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PORTER COUNTY INFIRMARY - VALPARAISO, IND.
Date: Circa 1909
Source Type: Postcard
Publisher, Printer, Photographer: Leo Lilienthal (#44-E19)
Postmark: July 23, 1909, Valparaiso, Indiana
Collection: Steven R. Shook
Remark: During the mid-nineteenth century, a movement was taking place in the United States and Western Europe recognizing the plight of the poor, indigent, and mentally unstable citizens. In the United States, many counties established what were often referred to as poor houses, poor farms, infirmaries, and asylums. Generally, mentally unstable individuals were also housed at these county-established residences, though most states also erected state mental institutions to house those citizens of the state that were deemed to be more problematic for the counties to handle and maintain in an adequate state of care.
The genesis of Porter County’s “Poor Farm” took place on June 7, 1855, when the Porter County Commissioners approved the purchase of 80 acres from William C. Pennock for the sum of $3,000. This land comprised the east one-half of the southwest quarter of Section 26 in Center Township. Pennock became the first superintendent of the Porter County Poor Farm, accommodating the poor in the home already located on the newly purchased property.
On September 1, 1856, a new dwelling constructed by George C. Buel was opened on the poor farm property to house the poor. This structure was had a footprint of 32 x 45 feet and cost the county $2,482, being paid with a combination of cash and county-issued bond revenue. Residents were, for the most part, self-sufficient. Shelter and meals were provided to the residents in exchange for labor in farming and upkeep of the property.
An adjacent 80 acres directly east of the Porter County Poor Farm was purchased by the county for $3,200 in March 1866 to expand the farm to 160 acres. The farm was expanded again on June 16, 1875, when the county purchased all that part of the northeast quarter of Section 35 in Center Township which was lying north and east of Salt Creek and south of a line drawn parallel with the north line of the quarter for $1,200. On June 9, 1876, yet another purchase took place to expand the farm when the county purchased southeast quarter of the southwest quarter of Section 27 in Center Township for $1,200.
The home seen in this image was the third and final home to be located on the Porter County Poor Farm. Designed by local architect Charles F. Lembke, ground was broken for this $25,000 structure soon after the sale of county-issued bonds on August 7, 1905; construction was completed in 1906. Shortly after this building was completed, a barn was erected on the property at a cost of $4,000.
At some point in time before the construction of this building, the Porter County Poor Farm was being more often referred to as the Porter County Asylum. This suggests that the county was transitioning from housing the poor and indigent to include individuals with real and perceived mental deficiencies and what were considered, at that time, socially undesirable characteristics. As reported in early twentieth century county newspapers, the institutionalized included the truly insane, such sociopaths, psychopaths, and the delusional, as well as the poor and indigent, unemployed (bums and hobos), epileptics, adulterers, prostitutes and loose women, homosexuals, alcoholics, and drug addicts. Oftentimes, the Porter County Asylum served as a temporary housing solution before an individual was committed to the Porter County Jail, Indiana State Prison, or one of the state-operated mental institutions. As evident by the writing on this postcard, the name of institution had evolved into the Porter County Infirmary by 1907.
On November 11, 2005, this structure was heavily damaged by an arsonist using kerosene as an accelerant. The extent of the damage was so severe that it was decided to raze the building, which took place during late February and early March 2006.
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The following news item appeared in the August 14, 1903, issue of The Chesterton Tribune:
Porter County Business.
At the last meeting of the council the board of county commissioners asked for an appropriation for the erection of a new county asylum. The council passed a resolution instructing the commissioners to procure plans for such a building as was needed, and fall information as to what was expected. At the meeting held Friday [August 7, 1903], the board had present Mr. Butler, secretary of the Indiana state board of charities, who brought with him the plans of several asylums built in various parts of this state. He had examined the county asylum, and severely condemned it. He showed the plans of the Adams county asylum, which cost about $30,000 to construct. It was equipped with a hospital and insane quarters, as well as separate quarters for the sexes. Its capacity was about 40 inmates. Another plan was submitted with a capacity of about 18 inmates which would cost about three-quarters as much as the larger one. Mr. Butler imparted a great deal of valuable information to the commissioners and the council, and advised that a committee be selected to visit some of the new and modern asylums of the state. The commissioners asked for an appropriation to cover the expenses of such a committee to the amount of $125, but the council thought $60 would be sufficient for the purpose and granted this sum. The committee selected are: C. W. Benton, Frank Quick, H. Bornholt, Hail Bates and A. J. Bowser. This committee will start on its trip Friday of this week, and expects to make a report at the September meeting of the county council.
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The following news item appeared in the August 21, 1903, issue of The Chesterton Tribune:
Chesterton Chips.
The committee selected by the county council to make an investigation of various county asylums in this state, and report on the needs of this county for accommodations for its poor, left on its mission last Friday morning. The committee consisted of the three county commissioners, Bornholt, Quick and Benton, and Bowser and Bates, of the county council. They visited the asylums of Marshall, Kosciusko and Adams counties. This committee has a vast amount of work yet to do collecting information to be obtained in this county, and as soon as this is ready a report will be made to the council, probably at a special session. As the editor of the Tribune is a member of this committee, and the report is not yet made, it would be improper for us to say anything at this time. We can say, however, that after the report is made and presented to the council, it will be published in full in all the papers of the county that desire to do so, so that the people of the county will know all about the matter. The committee hops to present a plan whereby a suitable county asylum can be built without increasing taxation or issuing bonds, and after it is built, will be self-sustaining. Some idea of the magnitude of the work will be obtained from the above simple statement. How this can be done is the work the committee will be engaged upon for several days.
