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OUR DAUGHTER SHARI (SEE BELOW) by Barbara Kelsey OFF-Photos Remain

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TAKEN ON THE MORNING OF HER WEDDING MAY 30, 2015

Shari was born with a connective tissue disorder called Stickler Syndrome. She had a rough time of it during early childhood and adolescence. At age 5 she had her first open heart surgery to replace her mitral valve and it had to be repeated again when she was 12. At age 14 we almost lost her due to an infection of her heart called bacterial endocarditis. We are so blessed to still have her with us due to the excellent care she received from the Doctors and nurses. As you can see, she came through all of this with flying colors and is today a very happy and healthy young woman at age 35. We thank God for her miraculous recovery :)

Two heads are better than one only if they are not identical, & if the second one is not woo woo, woo woo. by Robin Dude

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But in America, where ignorance is commodified, heads have holes.

EXCERPT:

Harriet Hall, a retired family practitioner who is interested in quackery, has summed up the significance of acupuncture research in an interesting way:

Acupuncture studies have shown that it makes no difference where you put the needles. Or whether you use needles or just pretend to use needles (as long as the subject believes you used them). Many acupuncture researchers are doing what I call Tooth Fairy science: measuring how much money is left under the pillow without bothering to ask if the Tooth Fairy is real.

Improperly performed acupuncture can cause fainting, local hematoma (due to bleeding from a punctured blood vessel), pneumothorax (punctured lung), convulsions, local infections, hepatitis B (from unsterile needles), bacterial endocarditis, contact dermatitis, and nerve damage. The herbs used by acupuncture practitioners are not regulated for safety, potency, or effectiveness. There is also risk that an acupuncturist whose approach to diagnosis is not based on scientific concepts will fail to diagnose a dangerous condition....

Continue to full text:

www.quackwatch.com/search/webglimpse.cgi?ID=1&query=a...

###

Street Prostitute 37- Photographing Ronda by George Mitchell

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Here is where you can read a sample of Volume 2 that begins with Ronda's first day in the hospital:

www.amazon.com/dp/B07558G1Z6/

I hope you you will consider purchasing one of the books, which are described on this video:

www.youtube.com/watch?v=kWgnO6fZqmM

****************************************************************************

(This photo was taken the day after the following story)

_____________

10:30 P.M.

"George, this is Tim G______."

His voice sounds grim.

"I'm calling from Grady Hospital," he says. "Ronda's here, and it looks like she's gonna be here for a while."

"What's wrong with her?" I ask.

"They say she's got a staph infection and a heart murmur."

"What room is she in?"

"Still in the emergency room."

"I'll be right down."

As I'm throwing on some clothes, I wonder:

Should I take my camera? My recorder?

No, I reluctantly but quickly decide. Because if I do, Ronda might think that the only reason I've come is to document the event for the book.

In ten minutes, I'm parked near the county hospital for indigents—a mammoth hulk of a building. Hurrying on foot past the ambulances and police cars jamming the rampway to the emergency room, I look down just in time to avoid stepping in a puddle of blood.

Once inside, the first person I see is Tim. (Note: Tim is a trick of Ronda’s, an educated middle-class social worker who knows Ronda well, and who told me during a long interview that he is in love with her; and, according to Ronda, offered the other day to take her away from it all and move up to the mountains with him.) He's down in a squatting position right outside the doors to the emergency room. His face is buried in his hands.

He looks up at me with eyes wet from tears. He stands and leads me through one of two huge swinging doors into the emergency room.

The place is like a tunnel. A long and windowless tunnel. Lining both walls are stretchers. Every one appears to be occupied, and every one of their occupants appears to be black and elderly.

Nurses and orderlies, doctors and police officers are bustling here and there — mostly in and out of the examining rooms, which run the length of the right-hand side of the corridor.

Tim and I proceed onward...until, about halfway down, Tim stops and points to the open door of one of the examining rooms.

I take a few steps further, peer in, and there see Ronda..

...Who looks awful.

She's in a raised-up hospital bed, an IV protruding from her neck....

She's holding a teddy bear—Joey, her favorite. With both arms, she’s clutching him tightly to her chest.

Also in the room is a man in white—a doctor no doubt. Standing with his back to Ronda, he is writing something... working, I realize at that second, on her chart.

Tim waits outside in the tunnell while I go on in and stand beside Ronda in her bed.

"Hi, George," she says, her voice weak but warm.

"Hi, Ronda..."

I start to hold her hand...hesitate... But then I go ahead: I put my hand over hers, holding it.

"How're you doing?"

"I'm worried about Melvin," she answers. "What's Melvin gonna do?"

"Ronda, I think you should be concerned about yourself right now," I tell her.

I glance at the doctor, his back still to us.

"Dr. Grumwald?" Ronda catches his attention. "I'd like you to meet George Mitchell," she says as he turns. "He's the one I told you about that's writing the book about me."

"What's the situation?" I ask him. He is handsome, tall and curly-haired. In his early thirties.

"All we know for sure right now—" [his demeanor serious]—"is that she has an infection of the skin called cellulitis. Which is usually caused by dirty needles. But she could also have endocarditis. We're running tests for endocarditis now."

As the doctor is talking, Ronda slowly moves her hand from underneath mine. I've held it, I realize, a little too long for her comfort.

I bring out my notepad. "En—do—car—di—tis? What's that?"

"An infection of the heart valve," says Dr. Grunwald. "Bacteria gets on the heart valve, and it sits on the valve and chews it up. It is extremely serious, and if she has it, we might have to do open heart surgery. To replace the heart valve.”

He takes a breath.

“And I want to impress upon Ronda—and upon you—just how serious the situation is."

With that, he leaves the room.

Ronda groans.

"A nurse took a blood sample from here"—she gingerly places her hand over her abdomen—"and she messed up and hit a bone."

I wince... "Is it hurting?"

"Hell yeah, it's hurting!" her voice picks up energy. "And, goddammit, I want decent medical care! This IV has fallen out of my neck twice."

"Why did they put it in your neck?"

"Because they said— They said that they couldn't find enough—enough—undamaged—vein in my arm."

Ronda is very upset.

"And they've taken so many blood samples, it's a wonder I got any blood left. They ain't taking no more blood from me either. Uh uh. [Shaking her head.] I don't want to see another needle."

Someone in the doorway. Two nurses.

Addressing me, the older one says, "I'm sorry, sir, but you're going to have to leave. We need another blood sample."

Ronda's lips tighten. She sets Joey aside and folds her hands across her lap. She stares at the ceiling.

"Do you want me to stick around?" I ask her.

Keeping her eyes on the ceiling, she gives a quick little nod.

I step out into the hubbub of humanity in the tunnel, where I immediately see Melvin. Talking with him is a young and attractive black woman holding a clipboard with pen poised above it. I check her name tag as I join them. Dr. Wendy Clayton.

"And who," she is asking amicably, "should be called in case of an emergency?"

Melvin sits there appearing uncertain.

