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Illustration, Flower, Virus
A handy 'cut out and keep guide' Three different things. No exosomes here, apparently.
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A new study in rats shows that stem cell secretions, called exosomes, appear to protect cells in the retina, the light-sensitive tissue in the back of the eye. The study was conducted by researchers at the National Eye Institute (NEI), part of the National Institutes of Health.
This microscopy image shows exosomes (green) surrounding retinal ganglion cells (orange and yellow).
More information: www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/stem-cell-secretion...
Credit: Ben Mead, Ph.D., National Eye Institute, NIH
APPENDIX 1. LIST OF ADVERSE EVENTS OF SPECIAL INTEREST Goodpasture's syndrome, Shock, Vasculitis gastrointestinal, Lymphocytic hypophysitis, COVID-19 treatment, Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy with burst-suppression, SARS-CoV-2 carrier, Microembolism, Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta, SARS-CoV-2 test false positive, Cerebral artery embolism, Ophthalmic herpes zoster, Complement factor C1 decreased, VIth nerve paralysis, Vocal cord paresis, Neutropenia neonatal, Periportal oedema, Bile output abnormal, Swelling face, Cystitis interstitial, Polyarteritis nodosa, Interstitial granulomatous dermatitis, Pharyngeal swelling, Ophthalmic herpes simplex, Anti-epithelial antibody positive, Thrombosis corpora cavernosa, Lichen planus, Double stranded DNA antibody positive, Immune-mediated hypothyroidism, Herpes dermatitis, Varicella, Truncus coeliacus thrombosis, ChildPugh-Turcotte score abnormal, Young's syndrome, Autoimmune dermatitis, Death neonatal, Pharyngeal oedema, Terminal ileitis, Anti-neuronal antibody positive, Autoimmune retinopathy, Cardiac arrest, Granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Aura, Severe acute respiratory syndrome, Autoimmune colitis, Pseudovasculitis, Hantavirus pulmonary infection, Evans syndrome, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, Peritonitis lupus, Immune-mediated myocarditis, Pruritus allergic, Cryoglobulinaemia, SARS-CoV-1 test, Tachycardia, Anti-aquaporin-4 antibody positive, Hepatic vascular resistance increased, Autoimmune neutropenia, Type 1 diabetes mellitus, Hyperbilirubinaemia, Toxic epidermal necrolysis, Multifocal motor neuropathy, Renal vasculitis, Noninfective encephalitis, Spinal artery thrombosis, Convulsion in childhood, Circulatory collapse, Hypergammaglobulinaemia benign monoclonal, Anaphylactoid shock, Herpes simplex meningitis, Systemic scleroderma, Clinically isolated syndrome, Thrombotic stroke, Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome, Thrombosis, Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, Peripheral ischaemia, Birdshot chorioretinopathy, Embolism venous, Gastrointestinal amyloidosis, Anti-GAD antibody positive, Marchiafava-Bignami disease, Eczema herpeticum, Ulcerative keratitis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Dermatitis herpetiformis, Perihepatic discomfort, Demyelination, SARS-CoV-2 test negative, Thrombophlebitis neonatal, Portal pyaemia, Anti-SRP antibody positive, Glomerulonephritis rapidly progressive, AST/ALT ratio abnormal, Benign familial neonatal convulsions, Pneumonia necrotising, Pneumonia, Benign rolandic epilepsy, Pre-eclampsia, Thromboplastin antibody positive, Retinal vascular thrombosis, Rheumatoid nodule, Allergic oedema, Respiratory failure, Glomerulonephritis membranoproliferative, Inflammation, CSF oligoclonal band present, Complement factor abnormal, Hypoalbuminaemia, Pulmonary amyloidosis, Urobilinogen urine increased, Chronic respiratory failure, Autoimmune neuropathy, Retinopathy, Herpes simplex visceral, Autoimmune aplastic anaemia, Immune-mediated pneumonitis, Anti-ganglioside antibody positive, Post viral fatigue syndrome, Spondylitis, VIth nerve paresis, Leukopenia, Change in seizure presentation, Arterial bypass thrombosis, Total bile acids increased, Retinal artery occlusion, Anti-actin antibody positive, Arteriovenous fistula thrombosis, Penile vein thrombosis, Lambl's excrescences, Meningitis herpes, Endocrine ophthalmopathy, Antigliadin antibody positive, Administration site vasculitis, Morvan syndrome, Endotracheal intubation, De novo purine synthesis inhibitors associated acute inflammatory syndrome, Oesophageal achalasia, Tonic posturing, Renal artery thrombosis, Lung abscess, Cranial nerve paralysis, Pneumonia respiratory syncytial viral, Autoimmune disorder, Panencephalitis, Gastritis herpes, Urticarial vasculitis, Autoimmune pericarditis, Acute encephalitis with refractory, repetitive partial seizures, Splenic embolism, Mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase increased, Embolic cerebellar infarction, Schizencephaly, Peritoneal fluid protein decreased, Tongue amyloidosis, Immune-mediated myositis, Haemorrhagic vasculitis, Corpus callosotomy, Chillblains, Cerebral arteritis, Meningoencephalitis herpetic, Stillbirth, Infected vasculitis, Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody positive, Subclavian artery thrombosis, Cerebral amyloid angiopathy, SARS-CoV-2 antibody test, Lichen sclerosus, Pruritus, Amyloid arthropathy, Varicella zoster virus infection, XIth nerve paralysis, Mouth swelling, Herpes zoster, SARS-CoV-1 test negative, Trigeminal neuralgia, Hepatosplenomegaly, SARS-CoV-2 test, Lower respiratory tract herpes infection, Lupus pneumonitis, Catheter site vasculitis, Hepatic mass, Moyamoya disease, Palindromic rheumatism, SARS-CoV-2 viraemia, Aortic thrombosis, Herpes simplex otitis externa, Neutropenic sepsis, Anti-vimentin antibody positive, Paracancerous pneumonia, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Acoustic neuritis, Oedema, Double cortex syndrome, Metapneumovirus infection, Respiratory paralysis, Rheumatoid factor quantitative increased, Application site vasculitis, Migraine-triggered seizure, Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged-red fibres, Pemphigus, Herpes simplex encephalitis, Oral herpes, Respiratory arrest, Suspected COVID19, Bickerstaff's encephalitis, Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, Anti-NMDA antibody positive, Alanine aminotransferase increased, Hoigne's syndrome, Acute haemorrhagic oedema of infancy, Immune-mediated hepatitis, Rheumatic brain disease, Neonatal lupus erythematosus, Lhermitte's sign, Myocardial infarction, Myasthenia gravis neonatal, Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis, Enterocolitis, Congenital varicella infection, Drug withdrawal convulsions, Renal amyloidosis, Guanase increased, Myocarditis, Molybdenum cofactor deficiency, Scleroderma-like reaction, Autoimmune blistering disease, Pyostomatitis vegetans, Anti-insulin antibody increased, Chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids, Sudden unexplained death in epilepsy, Kayser-Fleischer ring, Peripheral vein thrombus extension, Coronary artery thrombosis, Type I hypersensitivity, Neonatal mucocutaneous herpes simplex, Aspartate-glutamate-transporter deficiency, Medical device site vasculitis, Periorbital swelling, Nodular vasculitis, Cerebrovascular accident, Vascular purpura, Hypogammaglobulinaemia, Varicella post vaccine, Tonic clonic movements, Generalised tonic-clonic seizure, Arterial thrombosis, Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody positive, Parietal cell antibody positive, Vessel puncture site thrombosis, Portosplenomesenteric venous thrombosis, Glutamate dehydrogenase increased, Acute myocardial infarction, Pulmonary artery thrombosis, Thrombophlebitis superficial, Irregular breathing, Tumefactive multiple sclerosis, Liver function test abnormal, Embolic pneumonia, Autoimmune cholangitis, Polymyalgia rheumatica, Product availability issue, Tracheobronchitis, Chronic fatigue syndrome, Leukoencephalopathy, Herpes zoster meningomyelitis, Acute respiratory failure, Shock symptom, Facial paresis, Rash erythematous, Venous recanalisation, Miliary pneumonia, Cardio-respiratory arrest, Parainfluenzae viral laryngotracheobronchitis, Hepatic vein embolism, Ophthalmic artery thrombosis, Injection site thrombosis, Spontaneous heparin-induced thrombocytopenia syndrome, SARS-CoV-2 antibody test positive, Scleroderma renal crisis, Ketosisprone diabetes mellitus, Autoimmune demyelinating disease, Splenic vein thrombosis, Neutropenic colitis, Aspartate aminotransferase increased, Pneumonia mycoplasmal, Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis, Antiphospholipid antibodies positive, Human herpesvirus 6 encephalitis, Antisynthetase syndrome, Intracardiac thrombus, Basilar artery thrombosis, Anti-sperm antibody positive, Mesenteric vein thrombosis, Herpes simplex reactivation, Infusion site vasculitis, Haemolytic anaemia, Mononeuropathy multiplex, Cardiopulmonary failure, Autoimmune arthritis, Device embolisation, Laryngeal rheumatoid arthritis, Ageusia, Acute flaccid myelitis, Colitis, Aortitis, Oedema blister, Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Lupoid hepatic cirrhosis, Tuberous sclerosis complex, Multiple subpial transection, Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, Congenital anomaly, Ataxia, Dyspnoea, Myelitis, MERS-CoV test, Administration site thrombosis, Psoriasis, Cardiolipin antibody positive, Herpes gestationis, Polymicrogyria, Chronic autoimmune glomerulonephritis, Antiviral prophylaxis, Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus, Thrombophlebitis, Lupus pancreatitis, Ammonia increased, Aseptic cavernous sinus thrombosis, Focal cortical resection, Blood pressure decreased, Vasculitic rash, Haemorrhagic pneumonia, Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, Infantile genetic agranulocytosis, Disseminated neonatal herpes simplex, Collagen disorder, Deep vein thrombosis postoperative, Foaming at mouth, Coronary bypass thrombosis, Ankylosing spondylitis, COVID-19 immunisation, Aspartate aminotransferase abnormal, IPEX syndrome, Foreign body embolism, Encephalopathy, Lupus endocarditis, Palpable purpura, Haemorrhagic disorder, Galactose elimination capacity test abnormal, Alveolar proteinosis, Vascular graft thrombosis, Choking sensation, Herpes virus infection, Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type I, Ammonia abnormal, Carotid arterial embolus, Benign ethnic neutropenia, Amyloidosis, Myocarditis post infection, Acquired epidermolysis bullosa, Meningoencephalitis herpes simplex neonatal, Neuritis, Post thrombotic retinopathy, Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, Herpetic radiculopathy, Dermatitis, Implant site thrombosis, Immune-mediated neuropathy, Anaphylactoid syndrome of pregnancy, Urticaria, Polyglandular disorder, Cranial nerve palsies multiple, Immune-mediated thyroiditis, Still's disease, Pneumonia influenzal, Retroperitoneal fibrosis, Eye swelling, Cardiogenic shock, Herpes zoster pharyngitis, Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positive vasculitis, Lupus hepatitis, Intrinsic factor antibody positive, Autoimmune hyperlipidaemia, Embolic stroke, Bronchitis, Hypertransaminasaemia, Meningitis aseptic, Alloimmune hepatitis, Encephalitis haemorrhagic, Bronchitis viral, Post thrombotic syndrome, Anaphylactic transfusion reaction, Antinuclear antibody positive, Retinal vein occlusion, Eye pruritus, Myositis, SARS-CoV-2 sepsis, Wheezing, Glomerulonephritis membranous, SARSCoV-2 test positive, Arteritis coronary, Occupational exposure to communicable disease, Patient isolation, Autoimmune lung disease, Hepatic fibrosis marker increased, Noninfectious myelitis, Paraneoplastic dermatomyositis, Thrombophlebitis migrans, Myasthenia gravis crisis, Brain stem embolism, Susac's syndrome, Galactose elimination capacity test decreased, Periorbital oedema, Insulin autoimmune syndrome, Drop attacks, Eosinopenia, Computerised tomogram liver abnormal, Varicella zoster gastritis, Disseminated varicella zoster virus infection, Respiratory syncytial virus bronchitis, Immune-mediated nephritis, Pulmonary sepsis, Hepatic function abnormal, Cardiac failure acute, Warm type haemolytic anaemia, Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, Polyneuropathy idiopathic progressive, Linear IgA disease, Oedema mouth, Grey matter heterotopia, Rheumatoid factor positive, SARS-CoV-2 antibody test negative, Systemic sclerosis pulmonary, Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease, Anti-interferon antibody positive, Encephalitis allergic, Rheumatoid vasculitis, Hypersensitivity, Varicella zoster pneumonia, Epilepsy surgery, Idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia, COVID-19 pneumonia, Antiinsulin receptor antibody positive, Papillophlebitis, SLE arthritis, Aortic embolus, Acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy, Rasmussen encephalitis, Stoma site vasculitis, Autoimmune thyroiditis, Juvenile psoriatic arthritis, Neuromyelitis optica pseudo relapse, Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, CDKL5 deficiency disorder, Undifferentiated connective tissue disease, IVth nerve paralysis, Progressive facial hemiatrophy, Postpericardiotomy syndrome, MERS-CoV test positive, Nasal herpes, Microscopic polyangiitis, Hypersensitivity vasculitis, Paradoxical embolism, Lower respiratory tract infection viral, Saccadic eye movement, AST to platelet ratio index increased, Post procedural pneumonia, Renal vein embolism, Laryngospasm, Acute respiratory distress syndrome, HenochSchonlein purpura nephritis, Acute macular outer retinopathy, Necrotising herpetic retinopathy, Blood cholinesterase abnormal, Postictal state, Lupus cystitis, Pneumonia parainfluenzae viral, Proctitis ulcerative, Thrombocytopenia, Alopecia areata, Immune-mediated enterocolitis, Autoimmune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Ocular vasculitis, Status epilepticus, AntiVGKC antibody positive, Postictal headache, Alanine aminotransferase abnormal, Pelvic venous thrombosis, Ophthalmic vein thrombosis, Retinal artery embolism, Multiple sclerosis relapse prophylaxis, Renal vein thrombosis, Marine Lenhart syndrome, Coronavirus