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The following news item appeared in the September 11, 1903, issue of The Chesterton Tribune:
COUNTY BUSINESS
County Commissioner Benton appeared before the council and reported the result of his committee investigation on the poor house matter. He said that a suitable building with the necessary barns and outbuildings could be built for about $35,000. The opinion of his committee was that the present poor farm was not suitable for the erection of such buildings. He accompanied his report with a map showing the farm, with its swamps and bad lands, and said that the committee would be in favor of waiting a year, and even three or four years before building, rather than build under present conditions. It was the sense of all the council and the board of commissioners that it would not be wise to build on the present poor farm, and the next step in the problem was whether it would be wise to try to run the poor farm on an extensive scale, and depend upon hired help to make the investment pay. Despite the claims of numerous county superintendents, poor farms were not self-sustaining, and the extra cost of management at up the profits of the farm. Not counting the interest on the money invested in a farm and buildings, the best that could be figured out was a deficiency of four or five thousand dollars per year. This amount was created by superintendent's salary, hired help, fuel, insurance, repairs and incidental expenses. The question arose whether it would not be better financiering to get away from the old fashioned idea of farming, which might have been all right in the early days, and take the interest money on the land investment and buy what was needed for the inmates. Prof. Kinsey crystalized this idea into a resolution which he offered, and which was unanimously passed, and which reads as follows:
"Resolved that is is the sentiment of the Porter County Council that it would be to the best interest of the county to sell the whole county farm holdings, and purchase a suitable site of not more than 40 acres, as being the more efficient and economical way of caring for the county's poor, and that the undertaking of extensive farming in connection with the county poor is unprofitable and expensive, and that the county commissioners are hereby instructed to look up suitable sites and prices and report to this body.
"Resolved, That Bates and Bowser, the same committee heretofore appointed to visit county farms, etc., with the three commissioners, continue with the Board of Commissioners in the investigation of sites and prices."
The effect of this resolution will be that until a suitable site can be found at a reasonable price, and some prospect of selling the present poor farm presents itself, there will be nothing doing in the poor house line. The council and commissioners are determined to proceed slowly and with caution in this matter, so that when the work is completed it will be satisfactory to the taxpayers, and of benefit to the inmates.
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The following news item appeared in the September 9, 1904, issue of The Chesterton Tribune:
Council Meeting.
The sum of $25,000 was appropriated for the erection of suitable buildings for the county asylum, the month to be raised by the sale of bonds payable in ten yearly installments of $2,500 each, with interest at 4 per cent. A levy of two cents on the one hundred dollars will meet the bonds and interest. The following resolution was passed, which explains itself.
Resolved, That there be appropriated by the Porter County Council the sum of $25,000 for the purpose of building a house and heating plant, plumbing and drainage for said building on the Porter county infirmary grounds and lands for housing the indigent poor of Porter county, to include all necessary expenses connected with such improvement, and that the Board of Commissioners of Porter county, Indiana, by proper proceedings, issue bonds for $25,000 for that purpose, as required by law, to be sold at not less than par, but that the said sum of $25,000 must not be exceeded in any event, either in bonds or in money in the expenditures for that purpose, and that the interest on said bonds must not exceed four per cent per annum on the par value of the bonds, interest payable semi-annually, and that said bonds are to run ten years in a series of ten equal payments, beginning one year after the date of issue, one-tenth thereof payable each year during such period. Said bonds not to be sold until after a contract has been let to a responsible bidder, who has given sufficient surety for the faithful performance of his contract, and whose bid shall not exceed the amount appropriated in this resolution.
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The following news item appeared in the January 12, 1905, issue of The Chesterton Tribune:
County Business.
Architect Lembke submitted drawings for the proposed new county asylum to the board. These had been drawn on suggestions offered by Commissioner Benton, and show a building 123x95, with three floors, basement, first floor and second floor. The building is to be constructed of brick, trimmed with cement block, with tile roof. It is to be heated by steam, and has nineteen rooms for inmates, eight rooms for the superintendent, besides rooms for laundry, furnace, kitchens, closets, bath rooms and six cells for insane. The plans arrange for a division of the sexes, and provide light and ventilation very amply. The height of the rooms are as follows: basement, nine feet; first floor 10 feet; second floor nine feet. The site contemplated is north and east of the present asylum buildings. The board have taken the plans under consideration, and will act on them at the first meeting in February.
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The following news item appeared in the January 26, 1905, issue of The Chesterton Tribune:
CHESTERTON ITEMS.
John F. Wing, of the firm of Wing & Mahurin, architects, Fort Wayne, heard that Porter county contemplated building a new county asylum, and he came to Valparaiso last Saturday to meet the commissioners, and lay before them a plan in the hopes of getting the job. The commissioners had looked at a plan submitted by architect Lambky [Lembke] and had decided to act on the matter at the February meeting. Since Wing has appeared on the scene and has furnished the Board with a lot of useful information, it looks now as though no hasty action would be taken in the matter. The Fort Wayne firm has built public buildings all over the state, and both Quick and Bates agreed that the plans he submitted Saturday were superior in every way to those the Valparaiso man laid before them. This plan calls for accommodations for fifty inmates, with all of the latest improvements in ventilation, hospital quarters, insane wars, etc. It has revealed the fact that no harm can be done to invite architects from all over to come and submit plans, and from the information gathered it will be possible for this county to have a good asylum. The man who furnishes the plans and superintends the work should have no connection with the concern that takes the contract. The TRIBUNE sincerely hopes that this building will be built without friction or even the suspicion of jobbery, and we believe it will. It is well enough to watch, however.
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The following news item appeared in the October 5, 1905, issue of The Chesterton Tribune:
LOCAL NEWS OF THE WEEK
The board of county commissioners went out to the county farm last Monday for dinner. Auditor Corboy and The Tribune man were taken along by Superintendent Henry to see how the new county asylum building was getting on. The work is progressing very satisfactorily, and looks as though it was being well done. The walls are up for the basement and first story, and it is expected that it will be ready for enclosure before winter sets in. It will be at least a year before the building will be ready for occupancy, and if the inmates can be quartered in the new building by this time next year, they will be lucky. Mr. Henry says he does not like the arrangement of the basement, and especially the way provided for the storage cellars on account of the inconvenience of getting to them. Mrs. Henry is worrying about the location and capacity of the cisterns, and unless it is conveniently placed it will mean much work for her. It is proposed to use the old building now used to house the superintendent and inmates for crop storage purposes, leaving them where they are, for a while at least. The poor farm crops are fine this year, and the stock is a credit to the management. Henry and his wife have worked wonders for the county in their management of the county farm, and they are entitled to credit. It will be hard to winter the inmates in their present quarters unless some repairs are made. Cracks almost big enough to throw a cat through are quite plenty and while there will be plenty of fresh air, just how the poor folks can be kept warm is the problem. Mrs. Freeland, who was taken to the asylum a few weeks ago, died recently. Her husband is here, but very feeble. Westchester's delegation seems to be getting on all right, and in fact they all seem to be comfortable. Mr. Henry has managed to get considerable work out of some of the inmates this year, giving each one something he can do. The cripples were stripping seed corn and making it ready for drying, others able to get around were cutting corn, and still others were doing the housework in the inmates' quarters. There is a class who come to the county farm that Mr. Henry wished would go elsewhere. They are those afflicted with loathsome diseases, and lousy. He has no facilities for cleansing them or doctoring them. Representatives of this class are beginning to arrive, and although Henry says he has never yet refused an applicant admittance, he does not know what he will be compelled to do if township trustees continue sending him men like the one he recently received. This individual was a living pest, so loathsome that it was almost impossible to touch him. Caring for the county poor is no snap.
