View allAll Photos Tagged endoderm
transverse or cross section: Pinus stem
magnification: 100x
iron-alum hematoxylin and safranin stain
Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library
Well defined annual rings of large diameter spring wood and smaller diameter autumn wood are composed entirely of narrow, relatively thin walled tracheids. The lumen of many tracheids is crossed by branched trabeculae. Tracheid side walls contain large circular bordered pits that function to move water from tracheid to tracheid while preventing air flow from embolized tracheids.
Gymnosperms like Pinus rely entirely on tracheids for water flow and mechanical support. True xylem vessels and wood parenchyma are lacking. While fibers are generally absent older stems may contain some fiber tracheids.
Xylem rays are uniseriate and composed of clear, thin walled parenchyma cells.
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cross section: Pinus stem
magnification: 40x
Triarch quadruple stain
Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library
During the first year of growth the cutinized epidermis is replaced by protective growth of cork rich periderm. The outer periderm consists of layers of cork cells, the phellem, which produces waterproofing suberin. Cork cells are dead at maturity. Deep to the phellem is a living layer of cork cambium or phellogen and beneath that, layers of cork parenchyma or phelloderm. Many cells in the periderm contain dark staining tannins.
The cortex is divided into a thin outer hypodermis of lignified sclerenchyma cells and thicker inner cortex of thin walled parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts. Large resin ducts are surrounded by secretory parenchyma that produces resins and turpentines. Some cells enlarge into dark staining tyloses.
Both endoderm and pericycle are inconspicuous.
The vascular cylinder or stele in young stems consists of a ring of vascular bundles interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Seasonal activity of the cambium replaces the isolated vascular bundles with well-defined annual rings of secondary phloem and xylem. Xylem is endarch with protoxylem found towards center of the stem and younger metaxylem towards the periphery of the stem. Protoxylem consists of annular and spiral tracheids with only tracheids found in metaxylem. True xylem vessels are lacking. Because of the greater production of xylem, the vascular cylinder is dominated by radially arranged rays of secondary xylem interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Conspicuous resin ducts are present throughout the xylem.
Phloem is endarch but annual growth the of stem makes it difficult to distinguish between older protophloem to the periphery and younger metapholem towards center of the stem. Phloem lacks companion cells, consisting entirely of sieve tubes and phloem parenchyma. Medullary rays in the secondary phloem include protein rich albuminous cells.
A well-defined pith of parenchyma cells is occasionally interrupted by a few large resin ducts.
Visit the BCC Bioscience Image featuring the Microscopic World of Plants. www.berkshirecc.edu/biologyimages
Technical Questions:bioimagesoer@gmail.com
cross section: Pinus stem
magnification: 400x
Triarch quadruple stain
Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library
A well-defined pith of parenchyma cells is occasionally interrupted by a few large resin ducts.
Technical Questions:bioimagesoer@gmail.com
cross section: Pinus stem
magnification: 100x
Triarch quadruple stain
Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library
During the first year of growth the cutinized epidermis is replaced by protective growth of cork rich periderm. The outer periderm consists of layers of cork cells, the phellem, which produces waterproofing suberin. Cork cells are dead at maturity. Deep to the phellem is a living layer of cork cambium or phellogen and beneath that, layers of cork parenchyma or phelloderm. Many cells in the periderm contain dark staining tannins.
The cortex is divided into a thin outer hypodermis of lignified sclerenchyma cells and thicker inner cortex of thin walled parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts. Large resin ducts are surrounded by secretory parenchyma that produces resins and turpentines. Some cells enlarge into dark staining tyloses.
Both endoderm and pericycle are inconspicuous.
Visit the BCC Bioscience Image featuring the Microscopic World of Plants. www.berkshirecc.edu/biologyimages
Technical Questions:bioimagesoer@gmail.com
cross section: Pinus stem
magnification: 400x
Triarch quadruple stain
Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library
During the first year of growth the cutinized epidermis is replaced by protective growth of cork rich periderm. The outer periderm consists of layers of cork cells, the phellem, which produces waterproofing suberin. Cork cells are dead at maturity. Deep to the phellem is a living layer of cork cambium or phellogen and beneath that, layers of cork parenchyma or phelloderm. Many cells in the periderm contain dark staining tannins.
The cortex is divided into a thin outer hypodermis of lignified sclerenchyma cells and thicker inner cortex of thin walled parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts. Large resin ducts are surrounded by secretory parenchyma that produces resins and turpentines. Some cells enlarge into dark staining tyloses.
Both endoderm and pericycle are inconspicuous.
The vascular cylinder or stele in young stems consists of a ring of vascular bundles interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Seasonal activity of the cambium replaces the isolated vascular bundles with well-defined annual rings of secondary phloem and xylem. Xylem is endarch with protoxylem found towards center of the stem and younger metaxylem towards the periphery of the stem. Protoxylem consists of annular and spiral tracheids with only tracheids found in metaxylem. True xylem vessels are lacking. Because of the greater production of xylem, the vascular cylinder is dominated by radially arranged rays of secondary xylem interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Conspicuous resin ducts are present throughout the xylem.
Phloem is endarch but annual growth the of stem makes it difficult to distinguish between older protophloem to the periphery and younger metapholem towards center of the stem. Phloem lacks companion cells, consisting entirely of sieve tubes and phloem parenchyma. Medullary rays in the secondary phloem include protein rich albuminous cells.
Technical Questions:bioimagesoer@gmail.com
tangential section: Pinus stem
magnification: 100x
Triarch quadruple stain
Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library
During the first year of growth the cutinized epidermis in Pinus is replaced by protective growth of cork rich periderm. The outer periderm consists of layers of cork cells, the phellem, which produces waterproofing suberin. Cork cells are dead at maturity. Deep to the phellem is a living layer of cork cambium or phellogen and beneath that, layers of cork parenchyma or phelloderm. Many cells in the periderm contain dark staining tannins.
The cortex is divided into a thin outer hypodermis of lignified sclerenchyma cells and thicker inner cortex of thin walled parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts.
Technical Questions:bioimagesoer@gmail.com
cross section: Pinus stem
magnification: 100x
Triarch quadruple stain
Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library
The cortex is divided into a thin outer hypodermis of lignified sclerenchyma cells and thicker inner cortex of thin walled parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts. Large resin ducts are surrounded by secretory parenchyma that produces resins and turpentines. Some cells enlarge into dark staining tyloses.
Both endoderm and pericycle are inconspicuous.
Phloem is endarch but annual growth the of stem makes it difficult to distinguish between older protophloem to the periphery and younger metapholem towards center of the stem. Phloem lacks companion cells, consisting entirely of sieve tubes and phloem parenchyma. Medullary rays in the secondary phloem include protein rich albuminous cells.
Visit the BCC Bioscience Image featuring the Microscopic World of Plants. www.berkshirecc.edu/biologyimages
Technical Questions:bioimagesoer@gmail.com
cross section: Pinus stem
magnification: 400x
Triarch quadruple stain
Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library
During the first year of growth the cutinized epidermis is replaced by protective growth of cork rich periderm. The outer periderm consists of layers of cork cells, the phellem, which produces waterproofing suberin. Cork cells are dead at maturity. Deep to the phellem is a living layer of cork cambium or phellogen and beneath that, layers of cork parenchyma or phelloderm. Many cells in the periderm contain dark staining tannins.
The cortex is divided into a thin outer hypodermis of lignified sclerenchyma cells and thicker inner cortex of thin walled parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts. Large resin ducts are surrounded by secretory parenchyma that produces resins and turpentines. Some cells enlarge into dark staining tyloses.
Both endoderm and pericycle are inconspicuous.
The vascular cylinder or stele in young stems consists of a ring of vascular bundles interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Seasonal activity of the cambium replaces the isolated vascular bundles with well-defined annual rings of secondary phloem and xylem. Xylem is endarch with protoxylem found towards center of the stem and younger metaxylem towards the periphery of the stem. Protoxylem consists of annular and spiral tracheids with only tracheids found in metaxylem. True xylem vessels are lacking. Because of the greater production of xylem, the vascular cylinder is dominated by radially arranged rays of secondary xylem interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Conspicuous resin ducts are present throughout the xylem.
Phloem is endarch but annual growth the of stem makes it difficult to distinguish between older protophloem to the periphery and younger metapholem towards center of the stem. Phloem lacks companion cells, consisting entirely of sieve tubes and phloem parenchyma. Medullary rays in the secondary phloem include protein rich albuminous cells.