infection, Liver iron concentration increased, Coronary artery embolism, Anti-thyroid antibody positive, Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus, Hypotensive crisis, Post stroke seizure, Neuralgic amyotrophy, Optic perineuritis, Paget-Schroetter syndrome, Muscular sarcoidosis, CEC syndrome, Upper airway obstruction, Lymphocytopenia neonatal, White nipple sign, Granulocytopenia neonatal, Liver sarcoidosis, IgA nephropathy, Tongue biting, Vitiligo, Autoimmune uveitis, Complement factor C3 decreased, Psoriatic arthropathy, Crohn's disease, Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, Herpes zoster reactivation, Blood pressure diastolic decreased, Microangiopathy, Anti-exosome complex antibody positive, Lupus vasculitis, Neuropathy, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa syndrome, Hypoglossal nerve paresis, Transient epileptic amnesia, Immunemediated adverse reaction, Renal failure, Enteropathic spondylitis, Hypotension, Thyroiditis, Jugular vein embolism, Hypoglossal nerve paralysis, IgM nephropathy, Complement factor decreased, Band sensation, Keratoderma blenorrhagica, Preictal state, Digital pitting scar, Pneumobilia, Acquired C1 inhibitor deficiency, Ovarian vein thrombosis, Allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis, Immunemediated gastritis, Immune-mediated hepatic disorder, Transaminases abnormal, Glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome, Device related thrombosis, Pneumonia measles, Rheumatic disorder, Febrile convulsion, Herpes oesophagitis, Autoimmune myocarditis, Idiopathic neutropenia, Radiation leukopenia, Metastatic pulmonary embolism, Nasal obstruction, Anti-muscle specific kinase antibody positive, Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, Liver scan abnormal, Hereditary angioedema with C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency, Neuritis cranial, Post procedural pulmonary embolism, Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, SARS-CoV-1 test positive, Magnetic resonance imaging liver abnormal, Tumour embolism, Postictal psychosis, Swelling, Herpes simplex virus conjunctivitis neonatal, Eosinophilic fasciitis, Pneumonia adenoviral, Lupus nephritis, Eclampsia, Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, Tongue oedema, Pulmonary sarcoidosis, Lip swelling, Hepatic enzyme decreased, JC polyomavirus test positive, Facial paralysis, Renal embolism, Optic neuritis, Herpes simplex colitis, Reactive capillary endothelial proliferation, Cerebral septic infarct, Seizure anoxic, Maternal exposure during pregnancy, Magnetic resonance proton density fat fraction measurement, Human herpesvirus 7 infection, Hyperglycaemic seizure, Myasthenia gravis, Hepatic enzyme increased, Manufacturing production issue, Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome, Herpes zoster meningoradiculitis, BuddChiari syndrome, Lymphopenia, Blood alkaline phosphatase increased, Venous thrombosis neonatal, Alcoholic seizure, Cataplexy, Anti-interferon antibody negative, Oral lichen planus, Child-Pugh-Turcotte score increased, Primary progressive multiple sclerosis, Pulmonary haemorrhage, Postoperative respiratory failure, Smooth muscle antibody positive, Myelitis transverse, Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, Temporal lobe epilepsy, Noninfective oophoritis, Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Antiribosomal P antibody positive, Herpes zoster meningoencephalitis, Colitis microscopic, Acute haemorrhagic leukoencephalitis, Pulmonary embolism, Liver iron concentration abnormal, Immune-mediated encephalopathy, Meningomyelitis herpes, Anti-prothrombin antibody positive, SAPHO syndrome, Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type II, Human herpesvirus 6 infection, Quarantine, Neonatal pneumonia, Acute motor axonal neuropathy, Chronic gastritis, Meningitis, Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, Thrombotic cerebral infarction, Hepatic lymphocytic infiltration, Erythema nodosum, Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Application site thrombosis, Vascular pseudoaneurysm thrombosis, Basedow's disease, Axonal neuropathy, Bilirubin conjugated increased, Blood cholinesterase decreased, Lupus myositis, Vena cava thrombosis, Autoimmune inner ear disease, Choking, Hepatomegaly, H ypocalcaemic seizure, IIIrd nerve paresis, Cogan's syndrome, Eosinophilic oesophagitis, Transaminases increased, Acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus, Complement factor C4 decreased, Immune-mediated cholangitis, Proctitis herpes, Thrombosis mesenteric vessel, Liver injury, Diffuse vasculitis, Anti-saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody test positive, Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, Cavernous sinus thrombosis, IIIrd nerve paralysis, Cutaneous vasculitis, Clonic convulsion, Genital herpes simplex, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, Laryngeal oedema, Autoimmune enteropathy, Generalised onset non-motor seizure, Epileptic psychosis, Immunoglobulins abnormal, CREST syndrome, Visceral venous thrombosis, Ocular myasthenia, Face oedema, Eye oedema, Erythema, Cardio-respiratory distress, Aplastic anaemia, Coronavirus test positive, Immune-mediated cholestasis, Cardiac sarcoidosis, Femoral artery embolism, Dermatitis bullous, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Anti-glycyl-tRNA synthetase antibody positive, Paraneoplastic pemphigus, Scleroderma associated digital ulcer, Portal vein flow decreased, Atypical pneumonia, Pneumonia cytomegaloviral, Pulmonary thrombosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, Enterobacter pneumonia, Throat tightness, Respiratory disorder, Alpers disease, Antimitochondrial antibody positive, Scleritis, Partial seizures, Anti-VGCC antibody positive, Cardiac amyloidosis, Chest discomfort, Circumoral oedema, Arthritis enteropathic, Limbic encephalitis, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, Blood bilirubin abnormal, Caesarean section, Asthma, Polymyositis, Atrophic thyroiditis, Stridor, Liver induration, Swollen tongue, Pericarditis lupus, Herpes simplex pharyngitis, Lupus enteritis, Instillation site thrombosis, Juvenile spondyloarthritis, Amygdalohippocampectomy, Subacute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, Umbilical cord thrombosis, Cutaneous amyloidosis, Cerebral microembolism, Thromboangiitis obliterans, Hemimegalencephaly, Hepatic artery embolism, Coombs positive haemolytic anaemia, Hepatitis, Embolism arterial, Deja vu, Cyclic neutropenia, Postoperative thrombosis, LE cells present, Biliary ascites, Anti-IA2 antibody positive, Polyneuropathy, Middle East respiratory syndrome, Pulmonary renal syndrome, Pulmonary microemboli, Hyperammonaemia, Radiologically isolated syndrome, Transverse sinus thrombosis, Multiple sclerosis, Procedural shock, Oculofacial paralysis, Diabetic ketoacidosis, Concentric sclerosis, Precerebral artery thrombosis, Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis, Anaphylactic reaction, Rash, Encephalomyelitis, POEMS syndrome, Enteritis, Urine bilirubin increased, Reversible airways obstruction, Severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy, Hypercholia, Bile output decreased, Arrhythmia, Axonal and demyelinating polyneuropathy, Venous thrombosis limb, Immune thrombocytopenia, Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody increased, Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin increased, Beta-2 glycoprotein antibody positive, Encephalitis autoimmune, Systemic lupus erythematosus rash, Myokymia, Inflammatory bowel disease, Hepatic artery thrombosis, Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, Herpes zoster meningitis, Aplasia pure red cell, Cold agglutinins positive, Stiff person syndrome, Brachiocephalic vein thrombosis, Cerebral venous thrombosis, Injection site vasculitis, Arteriovenous graft site stenosis, Mixed connective tissue disease, Cardiac ventricular thrombosis, Disseminated varicella, Hepatic enzyme abnormal, Hepatic vascular thrombosis, Interstitial lung disease, Cardiovascular insufficiency, Diabetic mastopathy, Injection site urticaria, Respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis, Genital herpes, Embolic cerebral infarction, Sensation of foreign body, Anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein associated polyneuropathy, Sarcoidosis, Immune-mediated uveitis, MAGIC syndrome, Varicella zoster oesophagitis, Autoimmune hepatitis, Autoimmune nephritis, Sjogren's syndrome, Calcium embolism, Rash pruritic, Hepatic artery flow decreased, Pulmonary tumour thrombotic microangiopathy, Polyarthritis, Endocrine disorder, Retinol binding protein decreased, Faciobrachial dystonic seizure, Mesenteric artery thrombosis, Uveitis, Intrapericardial thrombosis, Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, Toxic leukoencephalopathy, Paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection, Dialysis membrane reaction, Overlap syndrome, Herpes sepsis, Blue toe syndrome, Addison's disease, CSWS syndrome, Encephalitis post immunisation, Hepatobiliary scan abnormal, Rheumatoid scleritis, Shunt thrombosis, Arteritis, Cytokine release syndrome, Cranial nerve disorder, Rheumatoid nodule removal, 1p36 deletion syndrome, Disseminated intravascular coagulation, Vasculitic ulcer, Partial seizures with secondary generalisation, Product supply issue, Ultrasound liver abnormal, Cerebellar embolism, Occupational exposure to SARS-CoV-2, Immune-mediated cytopenia, Chronic spontaneous urticaria, Varicella zoster sepsis, Herpes simplex necrotising retinopathy, Lichen planopilaris, Swelling of eyelid, Spinal artery embolism, Uhthoff's phenomenon, Pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis, Anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein antibodies positive, Blood bilirubin unconjugated increased, Transfusion-related alloimmune neutropenia, Seizure like phenomena, Lewis-Sumner syndrome, Laryngeal dyspnoea, Renal arteritis, Frontal lobe epilepsy, IRVAN syndrome, Catheter site thrombosis, Felty's syndrome, Haemorrhagic varicella syndrome, Arthritis, Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, Anti-platelet antibody positive, Human herpesvirus 8 infection, Segmented hyalinising vasculitis, Osmotic demyelination syndrome, Liver function test decreased, Blood pressure systolic decreased, Leukopenia neonatal, X-ray hepatobiliary abnormal, Adverse event following immunisation, Portal vein thrombosis, Renal vascular thrombosis, Epileptic aura, Dreamy state, Primary amyloidosis, Intracardiac mass, Venous thrombosis, Molar ratio of total branched-chain amino acid to tyrosine, Placenta praevia, Tracheal obstruction, Bronchial oedema, Cyanosis, Retrograde portal vein flow, Collagen-vascular disease, Ocular hyperaemia, Benign familial pemphigus, Postoperative respiratory distress, Autoinflammation with infantile enterocolitis, Giant cell arteritis, Vena cava embolism, Cerebellar artery thrombosis, Rheumatoid lung, Foetal placental thrombosis, Product distribution issue, Herpes simplex meningoencephalitis, Liver function test increased, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Vasculitis necrotising, Cutaneous sarcoidosis, Anti-HLA antibody test positive, Gelastic seizure, Erythema multiforme, Scleroderma, Circumoral swelling, Glomerulonephritis, Infective thrombosis, Neuronal neuropathy, Pulmonary oil microembolism, Anti-basal ganglia antibody positive, Herpes zoster necrotising retinopathy, Eyelid oedema, Expanded disability status scale score decreased, Vertebral artery thrombosis, Mononeuritis, Axillary vein thrombosis, Atrial thrombosis, Herpes simplex oesophagitis, Exposure to SARS-CoV-2, Multiple sclerosis relapse, Radiculitis brachial, Venous thrombosis in pregnancy, Convulsive threshold lowered, Lupus pleurisy, Hashitoxicosis, Mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis, Amniotic cavity infection, Anti-insulin receptor antibody increased, COVID-19 prophylaxis, Hepatic hydrothorax, Nephritis, Satoyoshi syndrome, Oedema due to hepatic disease, Granulocytopenia, Convulsions local, Pernicious anaemia, Thrombosis in device, Subclavian artery embolism, Seizure cluster, Hepatic sequestration, Disseminated intravascular coagulation in newborn, Pemphigoid, Cutaneous lupus erythematosus, Kaposi sarcoma inflammatory cytokine syndrome, Neuropathy peripheral, Embolia cutis medicamentosa, Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type III, Polychondritis, Lafora's myoclonic epilepsy, Skin swelling, Dressler's syndrome, Deep vein thrombosis, Retinal vein thrombosis, Epidermolysis, Tumour thrombosis, Lupus myocarditis, Immune-mediated endocrinopathy, Encephalitis brain stem, Herpes simplex sepsis, MERS-CoV test negative, Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, Autoimmune eye disorder, Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index decreased, Fibromyalgia, Autoimmune endocrine disorder, Simple partial seizures, Herpes simplex cervicitis, Haemorrhagic ascites, Colitis erosive, Peritoneal fluid protein abnormal, Adrenal thrombosis, Hepatic venous pressure gradient increased, Tonic convulsion, Neonatal Crohn's disease, Pyrexia, Behcet's syndrome, Liver palpable, Autoimmune encephalopathy, Stress cardiomyopathy, Anosmia, Rheumatoid factor increased, Antiviral treatment, Lupus-like syndrome, Anaphylactoid reaction, Arteriovenous graft thrombosis, Seizure, Vasculitis, C1q nephropathy, JC virus CSF test positive, Complement factor C2 decreased, Monocytopenia, Anti-zinc transporter 8 antibody positive, Thrombocytopenic purpura, Focal dyscognitive seizures, Hypoglycaemic seizure, Tachypnoea, Marburg's variant multiple sclerosis, Coronavirus test, Amyloidosis senile, Trigeminal nerve paresis, Toxic oil syndrome, Petit mal epilepsy, Blood alkaline phosphatase abnormal, DNA antibody positive, Herpes simplex meningomyelitis, Coronary artery disease, Cerebrospinal thrombotic tamponade, Peripheral embolism, Neonatal seizure, Rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatosis, Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, Cold type haemolytic anaemia, Portal