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The following news item appeared in the June 7, 1906, issue of The Chesterton Tribune:
County Business
Nothing doing about accepting the County Asylum building. The contractor has finished the job, and is ready to turn the building over to the county. County Superintendent Henry is very much dissatisfied with the building, and it will not be surprising if he does not resign. Under present conditions it will be utterly impossible to keep the building warm. Commissioner Anderson visited the building Monday and made a careful inspection of the work. The ceilings are made of corrugated iron nailed to the joice [sic]. The fittings are imperfect, and Mr. Anderson will object very strongly to accepting that part of the work. He says the joice [sic] should have been stripped, and the iron nailed to the strips, and the joints tooled to place. The window sill, both wood and stone have been laid in flat, and the bottoms of the window frames are perfectly flat, the result being that every time it rains water floods the rooms. In all buildings properly constructed these sills and window frames are slanted outward, so that the water will run away from the building. The county has paid all of the contract price but $1,000, and it is a serious question whether this amount will put the building in a habitable condition. The superintendent of construction is criticized severely for permitting so much poor work to be done on the building. There is no kick on the quality of material. Mr. Anderson says that the brick and lumber in the structure is very good, but the manner in which the walls are laid in the partitions, and especially in conspicuous places, and the botch manner in which joints are made is what gets him. It is very unfortunate that this conditions [sic] exists. It seems that is is utterly impossible for Porter county to get a good piece of public work done any more.
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The following news item appeared in the June 28, 1906, issue of The Chesterton Tribune:
THE POOR HOUSE TROUBLE.
One View of It and Suggestions as to the Cause.
Patched Plans the Primary Reason of the Building's Unsatisfactory Condition.
Porter county's new asylum is just now furnishing the people of Porter county with material to talk about. The building for these wards of the county has been built, and next Monday the board of county commissioners will be asked to accept it from the contractor. It is admitted that this building is unsatisfactory, and an effort is being made to find someone upon whom to fix the blame.
Right on the start, I want to say that I do not for a moment believe that the board of county commissioners or any member of that body has done a single act from an unworthy motive. I believe that a blunder has been made which is the primary cause of all the dissatisfaction now existing. That blunder consisted in the board of county commissioners attempting to build a thirty thousand dollar building for $25,000.
The county council passed a resolution enabling the board of commissioners to build a building at a cost not to exceed $25,000. complete, and provided the money with which to do this. This resolution fully protected the taxpayers of the county against putting any more money into the building. The county council felt that this much money was ample to house a population of eighteen or twenty paupers, and do it well, if the money was judiciously expended. This far the council could go, but no farther. The providing of plans and the construction of the building was in the hands of the county commissioners.
We said a blunder was made. We also believe that Mr. Benton made this blunder. We do not believe that the mistake was made from a bad motive. Mr. Benton championed the cause of "home" talent, and went out of his way to give the people of Porter county any business Porter county had. He had employed Mr. Lembke to build himself a fine home, and Lembke did this work in a manner especially pleasing to Mr. Benton. He wanted Lembke to have the erection of the county asylum. He fully believed Lembke competent to draw the plans and do the work in a manner creditable to the county and to the board. He trusted Lembke.
Now for Lembke. This man is supposed to be a competent architect. I do not believe him to be dishonest. Neither do I believe him to be incompetent. In his zeal to give the county a fine building he forgot expense, and drew plans which could not be executed for less than $30,000. The writer had experts go over these plans and figure the cost before they were offered to the public, and was told that they could not be carried out for less than $28,500 net, without a contractor's profit. Bidders submitted estimates, and none were lower than $30,000, a fair figure. The contract could not be let. The county council was solicited to make an additional appropriation. The commissioners were told to cause plans to be made that could be carried out for the appropriation made in the resolution. Instead of doing this, they undertook to patch the plans of the $30,000 building. There [sic; this] is where the colossal blunder was made. This patching choked the life out of the original plan, and gives us the nondescript building now causing such general criticism.
The architect had pledged himself to furnish Porter county with plans that would give the county farm a building for $25,000 complete, and when he failed to do this, he should have done one of two things, withdraw from the work or prepare new pans. The board erred it agreed to accept patched plans.
The contract was let under the patched plans and specification. Conditions arose which compelled the Commissioners to ask for Mr. Lembke's resignation. He was paid for his plans, and received something like $800 for them. When he was let out, his responsibility ceased. A new man, Henry Lembster was called to complete the work. He was given the plans and specifications, and he says they have been carried out, and that the building has been built according to them. He says he followed the specifications to the letter. He is the county's accredited agent, and the county is responsible for his acts. I do not believe that there are many people in this county who will say that Henry Lembster is either incompetent or dishonest. I have found fault with the building. I pointed out the fact that the windows were set in flat, instead of being bevelled [sic], and that in consequence every time it rained, the rooms were flooded with water. Since then I have seen the specifications and working plans, and I find that the plans compelled the superintendent to have these windows placed just as they are in the building. I find many paragraphs in the specifications ambiguous and difficult to interpret the meaning of. I have questioned the contractor, Mr. Foster, and he says that he left the construction of the building entirely in the hands of the County's representative, and that he has done, is doing, and will do anything the superintendent orders him to do. He says that some of the work is defective, and that he is causing it to be replaced. He talks very reasonable.
It would seem to me, in view of the conditions for some one disinterested, say the judge of the circuit court, to appoint a competent committee, whose work shall be to investigate the whole matter, and place whatever blame there is upon the right shoulders. I do not believe that any person lacking the expert knowledge, or who has not gone thoroughly into all of the facts, can be just in this matter at this time. I have an opinion. It may be right, and it may be wrong. But after it is all said and done, I doubt very much if there is anything to be done now, further than to do the best we can, and make good the defects. The County Commissioners is a judicial body, without bond, and cannot be held legally responsible for any mistake it may make. The plans were bought and paid for, and accepted by Porter County. If these plans were faulty, there is no recourse. All that can be done is to hold the contractor to his contract, and if he has not lived up to the plans and specification, compel him to. The sole judge of this matter is Henry Lembster.
