global market. Exports are a vital tool for economic growth," Gov. Tomblin said. "These businesses are an asset to our state as we continue to grow our business landscape and diversify West Virginia's economy. I always look forward to this opportunity to recognize their successes."
The Governor's Commendation for International Market Entry Awards honor companies that have successfully exported to a new country in the previous year. Each company receives a framed piece of currency from each new country to which the business began exporting. The presentation is based on the tradition of displaying the first dollar a business earns.
Companies receiving the Governor's Commendation for the first time this year are Probe America in Beckley, Mountain State Hardwoods in Bancroft, and Mountaineer Brand in Shepherdstown. In a special presentation, Wheeling Truck Center received its 100th export award. Since making their first export sale in 2010, the company has exported to more than 100 countries.
The West Virginia Development Office International Division helps small- to medium-sized West Virginia businesses enter new foreign markets. For more information on export development services offered by the state, visit www.worldtradewv.org.
Commendations were awarded today to the following businesses:
Berkeley County
Library Corporation, Inwood. Countries: Ethiopia and Madagascar. Product: Automation software for libraries. Countries: Ethiopia and Madagascar.
Power Sonix, Inc, Martinsburg. Country: Cote D'Ivoire. Product: Public address systems.
Brooke County
American Muscle Docks & Fabrication, Wellsburg. Countries: Mexico and Norway. Products: Boat docks, hardware, and marine accessories.
Eagle Manufacturing Company, Wellsburg. Countries: Canada; France; Mexico; and South Korea. Products: Safety cabinets, safety cans, spill containment, material handling.
United States Gypsum Company, Weirton. Country: Jordan. Product: Building material - corner bead.
Cabell County
Steel of West Virginia, Inc., Huntington. Countries: India and Thailand. Product: Steel rolling mill.
Fayette County
The Robbins Company, Fayetteville. Country: Albania. Product: Conveyor equipment.
Grant County
Allegheny Wood Products, Petersburg. Country: Australia. Product: Hardwood lumber.
Greenbrier County
Almost Heaven Saunas, LLC, Renick. Countries: Costa Rica and Czech Republic. Products: Indoor and outdoor saunas.
American Foam Technologies, Inc., Maxwelton. Country: Netherlands. Product: Phenolic and urethane foam.
Appalachian Electronic Instruments, Ronceverte. Country: Brazil. Product: Textile quality/ process control equipment.
Ezebreak, LLC, Frankford. Country: Norway. Product: Micro-Blaster kits and accessories.
Falcon Analytical Systems & Technology, LLC, Lewisburg. Countries: Brazil, Ireland and Russia. Product: Gas chromatographs.
Hardy County
Peacock Manufacturing Co., LLC, Wardensville. Country: Honduras. Product: Custom cabinetry manufacturing.
Harrison County
FMW Rubber Products, Inc., Bridgeport. Country: Japan. Product: Ground expedient refueling system (GERS).
Jackson County
Constellium Rolled Products Ravenswood, LLC, Ravenswood. Country: South Africa. Products: Aluminum sheet, plate, coil products.
Niche Polymer, LLC, Ravenswood. Country: China. Product: Plastic compounding, extrusion.
Jefferson County
Mountaineer Brand, Shepherdstown. Country: Sweden. Products: Natural beard and body care products.
Schonstedt Instrument Company, Kearneysville. Countries: Dominica; Mexico; Panama; Paraguay; and Republic of Macedonia. Products: Underground utility locators.
Kanawha County
Cyclops Industries, Inc., South Charleston. Country: Iraq. Product: Cyclops safety sight glass.
NGK Spark Plugs (U.S.A.), Inc., Sissonville. Countries: China; Germany; Thailand; and United Kingdom. Products: Spark plugs, oxygen sensors.
Preiser Scientific, Inc., Charleston. Country: Nepal. Products: Laboratory testing equipment for the coal industry.
Resolute Forest Products, Fairmont. Countries: Australia; Italy; Japan; South Korea; Spain; and United Kingdom. Product: Recycled bleach kraft pulp.
Marshall County
Tecnocap, LLC, Glen Dale. Countries: Brazil; Mexico; and Sri Lanka. Products: Metal closures for packaging.
Monongalia County
Gurkees®, Morgantown. Countries: China; Cyprus; Finland; Israel; Poland; Switzerland; Taiwan; and United Arab Emirates. Product: Rope sandals.
Z Electric Vehicle, Westover. Countries: Indonesia and United Arab Emirates. Products: Electric vehicles, EV components.
Morgan County
Caperton Furniturworks, LLC, Berkeley Springs. Countries: Uganda and Vietnam. Product: Wooden furniture.
Ohio County
Direct Online Marketing, Wheeling. Countries: Costa Rica and Germany. Products: Digital marketing; search engine marketing.
TROY Group, Inc., Wheeling. Countries: Chad; China; Cyprus; Dominican Republic; El Salvador; Ethiopia; French Polynesia; Hungary; Indonesia; Iraq; Kuwait; Malaysia; Mozambique; New Zealand; Pakistan; Panama; Paraguay; Spain; Thailand; and Turkey. Product: Security printing solutions.
Wheeling Truck Center, Inc., Wheeling. Countries: Ethiopia; Moldova; Guatemala; and Panama. Product: Truck parts.
Putnam County
Kanawha Scales & Systems, Inc., Poca. Country: Australia. Product: Coal train loadout.
Mountain State Hardwoods, Bancroft. Countries: China; Egypt; United Kingdom; and Vietnam. Product: Lumber.
Multicoat Products, Fraziers Bottom. Countries: Canada; China; Costa Rica; Greece; Japan; Mexico; and United Arab Emirates. Product: Construction coatings.