vein embolism, Asymptomatic COVID19, Encephalitis periaxialis diffusa, Immunemediated hyperthyroidism, Histone antibody positive, Exanthema subitum, Herpes simplex gastritis, Agranulocytosis, Febrile neutropenia, Oropharyngeal spasm, Erythema induratum, Lupus encephalitis, Hyperventilation, Uncinate fits, Exposure to communicable disease, Manufacturing laboratory analytical testing issue, Hyponatraemic seizure, Premature menopause, Dermatomyositis, Shrinking lung syndrome, Cement embolism, Liver opacity, Tracheobronchitis viral, Fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus, B-cell aplasia, Postictal paralysis, Cholangitis sclerosing, Herpes ophthalmic, Hepatic pain, Neonatal epileptic seizure, Progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis, Infusion site thrombosis, Model for end stage liver disease score increased, Septic pulmonary embolism, Neutropenia, Jeavons syndrome, Biopsy liver abnormal, Portal vein pressure increased, Pneumonia viral, Thrombotic microangiopathy, Prosthetic cardiac valve thrombosis, Pyoderma gangrenosum, Seizure prophylaxis, Varicella keratitis, Primary biliary cholangitis, Pulmonary venous thrombosis, Brain stem thrombosis, Infantile spasms, Leucine aminopeptidase increased, Granulomatous dermatitis, Hepatic amyloidosis, Human herpesvirus 6 infection reactivation, Oropharyngeal oedema, Anti-transglutaminase antibody increased, Hypoxia, 5'nucleotidase increased, Urobilinogen urine decreased, Central nervous system lupus, Anti-islet cell antibody positive, Angioedema, Herpes zoster cutaneous disseminated, Retinal artery thrombosis, Uterine rupture, Palisaded neutrophilic granulomatous dermatitis, Obstetrical pulmonary embolism, Medical device site thrombosis, Herpes simplex viraemia, Subclavian vein thrombosis, Liver tenderness, Herpes simplex, Autoantibody positive, Postpartum venous thrombosis, Immune-mediated pancreatitis, Enteritis leukopenic, Gamma-glutamyltransferase increased, Neuropsychiatric lupus, Automatism epileptic, Stoma site thrombosis, Venous intravasation, MELAS syndrome, GuillainBarre syndrome, Herpes zoster infection neurological, Dialysis amyloidosis, Autoimmune thyroid disorder, Tracheobronchitis mycoplasmal, Acquired epileptic aphasia, Neutropenic infection, Atypical benign partial epilepsy, Septic embolus, Coeliac disease, Fibrillary glomerulonephritis, Post stroke epilepsy, Capillaritis, Ocular pemphigoid, Demyelinating polyneuropathy, Lip oedema, Immune-mediated encephalitis, Acute kidney injury, Mesenteric artery embolism, Secondary cerebellar degeneration, SARSCoV-2 test false negative, Genital herpes zoster, Cerebral thrombosis, Immunoglobulin G4 related disease, Foetal distress syndrome, Diastolic hypotension, Testicular autoimmunity, Angiopathic neuropathy, Air embolism, Bromosulphthalein test abnormal, Gamma-glutamyltransferase abnormal, Atonic seizures, Palmoplantar keratoderma, Noninfective encephalomyelitis, Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis allergic, Post-traumatic epilepsy, Bronchospasm, Topectomy, Expanded disability status scale score increased, Blood bilirubin increased, Anti-RNA polymerase III antibody positive, Arterial bypass occlusion, Coronavirus test negative, Secondary amyloidosis, Caplan's syndrome, Diabetes mellitus, Peritoneal fluid protein increased, Biotinidase deficiency, Graft thrombosis, Foetor hepaticus, Vasa praevia, Autoimmune anaemia, Silent thyroiditis, Colitis ulcerative, Vagus nerve paralysis, Iliac artery embolism, Ocular sarcoidosis, Bacterascites, Herpes pharyngitis, Postpartum thrombosis, Juvenile polymyositis, Autoimmune pancreatitis, Relapsing multiple sclerosis, Atheroembolism, Laryngotracheal oedema, Trigeminal palsy, Hepaplastin decreased, Autoimmune myositis, Cerebral artery thrombosis, Bilirubin conjugated abnormal, Antimyocardial antibody positive, Autonomic seizure, Antiphospholipid syndrome, Bulbar palsy, IVth nerve paresis, Basophilopenia, Sympathetic ophthalmia, Hepatic hypertrophy, Thyroid disorder, Herpes zoster oticus, Epilepsy with myoclonic-atonic seizures, Subacute endocarditis, Congestive hepatopathy, GM2 gangliosidosis, Retinal vasculitis, Zika virus associated Guillain Barre syndrome. Low birth weight baby, Post procedural hypotension, Vascular stent thrombosis, Congenital myasthenic syndrome, Thrombophlebitis septic, Autoimmune hypothyroidism, Anti-erythrocyte antibody positive, Stiff leg syndrome, Lemierre syndrome, Splenic thrombosis, Inclusion body myositis, Cytokine storm, Autonomic nervous system imbalance, Central nervous system vasculitis, Kawasaki's disease, Metastatic cutaneous Crohn's disease, Autoinflammatory disease, Fat embolism, Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index increased, Hepatic vein thrombosis, Pneumonia herpes viral, Takayasu's arteritis, Arthralgia, Idiopathic generalised epilepsy, AntiGAD antibody negative, Epilepsy, Cough, Neurosarcoidosis, Congenital bilateral perisylvian syndrome, Bilirubin urine present, Autoimmune pancytopenia, Hepatic venous pressure gradient abnormal, Congenital herpes simplex infection, Ascites, Mahler sign, Paresis cranial nerve, Intracranial pressure increased, Immune-mediated renal disorder, Vaccination site thrombosis, Pulmonary vasculitis, Hypothyroidism, Mastocytic enterocolitis, Butterfly rash, Tracheal oedema, Anaphylactic shock, Oropharyngeal swelling, Pulmonary fibrosis, Reynold's syndrome, Cryofibrinogenaemia, Cardiac failure, Pancreatitis, Jugular vein thrombosis, Miller Fisher syndrome, Kounis syndrome, Morphoea, Manufacturing materials issue, Cerebral gas embolism, Sclerodactylia, Hepatic fibrosis marker abnormal, Pericarditis, Baltic myoclonic epilepsy, Paraneoplastic thrombosis, Myasthenic syndrome, Type III immune complex mediated reaction, Leukoencephalomyelitis, Urticaria papular, Hashimoto's encephalopathy, Progressive multiple sclerosis, Neuromyotonia, Disseminated varicella zoster vaccine virus infection, 2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria, Optic neuropathy, Lower respiratory tract infection, Nodular rash, Encephalitis, Hepatic hypoperfusion, Hyperthyroidism, Hypothenar hammer syndrome, COVID-19, Vaccination site vasculitis, Splenic artery thrombosis, Cough variant asthma, Herpes simplex hepatitis, Respiratory distress, Spondyloarthropathy, Vocal cord paralysis, Embolism, Glossopharyngeal nerve paralysis, Model for end stage liver disease score abnormal, Peripheral artery thrombosis, Narcolepsy, Bronchitis mycoplasmal, Antinuclear antibody increased, Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, Glycocholic acid increased, Premature labour, Herpes simplex pneumonia, Haemorrhage, Antiacetylcholine receptor antibody positive, Colitis herpes, Flushing, Carotid artery thrombosis, Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index abnormal, Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positive, Hepaplastin abnormal, Sneezing, Axial spondyloarthritis, Intrinsic factor antibody abnormal, Myoclonic epilepsy, Deficiency of bile secretion, Anti-insulin antibody positive,
How can a product with 9 pages of adverse side effects be advertised as SAFE FOR KIDS 5+
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APPENDIX 1. LIST OF ADVERSE EVENTS OF SPECIAL INTEREST 1p36 deletion syndrome;2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria;5'nucleotidase increased;Acoustic neuritis;Acquired C1 inhibitor deficiency;Acquired epidermolysis bullosa;Acquired epileptic aphasia;Acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus;Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis;Acute encephalitis with refractory, repetitive partial seizures;Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis;Acute flaccid myelitis;Acute haemorrhagic leukoencephalitis;Acute haemorrhagic oedema of infancy;Acute kidney injury;Acute macular outer retinopathy;Acute motor axonal neuropathy;Acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy;Acute myocardial infarction;Acute respiratory distress syndrome;Acute respiratory failure;Addison's disease;Administration site thrombosis;Administration site vasculitis;Adrenal thrombosis;Adverse event following immunisation;Ageusia;Agranulocytosis;Air embolism;Alanine aminotransferase abnormal;Alanine aminotransferase increased;Alcoholic seizure;Allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis;Allergic oedema;Alloimmune hepatitis;Alopecia areata;Alpers disease;Alveolar proteinosis;Ammonia abnormal;Ammonia increased;Amniotic cavity infection;Amygdalohippocampectomy;Amyloid arthropathy;Amyloidosis;Amyloidosis senile;Anaphylactic reaction;Anaphylactic shock;Anaphylactic transfusion reaction;Anaphylactoid reaction;Anaphylactoid shock;Anaphylactoid syndrome of pregnancy;Angioedema;Angiopathic neuropathy;Ankylosing spondylitis;Anosmia;Antiacetylcholine receptor antibody positive;Anti-actin antibody positive;Anti-aquaporin-4 antibody positive;Anti-basal ganglia antibody positive;Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody positive;Anti-epithelial antibody positive;Anti-erythrocyte antibody positive;Anti-exosome complex antibody positive;AntiGAD antibody negative;Anti-GAD antibody positive;Anti-ganglioside antibody positive;Antigliadin antibody positive;Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody positive;Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease;Anti-glycyl-tRNA synthetase antibody positive;Anti-HLA antibody test positive;Anti-IA2 antibody positive;Anti-insulin antibody increased;Anti-insulin antibody positive;Anti-insulin receptor antibody increased;Antiinsulin receptor antibody positive;Anti-interferon antibody negative;Anti-interferon antibody positive;Anti-islet cell antibody positive;Antimitochondrial antibody positive;Anti-muscle specific kinase antibody positive;Anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein antibodies positive;Anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein associated polyneuropathy;Antimyocardial antibody positive;Anti-neuronal antibody positive;Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody increased;Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positive;Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positive vasculitis;Anti-NMDA antibody positive;Antinuclear antibody increased;Antinuclear antibody positive;Antiphospholipid antibodies positive;Antiphospholipid syndrome;Anti-platelet antibody positive;Anti-prothrombin antibody positive;Antiribosomal P antibody positive;Anti-RNA polymerase III antibody positive;Anti-saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody test positive;Anti-sperm antibody positive;Anti-SRP antibody positive;Antisynthetase syndrome;Anti-thyroid antibody positive;Anti-transglutaminase antibody increased;Anti-VGCC antibody positive;AntiVGKC antibody positive;Anti-vimentin antibody positive;Antiviral prophylaxis;Antiviral treatment;Anti-zinc transporter 8 antibody positive;Aortic embolus;Aortic thrombosis;Aortitis;Aplasia pure red cell;Aplastic anaemia;Application site thrombosis;Application site vasculitis;Arrhythmia;Arterial bypass occlusion;Arterial bypass thrombosis;Arterial thrombosis;Arteriovenous fistula thrombosis;Arteriovenous graft site stenosis;Arteriovenous graft thrombosis;Arteritis;Arteritis
coronary;Arthralgia;Arthritis;Arthritis enteropathic;Ascites;Aseptic cavernous sinus thrombosis;Aspartate aminotransferase abnormal;Aspartate aminotransferase increased;Aspartate-glutamate-transporter deficiency;AST to platelet ratio index increased;AST/ALT ratio abnormal;Asthma;Asymptomatic COVID19;Ataxia;Atheroembolism;Atonic seizures;Atrial thrombosis;Atrophic thyroiditis;Atypical benign partial epilepsy;Atypical pneumonia;Aura;Autoantibody positive;Autoimmune anaemia;Autoimmune aplastic anaemia;Autoimmune arthritis;Autoimmune blistering disease;Autoimmune cholangitis;Autoimmune colitis;Autoimmune demyelinating disease;Autoimmune dermatitis;Autoimmune disorder;Autoimmune encephalopathy;Autoimmune endocrine disorder;Autoimmune enteropathy;Autoimmune eye disorder;Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia;Autoimmune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia;Autoimmune hepatitis;Autoimmune hyperlipidaemia;Autoimmune hypothyroidism;Autoimmune inner ear disease;Autoimmune lung disease;Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome;Autoimmune myocarditis;Autoimmune myositis;Autoimmune nephritis;Autoimmune neuropathy;Autoimmune neutropenia;Autoimmune pancreatitis;Autoimmune pancytopenia;Autoimmune pericarditis;Autoimmune retinopathy;Autoimmune thyroid disorder;Autoimmune thyroiditis;Autoimmune uveitis;Autoinflammation with infantile enterocolitis;Autoinflammatory disease;Automatism epileptic;Autonomic nervous system imbalance;Autonomic seizure;Axial spondyloarthritis;Axillary vein thrombosis;Axonal and demyelinating polyneuropathy;Axonal neuropathy;Bacterascites;Baltic myoclonic epilepsy;Band sensation;Basedow's disease;Basilar artery thrombosis;Basophilopenia;B-cell aplasia;Behcet's syndrome;Benign ethnic neutropenia;Benign familial neonatal convulsions;Benign familial pemphigus;Benign rolandic epilepsy;Beta-2 glycoprotein antibody positive;Bickerstaff's encephalitis;Bile output abnormal;Bile output decreased;Biliary ascites;Bilirubin conjugated abnormal;Bilirubin conjugated increased;Bilirubin urine present;Biopsy liver abnormal;Biotinidase deficiency;Birdshot chorioretinopathy;Blood alkaline phosphatase abnormal;Blood alkaline phosphatase increased;Blood bilirubin abnormal;Blood bilirubin increased;Blood bilirubin unconjugated increased;Blood cholinesterase abnormal;Blood cholinesterase decreased;Blood pressure decreased;Blood pressure diastolic decreased;Blood pressure systolic decreased;Blue toe syndrome;Brachiocephalic vein thrombosis;Brain stem embolism;Brain stem thrombosis;Bromosulphthalein test abnormal;Bronchial oedema;Bronchitis;Bronchitis mycoplasmal;Bronchitis viral;Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis allergic;Bronchospasm;BuddChiari syndrome;Bulbar palsy;Butterfly rash;C1q nephropathy;Caesarean section;Calcium embolism;Capillaritis;Caplan's syndrome;Cardiac amyloidosis;Cardiac arrest;Cardiac failure;Cardiac failure acute;Cardiac sarcoidosis;Cardiac ventricular thrombosis;Cardiogenic shock;Cardiolipin antibody positive;Cardiopulmonary failure;Cardio-respiratory arrest;Cardio-respiratory distress;Cardiovascular insufficiency;Carotid arterial embolus;Carotid artery thrombosis;Cataplexy;Catheter site thrombosis;Catheter site vasculitis;Cavernous sinus thrombosis;CDKL5 deficiency disorder;CEC syndrome;Cement embolism;Central nervous system lupus;Central nervous system vasculitis;Cerebellar artery thrombosis;Cerebellar embolism;Cerebral amyloid angiopathy;Cerebral arteritis;Cerebral artery embolism;Cerebral artery thrombosis;Cerebral gas embolism;Cerebral microembolism;Cerebral septic infarct;Cerebral thrombosis;Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis;Cerebral venous thrombosis;Cerebrospinal thrombotic