Sources:
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; August 14, 1903; Volume 20, Number 19, Page 1, Columns 5-6. Column titled "Porter County Business."
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; August 21, 1903; Volume 20, Number 20, Page 5, Column 5. Column titled "Chesterton Chips."
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; September 11, 1903; Volume 20, Number 23, Page 1, Columns 6-7. Column titled "County Business."
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; September 9, 1904; Volume 21, Number 23, Page 1, Column 7. Column titled "Council Meeting."
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; January 12, 1905; Volume 21, Number 41, Page 6, Column 1. Column titled "County Business."
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; January 26, 1905; Volume 21, Number 43, Page 1, Column 7. Column titled "Chesterton Items."
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; October 5, 1905; Volume 22, Number 27, Page 5, Column 6. Column titled "Local News of the Week."
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; June 7, 1907; Volume 23, Number 10, Page 1, Column 4. Column titled "County Business."
The Chesterton Tribune, Chesterton, Porter County, Indiana; June 28, 1907; Volume 23, Number 13, Page 1, Columns 3-4. Column titled "The Poor House Trouble."
Copyright 2009. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.
Expecting the southbound, but the northbound appeared first coming out of what is called Tunnel 28. Kept hearing its horn in the distance and it sounded like it was coming from the south, but I thought it might be the SB echoing off the hills. Managed to totally screw up the other shots of it coming out of the tunnel by not keeping the tunnel fully in frame. Still making rookie mistakes with trains. Decent lighting here. Maybe railpictures worthy, but it could have been zoomed out a little.
Here is one on there already. Same engine even.
WINSTON-SALEM- The N.C. Department of Transportation wants your feedback on its Draft 10-Year State Transportation Improvement Program (STIP), This is the first STIP developed under the new Strategic Transportation Investments law, which established the Strategic Mobility Formula.
NCDOT will hold a regional meeting on Tuesday, April 21, in Kernersville for Division 9, which includes Stokes, Forsyth, Davie, Davidson and Rowan counties. The informal meeting will be held at the Piedmont Triad Regional Council Conference Room at 1398 Carrollton Crossing Drive in Kernersville from 4 p.m. to 7 p.m. It’s a chance for the public to stop in, ask questions and provide feedback on the process the department used to develop the Draft STIP.
Anyone who cannot attend a session in person, can easily view the materials and submit their comments electronically through MindMixer, an online public engagement tool. They will also have the option of participating through a webcast on April 23 during the statewide information session. Webinar details will be posted on both MindMixer and the STI Public Meetings page.
During the past year and a half, NCDOT has been working with the legislature, local planning organizations, and other stakeholders across the state to implement the law and develop the 2016-2025 State Transportation Improvement Program.
NCDOT is asking the public to provide feedback on:
· The process to develop the STIP and ideas for improvement
· The variety and geographic diversity of the projects
The 2016-2025 Draft STIP, is one of the department’s most comprehensive programs ever. The document includes 1,073 projects across all transportation modes and all 100 counties.
The Board of Transportation is expected to approve the Final 2016-2025 STIP in June, which will be the final step in implementing STI. Feedback from the information sessions will be used by the Prioritization Workgroup to determine changes to the process for the next round of project prioritization and development of the 2018-2027 STIP.
NCDOT will provide auxiliary aids and services under the Americans with Disabilities Act for disabled persons who want to participate in this meeting. Anyone requiring special services should contact Anamika Laad at alaad@ncdot.gov or 919-707-6072 as early as possible so that arrangements can be made.
NCDOT also will provide interpretive services upon request for persons who do not speak English, or have a limited ability to read, speak or understand English. Anyone requesting these services should do so prior to the meeting by calling 1-800-481-6494.
Now, this is what I expected Pan160 to look like, post-industrial grittiness grainy, sharp, and surprising tones and contrast. Perfect.
You can read the full review online
www.alexluyckx.com/blog/index.php/2019/05/21/film-review-...
Nikon F5 - AF Nikkor 35mm 1:2D (Yellow-12) - Silberra Pan160 @ 160
Blazinal (1+50) 17:00 @ 20C
Scanner: Epson V700
Editor: Adobe Photoshop CC
STATUS ~ Expecting Miracles ✨
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Members of the D. C. National Guard support local law enforcement agencies in traffic control and crowd management during the Women’s March Jan. 21, 2017. More than 150,000 participants from across the nation are expected at the event. (National Guard photo by Staff Sgt. Wilma Orozco)
RICHMOND, Calif., - More than 300 volunteers are expected to roll-up their sleeves to rebuild the aging John F. Kennedy Park into a community gem. The City of Richmond, in partnership with The Trust for Public Land, is championing the one-day community-build park project in the City’s Park Plaza neighborhood, which will also include the installation of more than neighborhood trees in celebration of Arbor Day.
Built in 1968, the seven-acre park will be renovated to meet the changing needs of today’s park users and bring multiple benefits to the neighborhood. The project and process is a catalyst of a new era for park revitalization and cross-sector partnerships.
“I’ll be there with a wheel barrel and ready to work,” said Mayor Tom Butt who’s a strong supporter of expanding the City’s urban park footprint. “I applaud the commitment of the neighborhood residents who have been working with our urban planners to redesign the park into something we can all be proud of.”
Since April 2015, more than 400 community members have joined in the participatory process to design the park improvements. Together, they are helping shape future programs aimed at improving quality of life and providing connections to meaningful, safe, beautiful outdoor spaces for people of all ages.
“Our park has been underutilized for many years for a variety of reasons,” says Madalyn Law, President of the Park Plaza Neighborhood Council. “The rebuild of JFK Park gives our neighbors an opportunity to use the park again in a more positive environment with new features designed for all ages to come together for health and wellness and fun in the outdoors.
Generously funded and technically supported by The Trust for Public Land, the new design will feature a family zone with a children’s playscape, offering a fun environment designed to enhance youth's imagination around play, and build positive childhood memories. The park will be the home of the City of Richmond’s first Fitness ZoneTM and fitness trail. Together, the fully-accessible and senior-friendly fitness zone and the fitness trail encourage area residents to meet in the park and support one another in healthy lifestyle choices and strengthening social ties.
“Every Richmond resident deserves a quality park within walking distance from their home,” said Gina Fromer, The Trust for Public Land California State Director. “Good parks make neighborhoods healthy and whole.”