Raleigh County
American Airworks, Sophia. Countries: China; Indonesia; Lithuania; Nigeria; Panama; Qatar; Spain; and Sweden. Products: High pressure breathing apparatus and compressed air components.
Cogar Manufacturing, Beckley. Country: Austria. Product: Feeder breaker.
Englo, Inc. dba Engart, Inc., Beckley. Countries: Philippines, Thailand; and Trinidad & Tobago. Product: Dust extraction.
Probe America, Inc., Beckley. Countries: Bahamas and Canada. Products: Odor and dust control products.
Wood County
Baron-Blakeslee SFC, Inc., Williamstown. Countries: Costa Rica and Egypt. Product: Industrial cleaning systems.
Photos available for media use. All photos should be attributed “Photo courtesy of Office of the Governor.”
Dutch postcard by Fotoarchief Film en Toneel, no. 3221. Photo: Universal-International.
Dominican film actress María Montez (1912-1951) gained fame and popularity as a tempestuous Latino beauty in Hollywood movies of the 1940s. In a series of exotic adventures filmed in Technicolor, she starred as Arabian princesses, jungle goddesses, and highborn gypsies, dressed in fanciful costumes and sparkling jewels. Over her career, ‘The Queen of Technicolor’ appeared in 26 films, of which five were made in Europe.
Maria Montez was born Maria Africa Gracia Vidal in Barahona, the Dominican Republic in 1912. She was one of ten children born to Isidoro Gracía, and his wife Teresa Vidal. Her father was a textile exporter and the Honorary Vice Consul of Spain in the Dominican Republic. Despite what several sources write, Montez lived the first 27 years of her life in the Dominican Republic. In 1932 she married William G. McFeeters, a wealthy banker who served in the British army. In 1939 they divorced and Maria moved to New York City, where she worked as a model. She was discovered by a Universal talent scout and left for Hollywood. One of her first films for Universal was the Science Fiction comedy The Invisible Woman (A. Edward Sutherland, 1940) in which she had a bit part as a model. In the B-Western Boss of Bullion City (Ray Taylor, 1940) starring Johnny Mack Brown, Montez was the female lead. It was the first time she played a leading role and was the only one of her film roles where she speaks some Spanish. South of Tahiti (George Waggner, 1941) with Brian Donlevy and Broderick Crawford, helped to launch her as a pin-up star. Her beauty soon made her the centrepiece of Universal's Technicolor costume adventures. Her most frequent costar was Jon Hall, who some critics claimed was prettier and better built than she was. Their joint films were the big hit Arabian Nights (John Rawlins, 1942) with Sabu, White Savage (Arthur Lubin, 1943), Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves (Arthur Lubin, 1944) with Turhan Bey, the camp classic Cobra Woman (Robert Siodmak, 1944), Gypsy Wildcat (Roy William Neil, 1944), and Sudan (John Rawlins, 1945). Hal Erickson at AllMovie: “A 24-hour-a-day star, Ms. Montez was famous for her spectacular entrances at nightclubs and social functions; once, when her arrival at the Universal commissary failed to attract notice, she turned her heel and left the room, returning moments later with a huge entourage and accompanying loud noises.” ‘The Caribbean Cyclone’ often quarreled with her directors and went on suspension for refusing the lead in the Western Frontier Gal (Charles Lamont, 1945). Her role was taken by Yvonne de Carlo who had become a similar sort of star and began to supplant Montez's position at the studio. Montez then appeared in the sepia-toned swashbuckler The Exile (Max Ophüls, 1947) starring Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., and the Technicolor Western Pirates of Monterey (Alfred L. Werker, 1947) with Rod Cameron. It was to be her last film for Universal.
While working in Hollywood, Maria Montez met French actor Jean-Pierre Aumont. They married in 1943 at Montez's home in Beverly Hills. Aumont had to leave a few days after their wedding to serve in the Free French Forces fighting against Nazi Germany during World War II. At the end of the war, the couple had a daughter, Maria Christina (also known as actress Tina Aumont), born in Hollywood in 1946. The couple starred together in the American adventure film Siren of Atlantis (Gregg G. Tallas, 1949), produced by United Artists. It was the first movie Montez made after leaving Universal Pictures. By then, her career in the United States began to wane due to audiences' changing tastes in films. Montez and Aumont then moved to a home in Suresnes, a western suburb of Paris. In France, Montez appeared in several films and the play L'Ile Heureuse (The happy island), written by her husband. Her first French film was Hans le marin/Wicked City (François Villiers, 1949) with Jean-Pierre Aumont and Lilli Palmer. It was a success in Europe. She then played the sadistic manager of a circus show, who uses her attractiveness to seduce men and force them to do dangerous acrobatic acts in Portrait d'un assassin/Portrait of an Assassin (Bernard-Roland, 1949). One of her victims was played by Erich von Stroheim. She also wrote three books, two of which were published, as well as penning a number of poems. In Italy, she starred in the Italian-American co-production. Il Ladro di Venezia/The Thief of Venice (John Brahm, 1950) with another former Universal contract star, Paul Christian a.k.a. Paul Hubschmid. Her last film was the Italian adventure film La vendetta del corsaro/Revenge of the Pirates (Primo Zeglio, 1951). At only 39, Maria Montez died in Suresnes, France in 1951 after apparently suffering a heart attack and drowning in her bath. She was buried in the Cimetière du Montparnasse in Paris where her tombstone gives her amended year of birth (1918), not the actual year of birth (1912). Shortly after her death, a street in the city of Barahona, Montez's birthplace, was named in her honour. In 1996, the city of Barahona opened the Aeropuerto Internacional María Montez (María Montez International Airport) in her honour.
Sources: Hal Erickson (AllMovie), Denny Jackson (IMDb), Wikipedia, and IMDb.
And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.