tamponade;Cerebrovascular accident;Change in seizure presentation;Chest discomfort;ChildPugh-Turcotte score abnormal;Child-Pugh-Turcotte score increased;Chillblains;Choking;Choking sensation;Cholangitis sclerosing;Chronic autoimmune glomerulonephritis;Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus;Chronic fatigue syndrome;Chronic gastritis;Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy;Chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids;Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis;Chronic respiratory failure;Chronic spontaneous urticaria;Circulatory collapse;Circumoral oedema;Circumoral swelling;Clinically isolated syndrome;Clonic convulsion;Coeliac disease;Cogan's syndrome;Cold agglutinins positive;Cold type haemolytic anaemia;Colitis;Colitis erosive;Colitis herpes;Colitis microscopic;Colitis ulcerative;Collagen disorder;Collagen-vascular disease;Complement factor abnormal;Complement factor C1 decreased;Complement factor C2 decreased;Complement factor C3 decreased;Complement factor C4 decreased;Complement factor decreased;Computerised tomogram liver abnormal;Concentric sclerosis;Congenital anomaly;Congenital bilateral perisylvian syndrome;Congenital herpes simplex infection;Congenital myasthenic syndrome;Congenital varicella infection;Congestive hepatopathy;Convulsion in childhood;Convulsions local;Convulsive threshold lowered;Coombs positive haemolytic anaemia;Coronary artery disease;Coronary artery embolism;Coronary artery thrombosis;Coronary bypass thrombosis;Coronavirus infection;Coronavirus test;Coronavirus test negative;Coronavirus test positive;Corpus callosotomy;Cough;Cough variant asthma;COVID-19;COVID-19 immunisation;COVID-19 pneumonia;COVID-19 prophylaxis;COVID-19 treatment;Cranial nerve disorder;Cranial nerve palsies multiple;Cranial nerve paralysis;CREST syndrome;Crohn's disease;Cryofibrinogenaemia;Cryoglobulinaemia;CSF oligoclonal band present;CSWS syndrome;Cutaneous amyloidosis;Cutaneous lupus erythematosus;Cutaneous sarcoidosis;Cutaneous vasculitis;Cyanosis;Cyclic neutropenia;Cystitis interstitial;Cytokine release syndrome;Cytokine storm;De novo purine synthesis inhibitors associated acute inflammatory syndrome;Death neonatal;Deep vein thrombosis;Deep vein thrombosis postoperative;Deficiency of bile secretion;Deja vu;Demyelinating polyneuropathy;Demyelination;Dermatitis;Dermatitis bullous;Dermatitis herpetiformis;Dermatomyositis;Device embolisation;Device related thrombosis;Diabetes mellitus;Diabetic ketoacidosis;Diabetic mastopathy;Dialysis amyloidosis;Dialysis membrane reaction;Diastolic hypotension;Diffuse vasculitis;Digital pitting scar;Disseminated intravascular coagulation;Disseminated intravascular coagulation in newborn;Disseminated neonatal herpes simplex;Disseminated varicella;Disseminated varicella zoster vaccine virus infection;Disseminated varicella zoster virus infection;DNA antibody positive;Double cortex syndrome;Double stranded DNA antibody positive;Dreamy state;Dressler's syndrome;Drop attacks;Drug withdrawal convulsions;Dyspnoea;Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy with burst-suppression;Eclampsia;Eczema herpeticum;Embolia cutis medicamentosa;Embolic cerebellar infarction;Embolic cerebral infarction;Embolic pneumonia;Embolic stroke;Embolism;Embolism arterial;Embolism venous;Encephalitis;Encephalitis allergic;Encephalitis autoimmune;Encephalitis brain stem;Encephalitis haemorrhagic;Encephalitis periaxialis diffusa;Encephalitis post immunisation;Encephalomyelitis;Encephalopathy;Endocrine disorder;Endocrine ophthalmopathy;Endotracheal intubation;Enteritis;Enteritis leukopenic;Enterobacter pneumonia;Enterocolitis;Enteropathic spondylitis;Eosinopenia;Eosinophilic
fasciitis;Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis;Eosinophilic oesophagitis;Epidermolysis;Epilepsy;Epilepsy surgery;Epilepsy with myoclonic-atonic seizures;Epileptic aura;Epileptic psychosis;Erythema;Erythema induratum;Erythema multiforme;Erythema nodosum;Evans syndrome;Exanthema subitum;Expanded disability status scale score decreased;Expanded disability status scale score increased;Exposure to communicable disease;Exposure to SARS-CoV-2;Eye oedema;Eye pruritus;Eye swelling;Eyelid oedema;Face oedema;Facial paralysis;Facial paresis;Faciobrachial dystonic seizure;Fat embolism;Febrile convulsion;Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome;Febrile neutropenia;Felty's syndrome;Femoral artery embolism;Fibrillary glomerulonephritis;Fibromyalgia;Flushing;Foaming at mouth;Focal cortical resection;Focal dyscognitive seizures;Foetal distress syndrome;Foetal placental thrombosis;Foetor hepaticus;Foreign body embolism;Frontal lobe epilepsy;Fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus;Galactose elimination capacity test abnormal;Galactose elimination capacity test decreased;Gamma-glutamyltransferase abnormal;Gamma-glutamyltransferase increased;Gastritis herpes;Gastrointestinal amyloidosis;Gelastic seizure;Generalised onset non-motor seizure;Generalised tonic-clonic seizure;Genital herpes;Genital herpes simplex;Genital herpes zoster;Giant cell arteritis;Glomerulonephritis;Glomerulonephritis membranoproliferative;Glomerulonephritis membranous;Glomerulonephritis rapidly progressive;Glossopharyngeal nerve paralysis;Glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome;Glutamate dehydrogenase increased;Glycocholic acid increased;GM2 gangliosidosis;Goodpasture's syndrome;Graft thrombosis;Granulocytopenia;Granulocytopenia neonatal;Granulomatosis with polyangiitis;Granulomatous dermatitis;Grey matter heterotopia;Guanase increased;GuillainBarre syndrome;Haemolytic anaemia;Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis;Haemorrhage;Haemorrhagic ascites;Haemorrhagic disorder;Haemorrhagic pneumonia;Haemorrhagic varicella syndrome;Haemorrhagic vasculitis;Hantavirus pulmonary infection;Hashimoto's encephalopathy;Hashitoxicosis;Hemimegalencephaly;Henoch-Schonlein purpura;HenochSchonlein purpura nephritis;Hepaplastin abnormal;Hepaplastin decreased;Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia;Hepatic amyloidosis;Hepatic artery embolism;Hepatic artery flow decreased;Hepatic artery thrombosis;Hepatic enzyme abnormal;Hepatic enzyme decreased;Hepatic enzyme increased;Hepatic fibrosis marker abnormal;Hepatic fibrosis marker increased;Hepatic function abnormal;Hepatic hydrothorax;Hepatic hypertrophy;Hepatic hypoperfusion;Hepatic lymphocytic infiltration;Hepatic mass;Hepatic pain;Hepatic sequestration;Hepatic vascular resistance increased;Hepatic vascular thrombosis;Hepatic vein embolism;Hepatic vein thrombosis;Hepatic venous pressure gradient abnormal;Hepatic venous pressure gradient increased;Hepatitis;Hepatobiliary scan abnormal;Hepatomegaly;Hepatosplenomegaly;Hereditary angioedema with C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency;Herpes dermatitis;Herpes gestationis;Herpes oesophagitis;Herpes ophthalmic;Herpes pharyngitis;Herpes sepsis;Herpes simplex;Herpes simplex cervicitis;Herpes simplex colitis;Herpes simplex encephalitis;Herpes simplex gastritis;Herpes simplex hepatitis;Herpes simplex meningitis;Herpes simplex meningoencephalitis;Herpes simplex meningomyelitis;Herpes simplex necrotising retinopathy;Herpes simplex oesophagitis;Herpes simplex otitis externa;Herpes simplex pharyngitis;Herpes simplex pneumonia;Herpes simplex reactivation;Herpes simplex sepsis;Herpes simplex viraemia;Herpes simplex virus conjunctivitis neonatal;Herpes simplex visceral;Herpes virus
infection;Herpes zoster;Herpes zoster cutaneous disseminated;Herpes zoster infection neurological;Herpes zoster meningitis;Herpes zoster meningoencephalitis;Herpes zoster meningomyelitis;Herpes zoster meningoradiculitis;Herpes zoster necrotising retinopathy;Herpes zoster oticus;Herpes zoster pharyngitis;Herpes zoster reactivation;Herpetic radiculopathy;Histone antibody positive;Hoigne's syndrome;Human herpesvirus 6 encephalitis;Human herpesvirus 6 infection;Human herpesvirus 6 infection reactivation;Human herpesvirus 7 infection;Human herpesvirus 8 infection;Hyperammonaemia;Hyperbilirubinaemia;Hypercholia;Hypergammaglobulinaemia benign monoclonal;Hyperglycaemic seizure;Hypersensitivity;Hypersensitivity vasculitis;Hyperthyroidism;Hypertransaminasaemia;Hyperventilation;Hypoalbuminaemia;H ypocalcaemic seizure;Hypogammaglobulinaemia;Hypoglossal nerve paralysis;Hypoglossal nerve paresis;Hypoglycaemic seizure;Hyponatraemic seizure;Hypotension;Hypotensive crisis;Hypothenar hammer syndrome;Hypothyroidism;Hypoxia;Idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia;Idiopathic generalised epilepsy;Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia;Idiopathic neutropenia;Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis;IgA nephropathy;IgM nephropathy;IIIrd nerve paralysis;IIIrd nerve paresis;Iliac artery embolism;Immune thrombocytopenia;Immunemediated adverse reaction;Immune-mediated cholangitis;Immune-mediated cholestasis;Immune-mediated cytopenia;Immune-mediated encephalitis;Immune-mediated encephalopathy;Immune-mediated endocrinopathy;Immune-mediated enterocolitis;Immunemediated gastritis;Immune-mediated hepatic disorder;Immune-mediated hepatitis;Immunemediated hyperthyroidism;Immune-mediated hypothyroidism;Immune-mediated myocarditis;Immune-mediated myositis;Immune-mediated nephritis;Immune-mediated neuropathy;Immune-mediated pancreatitis;Immune-mediated pneumonitis;Immune-mediated renal disorder;Immune-mediated thyroiditis;Immune-mediated uveitis;Immunoglobulin G4 related disease;Immunoglobulins abnormal;Implant site thrombosis;Inclusion body myositis;Infantile genetic agranulocytosis;Infantile spasms;Infected vasculitis;Infective thrombosis;Inflammation;Inflammatory bowel disease;Infusion site thrombosis;Infusion site vasculitis;Injection site thrombosis;Injection site urticaria;Injection site vasculitis;Instillation site thrombosis;Insulin autoimmune syndrome;Interstitial granulomatous dermatitis;Interstitial lung disease;Intracardiac mass;Intracardiac thrombus;Intracranial pressure increased;Intrapericardial thrombosis;Intrinsic factor antibody abnormal;Intrinsic factor antibody positive;IPEX syndrome;Irregular breathing;IRVAN syndrome;IVth nerve paralysis;IVth nerve paresis;JC polyomavirus test positive;JC virus CSF test positive;Jeavons syndrome;Jugular vein embolism;Jugular vein thrombosis;Juvenile idiopathic arthritis;Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy;Juvenile polymyositis;Juvenile psoriatic arthritis;Juvenile spondyloarthritis;Kaposi sarcoma inflammatory cytokine syndrome;Kawasaki's disease;Kayser-Fleischer ring;Keratoderma blenorrhagica;Ketosisprone diabetes mellitus;Kounis syndrome;Lafora's myoclonic epilepsy;Lambl's excrescences;Laryngeal dyspnoea;Laryngeal oedema;Laryngeal rheumatoid arthritis;Laryngospasm;Laryngotracheal oedema;Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults;LE cells present;Lemierre syndrome;Lennox-Gastaut syndrome;Leucine aminopeptidase increased;Leukoencephalomyelitis;Leukoencephalopathy;Leukopenia;Leukopenia neonatal;Lewis-Sumner syndrome;Lhermitte's sign;Lichen planopilaris;Lichen planus;Lichen sclerosus;Limbic encephalitis;Linear IgA disease;Lip oedema;Lip swelling;Liver function test abnormal;Liver function test decreased;Liver function test increased;Liver induration;Liver injury;Liver iron concentration abnormal;Liver iron concentration
increased;Liver opacity;Liver palpable;Liver sarcoidosis;Liver scan abnormal;Liver tenderness;Low birth weight baby;Lower respiratory tract herpes infection;Lower respiratory tract infection;Lower respiratory tract infection viral;Lung abscess;Lupoid hepatic cirrhosis;Lupus cystitis;Lupus encephalitis;Lupus endocarditis;Lupus enteritis;Lupus hepatitis;Lupus myocarditis;Lupus myositis;Lupus nephritis;Lupus pancreatitis;Lupus pleurisy;Lupus pneumonitis;Lupus vasculitis;Lupus-like syndrome;Lymphocytic hypophysitis;Lymphocytopenia neonatal;Lymphopenia;MAGIC syndrome;Magnetic resonance imaging liver abnormal;Magnetic resonance proton density fat fraction measurement;Mahler sign;Manufacturing laboratory analytical testing issue;Manufacturing materials issue;Manufacturing production issue;Marburg's variant multiple sclerosis;Marchiafava-Bignami disease;Marine Lenhart syndrome;Mastocytic enterocolitis;Maternal exposure during pregnancy;Medical device site thrombosis;Medical device site vasculitis;MELAS syndrome;Meningitis;Meningitis aseptic;Meningitis herpes;Meningoencephalitis herpes simplex neonatal;Meningoencephalitis herpetic;Meningomyelitis herpes;MERS-CoV test;MERS-CoV test negative;MERS-CoV test positive;Mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis;Mesenteric artery embolism;Mesenteric artery thrombosis;Mesenteric vein thrombosis;Metapneumovirus infection;Metastatic cutaneous Crohn's disease;Metastatic pulmonary embolism;Microangiopathy;Microembolism;Microscopic polyangiitis;Middle East respiratory syndrome;Migraine-triggered seizure;Miliary pneumonia;Miller Fisher syndrome;Mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase increased;Mixed connective tissue disease;Model for end stage liver disease score abnormal;Model for end stage liver disease score increased;Molar ratio of total branched-chain amino acid to tyrosine;Molybdenum cofactor deficiency;Monocytopenia;Mononeuritis;Mononeuropathy multiplex;Morphoea;Morvan syndrome;Mouth swelling;Moyamoya disease;Multifocal motor neuropathy;Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome;Multiple sclerosis;Multiple sclerosis relapse;Multiple sclerosis relapse prophylaxis;Multiple subpial transection;Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children;Muscular sarcoidosis;Myasthenia gravis;Myasthenia gravis crisis;Myasthenia gravis neonatal;Myasthenic syndrome;Myelitis;Myelitis transverse;Myocardial infarction;Myocarditis;Myocarditis post infection;Myoclonic epilepsy;Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged-red fibres;Myokymia;Myositis;Narcolepsy;Nasal herpes;Nasal obstruction;Necrotising herpetic retinopathy;Neonatal Crohn's disease;Neonatal epileptic seizure;Neonatal lupus erythematosus;Neonatal mucocutaneous herpes simplex;Neonatal pneumonia;Neonatal seizure;Nephritis;Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis;Neuralgic amyotrophy;Neuritis;Neuritis cranial;Neuromyelitis optica pseudo relapse;Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder;Neuromyotonia;Neuronal neuropathy;Neuropathy peripheral;Neuropathy, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa syndrome;Neuropsychiatric lupus;Neurosarcoidosis;Neutropenia;Neutropenia neonatal;Neutropenic colitis;Neutropenic infection;Neutropenic sepsis;Nodular rash;Nodular vasculitis;Noninfectious myelitis;Noninfective encephalitis;Noninfective encephalomyelitis;Noninfective oophoritis;Obstetrical pulmonary embolism;Occupational exposure to communicable disease;Occupational exposure to SARS-CoV-2;Ocular hyperaemia;Ocular myasthenia;Ocular pemphigoid;Ocular sarcoidosis;Ocular vasculitis;Oculofacial paralysis;Oedema;Oedema blister;Oedema due to hepatic disease;Oedema mouth;Oesophageal achalasia;Ophthalmic artery thrombosis;Ophthalmic herpes simplex;Ophthalmic herpes zoster;Ophthalmic vein thrombosis;Optic neuritis;Optic