Visit the BCC Bioscience Image featuring the Microscopic World of Plants. www.berkshirecc.edu/biologyimages
Technical Questions:bioimagesoer@gmail.com
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No Usage Allowed in Any Form Without the Written Consent of Serena Livingston
Description: Jelly fish are ancient creatures. Fossils have been found in rocks that are 650 million years old. Today there are more than 2000 species. Jelly fish are 95% water, 3% protein, and 1% mineral. There are two stages: an adult free swimming medusa and a sessile polyp. There is no backbone, brain, or heart. Adults drift with the currents, but can swim horizontally by pulsations of the bell to keep close to the surface. A primitive nerve net controls muscle contractions as it swims. The adult form is a transparent bell shape that ranges between 5-40 cm wide. Underneath is a central mouth surrounded by four oral arms that carry the stinging tentacles. From above four crescent shaped gonads surround the mouth. On the rim of the bell are eight sets of eye spots sensitive to light and eight statocysts that help orient jelly fish when swimming. Jelly fish are primitive organisms with an outer layer (ectoderm) that covers the external surface and an inner layer (endoderm) that lines the gut. Between these is a jelly layer or mesoglea. The simple digestive cavity acts as a gullet, stomach, and intestine. There is one opening between the oral arms that acts as a mouth, anus, and entrance for sperm (in females).
Distribution: Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans
Habitat: Shallow coastal waters as well as brackish waters with a salt content as low as 0.6%. Jelly fish can survive in water from -6C to 31C. The optimum temperature is 9C to 19C
Food: Jelly fish are carnivorous plankton. They feed on fish eggs and larval fish and other plankton such as mollusks, crustaceans, copepods, etc. Food collects on the mucus surface of the jelly fish. Flagellar action of the tentacles passes the food items to the margin of the bell and then up into the mouth and stomach.
Reproduction and Development: Jelly fish are either male or female. Sexual reproduction begins when a male medusa releases sperm through its mouth. The sperm swim into the mouth of a nearby female where fertilization occurs. Further development into free swimming planula occurs in brood pouches along the oral arms. The planula settle on the ocean floor and attach to the bottom forming the polyp. Polyps bud asexually to produce free swimming larvae known as ephyra which grow into the adult medusa.
Adaptations: The transparent body makes a jelly fish less visible to predators. Oral arms have tentacles that carry cnidaria (stinging cells) that stun prey or deter predators. About 70 species are harmful to humans. The medusa can shrink in size when food is scarce and grow when it is abundant. Radial symmetry permits finding food in any direction.
Threats to Survival: Predators include sea turtles, ocean sun fish, spade fish, tuna, swordfish, and other large fish. Humans, particularly in China and Japan, capture and eat dried non-venomous jelly fish.
Status: Common
Zoo Diet: Newly hatched brine shrimp
Courtesy of the Toronto Zoo
Sinónimo: Pinus ponderosa var. stormiae (Martínez) Silba.
Árbol de 10 a 20 metros de alto, el tronco es fuerte y derecho, la corteza es de color oscura, con escamas de color canelo rojizo claro; mide de 3 a 5 cm de espesor, tiene ramas corpulentas y extendida. Hojas en fascículos de tres, a veces cuatro y cinco, de 20 a 30 cm de largo, de color verde oscuro, triangulares cuando son cinco y carinadas cuando son tres; anchas y fuertes, tiesas y finalmente aserradas, con dientecillos casi invisibles en la costilla media. Endodermo moderadamente engrosado; hipodermo irregular, con entrantes en el clorénquima; canales resiníferos medios, en número de tres a ocho, más comúnmente tres ó cuatro; haces fibrobasculares alargados. Vainas de 13 a 20 mm, de color castaño al principio y muy oscuras o casi negras después, no resinosas. Conos ovoides, extendidos o ligeramente reflejados y algo encorvados, fuertes y pesados, persistentes, de 7.5 a 10.5 de largo de color moreno oscuro, colocados en pares o en grupos de tres o cuatro; pedúnculos de 10 mm, casi oculto en la base del cono , el cual al desprenderse deja en aquel algunas escamas básales. Escamas de 30 mm de largo por 15 de ancho, fuertes, de ápice anguloso o redondeado; quilla transversal fuerte y levantada, con apófisis prominente subpíramidal, levemente reflejada, con elevaciones de unos 6 mm; cúspide cenicienta, con espina cónica y persistente. Semilla de 6 a 7 mm, morena, con ala de 22 mm de largo por nueve a diez de ancho, con estrías longitudinales oscuras . Especie nativa de México (Coahuila, Nuevo León). En iturraran se encuentra en la zona 8.
Synonym: Pinus ponderosa var. stormiae (Martínez) Silba.
Tree, 10 to 20 meters high, the trunk is strong and straight, the bark is dark, with light reddish-brown scales; It measures 3 to 5 cm thick, has corpulent branches and extended. Leaves in fascicles of three, sometimes four and five, 20 to 30 cm long, dark green, triangular when they are five and carinadas when they are three; wide and strong, stiff and finally sawn, with almost invisible teeth in the middle rib. Endoderm moderately thickened; irregular hypoderm, with entrants in the chlorenchyme; middle resin channels, in number from three to eight, more commonly three or four; elongated fibrobascular bundles. Pods 13 to 20 mm, brown at first and very dark or almost black later, not resinous. Cones ovoid, extended or slightly reflected and somewhat hunched, strong and heavy, persistent, 7.5 to 10.5 long dark brown, placed in pairs or in groups of three or four; 10 mm peduncles, almost hidden at the base of the cone, which when detached leaves some basal scales on it. Scales 30 mm long by 15 wide, strong, angled or rounded apex; strong and raised transverse keel, with prominent subpyramidal apophysis, slightly reflected, with elevations of about 6 mm; Cinderella cusp, with conical and persistent spine. Seed of 6 to 7 mm, brown, with wing 22 mm long by nine to ten wide, with dark longitudinal streaks. Native species of Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo León). Iturraran is located inarea 8.
cross section: Pinus stem
magnification: 100x
Triarch quadruple stain
Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library
During the first year of growth the cutinized epidermis is replaced by protective growth of cork rich periderm. The outer periderm consists of layers of cork cells, the phellem, which produces waterproofing suberin. Cork cells are dead at maturity. Deep to the phellem is a living layer of cork cambium or phellogen and beneath that, layers of cork parenchyma or phelloderm. Many cells in the periderm contain dark staining tannins.
The cortex is divided into a thin outer hypodermis of lignified sclerenchyma cells and thicker inner cortex of thin walled parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts. Large resin ducts are surrounded by secretory parenchyma that produces resins and turpentines. Some cells enlarge into dark staining tyloses.
Both endoderm and pericycle are inconspicuous.
The vascular cylinder or stele in young stems consists of a ring of vascular bundles interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Seasonal activity of the cambium replaces the isolated vascular bundles with well-defined annual rings of secondary phloem and xylem. Xylem is endarch with protoxylem found towards center of the stem and younger metaxylem towards the periphery of the stem. Protoxylem consists of annular and spiral tracheids with only tracheids found in metaxylem. True xylem vessels are lacking. Because of the greater production of xylem, the vascular cylinder is dominated by radially arranged rays of secondary xylem interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Conspicuous resin ducts are present throughout the xylem.
Phloem is endarch but annual growth the of stem makes it difficult to distinguish between older protophloem to the periphery and younger metapholem towards center of the stem. Phloem lacks companion cells, consisting entirely of sieve tubes and phloem parenchyma. Medullary rays in the secondary phloem include protein rich albuminous cells.
A well-defined pith of parenchyma cells is ocassionally interrupted by a few large resin ducts.
Visit the BCC Bioscience Image featuring the Microscopic World of Plants. www.berkshirecc.edu/biologyimages
Technical Questions:bioimagesoer@gmail.com
cross section: Pinus stem
magnification: 400x
Triarch quadruple stain
Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library
During the first year of growth the cutinized epidermis is replaced by protective growth of cork rich periderm. The outer periderm consists of layers of cork cells, the phellem, which produces waterproofing suberin. Cork cells are dead at maturity. Deep to the phellem is a living layer of cork cambium or phellogen and beneath that, layers of cork parenchyma or phelloderm. Many cells in the periderm contain dark staining tannins.
The cortex is divided into a thin outer hypodermis of lignified sclerenchyma cells and thicker inner cortex of thin walled parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts. Large resin ducts are surrounded by secretory parenchyma that produces resins and turpentines. Some cells enlarge into dark staining tyloses.
Both endoderm and pericycle are inconspicuous.
The vascular cylinder or stele in young stems consists of a ring of vascular bundles interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Seasonal activity of the cambium replaces the isolated vascular bundles with well-defined annual rings of secondary phloem and xylem. Xylem is endarch with protoxylem found towards center of the stem and younger metaxylem towards the periphery of the stem. Protoxylem consists of annular and spiral tracheids with only tracheids found in metaxylem. True xylem vessels are lacking. Because of the greater production of xylem, the vascular cylinder is dominated by radially arranged rays of secondary xylem interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Conspicuous resin ducts are present throughout the xylem.
Phloem is endarch but annual growth the of stem makes it difficult to distinguish between older protophloem to the periphery and younger metapholem towards center of the stem. Phloem lacks companion cells, consisting entirely of sieve tubes and phloem parenchyma. Medullary rays in the secondary phloem include protein rich albuminous cells.
Technical Questions:bioimagesoer@gmail.com
cross section: Pinus stem
magnification: 100x
Triarch quadruple stain
Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library
During the first year of growth the cutinized epidermis is replaced by protective growth of cork rich periderm. The outer periderm consists of layers of cork cells, the phellem, which produces waterproofing suberin. Cork cells are dead at maturity. Deep to the phellem is a living layer of cork cambium or phellogen and beneath that, layers of cork parenchyma or phelloderm. Many cells in the periderm contain dark staining tannins.