Other park improvements include a community garden, the installation of energy efficient LED lights, a 5,000 square foot mural, and a rain garden.
“With the new improvements going into the park, I have no doubt that it will be a community treasure for generations to come,” said Mayor Butt. “Open space that has a mix of passive and active use and is appropriate for different age groups means everyone in our community will be able to enjoy it.”
The upcoming volunteer action is part of the City’s on-going commitment to invest in its neighborhoods. Earlier this year, more than 100 volunteers came together to rebuild the softball field in an event sponsored by O.C. Jones & Sons, beginning a powerful movement for change in the neighborhood.
Chevron is providing funding for the Chevron STEM Learning Center and Community Plaza, which will provide a teaching space for local schools to use to explore science, technology, engineering and math (STEM), as well as a picnic pavilion for residents to enjoy.
“We are proud to partner with the City of Richmond on this park project, which will help spark interest in STEM for students at neighboring schools,” said Kory Judd, general manager of the Chevron Richmond Refinery. “The John F. Kennedy Park provides a unique opportunity for our neighbors and students to enjoy the park space and explore STEM education in a park setting.”
In addition to the community-build park event, the public is invited to visit The 50 Tour: Champions of the Bay presented by Chevron. The tour will feature the eight Vince Lombardi trophies from the Oakland Raiders and San Francisco 49ers and a guest appearance by an NFL legend. It will also feature the Chevron STEM Zone, an interactive learning space that demonstrates how STEM fuels innovation all around us – through the lens of football.
"I've been a proud resident of the south east community for over 40 years and it's wonderful that some of our requested neighborhood improvements are coming to fruition," said Naomi Williams, President of the Pullman Neighborhood Council. "With the park improvements and the reopening of the Richmond Swim Center, we are seeing a south east renaissance."
Global smart healthcare market is expected to reach USD 225.54 Billion by 2022, according to a new study by Grand View Research, Inc. Rapid technological advancements in healthcare IT is expected to remain a key driving factor of the global smart healthcare market over the forecast period. Growing implementation of inventory management systems such as RFID KanBan and RFID smart cabinets aimed at curbing inventory costs and ensure appropriate logistics management is expected to boost the growth of the smart healthcare market. Development of smart syringes, smart pills and smart bandages which enable remote monitoring of patients, help in diagnosing gastrointestinal diseases and infection spread minimization and remote monitoring of healing processes is expected to strengthen the platform for future market growth. On the other hand, high capital investments and poor awareness levels among consumers are some challenges faced by manufacturers.
mHealth is expected to register the fastest growth of over 40.0% over the forecast period. Key factors likely to drive segment growth include rapidly increasing incidence rates of chronic diseases, increasing smart phone penetration rates and heightening need to ensure improved healthcare outcomes.
Read Complete Report with TOC @
www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/smart-healthc...
Further key findings from the study suggest:
Electronic health record (EHR) emerged as the largest product segment in terms of revenue and was estimated at over USD 19.50 billion in 2014. Implementation of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) and HITECH Act is expected to make significant contributions towards segment growth. Key feature of HITECH Act includes the provision of USD 64,000 per year to healthcare practitioners adopting EHR systems.
North America was the largest smart healthcare regional market in 2014. Presence of favorable government initiatives in the form of HITECH Act providing allowances to healthcare practitioners is one of the major factors expected to drive regional market growth. Presence of sophisticated IT infrastructure enabling easy implementation of advanced healthcare facilities is also expected to boost market growth over the forecast period.
Asia Pacific is expected to grow at a considerable pace over the forecast period owing to growing penetration of advanced healthcare facilities and rapidly evolving mobile & IT infrastructure. Increasing awareness among consumers pertaining to novel healthcare technologies such as telemedicine, mHealth and EHR is expected to further complement regional market growth.
Key players operating in the smart healthcare market include Cisco, IBM, Olympus Corp., GE Healthcare, AT&T Inc., Apple Inc., Samsung Electronics, Logi-Tag, Wurth Group, AirStrip Technologies Inc., Allscripts Healthcare Solutions Inc., Pepperl+Fuchs and Given Imaging Inc.
For the purpose of this study, Grand View Research has segmented the smart healthcare market on the basis of product, and region:
Global Smart Healthcare Product Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2014 – 2022)
RFID KanBan systems
RFID smart cabinets
Electronic Health Records (EHR)
Client-server based
Web-based
Telemedicine
Hardware
Connectivity and network
Others
mHealth
Monitoring services
Diagnosis services
Healthcare systems
Others
Smart pills
Smart syringes
Smart Healthcare Regional Outlook (Revenue, USD Million, 2014 – 2022)
North America
U.S.
Canada
Europe
Germany
UK
Asia Pacific
China
Japan
India
MEA
South Africa
Latin America
Brazil
Mexico
About Grand View Research
Grand View Research, Inc. is a U.S. based market research and consulting company, registered in the State of California and headquartered in San Francisco. The company provides syndicated research reports, customized research reports, and consulting services. To help clients make informed business decisions, the company offers market intelligence studies ensuring relevant and fact-based research across a range of industries including technology, chemicals, materials, healthcare and energy.
For More Information, Visit www.grandviewresearch.com/
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You did not expect this, but doesn't this scene bring back a flood of fond memories! 😌
These big ballroom dance competitions drew hundreds of talented Amateur, Pro/Am, and Professional dance couples from all across the country and worldwide. These big ballroom dance competitions usually ran from Wednesday night to Sunday Night. You and your very lovely lady would routinely arrive on the Vegas Strip a day, or two early, to explore the Vegas Strip and to get in some leisure time. If you two were competing at the Nevada Star Ball at the Stardust Hotel & Casino, presently Resorts World, y’all would usually do your first night dinner at the Buccaneers Bay Steakhouse at the Treasure Island Hotel & Casino. You and your very lovely lady would often nightclub dance at Gilley’s Saloon in the nearby Frontier Hotel & Casino, or you two would visit the fine dance lounge across the street at the Desert Inn & Country Club.
You and your very lovely lady competed as a couple in the Amateur division. You teamed with your professional female dance teacher in the Pro/Am division. Your very lovely lady teamed with her professional male dance teacher to also complete in the Pro/Am division. 🤔
The last thing I'd expected to find at an event like this: a DAF 33! I never knew any of these had made it to the US or that they even existed as pickups.
My parents had the normal DAF 33.