"Me," he says finally.

Melvin solely responsible for Ronda? Melvin?! In the condition that Ronda is in?

I ask the doctor to put my name down as well.

And with no questions asked, she does; and then moves on, leaving the seat next to Melvin available to me.

"So what happened, Melvin?" I ask, sitting down.

"Well, last night her arm started swelling," he relates. "And then this morning, her leg started swelling too. And she got a real high fever, and she was hurting. But", he says, "she wanted to wait until Tim got off work to go to the hospital, so she'd have a ride here and back. See, she thought that they'd just give her a shot and she could go home—but when we got here, the doctor told her she'd have to stay. And so then she said that since they wouldn't give her anything for pain, she was going to go home and do a Dilaudid."

Melvin appears as unruffled as ever. I, though, need a cigarette and need one desperately.

"Melvin, you wanna go have a cigarette?"

"No, I believe I'll just stick around in here."

Just outside the big swinging doors where I'd originally found Tim squatting, I now find him pacing. He comes over to me as I'm firing up my cigarette.

"Okay, Tim," I say, "let me get your report. What happened?"And pretty soon he’s taking up where Melvin left off…when Ronda announced she was going to leave and get one more shot of Dilaudid…

"And I said to the doctor, I said, 'Doctor, tell her what's gonna happen if she leaves here and doesn't come back!' And he said, 'Well, your arm will puss out, and it'll have to come off. If it doesn't kill you.' And then she was raising hell, raising hell. Big scene, big scene. And she slugged me in the jaw."

"She hit you?"

"Yeah, she nailed me! Because I wasn't gonna take her anywhere. But finally I said, 'Fuck it! If this is the only way, fine, let's go get high!

"So she got her pill, and she shot herself up, and she shot Melvin up, and we came back here. Came in, and the doctor knew what she had done; he just chewed her ass out good.

"And by this time, man, I thought I was having a heart attack, and so I had to go through all this hassle. Finally they wheeled me into an examining room—the one next door to Ronda's—and gave me an EKG."

"They gave you an EKG?"

"Yeah, but I was okay. So...."

"Listen, Tim, I appreciate you calling me. I really do appreciate it."

"When I told Melvin I'd called you, he said, 'Yeah, George'll be coming in here with his tape recorder rolling and his flash bulbs popping.'"

"I considered bringing them," I confess.

"Well, I'm glad you didn't, man."

When Tim squats down, I squat down next to him. I light up another cigarette.

"Ronda told me," I reveal, "that you asked her to leave the city and go away with you."

"Yeah," Tim confirms, "I told her that she could just ,you know, drop it all and start over, and we could move to the mountains. And before you got here tonight, I went in and renewed the offer. And she just looked at me, and she asked me: 'Why would anybody want me?'"

When I get up, Tim does too, and we push open the big swinging doors and again begin making our way down that long teeming tunnel. We meet up with Melvin right outside Ronda's room.

The door is open. In there with Ronda now is a new nurse, who is wrapping gauze around her right arm to hold in place a splint.

Tim, Melvin and I stand watching.

Suddenly there are only two of us watching the scene; Tim has become a part of it. He's marching into the room and up to Ronda's bed, where he kisses her rather awkwardly on the forehead.

I sneak a glance at Melvin to see what his reaction might be, but can detect none.

Tim comes right back out...and again the three of us watch. A mass of gauze by now encircles Ronda's arm, and the nurse is securing it with adhesive tape.

Again Tim goes in. And again kisses Ronda, on the cheek this time, and then comes back out.

Now a wheelchair is brought in.

The nurse starts to help Ronda into it, but Ronda, holding up her hand, stops her, indicating that she wants to do it on her own. Sitting up, she lowers her swollen foot to the floor. When she attempts to stand up, though, she winces in pain.

"That's a sick girl," mutters Tim.

He's right about that, I think, as Ronda allows the nurse to help her into the wheelchair... She is a sick girl.

From her wheelchair, Ronda looks up at the nurse and points toward the bed. Joey's still there.

Ronda wants her teddy bear.

_________________

This concludes the story of photographing Ronda.

You may view many more photos and read a lot about her in the two volumes of my ebook, RONDA: AN INTIMATE PORTRAIT OF A SOUTHERN STREETWALKER

Here is where you may read and view a sample of Volume One: www.amazon.com/dp/B0755CS9ZJ/

And here is where you can read a sample of Volume 2 that begins with Ronda's first day in the hospital:

www.amazon.com/dp/B07558G1Z6/

I hope you have enjoyed this album and will enjoy the books, which are described on this video:

www.youtube.com/watch?v=kWgnO6fZqmM

Staphylococcus aureus invasion by Electron Microscopy & Spectroscopy

Infections caused by methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus (MRSA) range from those of the

skin and surgical sites, infections relating to catheters and prosthetic implants, to bacteremia,

endocarditis and pneumonia. In this picture, Staphylococcus strains isolated from human patients were analysed for adherence and internalization in human epithelial cellsthe in order to better

understand their mechanisms of pathogenicity. Two cells (green) are in the process of epithelial cell (red) invasion via a zipper-like mechanism.

Courtesy of Dr. JOSE RAMOS VIVAS , IDIVAL

Image Details

Instrument used: Inspect

Magnification: 15,000

Voltage: 25

Spot: 3.0

Working Distance: 8.9

Augusto Genina by Truus, Bob & Jan too!

Vintage Italian postcard. 1920s. G.B. Falci, Editore, Milano, No. 689.

Augusto Genina (Rome, 28 January 1892 - Rome, 18 September 1957) was an Italian film director, screenwriter and film producer. He was an active filmmaker for over forty years, both in silent and sound films.

Genina was born into an upper-class Roman family, to Luigi genina and Anna Tombini. After secondary school, he attended the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Rome, but never completed his studies as he soon became interested in theatre. From 1911, he was a playwright and drama critic for the magazine Il Mondo. On Aldo De Benedetti's advice, Genina switched to cinema as a scriptwriter for the Film d'Arte Italiana company, for which he edited the film adaptation of Beatrice d'Este (1912), starring Francesca Bertini. He later moved to Celio Film and then to Cines. At the latter company he began as assistant to director Giulio Antamoro. In 1913 he made his first film as director, La moglie di sua eccellenza (His Excellency's Wife), shot in Barcelona and produced by Film de Arte Español, the Spanish branch of Cines. A prolific director, he shot numerous films of different genres, many of them clearly derived from the theatre and centred on bourgeois marital dramas.