The cortex is divided into a thin outer hypodermis of lignified sclerenchyma cells and thicker inner cortex of thin walled parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts. Large resin ducts are surrounded by secretory parenchyma that produces resins and turpentines. Some cells enlarge into dark staining tyloses.
Both endoderm and pericycle are inconspicuous.
The vascular cylinder or stele in young stems consists of a ring of vascular bundles interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Seasonal activity of the cambium replaces the isolated vascular bundles with well-defined annual rings of secondary phloem and xylem. Xylem is endarch with protoxylem found towards center of the stem and younger metaxylem towards the periphery of the stem. Protoxylem consists of annular and spiral tracheids with only tracheids found in metaxylem. True xylem vessels are lacking. Because of the greater production of xylem, the vascular cylinder is dominated by radially arranged rays of secondary xylem interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Conspicuous resin ducts are present throughout the xylem.
Phloem is endarch but annual growth the of stem makes it difficult to distinguish between older protophloem to the periphery and younger metapholem towards center of the stem. Phloem lacks companion cells, consisting entirely of sieve tubes and phloem parenchyma. Medullary rays in the secondary phloem include protein rich albuminous cells.
Visit the BCC Bioscience Image featuring the Microscopic World of Plants. www.berkshirecc.edu/biologyimages
Technical Questions:bioimagesoer@gmail.com
tangential section: Pinus stem
magnification: 100x
Triarch quadruple stain
Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library
During the first year of growth the cutinized epidermis in Pinus is replaced by protective growth of cork rich periderm. The outer periderm consists of layers of cork cells, the phellem, which produces waterproofing suberin. Cork cells are dead at maturity. Deep to the phellem is a living layer of cork cambium or phellogen and beneath that, layers of cork parenchyma or phelloderm. Many cells in the periderm contain dark staining tannins.
The cortex is divided into a thin outer hypodermis of lignified sclerenchyma cells and thicker inner cortex of thin walled parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts. A large longitudinally oriented resin duct is surrounded by secretory parenchyma that produces resins and turpentines.
Seasonal activity of the cambium produces well-defined annual rings of green staining secondary phloem to the outside of the stem and purple staining xylem towards the inside of the stem.
The uniform wood of Gymnosperms like Pinus consists almost entirely of longitudinally oriented bands of narrow, pale staining tracheids interrupted by short bands of horizontally oriented xylem rays. Xylem rays, usually one cell thick and a few cells high, are composed of clear, thin walled parenchyma cells.
Technical Questions:bioimagesoer@gmail.com
cross section: Pinus stem
magnification: 400x
Triarch quadruple stain
Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library
During the first year of growth the cutinized epidermis is replaced by protective growth of cork rich periderm. The outer periderm consists of layers of cork cells, the phellem, which produces waterproofing suberin. Cork cells are dead at maturity. Deep to the phellem is a living layer of cork cambium or phellogen and beneath that, layers of cork parenchyma or phelloderm. Many cells in the periderm contain dark staining tannins.
The cortex is divided into a thin outer hypodermis of lignified sclerenchyma cells and thicker inner cortex of thin walled parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts. Large resin ducts are surrounded by secretory parenchyma that produces resins and turpentines. Some cells enlarge into dark staining tyloses.
Technical Questions:bioimagesoer@gmail.com
Los espermatozoides nadan alrededor de 10hrs. desde la vagina al utero, y del utero hasta las tompas de falopio...
El ganador tarda 20 minutos en poder entrar.
En la tercera semana, el embrión sigue multiplicandose incansablemente, el ectodermo,el endodermo y el mesodermo, han comenzado su labor..
El embrión tiene el tamaño de una pequeña semilla, mas o menos como la de la foto. Y se parece a un renacuajo.
El cerebro y la columna vertebral ya se notan, pero aun siguen creciendo.
En el segundo mes, la cabeza del embrión es la mitad de la longitud del cuerpo. Los brazos, ya tienen manos, dedos y pulgares. Al igual que sus piernas...
En el tercer mes, el sexo es facil de identificarlo. El feto es capaz de orinar.
En el cuarto mes, el movimiento es más común. El abdomen se desarrolla de manera considerable, y la cabeza tiene un aspecto menos desproporcionado en relación con el resto del cuerpo....
En el quinto mes, al feto le ha comenzado a crecer pelo fino en todo su cuerpo y pelo grueso en cejas y pestañas. El feto aproximadamente a hora mide 25cm.
En el sexto mes, la cara se afina, las cejas son visibles, el dibujo de la nariz es más neto, las orejas son más grandes y el cuello se destaca. El bebe ya duerme y se despierta.
Septimo mes, el feto llega a pesar 1,5kg. y su estatura llega a 37 cm. los huesos del feto se estan poniendo más duros.. El feto ya pesa 1.700g. y mide 40cm. Si naciera ahora, tendria grandes posibilidades de sobrevivir.
En el octavo mes, algunos organos ya funcionan normalmente en particular el estomago, el intestino, los riñones... Otros todavia no estan del todo preparados como los pulmones o el higado.
El noveno mes, el bebe aumenta unos 20 o 30 gramos cada dia, se mueve menos por la falta de espacío.
Entre los huesos persisten espacios fibrosos que se denominan fontanelas, estas se cerraran despues del que el bebe nasca...
Scientific Name: Aurelia aurita
Description : Jellyfish are ancient creatures. Fossils have been found in rocks that are 650 million years old. Today there are more than 2000 species. Jellyfish are 95% water, 3% protein, and 1% mineral. There are four life stages from birth to adult. There is no backbone, brain, or heart. Adults drift with the currents, but can swim horizontally by pulsations of the bell to keep close to the surface. A primitive nerve net controls muscle contractions as it swims. The adult form is a transparent bell shape that ranges between 5 and 40 cm wide. Underneath is a central mouth surrounded by four oral arms that carry the stinging tentacles. From above, four crescent shaped gonads surround the mouth. On the rim of the bell are eight sets of eye spots sensitive to light and eight statocysts that help orient jellyfish when swimming. Jellyfish are primitive organisms with an outer layer (ectoderm) that covers the external surface and an inner layer (endoderm) that lines the gut. Between these is a jelly layer or mesoglea. The simple digestive cavity acts as a gullet, stomach, and intestine. There is one opening between the oral arms that acts as a mouth, anus, and entrance for sperm (in females).
Distribution : Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans.
Habitat : Shallow coastal waters as well as brackish waters with a salt content as low as 0.6 %. Jellyfish can survive in water from 6 ˚C to 31 ˚C. The optimum temperature is 9 ˚C to 19 ˚C.
Food : Jellyfish are carnivorous plankton eaters. They feed on fish eggs and larval fish and other plankton, such as mollusks, crustaceans, and copepods etc. Food is collected on the mucus surface of the jellyfish and by the tentacles. Flagellar action of the tentacles passes the food items to the margin of the bell and then up into the mouth and stomach.
Reproduction and Development : Jellyfish are either male or female. Sexual reproduction begins when a male medusa releases sperm through its mouth. The sperm swim into the mouth of a nearby female where fertilization occurs. Further development into free swimming planula (larval stage) occurs in brood pouches along the oral arms. The planula settle on the ocean floor and attach to the bottom forming the polyp. Polyps bud asexually to produce free swimming larvae known as ephyra, which grow into the adult medusa.
Adaptations : The transparent body makes a jellyfish less visible to predators. Oral arms have tentacles that carry nematocysts (stinging cells) that stun prey or deter predators. About 70 species are harmful to humans. The medusa can shrink in size when food is scarce and grow when it is abundant. Radial symmetry permits finding food in any direction.
Threats to Survival : Predators include sea turtles, ocean sunfish, spade fish, tuna, swordfish, and other large fish. Humans, particularly in some Asian countries, capture and eat dried non-venomous jellyfish.
Status : IUCN: Not Evaluated; CITES: Not Listed.
Zoo Diet : Cyclopeeze, and live brine shrimp.
Toronto Zoo Website
cross section: Pinus stem
magnification: 40x
Triarch quadruple stain
Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library
During the first year of growth the cutinized epidermis is replaced by protective growth of cork rich periderm. The outer periderm consists of layers of cork cells, the phellem, which produces waterproofing suberin. Cork cells are dead at maturity. Deep to the phellem is a living layer of cork cambium or phellogen and beneath that, layers of cork parenchyma or phelloderm. Many cells in the periderm contain dark staining tannins.
The cortex is divided into a thin outer hypodermis of lignified sclerenchyma cells and thicker inner cortex of thin walled parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts. Large resin ducts are surrounded by secretory parenchyma that produces resins and turpentines. Some cells enlarge into dark staining tyloses.
Both endoderm and pericycle are inconspicuous.