For those not familiar with the brand: DAF is Van Doorne's Auto Fabriek or Van Doorne's Car Factory, a Dutch car manufacturer. They made trucks and cars. The truck division still exists under the DAF name (owned by PACCAR) but the car division was bought by Volvo in the 70's. The Volvo 340 was meant to be the DAF 77.
These cars were some of the first to use a variable transmission using drive belts. The belts on early models weren't very reliable and the cars were said to have 'suspenders-drive'.
As a result of this transmission system the cars could go as fast in reverse as they could forward. That meant they has their own class in the Reverse Racing events we had in Holland in the 80's. At the same event we also had Caravan races long before anyone had heard of Top Gear.
Warning: lots of cars were killed in the making of this video:
You would expect the light weight bleached blue denim Trojan from Midasclothing.com to be suitable only for summer wear, yet it is surprisingly comfortable for hiking on a calm wintry day with the temperature hovering around freezing point.
We were expecting to get around 600 bales from our field. However, it turned out to be around 1000 bales.... We are moving these with my little trailer which holds 35 bales at a time....
We are very thankful to my very fit neighbour, who can just about be seen standing in front of Mike, who treated this like a workout & tossed the bales on top of the trailer.
We have moved around 300 bails today - only another 700 to go.....
Actress Freida Pinto is expecting her first child with fiance Cory Tran. The actress took to social media to announce the news and shared a post on Instagram.
www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2021/jun/29/fr...
concept&stylist / KTNT PHOTOGRAPHY
fotos by / KIEUTRINHNGUYENTON
model / HAN GLX
assistant / MOL TRAN
Like My Fanpage : www.facebook.com/pages/Kieutrinh-Nguyenton-Photography/18...
My Facebook : www.facebook.com/nguoimechuphinh
diasporastories.com/haiti/diaspora-stories/garcelle-beauv...
Garcelle was born in Haiti. Her mother, Marie-Claire, was a teacher who moved Garcelle and her six older children to Massachusetts after a divorce from her father, Axel, four years prior. At age 16, the family moved again to Miami. At 17, Garcelle pursued a modeling career in New York. She got a break on Aaron Spelling's TV show, "Models Inc." (1994). She then joined L.A.'s comedy troupe, The Groundlings. She became engaged to Mike Nilon, a talent agent. She was formerly married to producer Daniel Saunders for 6-1/2 years with whom she had a son, Oliver (B. 1992).
Growing up in Haiti, Garcelle Beauvais never expected to become a model and an actress.“ I wanted to be a journalist. I didn’t know you could take pictures for a living. I didn’t know people paid you because you’re cute. It never dawned on me.” At the age of 7, Beauvais, who is the youngest of seven siblings, moved to Boston with her family. When she was about to turn 16, the family moved again, this time relocating to Miami to flee Massachusetts’ frigid weather. Soon after moving to Florida, Beauvais’ exotic looks became difficult to ignore. At 5’9, she was frequently told to consider going into modeling. She gave it a try and watched her life get steered on a path she had never before considered.“ I thought I was going to come to LA to UCLA and go to journalism school,” she said during a phone interview on her way home in Los Angeles. Instead, Beauvais became a Ford Model in New York, appearing in campaigns for Avon, Mary Kay Cosmetics, and Clairol, along with catalog appearances for Macy’s, Neiman Marcus, and Nordstrom. As her career blossomed, Beauvais appeared on the cover of Ebony and Essence magazines, and she did the runway couture shows of Calvin Klein and Isaac Mizrahi.
BREAKTHROUGH IN ACTING
Before long, Beauvais was also making her mark as an actress. She made her first appearance on television playing a rape victim on “Miami Vice. ” She was then cast as Dr. Huxtable’s nurse on “The Cosby Show. ” She also had parts on several other television shows including “The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air,” “Dream On,” “Hangin' with Mr. Cooper,” “Family Matters,” as well as Aaron Spelling's television show, “Models, Inc. ” More recently, Beauvais became widely recognized for her starring role as Francesca “Fancy” Monroe in “The Jamie Foxx Show,” on the Warner Brothers network. Today, she can be seen regularly, playing assistant district attorney Valerie Haywood on the ABC network’s popular police drama “NYPD Blue. ” Beauvais, 36, has had her share of success in motion pictures as well. She has played numerous roles in a variety of movies including Coming to America” (1988), “Every Breath” (1993), “Wild Wild West” with Will Smith (1999), “Double Take” with Orlando Jones (2001), “Second String” with Jon Voight (made for TV 2000), and “Bad Company” in which she starred opposite Chris Rock and Anthony Hopkins (2002). Currently she is working on several different projects. She has signed on for another 22 episodes of “NYPD Blue. ” She recently completed an episode of “Curb Your Enthusiasm” for HBO. She has also done a series of one-minute movies for NBC, and she was just offered a part on “Barber Shop 2,” which will start shooting in September.“ Things are good,” she said.“ I can’t complain, but then I could. ”
MAKING IT IN THE BUSINESS
Her success hasn’t always come easily, and she said it continues to be challenging to get coveted roles.“ There’s always rejection in the industry. That’s just the way it is,” said Beauvais.“ For whatever reason it’s not personal, but it’s hard not to make it personal. ” When offering advice to young people interested in pursuing acting as a career, Beauvais believes it’s never too early to learn.“ It’s important to really learn the craft,” she said. Whether it is through an acting school, or by doing little plays at home, school, or with a community theater, Beauvais said it is critical to get some training and “get proper technique. ” But she also warns that success in acting requires a lot of determination.“ It’s really important to persevere because let me tell you, there’s a lot, a lot of rejection no matter what level you’re in,” she said.“ You just have to have thick skin and persevere. ”
LONG TERM PLANS
In the future, Beauvais said she would love to have her own television sitcom, which would allow her to spend time with her family. She also wants to direct at some point, and hopes to eventually have a talk show.“ I would like to be able to do that, and also be at home,” she said. Though Beauvais enjoys making movies, she said she doesn’t want to be too far from her loved ones.“ I don’t really want to be away from my family, if I can say that,” she admits. ” Despite her success on television and on the big screen Beauvais hasn’t written off her interest in journalism completely.“ That’s always my first love because I love talking to people,” she explained.“ I’m curious about life and people. ” To pursue her dream, she is looking into doing a talk show either by herself or with others.