neuropathy;Optic perineuritis;Oral herpes;Oral lichen planus;Oropharyngeal oedema;Oropharyngeal spasm;Oropharyngeal swelling;Osmotic demyelination syndrome;Ovarian vein thrombosis;Overlap syndrome;Paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection;Paget-Schroetter syndrome;Palindromic rheumatism;Palisaded neutrophilic granulomatous dermatitis;Palmoplantar keratoderma;Palpable purpura;Pancreatitis;Panencephalitis;Papillophlebitis;Paracancerous pneumonia;Paradoxical embolism;Parainfluenzae viral laryngotracheobronchitis;Paraneoplastic dermatomyositis;Paraneoplastic pemphigus;Paraneoplastic thrombosis;Paresis cranial nerve;Parietal cell antibody positive;Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria;Partial seizures;Partial seizures with secondary generalisation;Patient isolation;Pelvic venous thrombosis;Pemphigoid;Pemphigus;Penile vein thrombosis;Pericarditis;Pericarditis lupus;Perihepatic discomfort;Periorbital oedema;Periorbital swelling;Peripheral artery thrombosis;Peripheral embolism;Peripheral ischaemia;Peripheral vein thrombus extension;Periportal oedema;Peritoneal fluid protein abnormal;Peritoneal fluid protein decreased;Peritoneal fluid protein increased;Peritonitis lupus;Pernicious anaemia;Petit mal epilepsy;Pharyngeal oedema;Pharyngeal swelling;Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta;Placenta praevia;Pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis;Pneumobilia;Pneumonia;Pneumonia adenoviral;Pneumonia cytomegaloviral;Pneumonia herpes viral;Pneumonia influenzal;Pneumonia measles;Pneumonia mycoplasmal;Pneumonia necrotising;Pneumonia parainfluenzae viral;Pneumonia respiratory syncytial viral;Pneumonia viral;POEMS syndrome;Polyarteritis nodosa;Polyarthritis;Polychondritis;Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type I;Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type II;Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type III;Polyglandular disorder;Polymicrogyria;Polymyalgia rheumatica;Polymyositis;Polyneuropathy;Polyneuropathy idiopathic progressive;Portal pyaemia;Portal vein embolism;Portal vein flow decreased;Portal vein pressure increased;Portal vein thrombosis;Portosplenomesenteric venous thrombosis;Post procedural hypotension;Post procedural pneumonia;Post procedural pulmonary embolism;Post stroke epilepsy;Post stroke seizure;Post thrombotic retinopathy;Post thrombotic syndrome;Post viral fatigue syndrome;Postictal headache;Postictal paralysis;Postictal psychosis;Postictal state;Postoperative respiratory distress;Postoperative respiratory failure;Postoperative thrombosis;Postpartum thrombosis;Postpartum venous thrombosis;Postpericardiotomy syndrome;Post-traumatic epilepsy;Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome;Precerebral artery thrombosis;Pre-eclampsia;Preictal state;Premature labour;Premature menopause;Primary amyloidosis;Primary biliary cholangitis;Primary progressive multiple sclerosis;Procedural shock;Proctitis herpes;Proctitis ulcerative;Product availability issue;Product distribution issue;Product supply issue;Progressive facial hemiatrophy;Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy;Progressive multiple sclerosis;Progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis;Prosthetic cardiac valve thrombosis;Pruritus;Pruritus allergic;Pseudovasculitis;Psoriasis;Psoriatic arthropathy;Pulmonary amyloidosis;Pulmonary artery thrombosis;Pulmonary embolism;Pulmonary fibrosis;Pulmonary haemorrhage;Pulmonary microemboli;Pulmonary oil microembolism;Pulmonary renal syndrome;Pulmonary sarcoidosis;Pulmonary sepsis;Pulmonary thrombosis;Pulmonary tumour thrombotic microangiopathy;Pulmonary vasculitis;Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease;Pulmonary venous thrombosis;Pyoderma gangrenosum;Pyostomatitis vegetans;Pyrexia;Quarantine;Radiation leukopenia;Radiculitis
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neonatal;Thrombophlebitis septic;Thrombophlebitis superficial;Thromboplastin antibody positive;Thrombosis;Thrombosis corpora cavernosa;Thrombosis in device;Thrombosis mesenteric vessel;Thrombotic cerebral infarction;Thrombotic microangiopathy;Thrombotic stroke;Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura;Thyroid disorder;Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin increased;Thyroiditis;Tongue amyloidosis;Tongue biting;Tongue oedema;Tonic clonic movements;Tonic convulsion;Tonic posturing;Topectomy;Total bile acids increased;Toxic epidermal necrolysis;Toxic leukoencephalopathy;Toxic oil syndrome;Tracheal obstruction;Tracheal oedema;Tracheobronchitis;Tracheobronchitis mycoplasmal;Tracheobronchitis viral;Transaminases abnormal;Transaminases increased;Transfusion-related alloimmune neutropenia;Transient epileptic amnesia;Transverse sinus thrombosis;Trigeminal nerve paresis;Trigeminal neuralgia;Trigeminal palsy;Truncus coeliacus thrombosis;Tuberous sclerosis complex;Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome;Tumefactive multiple sclerosis;Tumour embolism;Tumour thrombosis;Type 1 diabetes mellitus;Type I hypersensitivity;Type III immune complex mediated reaction;Uhthoff's phenomenon;Ulcerative keratitis;Ultrasound liver abnormal;Umbilical cord thrombosis;Uncinate fits;Undifferentiated connective tissue disease;Upper airway obstruction;Urine bilirubin increased;Urobilinogen urine decreased;Urobilinogen urine increased;Urticaria;Urticaria papular;Urticarial vasculitis;Uterine rupture;Uveitis;Vaccination site thrombosis;Vaccination site vasculitis;Vagus nerve paralysis;Varicella;Varicella keratitis;Varicella post vaccine;Varicella zoster gastritis;Varicella zoster oesophagitis;Varicella zoster pneumonia;Varicella zoster sepsis;Varicella zoster virus infection;Vasa praevia;Vascular graft thrombosis;Vascular pseudoaneurysm thrombosis;Vascular purpura;Vascular stent thrombosis;Vasculitic rash;Vasculitic ulcer;Vasculitis;Vasculitis gastrointestinal;Vasculitis necrotising;Vena cava embolism;Vena cava thrombosis;Venous intravasation;Venous recanalisation;Venous thrombosis;Venous thrombosis in pregnancy;Venous thrombosis limb;Venous thrombosis neonatal;Vertebral artery thrombosis;Vessel puncture site thrombosis;Visceral venous thrombosis;VIth nerve paralysis;VIth nerve paresis;Vitiligo;Vocal cord paralysis;Vocal cord paresis;Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease;Warm type haemolytic anaemia;Wheezing;White nipple sign;XIth nerve paralysis;X-ray hepatobiliary abnormal;Young's syndrome;Zika virus associated Guillain Barre syndrome.
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Disclaimer: All Information on this page is for informational purposes only and should not be used to diagnose or treat any disease. Please follow the advice of your medical provider if currently taking antibiotics.
Are you wondering if antibiotics are the best treatment option for Lyme disease?
Antibiotics are the leading therapy option for most infections, but Lyme disease is difficult to diagnose, often missed entirely, or is confused with other conditions due to the conflicting symptoms.
Often, antibiotics aren’t an effective treatment for Lyme & tick-borne illness, and in some cases can make patients worse. After all, treating a complex infection that can consist of multiple pathogens, bacteria, and viruses, and is different with every tick bite, isn’t a simple matter.
According to the New England Journal of Medicine, approximately 10 to 20 percent of people treated with the recommended antibiotics for Lyme disease still have persisting symptoms after they complete treatment.
For many, an integrative approach to healing may prove to be a better alternative.
There is a lot of information out there, but learning about the best treatment options available to you doesn’t have to be difficult.
This guide will walk you through the common antibiotics used in the treatment of Lyme disease, the applications and side effects, plus alternative options to choose from.
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Why Antibiotics Are Usually the Go-To Treatment
Lyme & tick-borne disease is caused by bacterial pathogens that invade the body, which can cause a multitude of possible co-infections, and make diagnosis and treatment difficult.
Antibiotics are usually the first line of defense for chronic Lyme disease due to its similarities to other conditions, for which antibiotics are usually effective. This can lead to misdiagnosis. Many medical professionals unfamiliar with the complexities of Lyme & tick borne disease strictly treat chronic Lyme disease symptoms with antibiotics rather than explore other treatments.
Although some treatment methods differ between cultures, demand for antibiotics in the United States also tends to be higher while some countries, such as Germany, use antibiotic treatment as a last resort.
Are Antibiotics Effective in the Treatment of Lyme Disease?
Antibiotic intervention has been effective at the early stages or with acute infections, however, there are no guarantee when it comes to successful treatment and many cases are past the point where antibiotics have a significant effect, especially for those with persistent symptoms.
Lyme and tick-borne illness is caused by opportunistic bacteria that know how to adapt and trick the immune system to stay active inside the body, by using biofilms or other means of defense, they can outsmart antibiotics in many cases.
Some studies have found that while you may experience some subjective improvement while on antibiotics, the symptoms often return after the treatment stops.
When the pathogen survives this treatment, it can become resistant to most antibiotics as well, making that treatment modality ineffective. According to research, some patients exhibited symptoms for an extended period and had received multiple courses of antibiotics without significant improvement.
Long-term antibiotic therapy has been deemed ineffective, and in fact, most medical authorities advise against long-term antibiotic treatment for Lyme Disease for this reason.
Another common reason antibiotics can be ineffective is because patients don’t take them according to their physicians recommendations.
What Antibiotics are Used to Treat Lyme Disease?
There are several common antibiotics used in the treatment of Lyme disease. Some can’t be used in certain cases – pregnancy, children or allergies – but the table below includes the antibiotics, purpose, dosage, and duration for adults.
Antibiotic
Purpose
Doxycycline
Stops the growth of bacteria – not for viral infections. This antibiotic is not used with young children or pregnant women (due to the damaging effects on the fetus).
Amoxicillin
A penicillin-type antibiotic that stops the growth of bacteria – not for viral infections. Can be used with children or pregnant women.
Cefuroxime axetil (Ceftin)
Stops the growth of a wide variety of bacterial infections and is commonly used to prevent infection from certain surgeries. Can be used with children or pregnant women who are allergic to amoxicillin.
Azithromycin (Zithromax)
Commonly known as a Z-Pak. The once per day dosage usually makes it easier for patients to remember to take it. Stops a wide variety of bacterial infections and is sometimes used as a penicillin alternative for those who are allergic to penicillin. It can also be used with children.
Ceftriaxone (Rocephin)
A highly potent antibiotic administered via injection to treat serious bacterial infections. Preferred choice for neurologic Lyme disease.
Cefotaxime (Claforan)
A recommended alternative to Ceftriaxone (Rocephin) for Lyme disease with acute neurological disease, for patients with Lyme carditis or late manifestations of Lyme disease. Administered intravenously.
Source: https://www.pdr.net
Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12042561
Lyme Disease Antibiotic Treatment Guide for Adults
These regimens are guidelines only and may need to be adjusted depending on a person’s age, medical history, underlying health conditions, pregnancy status, allergies or advances in medicine. Treatments are listed in order of most to least preferred.
The information below is not intended to diagnose or treat any disease, please follow the professional advice of a qualified physician.