During the First World War, Genina was released from service due to a permanent tendon injury suffered in his teens, which allowed him to continue filming regularly. In 1914 he worked for Milano Films and in 1915 for Medusa and Monopol, in 1917 for Ambrosio and Tiber, in 1918 for Itala and in 1920 for Photodrama in Turin. Thus he directed female stars such as Maria Jacobini and Helena Makowska in Addio giovinezza! (1918), a popular film he would remake in 1927 with Carmen Boni. With Jacobini he would also do L'onestà del peccato (1918), Other stars he worked with in the 1910s were e.g Hesperia (Dopo il veglione, 1914), Pina Menichelli (Lulù, 1914), Bianca Virginia Camagni (La gelosia, 1915), Mercedes Brignone (Mezzanotte, 1915), Suzanne Armelle (La signorina Ciclone, 1916), Yvonne De Fleuriel (Il trono e la seggiola, 1918), Italia Almirante Manzini (Femmina, 1918; La maschera e il volto, 1919), Diana Karenne (Lucrezia Borgia, 1919), and Edy Darclea (Debito d'odio, 1920).

Worthy of mention is the film Lo scaldino (1920), starring Kally Sambuccini and Alfonso Cassini, and based on the novel of the same name by Pirandello, whose influence on Genina's work will also be seen in the later Prix de beauté/ Miss Europa. In 1921 he founded Films Genina and in 1923 wrote the screenplay for Jolly, clown da circo, his cousin Mario Camerini's directorial debut. In the early 1920s, he also did films with Vera Vergani, Ria Bruna, and Soava Gallone, as well as adventure films such as Il corsaro (1923) with Amleto Novelli. Despite the collapsing of Italian film production, Genina still managed to continue making films, even if quite limited. In 1923 he directed the Franco-Italian prestigious early colour production Cirano di Berrgerac/ Cyrano de Bergerac, starring Pierre Magnier, Linda Moglia and Angelo Ferrari.

During the production of La moglie bella (1924), starring Linda Moglia, Genina discovered supporting actress Carmelita Bonicatti, better known as Carmen Boni. Boni became Genina's new muse and girlfriend, and eventually, in 1924, his wife. While Boni first starred in three Italian films by Genina: Il focolare spento (1925), L'ultimo Lord (1926) and Addio giovinezza! (1927), together they went to Berlin, where Boni starred in Genina's films Die Gefangene von Shanghai (1927), Scampolo (1928, with exteriors in Italy), Liebeskarneval (1928), Quartier Latin (1929, with exteriors in Paris), as well as the Franco-German coproduction Totte et sa chance/ der Sprung ins Glück/ Die Geschichte einer kleinen Pariserin (1929). Eventually, Boni and Genina divorced, and both would remarry with others.

In 1929 Genina directed Louise Brooks in the highly successful Prix de beauté (released in 1930), a film shot in silent and later soundtracked version, scripted by René Clair and Georg Wilhelm Pabst. In 1931 he drected both the German and the French version of Mitternachtsliebe/ Les amours de minuit, co-directed respectively with Carl Froehlich and Marc Allégret, and starring Danièle Parola in both versions. Memorable is also Paris-Beguin (1931) with Jean Gabin and Jane Marnac, while Boni and Genina did two last films together in France: the comedies La femme en homme (1932) and Ne sois pas jalouse (1934). In 1934 Boni and Genina divorced. In 1939 he would marry the British Elisabeth 'Betty' Becker.

In the mid-1930s Genina changed employers, starting with a series of Italo-German coproductions with opera stars such as Beniamino Gigli and Erna Sack. After almost a decade abroad, Genina made a definitive return to Italy in the late 1930s. In 1936, he directed the war film Lo squadrone bianco (The White Squadron) in the Libyan desert, which won the Mussolini Cup for Best Italian Film at the Venice Film Festival. He became one of Fascism's leading filmmakers, making L'assedio dell'Alcazar (1939), another propaganda war film illustrating an episode from the Spanish Civil War, and Bengasi (1942), a film about the British attack on the Italians in the Libyan city during World War II. He alternated these with lighter fare such as Naples au baiser du feu/The Kiss of Fire (1937), a film that secured singer Tino Rossi a big success, and Castelli in aria (1939), a comedy with Lilian Harvey and Vittorio De Sica. Yet, in 1942 Genina stopped directing after Bengasi and it would take at least eight years before he started again directing.

In the post-war period Genina attempted an approach to neorealism with Cielo sulla palude/ Maria Goretti (1949), a biographical work about Maria Goretti, filmed in a wonderful Caravaggesque style by Aldo Graziati, but critics found his melodramatic realism too mannered at the time. In 1950 Genina directed L'edera, based on the novel of the same name by Grazia Deledda. In Tre storie proibite (1953) Genina filmed the story of the collapse of a staircase that swept away a large number of young girls who had rushed to find a job as typists, already the subject of Giuseppe De Santis's film Roma ore 11. In 1953 Genina also directed the film Maddalena, set in the Sannio region in the characteristic villages of Guardia Sanframondi and Cerreto Sannita; the film starred Gino Cervi and Swedish actress Märta Torén. In 1955 Genina shot his last film, Frou Frou, after which he retired due to endocarditis from which he had suffered for a long time, and died in 1957. All in all, Genina directed almost 100 films, wrote almost 50 scripts and produced 2.

Sources: Italian Wikipedia, IMDb.

Medmonton... by Jeff Day

A lot of prescription drugs next to a sleeping mat, 50 meters from the Alberta Legislature.

All the bottles were Metronidazole which is commonly used to treat the following infections caused by certain bacteria or parasites.

Abdominal infections such as peritonitis

Skin infections

Infections of the female reproductive system, such as bacterial vaginosis, endometritis

Blood infections (septicemia)

Bone and joint infections

Infections of the membranes or tissues of the brain and spinal cord (meningitis)

Lung infections such as pneumonia or empyema

Infections of the heart and heart valves (endocarditis)

Certain sexually transmitted infections such as trichomoniasis

Intestinal infections such as amebiasis

Prevent infections after certain surgery, such as surgery of large intestines

repair by tom stone

130 66

(young homeless man, sf, 8/19/06)

homeless chris from detroit. he came to sf last year with his girlfriend amy. he'd been with her for about 6 years. he hadn't been been with anyone for more than 6 months before her.

but things started getting bad during the last year. they would fight nonstop. and she would yell at him and treat him badly. then he got sick. it was about october of last year. he nearly died.

he was admitted to a local hospital with endocarditis. it is a bacterial infection of the heart valves. says "i got it from doing iv drugs."

when he was in the hospital, "she never visited me. not once."

i met chris june 12. he hadn't seen her since before he went to the hospital. he'd been in and out of the hospital receiving treatment. but would never stay because he wanted to find her. none of his friends on the street had seen her. which is unusual. someone should have seen her.

i saw him again august 19. he says he found amy. says she just showed up one day. and they've been doing good. his heart's been better too.

("news" about shows etc.)

This image is taken from United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 8, Nos. 1-4, 1914 by Medical Heritage Library, Inc.

Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive

Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 8, Nos. 1-4, 1914

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1914

Language: eng

Table of Contents

Number 1

Preface v

Special articles:

The application of psychiatry to certain military problems, by W. A.

White, M. D 1

Schistosomiasis on the Yangtze River, with report of cases, by R. H.