The vascular cylinder or stele in young stems consists of a ring of vascular bundles interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Seasonal activity of the cambium replaces the isolated vascular bundles with well-defined annual rings of secondary phloem and xylem. Xylem is endarch with protoxylem found towards center of the stem and younger metaxylem towards the periphery of the stem. Protoxylem consists of annular and spiral tracheids with only tracheids found in metaxylem. True xylem vessels are lacking. Because of the greater production of xylem, the vascular cylinder is dominated by radially arranged rays of secondary xylem interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Conspicuous resin ducts are present throughout the xylem.
Phloem is endarch but annual growth the of stem makes it difficult to distinguish between older protophloem to the periphery and younger metapholem towards center of the stem. Phloem lacks companion cells, consisting entirely of sieve tubes and phloem parenchyma. Medullary rays in the secondary phloem include protein rich albuminous cells.
A well-defined pith of parenchyma cells is occasionally interrupted by a few large resin ducts.
Technical Questions:bioimagesoer@gmail.com
cross section: Pinus stem
magnification: 40x
Triarch quadruple stain
Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library
During the first year of growth the cutinized epidermis is replaced by protective growth of cork rich periderm. The outer periderm consists of layers of cork cells, the phellem, which produces waterproofing suberin. Cork cells are dead at maturity. Deep to the phellem is a living layer of cork cambium or phellogen and beneath that, layers of cork parenchyma or phelloderm. Many cells in the periderm contain dark staining tannins.
The cortex is divided into a thin outer hypodermis of lignified sclerenchyma cells and thicker inner cortex of thin walled parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts. Large resin ducts are surrounded by secretory parenchyma that produces resins and turpentines. Some cells enlarge into dark staining tyloses.
Both endoderm and pericycle are inconspicuous.
The vascular cylinder or stele in young stems consists of a ring of vascular bundles interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Seasonal activity of the cambium replaces the isolated vascular bundles with well-defined annual rings of secondary phloem and xylem. Xylem is endarch with protoxylem found towards center of the stem and younger metaxylem towards the periphery of the stem. Protoxylem consists of annular and spiral tracheids with only tracheids found in metaxylem. True xylem vessels are lacking. Because of the greater production of xylem, the vascular cylinder is dominated by radially arranged rays of secondary xylem interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Conspicuous resin ducts are present throughout the xylem.
Phloem is endarch but annual growth the of stem makes it difficult to distinguish between older protophloem to the periphery and younger metapholem towards center of the stem. Phloem lacks companion cells, consisting entirely of sieve tubes and phloem parenchyma. Medullary rays in the secondary phloem include protein rich albuminous cells.
A well-defined pith of parenchyma cells is occasionally interrupted by a few large resin ducts.
Visit the BCC Bioscience Image featuring the Microscopic World of Plants. www.berkshirecc.edu/biologyimages
Technical Questions:bioimagesoer@gmail.com
cross section: Pinus stem
magnification: 400x
Triarch quadruple stain
Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library
During the first year of growth the cutinized epidermis is replaced by protective growth of cork rich periderm. The outer periderm consists of layers of cork cells, the phellem, which produces waterproofing suberin. Cork cells are dead at maturity. Deep to the phellem is a living layer of cork cambium or phellogen and beneath that, layers of cork parenchyma or phelloderm. Many cells in the periderm contain dark staining tannins.
The cortex is divided into a thin outer hypodermis of lignified sclerenchyma cells and thicker inner cortex of thin walled parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts. Large resin ducts are surrounded by secretory parenchyma that produces resins and turpentines. Some cells enlarge into dark staining tyloses.
Both endoderm and pericycle are inconspicuous.
The vascular cylinder or stele in young stems consists of a ring of vascular bundles interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Seasonal activity of the cambium replaces the isolated vascular bundles with well-defined annual rings of secondary phloem and xylem. Xylem is endarch with protoxylem found towards center of the stem and younger metaxylem towards the periphery of the stem. Protoxylem consists of annular and spiral tracheids with only tracheids found in metaxylem. True xylem vessels are lacking. Because of the greater production of xylem, the vascular cylinder is dominated by radially arranged rays of secondary xylem interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Conspicuous resin ducts are present throughout the xylem.
Phloem is endarch but annual growth the of stem makes it difficult to distinguish between older protophloem to the periphery and younger metapholem towards center of the stem. Phloem lacks companion cells, consisting entirely of sieve tubes and phloem parenchyma. Medullary rays in the secondary phloem include protein rich albuminous cells.
Technical Questions:bioimagesoer@gmail.com
cross section: Pinus stem
magnification: 100x
Triarch quadruple stain
Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library
The vascular cylinder or stele in young stems consists of a ring of vascular bundles interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Seasonal activity of the cambium replaces the isolated vascular bundles with well-defined annual rings of secondary phloem and xylem. Xylem is endarch with protoxylem found towards center of the stem and younger metaxylem towards the periphery of the stem. Protoxylem consists of annular and spiral tracheids with only tracheids found in metaxylem. True xylem vessels are lacking. Because of the greater production of xylem, the vascular cylinder is dominated by radially arranged rays of secondary xylem interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Conspicuous resin ducts are present throughout the xylem.
Phloem is endarch but annual growth the of stem makes it difficult to distinguish between older protophloem to the periphery and younger metapholem towards center of the stem. Phloem lacks companion cells, consisting entirely of sieve tubes and phloem parenchyma. Medullary rays in the secondary phloem include protein rich albuminous cells.
A well-defined pith of parenchyma cells is occasionally interrupted by a few large resin ducts.
Technical Questions:bioimagesoer@gmail.com
cross section: Pinus stem
magnification: 100x
Triarch quadruple stain
Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library
During the first year of growth the cutinized epidermis is replaced by protective growth of cork rich periderm. The outer periderm consists of layers of cork cells, the phellem, which produces waterproofing suberin. Cork cells are dead at maturity. Deep to the phellem is a living layer of cork cambium or phellogen and beneath that, layers of cork parenchyma or phelloderm. Many cells in the periderm contain dark staining tannins.
The cortex is divided into a thin outer hypodermis of lignified sclerenchyma cells and thicker inner cortex of thin walled parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts. Large resin ducts are surrounded by secretory parenchyma that produces resins and turpentines. Some cells enlarge into dark staining tyloses.
Both endoderm and pericycle are inconspicuous.
The vascular cylinder or stele in young stems consists of a ring of vascular bundles interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Seasonal activity of the cambium replaces the isolated vascular bundles with well-defined annual rings of secondary phloem and xylem. Xylem is endarch with protoxylem found towards center of the stem and younger metaxylem towards the periphery of the stem. Protoxylem consists of annular and spiral tracheids with only tracheids found in metaxylem. True xylem vessels are lacking. Because of the greater production of xylem, the vascular cylinder is dominated by radially arranged rays of secondary xylem interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Conspicuous resin ducts are present throughout the xylem.
Phloem is endarch but annual growth the of stem makes it difficult to distinguish between older protophloem to the periphery and younger metapholem towards center of the stem. Phloem lacks companion cells, consisting entirely of sieve tubes and phloem parenchyma. Medullary rays in the secondary phloem include protein rich albuminous cells.
A well-defined pith of parenchyma cells is occasionally interrupted by a few large resin ducts.
Technical Questions:bioimagesoer@gmail.com
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No Usage Allowed in Any Form Without the Written Consent of Serena Livingston
Description: Jelly fish are ancient creatures. Fossils have been found in rocks that are 650 million years old. Today there are more than 2000 species. Jelly fish are 95% water, 3% protein, and 1% mineral. There are two stages: an adult free swimming medusa and a sessile polyp. There is no backbone, brain, or heart. Adults drift with the currents, but can swim horizontally by pulsations of the bell to keep close to the surface. A primitive nerve net controls muscle contractions as it swims. The adult form is a transparent bell shape that ranges between 5-40 cm wide. Underneath is a central mouth surrounded by four oral arms that carry the stinging tentacles. From above four crescent shaped gonads surround the mouth. On the rim of the bell are eight sets of eye spots sensitive to light and eight statocysts that help orient jelly fish when swimming. Jelly fish are primitive organisms with an outer layer (ectoderm) that covers the external surface and an inner layer (endoderm) that lines the gut. Between these is a jelly layer or mesoglea. The simple digestive cavity acts as a gullet, stomach, and intestine. There is one opening between the oral arms that acts as a mouth, anus, and entrance for sperm (in females).
Distribution: Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans
Habitat: Shallow coastal waters as well as brackish waters with a salt content as low as 0.6%. Jelly fish can survive in water from -6C to 31C. The optimum temperature is 9C to 19C
Food: Jelly fish are carnivorous plankton. They feed on fish eggs and larval fish and other plankton such as mollusks, crustaceans, copepods, etc. Food collects on the mucus surface of the jelly fish. Flagellar action of the tentacles passes the food items to the margin of the bell and then up into the mouth and stomach.
Reproduction and Development: Jelly fish are either male or female. Sexual reproduction begins when a male medusa releases sperm through its mouth. The sperm swim into the mouth of a nearby female where fertilization occurs. Further development into free swimming planula occurs in brood pouches along the oral arms. The planula settle on the ocean floor and attach to the bottom forming the polyp. Polyps bud asexually to produce free swimming larvae known as ephyra which grow into the adult medusa.