Stage of Lyme Disease
Antibiotic Type/Dosage/Duration
Prevention of Lyme Disease
Doxycycline – 200 mg dose
Early Localized
(Erythema migrans)
Doxycycline – 100 mg dose orally twice per day – 10-21 Days
Or
Amoxicillin – 500 mg dose orally three times per day – 14-21 Days
Or
Cefuroxime axetil (Ceftin) – 500 mg dose orally twice per day – 14-21 Days
Or
Azithromycin (Zithromax) – 500 mg dose orally once per day – 7-10 Days
Early Disseminated
(Cardiac or Neurologic)
Ceftriaxone (Rocephin) – 2 g dose intravenously per day – 14-21 Days
Or
Ceftriaxone (Claforan) – 2 g dose intravenously every 8 hours – 14-21 Days
Or
Doxycycline – 200-400 mg dose orally in two divided doses per day – 10-28 Days
Late Stage
(Arthritis or Neurologic)
Same oral antibiotics used for erythema migrans
Or
Same intravenous antibiotics used for early disseminated disease
Source: https://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/0601/hi-res/afp20120601p1086-t4.gif
Treating Children with Antibiotics
A typical treatment for children less than 8 years old would include oral amoxicillin three times a day. If the child is allergic to that antibiotic, cefuroxime axetil would take its place, but only twice a day. Children over 8 years old would take doxycycline twice daily for the same duration of time, and anyone allergic to it would receive amoxicillin or cefuroxime axetil instead.
Treatments usually last 2-4 weeks.
Treating Pregnant Women with Antibiotics
According to the CDC, no life-threatening effects on the fetus have been found in cases when the mother receives antibiotic treatment, however, most physicians will change the normal treatment of doxycycline to amoxicillin, since doxycycline can affect fetal development.
Typical treatment for pregnant women with Lyme disease includes:
Oral amoxicillin
500 mg
Three times a day for 2-3 weeks.
Allergies to amoxicillin can change the treatment to 500 mg of cefuroxime axetil twice a day.
If you’re pregnant or if it’s a possibility, inform your doctor before any treatment.
Can Antibiotics Make Lyme Disease Symptoms Worse?
For some patients, lyme disease symptoms worsen for the first few days on an antibiotic, which occurs because the antibiotics start to kill the bacteria. For others, antibiotics have made their condition worse overall.
This is not to say there is not a place for antibiotics in the treatment of Lyme & tick-borne illness, but rather that we should take a look at the potential repercussions of antibiotic treatment, and consider the treatment preferences of the patient.
All antibiotics and medicines have side effects, so make sure you understand what common side effects you may experience. If you’re having persistent symptoms or are concerned about those you’re experiencing, contact your doctor immediately.
Common Lyme Disease Antibiotic Treatment Side Effects
Any antibiotics for Lyme disease can cause skin rashes, fever or diarrhea, while IV antibiotics can cause a low white blood cell count, and affect gut health. Some antibiotics create colonization or bacterial overgrowth with other antibiotic-resistant organisms unrelated to Lyme because antibiotics kill the good bacteria in our gut along with the bad.
It may be beneficial to use probiotics to restore the good bacteria and balance gut health, but make sure you speak with your doctor before taking anything.
Antibiotic
Potential Side Effects
Doxycycline Side Effects
Headache
Stomach discomfort
Flu-like symptoms
Diarrhea
Nausea and vomiting
Swelling/rash
Teeth discoloration, sensitivity, ache, etc.
Amoxicillin Side Effects
Allergic reactions like skin rash, itching or hives, swelling of the face, lips, or tongue
Breathing problems
Dark urine
Redness, blistering, peeling or loosening of the skin, including inside the mouth
Diarrhea
Stomach upset
Headache
Dizziness
Trouble sleeping
Seizures
Unusually weak or tired
Unusual bleeding or bruising
Yellowing of the eyes or skin
Trouble passing urine, or a decrease in the quantity of urine
Ceftriaxone Side Effects
Injection site reactions (swelling, redness, pain, a hard lump, or soreness)
Loss of appetite
Nausea
Vomiting
Upset stomach
Diarrhea
Headache
Dizziness
Overactive reflexes
Pain or swelling in your tongue
Sweating
Vaginal itching or discharge
Azithromycin Side Effects
Stomach upset
Vomiting
Constipation
Dizziness
Tiredness
Headache
Vaginal itching or discharge
Nervousness
Sleep problems (insomnia)
Skin rash or itching
Ringing in the ears
Hearing problems
Decreased sense of taste or smell
After treatment, some instances of muscle aches and fatigue have been found as well.Always check with your doctor regarding the possible side effects before taking any medication and contact him if side effects occur.
Do Antibiotics Cure Lyme Disease?
As of 2018, there is no “cure” for Lyme disease and no definitive test to see if you are cured. Although some strains respond positively to antibiotics in early stages, one size does not fit all.
The pathogen can also reappear even after this type of treatment because Lyme disease is difficult to categorize, due to its multifaceted nature and treatment specialization in most doctors.
Even if a physician has working knowledge of Lyme disease, antibiotics aren’t always 100 percent effective. However, there are alternative treatment options besides antibiotics, often geared toward management and improving quality of life overall.
Lyme Disease Alternative Treatments When Antibiotics Don’t Work
So, what do you do when antibiotics don’t work? Despite the limited effectiveness of antibiotics, Lyme disease is not unmanageable.
Integrative Medicine
Integrative medicine, a healing-oriented approach that takes the whole person into account, including all aspects of a patient’s lifestyle, has opened up new possibilities for treatment.
These integrative treatments:
Are as non-toxic and non-invasive as possible, using the body’s natural systems to do most of the work.
Don’t have the side effects of antibiotics.
Are based on foundational medicine to strengthen the body’s resilience.
Are usually more patient-centered, focusing special attention on the individual’s needs.
Integrative treatments focus on the full range of physical, emotional, mental, social, spiritual and environmental influences that affect a person’s health and provides the patient with more control.
What’s the Catch?
There are pros and cons to everything and integrative medicine is no different. This approach normally has a longer treatment time because these treatments often focus on the disease at its root, making it more of a marathon than a sprint.
This means it’s not the best choice in emergency cases, as opposed to traditional medicine, which is made to work fast. Also, integrative medicine doesn’t have as much research or regulation behind it as traditional medicine, although more is being added as years go on.
Integrative Treatment vs. Traditional Treatment
There’s no verifying evidence that supports traditional being better than integrative, and there are pros and cons to each. However, more doctors agree that when you work with your primary care physician and an integrative treatment approach, you experience a collaborative method working in your best interest.
Studies have found that many patients feel that integrative medicine helps with coping and management of chronic illnesses when conventional medicine offers no cure.
Creating an environment conducive to healing may require a multilevel unifying approach and personalized programs that take into the complicated behavior of Lyme disease.
Using your own body’s natural rhythms as a basis for healing also creates a better chance for relief from Lyme symptoms, which is why Infusio has a five step method to help the body find the balance it needs to manage Lyme, based on a foundational idea that your body can heal itself given the right environment, lifestyle changes, and intervention. This foundational protocol consists of:
Adjusting the immune system responses to restore healthy levels of the immune cells so they can detect and destroy the bacteria.
Re-establishing inner equilibrium for your cells and optimizing the cellular terrain with IV nutrients, minerals, amino acids, and trace elements.
Ensuring the natural detox pathways of the body are working and aid the body in discarding toxic waste.
Using natural antimicrobial treatments to reduce the bacterial and viral loads inside the body.
Providing essential lifestyle, nutrition, and stress management support that restores digestive health, reduces inflammation, and returns the body to a state of homeostasis.
By adding cellular or stem-cell based therapies to assist the body in tissue repair, and by establishing a healthy regulation capacity within this treatment, a majority of our Lyme patients have improved to a point where their quality of life has significantly improved, and their symptoms have diminished enough to manage.
The Infusio Five Steps to Health philosophy which integrates immune system optimization, cell therapy, and cutting-edge treatments even improved symptoms and gave many patients relief when other traditional treatments didn’t.
Main Takeaways:
Antibiotics are primarily effective in early stages and with acute infections, although there is no guarantee they will work at any stage.
Antibiotic treatments are based on certain factors, including age, pregnancy, allergies and stages of Lyme.
There is no “cure” for Lyme disease, yet.
Treatments often work better with a multi-faceted approach, including traditional medicine and a holistic base.
Always research, work with your primary physician and remember that nothing works for everyone.
For those who prefer a more holistic approach, Infusio has one of the most comprehensive Lyme programs available, with cutting edge stem-cell based treatments including exosome therapy, to restore, strengthen, and optimize the body for a long-term recovery.
The post Lyme Disease and Antibiotics: A Comprehensive Treatment Guide appeared first on Infusio.
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Exosomes-derived from human fibroblasts, labeled with Dil, internalized in melanoma receptor cells. In green we can observe the protein Connexin43 and in blue the nucleus (DAPI).
"Milk exosome augments antibiotic efficacy against mastitis-causing Staphylococcus aureus"
Mastitis poses a major burden on the dairy industry and is becoming increasingly difficult to treat due to the development of antibiotic resistance. And overuse of antibiotics for the treatment of bovine mastitis exacerbates the problems. Antibiotic therapy for mastitis is currently ineffective due to the intracellular persistence of Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) and less bioavailability of antibiotics at the site of infection. Therefore, the aim of present study was to develop an effective therapeutics for intracellular delivery of antibiotic into mammary epithelial cells to tackle S.aureus. In this study, milk exosomes (mEs) were explored for their unique potential both as drug delivery vehicles and treatment modulators against S.aureus. The milk exosome (mEs), pre-characterized by zetasizer and high resolution transmission electron microscopy were used for encapsulation of D-(-)-α- aminobenzylpenicillin (AMP) antibiotic. The mEs-loaded AMP (mEs-AMP) was contrived and tested against mastitis. The mEs-AMP had a significantly (p < 0.001) higher therapeutic efficacy than unloaded-AMP at the same dosage and frequency of treatment. The mEs-AMP had 4.08-fold lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) than that of AMP, and the mEs-AMPs killed S.aureus more effectively than AMP (74.35% vs 34.46%). The antimicrobial and therapeutic efficacies of mEs-AMP were tested in subclinical and clinical mastitis of Sahiwal cows. Furthermore, mEs-AMP reduced the number of somatic cells (4.53 0.69 to 3.39 0.51 lakh/mL; P 0.001) and bacterial log CFU (2.2 0.15 to 1.7 0.37; p < 0.05) in treated animal milk compared to AMP. Therefore, the mEs-AMP could be used as a therapeutic tool for effective control of mastitis in dairy animals.
NCATS experts helped NIH-supported scientists use a new approach to find drugs that may help prevent the spread of prostate cancer. The top image shows antibodies (labeled with a red dye) that target CD63, a protein found on exosomes. The bottom image shows an advanced prostate cancer cell line that has been genetically engineered to turn on a protein that glows green and attaches to CD63.
Credit: National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Madhu Lal-Nag, Ph.D., and Lauren McGee
Communication between cells via EVs
Some three decades ago extracellular vesicles were taken as a bin of garbage, the cell used to get rid of unnecessary proteins and other materials. Later in mid 1990s, exosomes were shown to have immunological function. Since then, many studies were conducted to explore the role of EVs and a new concept was developed that EVs are no more cellular garbage disposals rather an intelligent and effective way of communications among cells that play an important role in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. They carry important information in the form of cargoes consisting of either protein, nucleic acid, microRNA, metabolites etc. that can change the fate of a recipient cell. This image depicts a cell in need of support, thus it releases signals and neighbouring cell aids by releasing EVs that play a distinct role in the destiny of recipient cell.
Bovine milk exosomes up-taken into cytoplasm of HEK-293, do not directly fuse with lysosomes for degradation at 24 hours
Daily milk consumption of ~1-2 cups per day is recommended for healthy human adults, as a safe and nutritious source of calcium, vitamin B12 and animal proteins. Cow’s milk contains exosomes, small membrane-bound vesicles found to mediate cell-to-cell communication through the deliverance of cargo including nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites, and lipids to neighboring or distant tissues. It is supported that the majority of these contents are bioactive, leading to changes in gene expression in human cells and tissues. Studying how bovine milk exosomes are up-taken into human cells and the final destination of their contents is important in understanding how changes in gene expression at the cellular level, may also lead to changes in disease risk throughout the human body. Bovine milk exosome mRNA (Green), HEK-293 nucleus (Blue), HEK-293 Lysosome (Red)
Uptake of Trypanosoma cruzi exovesicles by Vero cell.
Trypanosoma cruzi releases EVs at all stages of parasite development and these play an important role in host-parasite dynamics and in the pathophysiology of Chagas disease. In the early stages of infection, the contact of T. cruzi with host cells in the bloodstream promotes the release of EVs capable of inhibiting complement attack and increases the infection of parasites to host cells. The interaction between EVs and cells has revealed many important functions of EVs. Due to their size, endocytosis and fusion may be the two most likely mechanisms for exosome uptake. During uptake, bulges of the plasma membrane driven by actin filaments form an invagination that nonspecifically endocytize small particles such as EVs. Each different cell type can use a variety of EVs uptake pathways, but in general EVs uptake appears to be a complex and cooperative process involving a combination of different pathways: phagocytosis and pinocytosis.
"Uptake of trophoblast-derived extracellular vesicles by macrophages"
An in-depth understanding of exosome biology is essential to ensure clinical development of exosome based investigational therapeutic products and therefore appreciating the uptake of these particles. To visualize and quantify the cellular uptake, CFSE-labeled EV/Exs were added to cultures of macrophages and their uptake was visualized by confocal microscopy and monitored over 4 hours.
Exosomes and other extracellular vesicles (EVs) cause a plethora of physiological and pathological changes in target cells, but EV heterogeneity has confounded therapeutic exploitation. This super-resolution image of the particularly large endosomes within a single living fly secondary cell (dashed circle approximates outline) is important for the EV field for two key reasons. Firstly, it reveals exosomes are made in different types of multivesicular endosomes, because intraluminal vesicles are found in non-acidic endosomes, expressing GFP-tagged CD63 (yellow). These are Rab11-labelled recycling endosomes, which produce Rab11-exosomes. LysoTracker Red® (magenta) labels the large acidic lysosome and smaller late endosomes, the established site of exosome production. Secondly, it highlights a powerful conserved exosome biogenesis canvas that can be readily used to dissect the cellular mechanisms leading to Rab11-exosome formation, by utilising the molecular-genetic tools available in the fruit fly. From Fan et al., 2020, EMBO J 39, e103009; image generated by Ben Kroeger.