Laning, assistant surgeon, United States Navy 16

A brief discussion of matters pertaining to health and sanitation,

observed on the summer practice cruise of 1913 for midshipmen of the third

class, by J. L. Neilson, surgeon, United States Navy 36

Technique of neosalvarsan administration, and a brief outline of the

treatment for syphilis used at the United States Naval Hospital, Norfolk, Va., by

W. Chambers, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 45

Some notes on the disposal of wastes, by A. Farenholt, surgeon, United States

Navy 47

The medical department on expeditionary duty, by R. E. Hoyt, surgeon, United

States Navy 51

A new brigade medical outfit, by T. W. Richards, surgeon, United States

Navy 62

Early diagnosis of cerebrospinal meningitis; report of 10 cases, by G.

F. Cottle, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 65

Comments on mistakes made with the Nomenclature, 1913, Abstract of patients

(Form F), and the Statistical report (Form K), by C. E. Alexander, pharmacist,

United States Navy 70

Classification of the United States Navy Nomenclature, 1913, by C. E. Alexander,

pharmacist, United States Navy 75

On the methods employed for the detection and determination of

disturbances in the sense of equilibrium of flyers. Translated by H. G. Beyer,

medical director, United States Navy, retired 87

United States Naval Medical School laboratories:

Additions to the pathological collection 107

Additions to the helminthological collection 107

Suggested devices:

A portable air sampling apparatus for use aboard ship, by E. W. Brown, passed

assistant surgeon, United States Navy 109

A new design for a sanitary pail 111

Clinical notes:

A case of paresis, with apparent remission, following neosalvarsan, by R.

F. Sheehan, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 113

Case reports from Guam, by E. O. J. Eytinge, passed assistant surgeon, United

States Navy 116

Stab wound of ascending colon; suture; recovery, by H. C. Curl,

surgeon, United States Navy 123

Perforation of a duodenal ulcer, by H. F. Strine, surgeon, United

States Navy 124

Two cases of bone surgery, by R. Spear, surgeon, United States Navy 125

Editorial comment:

Brig. Gen. George II. Torney, Surgeon General United States Army 127

Medical ethics in the Navy 127

Medical officers in civil practice 128

Progress in medical sciences:

General medicine. —Some anatomic and physiologic principles concerning

pyloric ulcer. By H. C. Curl. Low-priced clinical thermometers; a warning. By.

L. W. Johnson. The value of X-ray examinations in the

diagnosis of ulcer of the stomach and duodenum. The primary cause of

rheumatoid arthritis. Strychnine in heart failure. On the treatment of

leukaemia with benzol. By A. W. Dunbar and G. B. Crow 131

Surgery. — Surgical aspects of furuncles and carbuncles. Iodine

idiosyncrasy. By L. W. Johnson. Rectus transplantation for deficiency of

internal oblique muscle in certain cases of inguinal hernia. The technic of

nephro- pyelo- and ureterolithotomy. Recurrence of inguinal hernia. By H. C.

Curl and R. A. Warner 138

Hygiene and sanitation. —Ozone: Its bactericidal, physiologic and

deodorizing action. The alleged purification of air by the ozone machine. By E.

W. Brown. The prevention of dental caries. Gun-running operations in the

Persian Gulf in 1909 and 1910. The croton bug (Ectobia germanica) as a factor

in bacterial dissemination. Fumigation of vessels for the destruction of rats.

Improved moist chamber for mosquito breeding. The necessity for international

reforms in the sanitation of crew spaces on

merchant vessels. By C. N. Fiske and R. C. Ransdell 143

Tropical medicine. —The transmissibility of the lepra bacillus by the

bite of the bedbug. By L. W. Johnson. A note on a case of loa loa. Cases of

syphilitic pyrexia simulating tropical fevers. Verruga peruviana, oroya fever

and uta. Ankylostomiasis in Nyasaland. Experimental entamoebic dysentery. By E.

R. Stitt ... 148

Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —The relation of the spleen

to the blood destruction and regeneration and to hemolytic jaundice: 6, The

blood picture at various periods after splenectomy. The presence of tubercle

bacilli in the feces. By A. B. Clifford and G. F. Clark 157

Chemistry and pharmacy. —Detection of bile pigments in urine. Value of the

guaiacum test for bloodstains. New reagent for the detection of traces of

blood. Estimation of urea. Estimation of uric acid in urine. By E. W. Brown and

O. G. Ruge 158

Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Probable deleterious effect of salvarsan

on the eye. Effect of salvarsan on the eye. Fate of patients with

parenchymatous keratitis due to hereditary lues. Trachoma, prevalence of, in

the United States. The exploratory needle puncture of the maxillary antrum in

100 tuberculous individuals. Auterobic organisms associated with acute

rhinitis. Toxicity of human tonsils. By E. J. Grow and G. B. Trible 160

Miscellaneous. —Yearbook of the medical association of

Frankfurt-am-Main. By R. C. Ransdell 163

Reports and letters:

Notes on the Clinical Congress of Surgeons. By G. F. Cottle, passed

assistant surgeon, United States Navy 167

Number 2

Preface v

Special articles:

Report of the fourteenth annual meeting of the American Roentgen Ray Society,

by J. R. Phelps, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy. 171

Typhoid perforation; five operations with three recoveries, by G. G.

Holladay, assistant surgeon, Medic al Reserve Corps, United States Navy 238

A satisfactory method for easily obtaining material from syphilitic

lesions, by E. R. Stitt, medical inspector, United States Navy 242

An epidemic of measles and mumps in Guam, by C. P. Kindleberger, surgeon,

United States Navy 243

The feeble-minded from a military standpoint, by A. R. Schier, acting assistant

surgeon, United States Navy 247

The Towne-Lambert elimination treatment of drug addictions, by W. M. Kerr,

passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 258

Medical experiences in the Amazonian Tropics, by C. C. Ammerman, assistant

surgeon, Medical Reserve Corps, United States Navy 270

United States Naval Medical School laboratories:

Additions to the pathological collection 281

Additions to the helminthologieal collection 281

Suggested devices:

An easy method for obtaining blood cultures and for preparing blood

agar, by E. R. Stitt, medical inspector, and G. F. Clark, passed assistant surgeon,

United States Navy 283

Humidity regulating device on a modern battleship, by R. C. Ransdell, passed

assistant surgeon, United States Navy 284

Clinical notes:

Lateral sinus thrombosis, report of case, by G. F. Cottle, passed

assistant surgeon. United States Navy 287

Twenty-two cases of poisoning by the seeds of Jatropha curcai, by J. A.

Randall, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 290

Shellac bolus in the stomach in fatal case of poisoning by weed

alcohol, by H. F. Hull and O. J. Mink, passed assistant surgeons, United States

Navy 291

A case of pneumonia complicated by gangrenous endocarditis, by G. B. Crow,

passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 292

Progress in medical sciences:

General medicine. —On progressive paralysis in the imperial navy during

the years 1901-1911. By H. G. Beyer. An etiological study of Hodgkin's disease.