Adaptations: The transparent body makes a jelly fish less visible to predators. Oral arms have tentacles that carry cnidaria (stinging cells) that stun prey or deter predators. About 70 species are harmful to humans. The medusa can shrink in size when food is scarce and grow when it is abundant. Radial symmetry permits finding food in any direction.
Threats to Survival: Predators include sea turtles, ocean sun fish, spade fish, tuna, swordfish, and other large fish. Humans, particularly in China and Japan, capture and eat dried non-venomous jelly fish.
Status: Common
Zoo Diet: Newly hatched brine shrimp
Courtesy of the Toronto Zoo
Sinónimo: Pinus ponderosa var. stormiae (Martínez) Silba.
Árbol de 10 a 20 metros de alto, el tronco es fuerte y derecho, la corteza es de color oscura, con escamas de color canelo rojizo claro; mide de 3 a 5 cm de espesor, tiene ramas corpulentas y extendida. Hojas en fascículos de tres, a veces cuatro y cinco, de 20 a 30 cm de largo, de color verde oscuro, triangulares cuando son cinco y carinadas cuando son tres; anchas y fuertes, tiesas y finalmente aserradas, con dientecillos casi invisibles en la costilla media. Endodermo moderadamente engrosado; hipodermo irregular, con entrantes en el clorénquima; canales resiníferos medios, en número de tres a ocho, más comúnmente tres ó cuatro; haces fibrobasculares alargados. Vainas de 13 a 20 mm, de color castaño al principio y muy oscuras o casi negras después, no resinosas. Conos ovoides, extendidos o ligeramente reflejados y algo encorvados, fuertes y pesados, persistentes, de 7.5 a 10.5 de largo de color moreno oscuro, colocados en pares o en grupos de tres o cuatro; pedúnculos de 10 mm, casi oculto en la base del cono , el cual al desprenderse deja en aquel algunas escamas básales. Escamas de 30 mm de largo por 15 de ancho, fuertes, de ápice anguloso o redondeado; quilla transversal fuerte y levantada, con apófisis prominente subpíramidal, levemente reflejada, con elevaciones de unos 6 mm; cúspide cenicienta, con espina cónica y persistente. Semilla de 6 a 7 mm, morena, con ala de 22 mm de largo por nueve a diez de ancho, con estrías longitudinales oscuras . Especie nativa de México (Coahuila, Nuevo León). En iturraran se encuentra en la zona 8.
Synonym: Pinus ponderosa var. stormiae (Martínez) Silba.
Tree, 10 to 20 meters high, the trunk is strong and straight, the bark is dark, with light reddish-brown scales; It measures 3 to 5 cm thick, has corpulent branches and extended. Leaves in fascicles of three, sometimes four and five, 20 to 30 cm long, dark green, triangular when they are five and carinadas when they are three; wide and strong, stiff and finally sawn, with almost invisible teeth in the middle rib. Endoderm moderately thickened; irregular hypoderm, with entrants in the chlorenchyme; middle resin channels, in number from three to eight, more commonly three or four; elongated fibrobascular bundles. Pods 13 to 20 mm, brown at first and very dark or almost black later, not resinous. Cones ovoid, extended or slightly reflected and somewhat hunched, strong and heavy, persistent, 7.5 to 10.5 long dark brown, placed in pairs or in groups of three or four; 10 mm peduncles, almost hidden at the base of the cone, which when detached leaves some basal scales on it. Scales 30 mm long by 15 wide, strong, angled or rounded apex; strong and raised transverse keel, with prominent subpyramidal apophysis, slightly reflected, with elevations of about 6 mm; Cinderella cusp, with conical and persistent spine. Seed of 6 to 7 mm, brown, with wing 22 mm long by nine to ten wide, with dark longitudinal streaks. Native species of Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo León). Iturraran is located inarea 8.
Excerpt from torontozoo.com:
Jellyfish are ancient creatures. Fossils have been found in rocks that are 650 million years old. Today there are more than 2000 species. Jellyfish are 95% water, 3% protein, and 1% mineral. There are four life stages from birth to adult. There is no backbone, brain, or heart. Adults drift with the currents, but can swim horizontally by pulsations of the bell to keep close to the surface. A primitive nerve net controls muscle contractions as it swims. The adult form is a transparent bell shape that ranges between 5 and 40 cm wide. Underneath is a central mouth surrounded by four oral arms that carry the stinging tentacles. From above, four crescent shaped gonads surround the mouth. On the rim of the bell are eight sets of eye spots sensitive to light and eight statocysts that help orient jellyfish when swimming. Jellyfish are primitive organisms with an outer layer (ectoderm) that covers the external surface and an inner layer (endoderm) that lines the gut. Between these is a jelly layer or mesoglea. The simple digestive cavity acts as a gullet, stomach, and intestine. There is one opening between the oral arms that acts as a mouth, anus, and entrance for sperm (in females).
To cure liver cirrhosis with stem cell therapy, healthy stem cells will be cultured in vitro and transplanted into the patient's body via intravenous infusion. As an emerging therapeutic method, stem cell therapy has brought new hope to patients with liver cirrhosis. In recent years, SQ1 medical center has accumulated rich experience in stem cell therapy for liver cirrhosis.
The Beneficial Effects Of Stem Cell Therapy On Liver Cirrhosis
Stem cell therapy can enhance the ability of the human body to repair damaged liver cells and tissue. Stem cells can induce differentiation of liver cells under certain conditions, and participate in the reconstruction of liver tissue, thus effectively improving the patient’s condition as well as promoting the recovery of liver function.
The following effects can be achieved by using stem cell therapy on liver cirrhosis:
Regeneration of liver tissue
Relieved or eliminate symptoms such as loss of appetite, fatigue, ascites, and pain
Key biomarkers of liver function return to normal level
Improvement in liver fibrosis
Reduced chronic fatigue
Removal of jaundice
No more itchy skin
Improved metabolism
Immune system back to normal status
Liver Cirrhosis And Complications That Stem Cell Therapy Can Treat
Liver cirrhosis will be accompanied by complications in many patients. Stem cell therapy can treat liver cirrhosis and have a good effect on preventing or improving the complication conditions of liver cirrhosis. These complications include:
Portal vein hypertension
Portal pulmonary hypertension
Ascites
Poor absorption of fats and vitamins
Irregular bleeding
Increased risk of infections
Kidney failure
Deterioration of brain function
Liver cancer
Many experts in the world have conducted clinical trials on stem cell transplantation in humans for the treatment of decompensated cirrhosis. After transplantation, the symptoms of patients have been significantly improved, the liver function has been restored to a certain extent, and no obvious adverse reactions have been found. Stem cell therapy has become the most sensible choice for patients with liver cirrhosis!
Learn More About Liver Cirrhosis
Liver cirrhosis is a chronic progressive liver disease caused by various factors. It manifests as hyperplasia of diffused collagen fibrous tissue, which forms pseudo lobules thus destroying the normal structure of the liver. Liver dysfunction and portal hypertension are its main clinical symptoms. Patients often suffer from complications such as loss of appetite, lethargy, and jaundice due to decreased liver function. In the late stage, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, secondary infection, ascites, and cancer often occur, resulting in a major decline in life quality and affecting the long-term survival rate of the patients.
Hepatitis is a major cause of liver cirrhosis, According to the “2017 Global hepatitis Report” released by the World Health Organization in Geneva, as of 2017, there were about 325 million people infected with chronic hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus in the world, nearly 120 million people suffer from cirrhosis, along with millions of deaths. Liver cirrhosis has become the fifth leading cause of death in the world. The incidence of liver disease is still increasing year by year.
Risk Factors For Cirrhosis
Liver cirrhosis develops from a variety of chronic liver diseases, any adverse factors that affect the normal function of the liver can be considered risk factors for liver cirrhosis. It is important to understand the causes of cirrhosis so that the symptoms can be treated and prevent the disease from been worsen.
Most common risk factors include:
Alcoholism
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Viral hepatitis
Bile duct obstruction
Adverse drug reaction or poisoning
Autoimmune liver disease
Genetic and metabolic diseases
Long-term cholestasis
Liver blood circulation disorder
Parasitic infection
Clinical Symptoms Of Liver Cirrhosis
There are various manifestations of liver cirrhosis. There are about 10-to 20% of patients with early liver cirrhosis are asymptomatic, or only have digestive system symptoms such as fatigue, loss of appetite, and diarrhea.
When patients begin to experience more severe symptoms, including:
Feeling tired and unwell
No feeling of hunger and weight loss
Jaundice (yellow stain of skin and eye whites)
Small dots or large patches of red-purple rash
Itching all over the body
If cirrhosis is caused by alcohol or long-term liver disease, you may also experience the following symptoms:
Muscle wasting
Liver palm
Abdominal swollen (due to excessive fluid)
Small bright red spots on skin surrounded by microvascular that look like spider legs (spider moles)
Swollen salivary glands – glands that secrete saliva
Enlarged breasts, testicular atrophy, sparse armpit hair(male)
Advantages Of Stem Cell Therapy On Liver Cirrhosis
Currently, there is no effective treatment for cirrhosis and the liver damage is permanent.