Spermatheca Secretory Cells expressing EVs to enhance female fly reproductive functions
Spermatheca secretory cells derived exosomes play a major role in the communication between the three sperm storage organs. SSC-derived exosomes can also regulate the function and/or coordinate interactions between the different regions of the female reproductive tract. Production and/or secretion of SSC-derived exosomes are increased post-mating. This increased production/secretion of exosomes allows for the transferring of the right combination and level of small RNA and other molecules to the target cells. This message enhances the coordinated activity of all target cells/tissues in the surrounding. Thus EVs expressions in post mating responses gives us better understanding of cellular communications in both reproduction and aging. Further, to identify new biomarkers in reproductive process.
"Schematic representation of vesicle formation and transfer of genetic information through extracellular vesciles."
In recent times, several approaches for targeted gene therapy (GT) had been studies. However, the emergence of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a shuttle carrying genetic information between cells has gained a lot of interest in scientific communities. Owing to their higher capabilities in dealing with short sequences of nucleic acid (mRNA, miRNA), proteins, recombinant proteins, exosomes, the most popular form of EVs are viewed as a reliable biological therapeutic conveyers. They have natural access through every biological membrane and can be employed for site-specific and efficient drug delivery without eliciting any immune responses hence, qualifying as an ideal delivery vehicle. Also, there are many research studies conducted in the last few decades on using exosomes-mediated gene therapy into developing an effective therapy with the concept of a higher degree of precision in gene isolation, purification and delivery mechanism loading, delivery and targeting protocols. Here, I discuss the several facets that contribute towards developing an efficient therapeutic regime for gene therapy, highlighting limitations and drawbacks associated with current GT and suggested therapeutic regimes.
The Fig. shows an advanced analysis of immunoregulation by a circuit of exosomes and immune cells that depends on antibody coating of exosomes and their transfer of miRNA-150. The upper portion of the Fig on the right shows the immune synapse binding of human B cell antigen presenting Ragji cells to human clonal Jurkat T cells. The upper right shows results of incubating murine immunosuppressive CD8-pos T suppressor cell-derived primary suppressive exosomes that are antigen-specific due to adsorbed surface antibody free light chains with specificity for ovalbumin peptides, together with the Ragji cells expressing Ovalbumin peptide /MHC complexes on their surface. Within one hour there is formation of a multivesicular body in the distal endosome of the Raji cells containing newly formed secondary suppressive exosomes marked by surface GFP-linked CD81 opposite to the TCR-CD3 complex on the T cells marked by red-labelled anti-CD3 antibody, that analysis shows have surface peptide/MHC specific for the -TCR of the Jurkat T cells. This response depends on delivery of miRNA-150 by the murine primary exosome to the Raji cells. The bottom Figs. show the pair of cells at 24 hrs. when the secondary exosomes have been taken up and are now in the phagolysosome of the T cells whose IFN- cytokine secretion responses are being suppressed by release of yet other mRNAs from the taken up secondary suppressive exosomes.
"I heart exosomes"
Science is subjective, which makes it more exciting and challenging. A bit of imagination and letting that creative juice run can help the day-to-day mundane life to be more stimulating. For instance, a failed Western blot could be an abstract art or you might find an exosome heart if you let your imagination run wild.
Intracellular processing of exosomes using a horizontal co-culture plate.
The intracellular processing of exogenous exosomes remains unclear. Are endogenous exosomes fused with exogenous exosomes? Are multiple exogenous exosomes processed together? Are exogenous exosomes reused? These are just a few of the questions. We created two stable cell lines that simultaneously express CD63 protein and either red or green fluorescent protein and evaluated the intracellular processing of exosomes using a horizontal co-culture plate. The areas that appear yellow indicate that this may be caused by one or a combination of the following three things. 1. Different exogenous exosomes may be processed together. 2. Endogenous exosomes may be fused with exogenous exosomes. 3. Exosome membrane components may be reused.
"A galaxy of exosomes"
Exosomes are nano-scale extracellular vesicles produced by all cell types as a means of intercellular communication. They are typically 30-150nm in diameter and are secreted through fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. Exosomes are further defined by expressing tetraspanins proteins like CD81, CD9, and CD63. Their extremely small size makes them difficult to image and characterize by traditional means. This image was created using the ONI nanoimager fluorescence microscope. We are observing nanovesicles present within our XoGlo Pro product tagged with fluorescence antibodies targeting the canonical exosome markers CD81 (magenta), CD9 (yellow), and CD63 (cyan).
Elevator pitch session:
Elena Torreggiani presenting her poster: P18.20 Exosomes derived from human platelet lysate induce MSC proliferation in vitro
E. Torreggiani, F. Perut, L. Roncuzzi, N. Baldini
(Bologna - Italy)
If the test results for a life-threatening disease were somewhere in your trash, you would probably start digging.
KU researchers Yong Zeng and Andrew Godwin believe they have found a way to detect lung cancer in its earliest stages by digging through genetic material your body considers trash — tiny sacs of cellular leftovers called exosomes. By developing a microscopic testing device they call a “lab-on-a-chip,” Zeng and Godwin can analyze exosomes and diagnose cancer from a single drop of blood.
Read more about lab-on-a-chip and its potential benefits here: bit.ly/1B80Qzn
To cure liver cirrhosis with stem cell therapy, healthy stem cells will be cultured in vitro and transplanted into the patient's body via intravenous infusion. As an emerging therapeutic method, stem cell therapy has brought new hope to patients with liver cirrhosis. In recent years, SQ1 medical center has accumulated rich experience in stem cell therapy for liver cirrhosis.
The Beneficial Effects Of Stem Cell Therapy On Liver Cirrhosis
Stem cell therapy can enhance the ability of the human body to repair damaged liver cells and tissue. Stem cells can induce differentiation of liver cells under certain conditions, and participate in the reconstruction of liver tissue, thus effectively improving the patient’s condition as well as promoting the recovery of liver function.
The following effects can be achieved by using stem cell therapy on liver cirrhosis:
Regeneration of liver tissue
Relieved or eliminate symptoms such as loss of appetite, fatigue, ascites, and pain
Key biomarkers of liver function return to normal level
Improvement in liver fibrosis
Reduced chronic fatigue
Removal of jaundice
No more itchy skin
Improved metabolism
Immune system back to normal status
Liver Cirrhosis And Complications That Stem Cell Therapy Can Treat
Liver cirrhosis will be accompanied by complications in many patients. Stem cell therapy can treat liver cirrhosis and have a good effect on preventing or improving the complication conditions of liver cirrhosis. These complications include:
Portal vein hypertension
Portal pulmonary hypertension
Ascites
Poor absorption of fats and vitamins
Irregular bleeding
Increased risk of infections
Kidney failure
Deterioration of brain function
Liver cancer
Many experts in the world have conducted clinical trials on stem cell transplantation in humans for the treatment of decompensated cirrhosis. After transplantation, the symptoms of patients have been significantly improved, the liver function has been restored to a certain extent, and no obvious adverse reactions have been found. Stem cell therapy has become the most sensible choice for patients with liver cirrhosis!
Learn More About Liver Cirrhosis
Liver cirrhosis is a chronic progressive liver disease caused by various factors. It manifests as hyperplasia of diffused collagen fibrous tissue, which forms pseudo lobules thus destroying the normal structure of the liver. Liver dysfunction and portal hypertension are its main clinical symptoms. Patients often suffer from complications such as loss of appetite, lethargy, and jaundice due to decreased liver function. In the late stage, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, secondary infection, ascites, and cancer often occur, resulting in a major decline in life quality and affecting the long-term survival rate of the patients.
Hepatitis is a major cause of liver cirrhosis, According to the “2017 Global hepatitis Report” released by the World Health Organization in Geneva, as of 2017, there were about 325 million people infected with chronic hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus in the world, nearly 120 million people suffer from cirrhosis, along with millions of deaths. Liver cirrhosis has become the fifth leading cause of death in the world. The incidence of liver disease is still increasing year by year.
Risk Factors For Cirrhosis
Liver cirrhosis develops from a variety of chronic liver diseases, any adverse factors that affect the normal function of the liver can be considered risk factors for liver cirrhosis. It is important to understand the causes of cirrhosis so that the symptoms can be treated and prevent the disease from been worsen.
Most common risk factors include:
Alcoholism
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Viral hepatitis
Bile duct obstruction
Adverse drug reaction or poisoning
Autoimmune liver disease
Genetic and metabolic diseases
Long-term cholestasis
Liver blood circulation disorder
Parasitic infection
Clinical Symptoms Of Liver Cirrhosis
There are various manifestations of liver cirrhosis. There are about 10-to 20% of patients with early liver cirrhosis are asymptomatic, or only have digestive system symptoms such as fatigue, loss of appetite, and diarrhea.
When patients begin to experience more severe symptoms, including:
Feeling tired and unwell
No feeling of hunger and weight loss
Jaundice (yellow stain of skin and eye whites)
Small dots or large patches of red-purple rash
Itching all over the body
If cirrhosis is caused by alcohol or long-term liver disease, you may also experience the following symptoms:
Muscle wasting
Liver palm
Abdominal swollen (due to excessive fluid)
Small bright red spots on skin surrounded by microvascular that look like spider legs (spider moles)
Swollen salivary glands – glands that secrete saliva
Enlarged breasts, testicular atrophy, sparse armpit hair(male)
Advantages Of Stem Cell Therapy On Liver Cirrhosis
Currently, there is no effective treatment for cirrhosis and the liver damage is permanent.
Your doctor may offer some ways to relieve the symptoms of cirrhosis and complications according to your symptoms, such as medication or venous shunts to lower venous pressure. But these methods could only relieve the symptoms rather than cure the disease. In the event of liver failure, liver transplantation is still the most effective treatment, but its usage is limited by the high cost, limited donors, and immune rejection after transplantation.
Stem cell therapy
Conventional treatment
Curative Treatment or diseases management
Stem cell therapy is a new treatment for liver cirrhosis, which differentiate stem cells into liver cells, thus repairing or regenerating liver tissue and restoring liver function. It is a treatment that can cure liver cirrhosis. If treated with stem cells at an early stage, damage to liver tissue can be reversed and prevent future liver damage or development of complications.
Conventional therapy can only prevent liver cirrhosis from getting worse through disease management such as lifestyle adjustments, for example, stopping drinking alcohol, and not taking drugs without a doctor’s permit. The doctors may take minor interventions, i.e., prescribe medications or minor surgery to treat complications, but those treatments can not cure cirrhosis.
Side-effects
No side effects, because the stem cells come from the body itself, their immunogenicity is extremely low, stem cells are produced under very strict quality control, and there are guaranteed no side effects.
Patients with cirrhosis should stop taking medications.
If you take medicine for hepatitis, it may have some side effects on the gastrointestinal tract, such as nausea and vomiting.
Convenience
Stem cell therapy is performed by stem cell experts and requires specialized laboratories to process stem cells and medical equipment to extract and inject stem cells, After the treatment, the patient does not need to receive repeated or frequent treatment, patients can return to a high-quality life.
If a patient with liver cirrhosis has serious complications such as varicose veins, the doctor may use venous shunt surgery to temporarily relieve symptoms. Patients need to go to the hospital frequently, which is a great inconvenience.
Longevity
If treated at an early stage, stem cell therapy can improve symptoms of liver cirrhosis and prevent complications, and rebuild liver function, thus restoring a healthy life in the long run.
If treated at a late stage, symptoms of cirrhosis and complications can be alleviated, and liver transplantation can even be avoided.
Conventional disease management methods such as adjusting diet can only delay the future deterioration of liver cirrhosis, but not help with the treatment of liver cirrhosis.
End-stage
Stem cells are a fundamental part of our body, and the main function of stem cells is to regenerate damaged cells and replicate their cells to repair or regenerate liver tissue, allowing patients to delay or avoid liver transplantation.
Liver transplantation is the only treatment option for end-stage patients. The high risk of surgical treatment, limited donors, rejection reaction, and other serious surgical complications are major concerns.
How Can Stem Cells Therapy For Liver Cirrhosis Work
Stem cell therapy is a method that injects healthy stem cells into patients through intravenous infusion. The stem cells in patients’ bodies with self-replication and multi-directional differentiation potential will help to repair damaged liver cells and restore liver function. Stem cells work through the following four mechanisms:
Self-differentiation: Stem cells can differentiate into hepatic parenchymal cells in endoderm, stem cells can also directly differentiate into endoderm hepatic parenchymal cells, thus replacing damaged liver cells and regenerating healthy liver tissue to restore liver function, and it’s free from immune rejection reactions after transplantation.
Immunomodulatory effect: Stem cells can also secrete soluble cytokines to mediate immune suppression, induce immune tolerance, inhibit the proliferation and migration of immune cells to the liver, reduce immune inflammation in the damaged liver, and increase the survival rate of patients with liver disease.
Paracrine effect: The paracrine effect of stem cells is also one important mechanism for promoting liver regeneration and liver damage reduction. Stem cells can produce various cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and exosomes to help with liver tissue repair indirectly or remotely.
Stem cell transplantation can reduce the deposition of collagen in liver tissue: Stem cells also inhibit the expression of transforming growth factor- β1(TGF β1) and smooth muscle actin in liver cells and reduce the severity of liver fibrosis.
SQ1 Stem Cell Services
During the whole treatment process, we’ll provide complete and first-class medical services to you. And to ensure your treatment effect, you can consult your doctor any time after the treatment.
Dr. Carlos Wesley describes the numerous influences on women's hair health. In addition, he details the various treatments that can help reverse female pattern hair loss. Described herein are procedures such as platelet rich plasma (PRP), dutasteride mesotherapy, stem cell therapy, exosomes, biotin, Nutrafol, Viviscal, hair transplantation (FUT and FUE) for women, spironolactone, finasteride for women, ketoconazole, saw palmetto, rogaine (minoxidil) for women, as well as medicated shampoos for women. Explore www.drcarloswesley.com/.