The etiology and vaccine treatment of Hodgkin's dis

ease. Coryncbacterium hodgkini in lymphatic leukemia and Hodgkin's disease.

Autointoxication and subinfection. Studies of syphilis. The treatment of the

pneumonias. Whooping cough: Etiolcgy, diagnosis, and vaccine treatment. A new

and logical treatment for alcoholism. Intraspinous injection of salvarsanized

serum in the treatment of syphilis of the nervous system, including tabes and

paresis. On the infective nature of certain cases of splenomegaly and Banti's

disease. The etiology and vaccine treatment of Hodgkin's disease. Cultural

results in Hodgkin's disease. By A. W. Dunbar and G. B. Crow 295

Surgery- Interesting cases of gunshot injury treated at Hankow during

the revolution of 1911 and 1912 in China. The fool's paradise stage in

appendicitis. By L. W. Johnson. The present status of bismuth paste treatment

of suppurative sinuses and empyema. The inguinal route operation for femoral

hernia; with supplementary note on Cooper's ligament. By R. Spear and R. A.

Warner 307

Hygiene and sanitation. — A contribution to the chemistry of

ventilation. The use of ozone in ventilation. By E. \V. Brown. Pulmonary

tuberculosis in the royal navy, with special reference to its detection and

prevention. An investigation into the keeping properties of condensed milks at

the temperature of tropical climates. By C. N. Fiske and R. C. Ransdell 313

Tropical medicine. —Seven days fever of the Indian ports. By L. W.

Johnson. Intestinal schistosomiasis in the Sudan. Disease carriers in our army

in India. Origin and present status of the emetin treatment of amebic

dysentery. The culture of leishmania from the finger blood of a case of Indian

kala-azar. By E. R. Stitt 315

Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —The isolation of

typhoid bacilli from feces by means of brilliant green in fluid medium. By C.

N. Fiske. An efficient and convenient stain for use in the eeneral examination

of blood films. By 0. B. Crow. A contribution to the epidemiology of

poliomyelitis. A contribution to the pathology of epidemic poliomyelitis. A

note on the etiology of epidemic

oliomyelitis. Transmutations within the streptococcus-pneumococcus

group. The etiology of acute rheumatism, articular and muscular. By A. B.

Clifford and G. F. Clark 320

Chemistry and pharmacy.— Centrifugal method for estimating albumin in

urine. Detection of albumin in urine. New indican reaction A report on the

chemistry, technology, and pharmacology of and the legislation pertaining to

methyl alcohol. By E. W. Brown and O. O. Ruge. . 325

Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —The use of local anesthesia in

exenteration of the orbit. Salvarsan in

ophthalmic practice. The effect of salvarsan on the eye. Total blindness

from the toxic action of wood alcohol, with recovery of vision under negative

galvanism. Furunculosis of the external auditory canal; the use of alcohol as a

valuable aid in treatment. Local treatment of Vincent's angina with salvarsan.

Perforated ear drum may be responsible for sudden death in water. The indications

for operating in acute mastoiditis. Turbinotomy. Why is nasal catarrh so

prevalent in the United States? By E. J. Grow and G. B. Trible 330

Miscellaneous. — The organization and work of the hospital ship Re d’

Italia. ByG. B. Trible 333

Reports and letters:

Correspondence concerning the article "Some aspects of the

prophylaxis of typhoid fever by injection of killed cultures," by Surg. C.

S. Butler, United States Navy, which appeared in the Bulletin, October, 1913

339

Malaria on the U. S. S. Tacoma from February, 1913, to February, 1914.

by I. S. K. Reeves, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 344

Extracts from annual sanitary reports for 1913 345

Number 3

Preface vii

Special articles:

Economy and waste in naval hospitals, by E. M. Shipp, surgeon, and P.

J. Waldner, chief pharmacist, United States Navy 357

The new method of physical training in the United States Navy, by J. A.

Murphy, surgeon, United States Navy 368

A study of the etiology of gangosa in Guam, by C. P. Kindleberger,

surgeon, United States Navy 381

Unreliability of Wassermann tests using unheated serum, by E. R. Stitt,

medical inspector, and G. F. Clark, passed assistant surgeon, United States

Navy 410

Laboratory note on antigens, by G. F. Clark, pasted assistant surgeon,

United States Navy 411

Prevention of mouth infection, by Joseph Head, M. D., D. D. S 411

The Medical Department at general quarters and preparations for battle,

by A. Farenholt, surgeon, United States Navy 421

A bacteriological index for dirt in milk, by J. J. Kinyoun, assistant

surgeon, Medical Reserve Corps, United States Navy 435

Brief description of proposed plan of a fleet hospital ship, based upon

the type auxiliary hull, by E. M. Blackwell, surgeon, United States Navy.. 442

The diagnostic value of the cutaneous tuberculin test in recruiting, by

E. M. Brown, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy, retired 448

United States Naval Medical School laboratories:

Additions to the pathological collection 453

Suggested devices:

A sanitary mess table for hospitals, by F. M. Bogan, surgeon, United

States Navy 455

A suggested improvement of the Navy scuttle butt, by E. M. Blackwell,

surgeon, United States Navy 455

Clinical notes:

Malaria cured by neosalvarsan, by F. M. Bogan, surgeon, United States

Navy 457

A case of rupture of the bladder with fracture of the pelvis, by H. F.

Strine, surgeon, and M. E. Higgins, passed assistant surgeon, United States

Navy. 458

Clinical observations on the use of succinimid of mercury, by T. W.

Reed, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 459

Points in the post-mortem ligation of the lingual artery, by O. J.

Mink, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 462

Notes on the wounded at Vera Cruz, by H. F. Strine, surgeon, and M. E.

Higgins, passed assistant surgeon. United States Navy 464

Case reports from the Naval Hospital, Portsmouth, N. H., by F. M.

Bogan, surgeon, United States Navy 469

Progress in medical sciences:

General medicine. —The mouth in the etiology and symptomatology of

general systemic disturbances. Statistique m£dicale de la marine, 1909. By L.

W. Johnson. Antityphoid inoculation. Vaccines from the standpoint of the

physician. The treatment of sciatica. Chronic gastric ulcer and its relation to

gastric carcinoma. The nonprotein nitrogenous constituents of the blood in

chronic vascular nephritis

(arteriosclero-iis) as influenced by the level of protein metabolism.

The influence of diet on hepatic necrosis and toxicity of chloroform. The

rational treatment of tetanus. The comparative value of cardiac remedies. By A.

W. Dunbar and G. B. Crow

Psychiatry. —Abderhalden's method. Precis de psychiatric Constitutional

immorality. Nine years' experience with manic-depressive insanity. The pupil

and its reflexes in insanity. By R. F. Sheehan.