Your doctor may offer some ways to relieve the symptoms of cirrhosis and complications according to your symptoms, such as medication or venous shunts to lower venous pressure. But these methods could only relieve the symptoms rather than cure the disease. In the event of liver failure, liver transplantation is still the most effective treatment, but its usage is limited by the high cost, limited donors, and immune rejection after transplantation.
Stem cell therapy
Conventional treatment
Curative Treatment or diseases management
Stem cell therapy is a new treatment for liver cirrhosis, which differentiate stem cells into liver cells, thus repairing or regenerating liver tissue and restoring liver function. It is a treatment that can cure liver cirrhosis. If treated with stem cells at an early stage, damage to liver tissue can be reversed and prevent future liver damage or development of complications.
Conventional therapy can only prevent liver cirrhosis from getting worse through disease management such as lifestyle adjustments, for example, stopping drinking alcohol, and not taking drugs without a doctor’s permit. The doctors may take minor interventions, i.e., prescribe medications or minor surgery to treat complications, but those treatments can not cure cirrhosis.
Side-effects
No side effects, because the stem cells come from the body itself, their immunogenicity is extremely low, stem cells are produced under very strict quality control, and there are guaranteed no side effects.
Patients with cirrhosis should stop taking medications.
If you take medicine for hepatitis, it may have some side effects on the gastrointestinal tract, such as nausea and vomiting.
Convenience
Stem cell therapy is performed by stem cell experts and requires specialized laboratories to process stem cells and medical equipment to extract and inject stem cells, After the treatment, the patient does not need to receive repeated or frequent treatment, patients can return to a high-quality life.
If a patient with liver cirrhosis has serious complications such as varicose veins, the doctor may use venous shunt surgery to temporarily relieve symptoms. Patients need to go to the hospital frequently, which is a great inconvenience.
Longevity
If treated at an early stage, stem cell therapy can improve symptoms of liver cirrhosis and prevent complications, and rebuild liver function, thus restoring a healthy life in the long run.
If treated at a late stage, symptoms of cirrhosis and complications can be alleviated, and liver transplantation can even be avoided.
Conventional disease management methods such as adjusting diet can only delay the future deterioration of liver cirrhosis, but not help with the treatment of liver cirrhosis.
End-stage
Stem cells are a fundamental part of our body, and the main function of stem cells is to regenerate damaged cells and replicate their cells to repair or regenerate liver tissue, allowing patients to delay or avoid liver transplantation.
Liver transplantation is the only treatment option for end-stage patients. The high risk of surgical treatment, limited donors, rejection reaction, and other serious surgical complications are major concerns.
How Can Stem Cells Therapy For Liver Cirrhosis Work
Stem cell therapy is a method that injects healthy stem cells into patients through intravenous infusion. The stem cells in patients’ bodies with self-replication and multi-directional differentiation potential will help to repair damaged liver cells and restore liver function. Stem cells work through the following four mechanisms:
Self-differentiation: Stem cells can differentiate into hepatic parenchymal cells in endoderm, stem cells can also directly differentiate into endoderm hepatic parenchymal cells, thus replacing damaged liver cells and regenerating healthy liver tissue to restore liver function, and it’s free from immune rejection reactions after transplantation.
Immunomodulatory effect: Stem cells can also secrete soluble cytokines to mediate immune suppression, induce immune tolerance, inhibit the proliferation and migration of immune cells to the liver, reduce immune inflammation in the damaged liver, and increase the survival rate of patients with liver disease.
Paracrine effect: The paracrine effect of stem cells is also one important mechanism for promoting liver regeneration and liver damage reduction. Stem cells can produce various cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and exosomes to help with liver tissue repair indirectly or remotely.
Stem cell transplantation can reduce the deposition of collagen in liver tissue: Stem cells also inhibit the expression of transforming growth factor- β1(TGF β1) and smooth muscle actin in liver cells and reduce the severity of liver fibrosis.
SQ1 Stem Cell Services
During the whole treatment process, we’ll provide complete and first-class medical services to you. And to ensure your treatment effect, you can consult your doctor any time after the treatment.
Tinción wholemount de un embrión de ratón de 11,5 días de edad que muestra en verde partes del sistema nervioso, teñido con un anticuerpo para neurofilamentos. La placa del piso y el endodermo están teñidos en azul con un anticuerpo para HNF3beta y el corazón se encuentra teñido de rojo. Los tejidos sin teñir aparecen de color gris.
Vocabulário:
- Filo: [Biologia] Série evolutiva de formas animais e vegetais.
- Annelida: Anelídeo (do latim annelus, pequeno anel + ida, sufixo plural).
- Peculiar: Particular, especial, próprio, privativo.
- Metameria: [Embriologia] Divisão primitiva da corda dorsal e dos tecidos vizinhos, em segmentos ou metâmeros.
- Anelídeos: Subdivisão ou classe de vermes.
- Simetria: Relação de tamanho ou de disposição que entre si devem ter as coisas ou as partes de um todo em relação a um ponto, eixo ou plano.
- Celomados: Cavidade geral (da maioria dos metazoários).
- Estruturados: Dotar com uma estrutura.
- Cilíndricos: Que tem forma de cilindro.
- Segmentados: Que está dividido em segmentos.
- Triblásticos: São animais que possuem três tipos de tecidos: ectoderme, Mesoderme e endoderme.
- Embrionários: Do embrião ou a ele relativo.
- Bilaterais: Que tem dois lados.
- Cavidade: Parte côncava de um corpo sólido.
- Dioicas: Àquela em que os sexos se encontram separados em indivíduos diferentes.
Cette Cnidaire dispose de huit tentacules, dont les nématocystes urticants peuvent provoquer de vives douleurs en cas de contact avec la peau. Couverte de minuscules points rouges qui sont en fait des faisceaux de cellules urticantes, elle possède une coloration rougeâtre, allant de l'orange au violet en passant par le rose. Son ectoderme (chapeau) est transparent et urticant et laisse entrevoir sa mésoglée, son endoderme et ses gonades. Elle possède aussi, en bas de l'ombrelle, quatre lobes buccaux dentelés, de couleur rosâtre, urticants et couverts d'un mucus gluant, qui capturent et paralysent les proies (petits animaux faisant partie du zooplancton) qui seront amenés vers la bouche.
Sa reproduction diffère de la plupart des autres méduses, puisqu'elle répand des ovules et du sperme qui, après s'être fécondés, deviendront des petites larves qui passeront directement au stade de méduse pour devenir peu à peu des adultes. Elle brille grâce à un mucus sécrété par son ectoderme lorsque la méduse est perturbée ou heurtée par les vagues (cf. wikipédia).
Los pulmones humanos son estructuras anatomoclínicas (EAC) de origen embrionario endodérmico, pertenecientes al aparato respiratorio
The evolution of hedgehog/Gli signalling in the Deuterostomia.The tree shows the phylogenetic relationships of the major deuterostome taxa. At the ends of the branches are representatives of each taxon, and adjacent to these are schematic diagrams illustrating the expression of Hh and Gli genes at key developmental stages, with arrows indicating the predicted direction of hedgehog signalling. Labelling on branches of the tree indicates predicted ancestral gene complement (in black) or actual gene complement in living taxa (in red). Single Hh and Gli genes are predicted to have been present in the common ancestor of the Deuterostomes. In the Ambulacraria (represented by the echinoderm Lytechinus variegatus and the hemichordate Saccoglossus kowalevskii), these genes do not appear to have duplicated, though hemichordate Gli has yet to be isolated. The spatial expression of Gli genes is unreported in Ambulacraria, however Hh expression has been reported as localised to the apical tip in S. kowalevskii and to the endoderm in L. variegatus. In the Chordata, midline Hh expression is observed in all three lineages, with corresponding Gli expression in adjacent tissues (though note neural restriction of Hh and Gli in C. intestinalis, indicating the loss of notochord Hh and associated mesodermal Gli expression from this lineage). Adjacent to the B. floridae and M. musculus diagrams are simplified representations of the diversity of activator and repressor forms of Gli present in each lineage. Superscript numbers adjacent to genes indicate the following references from which the data were taken: 1 [74]. 2 [39]. 3 [75]. 4 [6]. 5 [5]. 6 [38].
Sinónimo: Pinus ponderosa var. stormiae (Martínez) Silba.