Elevator pitch session:
Elena Torreggiani presenting her poster: P18.20 Exosomes derived from human platelet lysate induce MSC proliferation in vitro
E. Torreggiani, F. Perut, L. Roncuzzi, N. Baldini
(Bologna - Italy)
via
Reestablishing the body’s internal balance is the most important part of treatment if you live with a chronic disease, such as Lyme, but degenerative disease can leave you feeling helpless, with no hope for effective treatment or relief.
Therapy doesn’t always work as expected either, from side effects to no change at all, and you might be left wondering if you’ll be sick for the rest of your life.
If you’re searching for an answer after being diagnosed with Lyme disease, or even if you already tried therapy for Lyme that hasn’t had the effect you expected, there is hope.
Advancements in regenerative medicine have opened up new avenues for treatment with stem cell therapy, but even more opportunities to use a pinpointed therapy has brought an array of treatment options to the horizon.
These new treatments options are dependent on a miniscule part of our cells, known as exosomes, which may be the next small thing in your hope for healing.
So what are exosomes? Read on to learn more.
Stem Cells and Exosomes
You’ve probably heard of the body’s raw materials, or cells from which all other cells with specialized functions are generated, known as stem cells. These special cells can become bone, muscle, cartilage and other specialized types of cells, allowing them the potential to assist in healing and repair in a number of diseases, including conditions like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s.
Medicine has focused on a number of uses for stem cells, including replacing diseased cells, testing new drugs for safety and effectiveness, and gaining a better understanding of how disease occurs, but there’s even greater potential in their use than ever before.
We’ve always known that cells in the body have the ability to communicate with one another, but research into the multiple uses of ‘exosomes’ has discovered a new potential for disease treatment.
What are Exosomes?
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles, or small bubbles, released from cells that act as shuttles for certain genetic information and proteins to other cells, usually in response to injuries. They allow for cell to cell communication, ending up outside of the cells to transport molecules that are important regulators of intracellular information between close and distant cells.
To illustrate this, think of yourself, or the human body, like New York City.
Manhattan is one big organism with individual buildings. These buildings are the cells. All the buildings/cells communicate with each other through small people moving through the streets, and those people are like exosomes.
They carry information from place to place with different functions and purposes. From the top floor, you only see a zoomed out perspective of tiny dots moving round, but when you go into the streets, you see how complex the people/exosomes really are. The person/exosome can carry good or bad information, essentially changing the environment inside the building and reaching certain floors in the building other things can’t, just like exosomes.
In short, exosomes are the messengers which tell the cells how and when to react.
Why are Exosomes Important in the Treatment of Chronic Degenerative Disease?
A degenerative disease comes from a continuous deterioration of cells, affecting tissues or organs. While stem cells are the notable champions in the treatment of neurological diseases, cancers and immune disorders, pinpointing treatments by focusing on exosomes could have a greater positive effect, rather than solely focusing on the stem cell as a whole.
Exosomes perform a basic function – communication. They may also offer a new way to treat chronic illness, creating a whole new branch of regenerative medicine.
What happens if all humans are infected with a disease? Our bodies break down and our infrastructure requires new, healthy pieces to heal us. Using healthy exosomes derived from young, healthy Mesenchymal Stem Cells could provide that new pieces to jumpstart the healing process.
The potential of these exosomes for the treatment of chronic degenerative diseases has increased with scientific advancement, since exosomes can be carriers for disease-modifying strategies.
Research has given us a valuable insight into the practical functionality of exosomes. It was shown that if we expose the stem cells of an older organism to those of a younger organism we see that exosomes from the young stem cells are responsible for rejuvenating the older cells. This healing mechanism can now be used in regenerative medicine.
Can Exosomes Help Treat My Lyme Disease?
Lyme Disease is a very complex disease, mostly caused by the Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria, which compromises the immune system. Tick-borne disease can also come with multiple co-infections.
The tick bite can occur months or even years prior, but at a certain point a combination of factors cause the onset of illness as immune system functions become disrupted, much like a pot of water boiling over.
This disruption is often caused by a combination of stress, poor diet and exposure to toxins, affecting all the systems, diminishing cellular health, immune function, metabolic function and dramatically increasing inflammation, as the pot boils over.
We know that inflammation is a central player in most neurodegenerative diseases as well.
The complex nature of Lyme disease makes cell therapy one of the key treatments available.
Mesenchymal stem cells, which are obtained from bone marrow or adipose (fat) tissue, have been shown to lower inflammation and have an immune modulatory effect. This effect can assist in establishing homeostasis and resolving persistent Lyme symptoms that don’t respond to conventional therapies.
Stem cell therapy for Lyme Disease also improves the immune system.
Cell therapy is key to reestablish the bodies regulation capacity in chronically ill patients. While stem cells are considered the body’s building blocks for repair and healing, exosomes are the doing the actual work. They serve as important messengers that can help in cell optimization, repair processes, and mobilizing the body’s stem cells and healing processes, using them to trigger new processes and transport certain messages across barriers.
Remember that New York City example? Instead of only focusing on the buildings (the cells), changing the spread the information by the people (the exosomes) can change how Lyme disease spreads and reduce the inflammation, among other aspects of the infection.
Regenerative medicine aims to improve the regeneration of damaged, malfunctioning, and missing tissue and organs. While stem cells still serve a crucial purpose, exosomes’ create an extraordinary opportunity for science to use them as inherent tools for medical intervention and drug delivery – specifically disguising certain drugs through manipulation. Now through isolation methods, purified exosomes are available for patients as well, taking cell therapy to the next level.
If you would like to see if Exosome therapy is right for you, click here to schedule a consultation with a Patient Care Coordinator.
Resources:
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3873490/
bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12915-016-0268-z
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4684885/
www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2017.00026/full
The post Exosomes: The Next Frontier in Regenerative Medicine appeared first on Infusio.
www.infusio.org/blog/exosomes-the-next-frontier-in-regene...
Emma Purcell, Graduate Student Research Assistant, Chemical Engineering, using the Plasma Asher to make microfluidic devices. She is trying to design a device for the inertial separation of nanoparticles for applications in cancer biology. The ultimate goal is to isolate exosomes, nano-sized vesicles in the blood, to develop a diagnostic test for early stage cancers.
Photo by Robert Coelius
Multimedia Producer, Communications & Marketing, Michigan Engineering | @UMengineering
Corrigan et al. discover that the secondary cells of male Drosophila accessory glands secrete into the seminal fluid small, membrane-bound vesicles called exosomes, which subsequently inhibit the re-mating behavior of female flies. A single secondary cell labeled with the acid-sensitive dye lysotracker-red shows several large intracellular compartments that contain the human exosome marker CD63 (green). One of these compartments (arrow) contains several CD63-positive intralumenal vesicles that can ultimately be released as exosomes.
Image courtesy of Corrigan et al.
Reference: Corrigan et al. (2014) J. Cell Biol. 206:671-688
Published on August 25, 2014.
doi: 10.1083/jcb.201401072
Read the full article online at: jcb.rupress.org/content/206/5/671.full
Emma Purcell, Graduate Student Research Assistant, Chemical Engineering, using the Plasma Asher to make microfluidic devices. She is trying to design a device for the inertial separation of nanoparticles for applications in cancer biology. The ultimate goal is to isolate exosomes, nano-sized vesicles in the blood, to develop a diagnostic test for early stage cancers.
Photo by Robert Coelius
Multimedia Producer, Communications & Marketing, Michigan Engineering | @UMengineering
Emma Purcell, Graduate Student Research Assistant, Chemical Engineering, using the Plasma Asher to make microfluidic devices. She is trying to design a device for the inertial separation of nanoparticles for applications in cancer biology. The ultimate goal is to isolate exosomes, nano-sized vesicles in the blood, to develop a diagnostic test for early stage cancers.
Photo by Robert Coelius
Multimedia Producer, Communications & Marketing, Michigan Engineering | @UMengineering
liposome gene delivery-As a premier global biotech company, Baseceuticals provides non-viral vectors mediated gene delivery service for our customers. We have assembled a professional research team of wealth knowledge of gene therapy based on the years of experience, providing multiple non-viral vectors for gene delivery with high quality and reliable results. Relying on Baseceuticals' proprietary technologies and mature platform, multiple non-viral methods such as naked DNA, liposomes and exosomes are available for gene delivery systems to meet the various needs. Baseceuticals is engaged in working with you to help you choose the appropriate non-viral vectors and design a detailed solution, expediting your process of project or drug development.
Emma Purcell, Graduate Student Research Assistant, Chemical Engineering, using the Plasma Asher to make microfluidic devices. She is trying to design a device for the inertial separation of nanoparticles for applications in cancer biology. The ultimate goal is to isolate exosomes, nano-sized vesicles in the blood, to develop a diagnostic test for early stage cancers.
Photo by Robert Coelius
Multimedia Producer, Communications & Marketing, Michigan Engineering | @UMengineering
Emma Purcell, Graduate Student Research Assistant, Chemical Engineering, using the Plasma Asher to make microfluidic devices. She is trying to design a device for the inertial separation of nanoparticles for applications in cancer biology. The ultimate goal is to isolate exosomes, nano-sized vesicles in the blood, to develop a diagnostic test for early stage cancers.
Photo by Robert Coelius
Multimedia Producer, Communications & Marketing, Michigan Engineering | @UMengineering
Speaker Dr. Yoel Sadovsky from University of Pittsburgh talks about exosome-based delivery of palcental microRNAs at Monsanto Auditorium on Feb. 24th, 2017 | photo by Jinghong Chen, Bond LSC
Speaker Dr. Yoel Sadovsky from University of Pittsburgh talks about exosome-based delivery of placental microRNAs at Monsanto Auditorium on Feb. 24th, 2017 | photo by Jinghong Chen, Bond LSC
Christian Cawley (subsequent finalist) speaks about his research entitled: CD63 CONFIRMED EXOSOME ISOLATION FROM THE HUMAN EPITHELIAL
OVARIAN CANCER CELL LINES A2780
Mac1 derived exosomes positive for CD-30. Nanogold particle 10nm
Courtesy of Dr. George Baltatzis , Dept. of Pathology, Medical School, University of Athens
Image Details
Instrument used: Other FEI TEM (Morgagni, CM Series, etc.)
Magnification: 200000x
Voltage: 80kV
Spot: 1
UQCCR Exosome Lab head Dr Carlos Salomon travelled to Sydney to speak at the NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre about extracellular vesicles in pregnancy and ovarian cancer.
Supported by Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc.
Second Place
"hBMSCs Exosomes Regulate the Balance of Th17/Treg in Periodontitis Patients"
Chongshan Liao, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
PRESS RELEASE:
www.iadr.org/about/news-reports/press-releases/noy-pinto-...
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At Regenerative Solutions of NJ, Dr. Spiel utilizes Exosomes from Kimera Labs. If knee pain is derailing your active lifestyle or even your daily activities, then you’re not alone. About 18 million patients visit a doctor or hospital each year due to knee pain in Edison NJ.
Address : 1033 US-46, Clifton, NJ 07013, USA
Phone : (800) 441-5667
Official Website : https://regenerativesolutionsnj.com/
Hyenne et al. reveal that the RAL-1 GTPase regulates the formation and secretion of exosomes. Compared to controls (left), multivesicular bodies are enlarged, but contain fewer intraluminal vesicles, in C. elegans lacking RAL-1 (right). RAL-1 depletion also impairs the subsequent fusion of these multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane, inhibiting the release of the intraluminal vesicles into the extracellular space.
Image courtesy of Hyenne et al.
Reference: Hyenne et al. (2015) J. Cell Biol. 211:27-37
Published on October 12, 2015.
doi: 10.1083/jcb.201504136
Read the full article online at: jcb.rupress.org/content/211/1/27.full
R3 MSK Ultrasound Guided Injection Course
April 22nd in Nashville & August 19th in San Diego
R3 Medical Training is now offering a One Day Training Course to help teach you the following:
Diagnostic Ultrasound: Joint Evaluations for Knee, Shoulder, Hip, Elbow, Wrist, and Ankle.
Joint Injection Techniques: Using Ultrasound Guidance for Musculoskeletal Injections.
Real Procedures: Perform procedures on real patients, and each provider receives a FREE exosome-rich fluid procedure! Visit r3medicaltraining.com/events/ultrasound-guided-injection-...
Authors: Aysegul Yilmaz, Irmak Ferah Okkay, Ali Taghizadehghalehjoughi
Abstract: Although exosomes were first described as cellular waste in the late 1980s, their role in cellular communication has been revealed by recent studies. In addition to components such as DNA, RNA, and protein, it is thought that it may also be associated with the immune system, as it contains tetraspanins such as CD9, CD81, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Therefore, it has been seen as a new source for immunotherapy. Immunotherapy is one of the methods used for colon cancer, which is one of the most common and deadly cancers, where traditional treatments are insufficient. In our study, we first performed exosome isolation from the CaCo-2 cell line, then lymphocyte (T lymphocyte) activation by the exosome. Then, we counted the activated lymphocytes (10,000, 20,000, 40,000, and 80,000 cells) and applied them to the CaCo-2 cell line in vitro. After 48 hours, we performed viability (MTT), antioxidant (TAC), oxidant (TOS) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) analyzes. Exosome characterization was demonstrated with TEM, SEM, and AFM images. According to our results, it was seen that the lymphocytes activated by exosomes act at similar rates with the lymphocytes activated by IL-2. In the groups given 80,000 cells, a significant decrease was observed in the viability and antioxidant level of the cancer line, while an increase in oxidant and lactate levels was observed. The tumor-suppressive properties of exosomes obtained from immune cells have been demonstrated in the literature. We have successfully produced this study with our own experience and knowledge of the literature. We have successfully produced this study with our own experience and knowledge of the literature.
Keywords: Exosome, immunotherapy, isolation, T lymphocyte
Extracellular molecules, such as nucleotides, lipids, short peptides or proteins, are released by cells and bind to receptors on the other cells, which are important mediators in cell-to-cell communications in multicellular organisms. In addition to single molecules, eukaryotic cells can also release membrane vesicles into extracellular environment, such as microvesicles, apoptotic blebs and exosomes. www.creative-diagnostics.com/exosomes-pathway.htm.