Surgery. —On the occurrence of traumatic dislocations (luxationen) in

the Imperial German Navy during the last 20 years. By H. G. Beyer. The wounding

effects of the Turkish sharp-pointed bullet. By T. W. Richards. Intestinal

obstruction: formation and absorption of toxin. By G. B. Crow

Hygiene and sanitation. —Relation of oysters to the transmission of

infectious diseases. The proper diet in the Tropics, with some pertinent remarks

on the use of alcohol. By E. W. Brown. Report of committee

upon period of isolation and exclusion from school in cases of

communicable disease. Resultats d'une enquete relative a la morbidity venerienne

dans la division navale d'Extreme-Orient et aux moyens susceptibles de la

restreindre. Ship's hygiene in the middle of the seventeenth century- Progress in

ship's hygiene during the nineteenth century. The origin of some of the

streptococci found in milk. On the further perfecting of mosquito spraying. By

C. N. Fiske and R. C. Ransdell

Tropical medicine. — Le transport, colloidal de medicaments dans le cholera.

By T. W. Richards. Cholera in the Turkish Army. A supposed case of yellow fever

in Jamaica. By L. W. Johnson. Note on a new geographic locality for balantidiosis.

Brief note on Toxoplasma pyroqenes. Note on certain protozoalike bodies in a

case of protracted fever with splenomegaly. The emetine and other treatment of

amebic dysentery and hepatitis, including liver abscess. A study of epidemic dysentery

in the Fiji Islands. By E. R. Stitt

Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. — The best method of staining

Treponema pallidum. By C. N. Fiske. Bacteriological methods of meat analysis.

By R. C. Ransdell. Primary tissue lesions in the heart produced by Spirochete

pallida. Ten tests by which a physician may determine when p patient is cured

of gonorrhea. Diagnostic value of percutaneous tuberculin test (Moro). Some

causes of failure of vaccine therapy. A method of increasing the accuracy and

delicacy of the Wassermann reaction: By A. B. Clifford and G. F. Clark

Chemistry and pharmacy. —Quantitative test of pancreatic function. A comparison

of various preservatives of urine. A clinical method for the rapid estimation

of the quantity of dextrose in urine. By E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge

Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Intraocular pressure. Strauma as an

important factor in diseases of the eye. Carbonic cauterization "in the

treatment of granular ophthalmia. Ocular and other complications of syphilis treated

by salvarsan. Some notes on hay fever. A radiographic study of the mastoid. Ear

complications during typhoid fever. Su di un caso di piccola sanguisuga

cavallina nel bronco destro e su 7 casi di grosse sanguisughe cavalline in

laringe in trachea e rino-faringe. By E. J. Grow and G. B. Trible

Reports and letters:

American medico-psychological association, by R. F. Sheehan, passed assistant

surgeon, United States Navy 517

Report of 11 cases of asphyxiation from coal gas, by L. C. Whiteside,

passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 522

Extracts from annual sanitary reports for 1913 — United States Naval

Academy, Annapolis, Md., by A. M. D. McCormick, medical director, United States

Navy 523

U. S. S. Arkansas, by W. B. Grove, surgeon, United States Navy 524

Marine barracks, Camp Elliott, Canal Zone, Panama, by B. H. Dorsey, passed

assistant surgeon, United States Navy 525

U. S. S. Cincinnati, by J. B. Mears, passed assistant surgeon. United States

Navy 526

U. S. S. Florida, by M. S. Elliott, surgeon, United States Navy 527

Naval training station, Great Lakes, Ill., by J. S. Taylor, surgeon, United

States Navy 527

Naval station, Guam, by C. P. Kindleberger, surgeon, United States Navy

528

Naval Hospital, Las Animas, Colo., by G. H. Barber, medical inspector, United

States Navy 532

U. S. S. Nebraska, by E. H. H. Old, passed assistant surgeon, United States

Navy 533

U. S. S. North Dakota, by J. C. Pryor, surgeon, United States Navy. .

534

Navy yard, Olongapo, P. L, by J. S. Woodward, passed assistant surgeon,

United States Navy 536

U. S. S. San Francisco, by T. W. Reed, passed assistant surgeon, United

States Navy 537

U. S. S. Saratoga, by H. R. Hermesch, assistant surgeon, United States Navy

538

U. S. S. Scorpion, by E. P. Huff, passed assistant surgeon, United States

Navy 538

U. S. S. West Virginia, by O. J. Mink, passed assistant surgeon, United

States Navy 539

Number 4

Preface V

Special articles:

Some prevailing ideas regarding the treatment of tuberculosis, by

Passed Asst. Surg. G. B. Crow 541

The Training School for the Hospital Corps of the Navy, by Surg. F. E. McCullough

and Passed Asst. Surg. J. B. Kaufman 555

Khaki dye for white uniforms, by Passed Asst. Surg. W. E. Eaton 561

Some facts and some fancies regarding the unity of yaws and syphilis,

by Surg. C. S. Butler 561

Quinine prophylaxis of malaria, by Passed Asst. Surg. L. W. McGuire 571

The nervous system and naval warfare, translated by Surg. T. W.

Richards. 576

Measles, by Surg. G. F. Freeman 586

Smallpox and vaccination, by Passed Asst. Surg. T. W. Raison 589

Rabies; methods of diagnosis and immunization, by Passed Asst. Surg. F.

X. Koltes 597

Syphilis aboard ship, by Passed Asst. Surg. G. F. Cottle 605

Systematic recording and treatment of syphilis, by Surg. A. M.

Fauntleroy and Passed Asst. Surg. E. H. H. Old 620

Organization and station bills of the U. S. naval hospital ship Solace,

by Surg. W. M. Garton 624

United States Naval Medical School laboratories:

Additions to the pathological collection 647

Additions to the helminthological collection 647

Clinical notes:

Succinimid of mercury in pyorrhea alveolaris, by Acting Asst. Dental Surg.

P. G. White 649

A case of pityriasis rosea, by Surg. R. E. Ledbetter 651

Emetin in the treatment of amebic abscess of the liver, by Surg. H. F. Strine

and Passed Asst. Surg. L. Sheldon, jr 653

Salvarsan in a case of amebic dysentery, by Passed Asst. Surg. O. J.

Mink. . 653

Laceration of the subclavian artery and complete severing of brachial plexus,

by Surg. H. C. Curl and Passed Asst. Surg. C. B. Camerer 654

Malarial infection complicating splenectomy, by Surg. H. F. Strine 655

A case of gastric hemorrhage; operative interference impossible, by

Passed Arst. Surg. G. E. Robertson 656

Operation for strangulated hernia, by Passed Asst. Surg. W. S. Pugh 657

A case of bronchiectasis with hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy,

by Passed Asst. Surg. L. C. Whiteside 658

Editorial comment:

Systematic recording and treatment of syphilis 665

Progress in medical sciences:

General medicine. —A note of three cases of enteric fever inoculated

during the incubation period. By T. W. Richards. The modern treatment of

chancroids. The treatment of burns. By W. E. Eaton. Experiments on the curative

value of the intraspinal administration of tetanus antitoxin. Hexamethylenamin.