Árbol de 10 a 20 metros de alto, el tronco es fuerte y derecho, la corteza es de color oscura, con escamas de color canelo rojizo claro; mide de 3 a 5 cm de espesor, tiene ramas corpulentas y extendida. Hojas en fascículos de tres, a veces cuatro y cinco, de 20 a 30 cm de largo, de color verde oscuro, triangulares cuando son cinco y carinadas cuando son tres; anchas y fuertes, tiesas y finalmente aserradas, con dientecillos casi invisibles en la costilla media. Endodermo moderadamente engrosado; hipodermo irregular, con entrantes en el clorénquima; canales resiníferos medios, en número de tres a ocho, más comúnmente tres ó cuatro; haces fibrobasculares alargados. Vainas de 13 a 20 mm, de color castaño al principio y muy oscuras o casi negras después, no resinosas. Conos ovoides, extendidos o ligeramente reflejados y algo encorvados, fuertes y pesados, persistentes, de 7.5 a 10.5 de largo de color moreno oscuro, colocados en pares o en grupos de tres o cuatro; pedúnculos de 10 mm, casi oculto en la base del cono , el cual al desprenderse deja en aquel algunas escamas básales. Escamas de 30 mm de largo por 15 de ancho, fuertes, de ápice anguloso o redondeado; quilla transversal fuerte y levantada, con apófisis prominente subpíramidal, levemente reflejada, con elevaciones de unos 6 mm; cúspide cenicienta, con espina cónica y persistente. Semilla de 6 a 7 mm, morena, con ala de 22 mm de largo por nueve a diez de ancho, con estrías longitudinales oscuras . Especie nativa de México (Coahuila, Nuevo León). En iturraran se encuentra en la zona 8.
Synonym: Pinus ponderosa var. stormiae (Martínez) Silba.
Tree, 10 to 20 meters high, the trunk is strong and straight, the bark is dark, with light reddish-brown scales; It measures 3 to 5 cm thick, has corpulent branches and extended. Leaves in fascicles of three, sometimes four and five, 20 to 30 cm long, dark green, triangular when they are five and carinadas when they are three; wide and strong, stiff and finally sawn, with almost invisible teeth in the middle rib. Endoderm moderately thickened; irregular hypoderm, with entrants in the chlorenchyme; middle resin channels, in number from three to eight, more commonly three or four; elongated fibrobascular bundles. Pods 13 to 20 mm, brown at first and very dark or almost black later, not resinous. Cones ovoid, extended or slightly reflected and somewhat hunched, strong and heavy, persistent, 7.5 to 10.5 long dark brown, placed in pairs or in groups of three or four; 10 mm peduncles, almost hidden at the base of the cone, which when detached leaves some basal scales on it. Scales 30 mm long by 15 wide, strong, angled or rounded apex; strong and raised transverse keel, with prominent subpyramidal apophysis, slightly reflected, with elevations of about 6 mm; Cinderella cusp, with conical and persistent spine. Seed of 6 to 7 mm, brown, with wing 22 mm long by nine to ten wide, with dark longitudinal streaks. Native species of Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo León). Iturraran is located inarea 8.
Sinónimo: Pinus ponderosa var. stormiae (Martínez) Silba.
Árbol de 10 a 20 metros de alto, el tronco es fuerte y derecho, la corteza es de color oscura, con escamas de color canelo rojizo claro; mide de 3 a 5 cm de espesor, tiene ramas corpulentas y extendida. Hojas en fascículos de tres, a veces cuatro y cinco, de 20 a 30 cm de largo, de color verde oscuro, triangulares cuando son cinco y carinadas cuando son tres; anchas y fuertes, tiesas y finalmente aserradas, con dientecillos casi invisibles en la costilla media. Endodermo moderadamente engrosado; hipodermo irregular, con entrantes en el clorénquima; canales resiníferos medios, en número de tres a ocho, más comúnmente tres ó cuatro; haces fibrobasculares alargados. Vainas de 13 a 20 mm, de color castaño al principio y muy oscuras o casi negras después, no resinosas. Conos ovoides, extendidos o ligeramente reflejados y algo encorvados, fuertes y pesados, persistentes, de 7.5 a 10.5 de largo de color moreno oscuro, colocados en pares o en grupos de tres o cuatro; pedúnculos de 10 mm, casi oculto en la base del cono , el cual al desprenderse deja en aquel algunas escamas básales. Escamas de 30 mm de largo por 15 de ancho, fuertes, de ápice anguloso o redondeado; quilla transversal fuerte y levantada, con apófisis prominente subpíramidal, levemente reflejada, con elevaciones de unos 6 mm; cúspide cenicienta, con espina cónica y persistente. Semilla de 6 a 7 mm, morena, con ala de 22 mm de largo por nueve a diez de ancho, con estrías longitudinales oscuras . Especie nativa de México (Coahuila, Nuevo León). En iturraran se encuentra en la zona 8.
Synonym: Pinus ponderosa var. stormiae (Martínez) Silba.
Tree, 10 to 20 meters high, the trunk is strong and straight, the bark is dark, with light reddish-brown scales; It measures 3 to 5 cm thick, has corpulent branches and extended. Leaves in fascicles of three, sometimes four and five, 20 to 30 cm long, dark green, triangular when they are five and carinadas when they are three; wide and strong, stiff and finally sawn, with almost invisible teeth in the middle rib. Endoderm moderately thickened; irregular hypoderm, with entrants in the chlorenchyme; middle resin channels, in number from three to eight, more commonly three or four; elongated fibrobascular bundles. Pods 13 to 20 mm, brown at first and very dark or almost black later, not resinous. Cones ovoid, extended or slightly reflected and somewhat hunched, strong and heavy, persistent, 7.5 to 10.5 long dark brown, placed in pairs or in groups of three or four; 10 mm peduncles, almost hidden at the base of the cone, which when detached leaves some basal scales on it. Scales 30 mm long by 15 wide, strong, angled or rounded apex; strong and raised transverse keel, with prominent subpyramidal apophysis, slightly reflected, with elevations of about 6 mm; Cinderella cusp, with conical and persistent spine. Seed of 6 to 7 mm, brown, with wing 22 mm long by nine to ten wide, with dark longitudinal streaks. Native species of Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo León). Iturraran is located inarea 8.
When I was harvesting my ringless honey mushrooms, on one mushroom, a hammerhead worm that has a long, flattened body and a broad head: it is a planarian, a free-living flatworm of the phylum Platyhelminthes (from the Greek “platy” meaning flat, and “helminth” meaning worm)., among the simplest animals comprised of 3 germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm), yet possessing a complex anatomy of organ systems with striking molecular and physiological conservation to mammalian tissues
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Hammerhead Flatworm – 2020SEP25 – Charlotte, NC
Going out for my annual ringless honey mushroom harvest (cf. my albums 2018AUG23 & 2018AUG22), I saw something else.
Something definitely toxic, terrestrial, and considered terrifying...
...A hammerhead flatworm native to tropical and subtropical regions but that has become invasive worldwide.
Picking the mushroom cap with the hammerhead worm, I went inside to get my cell phone camera, which I could hold using one hand to capture images, keeping an eye on the other hand with the wriggly worm slithering over the mushroom cap
...and then I learned this about it after I went and put it back!
Hope you enjoy the 34% of 49 captures I took this drizzly day!
Phylogenetic mapping of Hox expression. The neighbor-joining and Bayesian phylogenies (Figure 2 and S1) were pared to remove all bilaterian sequences. The strict consensus topology shown here depicts the relative relationships among Nematostella sequences. Each of the Nematostella Hox-related sequences is coded according to whether its expression is restricted along the primary (O/A) body axis or the secondary (directive) body axis (Y = yes; N = no). A yellow Y in the directive column signifies that the expression is bilateral (both sides of the directive axis), and a red Y indicates that the expression is unilateral. The character state found in the terminal taxon is indicated in the colored boxes. The internal nodes are shaded to indicate the character states found in hypothetical ancestors. For each gene, the spatial expression is depicted on a diagram of the juvenile polyp. In the case of Dlx, anthox6a and anthox1, the expression pattern that is depicted actually occurs earlier, in the larval stage, but it is represented on a diagram of the polyp to facilitate spatial comparisons with the other genes. The polyp is drawn in lateral view with the overlying ectoderm (dark gray) partially peeled away to reveal the underlying endoderm of the body column (light gray) and the lumen of the pharynx (white). The pharynx is drawn as though everted. Only one representative tentacle is shown. The mesoglea, a largely acellular layer of connective tissue that separates the endoderm from the ectoderm, is depicted as a thin black line. Gene expression is depicted as black shading in the endoderm or ectoderm. The major regions along the primary body axis are demarcated with dotted lines: Ph = pharynx; H = head; C = column; F = foot. Cross-sectional views through the body column (at the arrowheads) are shown for Gbx, anthox7, anthox8a, anthox8b, anthox6a, anthox1a, and NVHD065.
LO "SCORTICAMENTO"
Questo supplizio veniva inflitto sia come pena capitale che come tortura inquisitoria. Il carnefice pratica un lungo taglio che penetra solo sino allo strato muscolare sottostante. In seguito taglia i tessuti connettivi tra l'endoderma ed il fascio muscolare, esattamente come il cuoco spella il coniglio, e a poco a poco la vittima viene scuoiata.
Oggigiorno questa procedura viene poco usata perchè la tortura moderna in genere esige che la vittima non porti in seguito segni permanenti sul corpo; tuttavia, in alcuni paesi, serve ancora come pena capitale.
San Bartolomeo, coevo di Cristo, venne scorticato - secondo una tradizione mai documentata - in Armenia verso la fine del primo secolo dell'era cristiana. Questa rappresentazione raffigura la pena con notevole chiarezza.