A FEELING OF RESPONSIBILITY
When asked about the negative portrayal of Haitians on the recently released action thriller Bad Boys II, Beauvais said she auditioned for the movie but didn’t get the part. As a result, she wasn’t ready to watch it yet. The movie, starring Will Smith and Martin Lawrence, is a sequel about two narcotics detectives with the Miami Police Department, who are fighting crime and illicit drugs. The film earned $88. 5 million at the box office during its first two weeks, yet it includes negative stereotypes about different ethnic groups, most notably about Haitians. Knowing Will Smith as she does, and having worked with him in the past, Beauvais said the derogatory images of Haitians must have been an oversight.“ He is really a nice guy,” she said.“ I can’t imagine that he would do that blatantly. I really, really can’t,” she said.“ But still, somebody should have caught it in editing,” she added. Beauvais believes that black actors, directors and producers have a certain responsibility regarding the works they release.“ That’s why I have been very picky about the jobs that I take,” she said.“ I’m not going to play a hoochie mama. I’m not going to play any roles that are going to degrade me, or not look right for my son. I think it’s my responsibility for that, in terms of what I choose to do. ” Beauvais admits that having a recurring role on “NYPD Blue,’ which she calls her “day job,” allows her the freedom of being selective about the roles she chooses.“ If I were just starting out, maybe I’d do those things, but I don’t know. Right now I don’t think I would. ”
PRIDE IN HAITIAN HERITAGE
In addition to her busy career, Beauvais is mother to 12-year-old Oliver. She has been married to theatrical agent Mike Nilon for two years, and hopes they will have more children. Despite all of the many demands in her life, Beauvais still makes time for causes that are important to her. Recently she traveled to Washington D. C. to advocate for Haitian refugees who have been detained indefinitely after arriving in Miami.“ I took my son with me, which was really great for him to see,” she said.“ We went up to Capitol Hill and we spoke in front of a forum just to show them the different ways that the Haitians and the Cubans are treated. ” Beauvais said acclaimed Haitian author Edwige Danticat was also there. Together they discussed the disparities that currently exist and the need to get a bill passed to prevent double standards in the way Haitian refugee cases are handled.“ The fact that Haitian families are being separated, some are going to Krome [Detention Center], some are going to motels, it shouldn’t happen,” she said. With most of her family living in the United States, Beauvais doesn’t get to travel to Haiti much. Nevertheless, she said she would love to go back to visit, and hopes to have an opportunity to do so in the future, since Essence Magazine is interested in doing a photo shoot there. Staying connected with her Haitian roots has always been important to Beauvais, she explained.“ That’s why I’ve never shied away from saying I was Haitian from day one,” she said. Throughout her modeling career, Beauvais said she met many models who would try to conceal their Haitian heritage, and instead identified themselves as being part Spanish.“ I never thought it was a bad thing to say. I was proud of being from Haiti,” she said.“ My family is Haitian. My son is half Haitian. It’s part of who I am. ”
Job to believe that 42 years ago. When I took this photo. Of my lovely Queen Charlie, and our lovely Louis. Charlie was expecting our first child. 42 years on and our son is 42 years old today.
RICHMOND, Calif., - More than 300 volunteers are expected to roll-up their sleeves to rebuild the aging John F. Kennedy Park into a community gem. The City of Richmond, in partnership with The Trust for Public Land, is championing the one-day community-build park project in the City’s Park Plaza neighborhood, which will also include the installation of more than neighborhood trees in celebration of Arbor Day.
Built in 1968, the seven-acre park will be renovated to meet the changing needs of today’s park users and bring multiple benefits to the neighborhood. The project and process is a catalyst of a new era for park revitalization and cross-sector partnerships.
“I’ll be there with a wheel barrel and ready to work,” said Mayor Tom Butt who’s a strong supporter of expanding the City’s urban park footprint. “I applaud the commitment of the neighborhood residents who have been working with our urban planners to redesign the park into something we can all be proud of.”
Since April 2015, more than 400 community members have joined in the participatory process to design the park improvements. Together, they are helping shape future programs aimed at improving quality of life and providing connections to meaningful, safe, beautiful outdoor spaces for people of all ages.
“Our park has been underutilized for many years for a variety of reasons,” says Madalyn Law, President of the Park Plaza Neighborhood Council. “The rebuild of JFK Park gives our neighbors an opportunity to use the park again in a more positive environment with new features designed for all ages to come together for health and wellness and fun in the outdoors.
Generously funded and technically supported by The Trust for Public Land, the new design will feature a family zone with a children’s playscape, offering a fun environment designed to enhance youth's imagination around play, and build positive childhood memories. The park will be the home of the City of Richmond’s first Fitness ZoneTM and fitness trail. Together, the fully-accessible and senior-friendly fitness zone and the fitness trail encourage area residents to meet in the park and support one another in healthy lifestyle choices and strengthening social ties.
“Every Richmond resident deserves a quality park within walking distance from their home,” said Gina Fromer, The Trust for Public Land California State Director. “Good parks make neighborhoods healthy and whole.”
Other park improvements include a community garden, the installation of energy efficient LED lights, a 5,000 square foot mural, and a rain garden.
“With the new improvements going into the park, I have no doubt that it will be a community treasure for generations to come,” said Mayor Butt. “Open space that has a mix of passive and active use and is appropriate for different age groups means everyone in our community will be able to enjoy it.”
The upcoming volunteer action is part of the City’s on-going commitment to invest in its neighborhoods. Earlier this year, more than 100 volunteers came together to rebuild the softball field in an event sponsored by O.C. Jones & Sons, beginning a powerful movement for change in the neighborhood.
Chevron is providing funding for the Chevron STEM Learning Center and Community Plaza, which will provide a teaching space for local schools to use to explore science, technology, engineering and math (STEM), as well as a picnic pavilion for residents to enjoy.
“We are proud to partner with the City of Richmond on this park project, which will help spark interest in STEM for students at neighboring schools,” said Kory Judd, general manager of the Chevron Richmond Refinery. “The John F. Kennedy Park provides a unique opportunity for our neighbors and students to enjoy the park space and explore STEM education in a park setting.”
In addition to the community-build park event, the public is invited to visit The 50 Tour: Champions of the Bay presented by Chevron. The tour will feature the eight Vince Lombardi trophies from the Oakland Raiders and San Francisco 49ers and a guest appearance by an NFL legend. It will also feature the Chevron STEM Zone, an interactive learning space that demonstrates how STEM fuels innovation all around us – through the lens of football.