Hexamethylenamin as an internal

antiseptic in other fluids of the body than urine. Lumbar puncture as a special

procedure for controlling headache in the course of infectious diseases.

Cardiospasm. Acromion auscultation; a new and delicate test in the early

diagnosis of incipient pulmonary tuberculosis.

Diabetes mellitus and its differentiation from alimentary glycosuria.

The complement fixation test in typhoid fever; its comparison with the

agglutination test and blood culture method. By C. B. Crow.. 671

Mental and nervous diseases. —A voice sign in chorea. By G. B. Crow.

Wassermann reaction and its application to neurology. Epilepsy: a theory of

causation founded upon the clinical manifestations and the therapeutic and

pathological data. Salvarsanized serum (Swift-Ellis treatment) in syphilitic diseases

of the central nervous system. Mental manifestations in tumors of the brain.

Some of the broader issues of the psycho-analytic n movement. Mental disease

and defect in United States troops. By R. Sheehan 6S1

Surgery. — Infiltration anesthesia. War surgery. Tenoplasty; tendon transplantation;

tendon substitution; neuroplasty. Carcinoma of the male breast. Visceral

pleureotomy for chronic empyema. By A. M. Fauntleroy and E. H. H. Old 6S8

Hygiene and sanitation. — Further experiences with the Berkefold filter

in the purifying of lead-contaminated water. By T. W. Richards. Experiments in

the destruction of fly larvae in horse manure. By A. B. Clifford. Investigation

relative to the life cycle, brooding, and tome practical moans of reducing the

multiplication of flies in camp. By W. E. Eaton, Humidity and heat stroke;

further observations on an analysis of

50 cases. By C. N. Fiske 693

Tropical medicine. — The treatment of aneylostoma anemia. Latent dysentery

or dysentery carriers. Naphthalone for the destruction of mosquitoes. Emetin in

amebic dysentery. By E. R. Stitt 704

Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —Meningitis by

injection of pyogenic microbes in the peripheral nerves. The growth of pathogenic

intestinal bacteria in bread. Present status of the complement fixation test in

the diagnosis of gonorrheal infections. Practical application of the luetin

test. By A. B. Clifford and G. F. Clark 707

Eye, ear, nose, and throat. — Misting of eyeglasses. By E. L. Sleeth.

The treatment of ocular syphilis by salvarsan and neo salvarsan. The moving

picture and the eye. Treatment of various forms of ocular syphilis with

salvarsan. Rapid, painless, and bloodless method for removing the inferior

turbinate. Hemorrhage from the superior petrosal sinus. The frequency of

laryngeal tuberculosis in Massachusetts.

Intrinsic cancer of larynx. Treatment of hematoma of the auricle. By E.

J. Grow and G. B. Trible 709

Reports and letters:

Care of wounded at Mazatlan and at Villa Union, by Medical Inspector S.

G. Evans 713

Medico-military reports of the occupation of Vera Cruz 715

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Mulbarton, Norfolk - Roll of Honour WW 1, WW 2 by Chris, Norfolk

To the glory of God

In honoured memory of the men of this parish

Who fell in the Great War of

1914 - 1918

17274 Private James Carver, 7th. Battalion, Norfolk Regiment.

Born 1883 at Intwood, Norfolk, the son of John and Harriet Carver of Scott's Terrace, Mulbarton, husband of Cicely Elizabeth.

Resident during his life of Mulbarton, Swardeston and Newton Flotman and employed as a market gardener.

Died 13th. October 1915.

No known grave, commemorated on Panel 30 of the Loos Memorial, Pas de Calais, France and on the war memorial at Newton Flotman, Norfolk.

Uncle of Robert George Carver.

14891 Privat Robert G. Carver, 9th. Battalion, Norfolk Regiment.

Born 18th. February 1896, the son of William & Rachael Carver of Mulbarton, later of Lodden, Norfolk.

Employed as an agricultural labourer.

Enlisted on 5th. September 1914, sent to France 30th. August 1915.

Service record states he was almost 5 ft. 8 in. (1.72 m) tall, grey eyes, brown hair and a fresh complexion.

Killed in action on 21st. September 1916, aged 20.

Buried in Grave: B. 20. 54. in St. Sever Cemetery, Rouen, Seine-Maritime, France.

Returned to his next-of-kin in 1917 were his disc, letters, photos, New Testament, comb, matchbox case and a cotton bag.

Nephew of Robert Carver.

12483 Private Albert Dawson, 7th. Battalion, Norfolk Regiment.

Born 1895, the son of Mr. & Mrs. James A. Dawson of Mulbarton.

Enlisted on 28th. August 1914, sent to France on 30th. May 1915.

Died on 31st. July 1915, aged 20.

Buried in Grave: II. C. 3. at Rifle House Cemetery, Comines-Warneton, Hainaut, Belgium.

Younger brother of George Dawson.

George Frederick Dawson.

Born in 1884, the son of James & Elizabeth Dawson of Mulbarton.

Baptised in Mulbarton 1884, married to Rose, c.1910, resident of Wymondham, Norfolk, 1911.

Elder brother of Albert Dawson.

20829 Private Henry 'Harry' Percy Doubleday, 11th. Battalion, Essex Regiment, formally of the Norfolk Regiment.

Army records suggests he may have spent time in the Balkans.

Born at Lakenham, Norwich in 1891, the son of William & Sarah Doubleday.

Inhabitant of Milbarton in 1911.

Died on 15th. September 1916. Buried in Grave: VI. A. 19. at Combles Community Cemetery Extension, Somme, France.

23055 Corporal Ernest Albert Huggins, 7th Battalion, Border Regiment, formally of the Norfolk Regiment.

Son of Edward and Louisa Huggins of Mulbarton, married Lily Florence Goldsmith of Norwich Road, Mulbarton, in 1908,

Employed as a farm labourer.

Enlisted in August 1914

Acting Corporal November 1915, confirmed as Corporal early 1917.

Died on 23rd. April 1917, aged 33.

No known grave, commemorated on Bay 6 of the Arras Memorial, Pas de Calais, France.

14915 Private Joseph Alfred Larter, 9th. Battalion, Norfolk Regiment.

Born 1887 at Swardeston, Norfolk, the eldest son of William & Sophia Jane Larter of Swainsthorpe, Norfolk.

Employed as a farm labourer.

Died on 15th. September 1916, aged 28.

No known grave, commemorated on Pier and Face 1 C and 1 D. of the Thiepval Memorial, Somme, France.

3/10386 Private Albert Lincoln, 9th. Battalion, Norfolk Regiment.

Born 1879, the son of William Ellis and Susanna Lincoln of Saxlingham, Norfolk. Married Alice Atkins in 1909.

Albert worked for a coal merchant.

Died on 15th. November 1915, aged 36.

Buried in Grave: C. 14. at La Brique Military Cemetery No.1, West-Vlaanderen, Belgium.