Scientific Name: Aurelia aurita
Description : Jelly fish are ancient creatures. Fossils have been found in rocks that are 650 million years old. Today there are more than 2000 species. Jelly fish are 95% water, 3% protein, and 1% mineral. There are two stages: an adult free swimming medusa and a sessile polyp. There is no backbone, brain, or heart. Adults drift with the currents, but can swim horizontally by pulsations of the bell to keep close to the surface. A primitive nerve net controls muscle contractions as it swims. The adult form is a transparent bell shape that ranges between 5-40 cm wide. Underneath is a central mouth surrounded by four oral arms that carry the stinging tentacles. From above four crescent shaped gonads surround the mouth. On the rim of the bell are eight sets of eye spots sensitive to light and eight statocysts that help orient jelly fish when swimming. Jelly fish are primitive organisms with an outer layer (ectoderm) that covers the external surface and an inner layer (endoderm) that lines the gut. Between these is a jelly layer or mesoglea. The simple digestive cavity acts as a gullet, stomach, and intestine. There is one opening between the oral arms that acts as a mouth, anus, and entrance for sperm (in females).
Distribution : Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans
Habitat : Shallow coastal waters as well as brackish waters with a salt content as low as 0.6%. Jelly fish can survive in water from -6C to 31C. The optimum temperature is 9C to 19C
Food : Jelly fish are carnivorous plankton. They feed on fish eggs and larval fish and other plankton such as mollusks, crustaceans, copepods, etc. Food collects on the mucus surface of the jelly fish. Flagellar action of the tentacles passes the food items to the margin of the bell and then up into the mouth and stomach.
Different scenarios about mesoderm evolution depending on the phylogenetic position of Acoelomorpha.Two possible phylogenetic positions of Acoelomorpha either as sister to the remaining Bilateria (scenarios 1 and 2) or as sister group to Ambulacraria (scenarios 3 and 4). Musculature in red. Four possible scenarios are numbered. Scenario 1: A cnidarian-like ancestor with epithelial-muscle cells that form circular and longitudinal musculature form the orthogonal musculature of acoels. The musculature would be the first cell type of mesoderm [63]. Scenario 2: A similar cnidarian-like ancestor is forming myoepithelial coelomic cavities as outpouchings from the gastric cavity (according to enterocoely hypothesis [113]). In the lineage to the Acoelomorpha the orthogonal muscle grid of acoels is formed from the coeloms. After the formation of the muscle grid coeloms got reduced. This scenario includes several losses and gains and is thus not parsimonious and can be rejected. Scenario 3: In case the last common ancestor of Deuterostomia had coeloms, the coeloms got reduced in the lineage to the Acoelomorpha without any traces [12]. Scenario 4: Coelomic cavities of Ambulacraria are not homologous with those in other animal lineages [22] and are formed independently from the endoderm of a acoelomorph-like ancestor (e.g., by enterocoely).
Le cellule si dispongono in modo tale da circondare una cavità interna, ripiena di liquido, (trofoblasto) e un ammasso cellulare interno (embrioblasto).
L’embrione è libero di fluttuare nell’utero per circa 48 ore prima dell’impianto, che avviene allo stadio di blastocisti.
L’impianto nell’endometrio del corpo dell’utero avviene per l’azione delle cellule trofoblastiche, in grado di produrre enzimi proteolitici che consentono l’erosione epiteliale della mucosa uterina e il contatto con il connettivo sottostante.
Inizia la crescita e la differenziazione cellulare: dall’embrioblasto si forma l’ectoderma e l’endoderma; le cellule della parte caudale dell’ectoderma si differenziano, proliferano e si insinuano verso l’interno, tra i due foglietti germinativi, a formare il mesoderma. L’ectoderma, formerà le parti più esterne come la pelle, i peli, i capelli, le unghie, ma anche il sistema nervoso e gli organi di senso. Il secondo strato, il mesoderma fornirà l’impalcatura di sostegno come le ossa e i muscoli, ma anche il sangue e l’apparato urogenitale. Il terzo strato, l’endoderma,produrrà gli organi interni per l’alimentazione e la respirazione (stomaco, fegato, polmoni).
All'interno dell'utero si forma il sacchettino che ospiterà l'embrione (sacco gestazionale). Successivamente inizia a rendersi evidente l'embrione stesso che in questo periodo ha la forma di un corpicciolo cilindrico.
La parte esterna dell'embrione, a stretto contatto con le pareti uterine, viene raggiunta dal sangue materno (inizio della circolazione utero-placentare) che fornisce il nutrimento.
Gli ormoni prodotti dall’embrione bloccano il ciclo mestruale della madre.
B0006819 Mid gestation mouse embryo
Credit: MRC Human Genetics Unit. Wellcome Images
images@wellcome.ac.uk
Wholemount staining of an 11.5 day old mouse embryo showing parts of the nervous system stained green with an antibody to neurofilament, the floorplate and endoderm stained blue with an antibody to HNF3beta and the heart stained red. Unstained tissue appears grey.
Optical Projection Tomography
2003 Published: -
Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons by-nc-nd 2.0 UK, see images.wellcome.ac.uk/indexplus/page/Prices.html
Authors: Emanuela de Oliveira Joaquim, Rita de Cássia Leone Figueiredo-Ribeiro, Adriana Hissae Hayashi, Maria Angela Machado de Carvalho
Citation: Botany, 2014, 92(11): 827-836, 10.1139/cjb-2014-0087
Source: www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjb-2014-0087#.U...
Caption: Fig. 5. Lessingianthus floccosus. (A and B) General view of the underground system indicates the sectioned regions (continuous line) corresponding to (C–F; line 1) and (G–I; line 2). (C–I) Transversal sections of the root. (C and D) Pe, periderm; CP, cortical parenchyma with Casparian strips (arrows) on endoderm (En); SP, secondary phloem; C, cambium; and SX, secondary xylem. (E) Endodermic cells with lipophilic content. (F) Inulin crystals visualized under polarized light in the parenchyma cells of the secondary phloem. (G) General view of the root. PX, primary xylem; SX, secondary xylem; SP, secondary phloem; En, endoderm; and CP, cortical parenchyma. (H) Parenchymatic cell divisions in various planes (arrows). (I) Detail of protoxylem poles (ovals). Scale bars: (C, D, H, and I) 50 µm; (E and G) 100 µm; and (F) 25 µm. (This figure is available in colour online.)
Botany, NRC Research Press, a division of Canadian Science Publishing. www.nrcresearchpress.com/journal/cjb
For rights and permission, click here [bit.ly/1pL1c5f]
Hay Foliculos Pilosos
Tambien se le llama quiste dermoide invade las 3 caps ectodermo, mesodermo, endodermo.
pueden encontrar tejidos de todo tipo.
Authors: Emanuela de Oliveira Joaquim, Rita de Cássia Leone Figueiredo-Ribeiro, Adriana Hissae Hayashi, Maria Angela Machado de Carvalho
Citation: Botany, 2014, 92(11): 827-836, 10.1139/cjb-2014-0087
Source: www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjb-2014-0087#.U...
Caption: Fig. 6. Strophopappus glomeratus. (A) General view of the underground system indicates the sectioned region (continuous line) corresponding to (B–F). (B and D–F) Transversal sections and (C) longitudinal sections of the root. (B) Note the phellogen (arrowheads), secretory canals (*), and cell divisions (arrows). En, endoderm; SP, secondary phloem; C, cambium; and SX, secondary xylem. (C) Detail of the secretory canal with Casparian strips (arrows). (D) Endoderm and secretory canals with lipophilic content (arrows). (E) Detail of the central region, showing the solid vascular cylinder. (F) Inulin crystals visualized under polarized light (arrow) in the parenchyma cells of the secondary phloem. Scale bars: (B–E) 50 µm; and (F) 25 µm. (This figure is available in colour online.)
Botany, NRC Research Press, a division of Canadian Science Publishing. www.nrcresearchpress.com/journal/cjb
For rights and permission, click here [bit.ly/1pL1c5f]
It occurs in warm temperate to cool climates (18°C to 10°C). At the highest altitudes of its distribution it usually receives snow in the winter.
Leaves-- mostly in fascicles of 5, occasionally 4 or 6, variable from thick and erect to slender and slightly drooping, 15-25 cm long, occasionally 30 cm; the margins finely serrate; stomata present on the dorsal and ventral surfaces; resin canals 2-6, usually 4 or 5, medial; exterior walls of the endoderm thickened, fibrovascular bundles 2, contiguous but distinct. Fascicle sheaths brown, about 15 mm long, persistent.
Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, Australia
Tubipora musica
Organ Pipe Coral
Anthozoa Alcyonaria
Skeleton of colony. The colony consists of a large number of calcareous tubes formed by agglutination of the red mesodermal spicules, and in the living state covered by ectoderm, so that it is really an internal structure. The tubes are connected by transverse platforms, which arise separately from near the apex of each tube, the platforms from adjacent tubes fusing later into a continuous layer. These platforms consist of ectoderm, mesogloea and endoderm and from them new polyps arise by budding. In this way the colony tends to resemble an inverted pyramid. The basal stolon is not shown.