"I've been a proud resident of the south east community for over 40 years and it's wonderful that some of our requested neighborhood improvements are coming to fruition," said Naomi Williams, President of the Pullman Neighborhood Council. "With the park improvements and the reopening of the Richmond Swim Center, we are seeing a south east renaissance."
For enquiry email: jintan@realtyagent.com
The Orchard Residences is a 99-years leasehold apartment development located at 238 Orchard Boulevard, Singapore 237973, in District 09, and just above the Orchard MRT Station. With expected completion in December 2010, it comprises 175 units. The Orchard Residences is situated along the vibrant Orchard Road shopping and entertainment belt. It is also close to the Singapore Botanic Gardens and Mount Elizabeth Hospital. Above MRT Station. Condo Facilities at The Orchard Residences Facilities at The Orchard Residences include a swimming pool, spa, and clubhouse. Condo Amenities near The Orchard Residences Numerous feeder bus services are available near The Orchard Residences. Established local and international schools are mostly a short drive away, such as Raffles Girls’ School, Overseas Family School, and ISS International School. Its prime location along Orchard Road means several one-stop shopping destinations are just a short walk away. These include Ion Orchard, Tangs Plaza, Wisma Atria, The Paragon, and Takashimaya. In addition, prestigious clubs, such as American Club and Tanglin Club, are located nearby. For vehicle owners, driving to the business hub from The Orchard Residences takes less than 10 minutes, via River Valley Road.
The Postcard
A postcard bearing no publisher's name that has a divided back.
On the back of the card is printed:
'Old George Hotel, Salisbury.
Built about 1320. 'The Shakespeare
Chamber', showing old carved oak
window frame and heavy raftered
ceiling'.
You'd expect them also to tell you why it is called the Shakespeare Chamber, but they don't.
The card was posted in Wells on Tuesday the 7th. August 1951 to:
Miss Geraldine Treadway,
The Crossways,
Stockbridge,
Mass.,
USA.
The message was as follows:
"Just a line to say that we
went through Stockbridge,
and that not far from there
is a Red Lion Inn, but we did
not stay there as we were
so intrigued by the Old
George at Salisbury. It has
ghosts, and Pepys slept
there.
S."
'The Pedestrian'
So what else happened on the day that the card was posted?
Well, on the 7th. August 1951, a short story was published in an issue of 'The Reporter' by The Fortnightly Publishing Company.
The story was called 'The Pedestrian', and is a science fiction short story by the American writer Ray Bradbury. It is included in the collection 'The Golden Apples of the Sun' (1953).
Summary of 'The Pedestrian'
The story features Leonard Mead, a citizen of a television-centred world in 2053. In the city, sidewalks have fallen into decay. Mead enjoys walking through the city at night, something which no one else does:
'In ten years of walking by night
or day, for thousands of miles,
he had never met another person
walking, not one in all that time.'
On one of his usual walks, he encounters a police car, which is possibly robotic. It is the only police unit in a city of three million, since the purpose of law enforcement has disappeared with everyone watching television at night.
When asked about his profession, Mead tells the car that he is a writer, but the car does not understand, since no one buys books or magazines in the television-dominated society.
The police car and its occupants cannot understand why Mead would be out walking for no reason, and so they decide to take him to the Psychiatric Centre for Research on Regressive Tendencies and force him into the car.
As the car passes through his neighbourhood, Leonard Mead in the locked confines of the back seat says, "That's my house," as he points to a house warm and bright with all its lights on, unlike all other houses. There is no reply, and the story concludes.
Background to 'The Pedestrian'
The address of the main character, Leonard Mead, happens to be the address of the house in which Bradbury grew up. This has caused speculation that this short story is actually referring to himself, or is in some related way a message to his home town of Waukegan, Illinois.
Jonathan R. Eller writes that Bradbury's inspiration for the story came when he was walking down Wilshire Boulevard in Los Angeles with a friend some time in late 1949. On their walk, a police cruiser pulled up and asked what they were doing. Bradbury answered:
"Well, we're putting one
foot in front of the other."
The policemen did not appreciate Ray's joke and became suspicious of Bradbury and his friend for walking in an area where there were no pedestrians.
Using this experience as inspiration he wrote 'The Pedestrian' which he sent to his New York agent Don Congdon in March 1950.
According to Eller, the story's composition in the early months of 1950 predated Bradbury's conception of 'The Fireman,' the short novella that would later evolve into 'Fahrenheit 451'.
Processions, an element in all ceremonial, are to be found, as we should expect, in almost every form of religious worship. The example of the processions with the Ark in the Old Testament (cf. especially 2 Samuel 6 and 1 Kings 8) and the triumphant entry of our Saviour into Jerusalem in the New were probably not without influence upon the ritual of later ages. Even before the age of Constantine, the funeral processions of the Christians seem to have been carried out with a certain amount of solemnity, and the use of the word by Tertullian (De Praescriptio, xliii) may possibly have reference to some formal progress or movement of the faithful churchwards, which led afterwards to the assembly itself or the service being called processio as well as synaxis and collecta (Probst, "Sakramentarien und Ord.", 205). About the time of St. Gregory the Great, and possibly earlier, two forms of procession played a great part in papal ceremonial. The one was the procession to the "Station", the other the solemn entry of the celebrant from the secretarium, or sacristy, to the altar. A good description of the stational procession is given in the St. Amand Ordo, n. 6 (Duchesne, "Christian Worship", 474). The pontiff, the clergy, and the people assembled in the appointed church, where the clergy vested and the office was begun. The poor people of the hospital went first with a painted wooden cross; the seven stationary crosses, with three candles each and a retinue, followed, and then the bishops, priests, and subdeacons; finally came the pope surrounded by his deacons, with two crosses borne before him and the schola cantorum or choir following behind him. As the procession moved along to the stational church where the Mass was to be offered the Kyrie Eleison and the litanies were sung, from which the procession itself was often called litania. The solemn entrance of the celebrant as he proceeded from the sacristy to the altar was of course a procession on a smaller scale, but this also is minutely described in the first "Ordo". The pontiff was again surrounded by his deacons and preceded by the subdeacons, one of whom swung a thurible, and a conspicuous feature was the group of seven acolytes carrying tapers, which make us think of the seven candles now lighted on the altar at a pontifical High Mass. In this procession to the altar the antiphon of the introit was sung. On certain special occasions, notably St. Mark's Day (25 April), which coincided with the old Roman festival of the Robigalia, and in Gaul on the three Rogation Days before the feast of the Ascension, there were processions of exceptional solemnity