29832 Private Cecil Frederick Muskett, 'A' Company, 1st. Battalion, Norfolk Regiment.

Born in 1897 at Kirby Bedon, Norfolk, the son of Frederick and Alice C. Muskett of Hill House, Mulbarton.

Employed in the family's market garden business.

Died on 9th. October 1917, aged 20.

Buried in Grave: XII. H. 9. at Hooge Crater Cemetery, Ypres, West-Vlaanderen, Belgium.

7314 Corporal Ronald Priest, 98 Squadron, RAF, formally Royal Flying Corp.

Born in 1883 in Hull, the son of Cornelius and Elizabeth Priest, husband of Maria Elizabeth Priest, father of 3 children.

A watch maker by trade, Ronald was a resident during his life of Leeds, Norwich, Wroxham and Gt. Yarmouth. In 1918 Ronald was on the Absent Voters List for Mulbarton.

Died on 28th. November 1918, aged 38, in hospital in France of 'flu 'aggravated by exposure while on active military service'.

Buried in Grave: LI. D. 2. of Etaples Military Cemetery, Pas de Calais, France.

266296 Private Cecil Jesse Randell, 8th. Battalion, Norfolk Regiment.

Born in 1887 at Mulbarton, the son of William and Mary Ann Randell, husband of Beatrice Emma Maria Randell.

Employed in 1911 as a butcher's assistant in Shotesham, Norfolk.

Enlisted with the Norfolk Regiment at Wroxham in October 1916. Embarked for France on 7th. August 1917. Posted first to Hertfordshire Regiment but shortly rejoined the 8th Battalion of the Norfolk Regiment.

Killed near Ypres on 22nd. October 1917, aged 30.

No known grave, commemorated on Panel 34 to 35. of the Tyne Cot Memorial, West-Vlaanderen, Belgium.

1679 Private William Stackyard, 1st/4th. Battalion, Norfolk Regiment.

Born in 1894, the son of Walter and Alice Jane Stackyard of The Rosery, Mulbarton.

Helped in his father's market garden business, then went to work at Lodge Farm.

Joining the Norfolk Regiment in March 1912, he was assigned to 4th Battalion.

The day after war broke out, he signed forms stating his willingness to serve abroad. He embarked for Mediterranean on HMS Aquitania 29th.July 1915 and was killed shortly after landing at Gallipoli on 12th. August 1915, aged 21.

No known grave, commemorated on Panel 43 to 45 of the Helles Memorial, Turkey. (including Gallipoli)

12896 Frederick William Stubbing, 8th. Battalion, Norfolk Regiment.

Born 1895, the son of George William and Rebecca Stubbing, of 54 Elizabeth Fry Road, Norwich.

Resident at Scott's Terrace, Mulbarton in 1911, employed as a farm labourer.

Enlisted on 2nd. September 1914 and sent to Colchester, Essex for training. Sent to France on 25th. July 1915.

Died 19 July 1916, aged 19.

Buried in Grave: VII. L. 5. at Serre Road Cemetery No.2, Somme, France.

76305 Gunner Bertie Tooke, 247th. Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery.

Born 1893 at Forncett St. Peter, Norfolk, the son of Samuel and Betsy Tooke who moved to Mulbarton by 1901.

Employed as a farm labourer.

Enlisted at Attleborough, Norfolk on 28th. February 1916 and mobilised in April, joining 157th. Siege Battery in June.

Embarked for France in November 1916. Wounded in June 1917 and treated in field hospital and sent to base. When fit again posted to 247th. Siege Battery at the end of August. Had 2 weeks home leave March 1918. Wounded again in June and admitted to hospital on 15th. June 1918 with head, neck and arm injuries and a fractured right leg. Sent to hospital near Genoa, Italy where he died on 15th. July 1918, aged 25.

Buried in Grave: I. B. 30. at Staglieno Cemetary, Genoa, Italy.

13662 Private George Bertie Wharton, 8th. Battalion, Norfolk Regiment.

Born 1895, the eldest child of George Henry and Harriett Wharton of The Wood, Swardeston, Norfolk, but in the parish of Mulbarton.

Employed as a farm labourer.

Died 1st. July 1916, aged 21.

No known grave, commemorated on Pier and Face 1C and 1D of the Thiepval Memorial, Somme, France.

9670 Private Percy Harold Woolterton, 1st. Battalion, Dorsetshire Regiment.

Born 1895 at Norwich, the son of Mr. A. Woolterton, 4 Church Lane, Eaton, Norwich.

Resident of Long Stratton, Norfolk in 1911, other records relate him to Mulbarton.

Employed as a groom.

Enlisted in Dorchester in February 1914. Various misdemeanours are recorded after he joined up.

Sent to France in December 1915.

Died from the result of gas poisoning on 2nd.May 1915, aged 20.

No known grave, commemorated on Panel 37 of the Ypres (Menin Gate) Memorial, West-Vlaanderen, Belgium.

153649 Gunner Frank Cecil Barrett, Royal Horse Artillery

Born in Mulbarton on 4th. August 1897, the son of Mary Ann Barrett.

Employed as a telegraph messenger boy after leaving school and by 1915 he was working as a nurseryman.

Enlisted in February 1916, his service record states that he was 5 ft. 10 in. (1.77 m) tall, of fair complexion with light brown hair and brown eyes.

Mobilised in August, Frank served with the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in France from 1916 to 1919.

In February 1919 he was in Esch, Germany. In May he was sent to a Dispersal Centre, to a RHA Depot in June and moved to the 'W' Battery, 6th. Brigade later that month. In January 1920 he was transferred to 'G' Battery. In March 1920 he was discharged from the Army and returned to Mulbarton.

Later in 1920 Frank was admitted to the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital where he died

on 28th. August, aged 23, from Subacute Infective Endocarditis and Cerebral Embolism which was attributed to his war service.

He is buried in the churchyard at Mulbarton, to the north of St. Mary Magdalen church.

"Greater love hath no man than this that

A man lays down his life for his friends."

1939 - 1945

EC/2984 Major Bernard John Burfield, 7th. Battalion, 2nd.Punjab Regiment, Indian Army.

Born in 1912, the son of Joseph and Mary Burfield of Kenningham Hall, Norfolk

Died on 13th. February 1944 in Burma, now Myanmar.

Buried in Grave:5. A. 4. in Taukkyan War Cemetery, Yangon, Myanmar

Mistakenly listed as 'Bernard S' on the memorial.

5776378 Private Clifford Arthur Kedge, 4th. Battalion, Royal Norfolk Regiment, 18th. Infantry Division.

The son of Richard and Eliza Kedge of Mulbarton and husband of Clara Flint of Bracon Ash, Norfolk.

Taken prisoner of war on 15th. February 1942 by the Japanese at the fall of Singapore.

He was interned in Changi Prison Camp until the 21st. October 1942 when he left by train for a POW camp in Thailand, to work on Burma Railway, known as the 'Death Railway'. On the 15th. August 1943 he was transported to the second barracks of the POW camp in Thailand.

He fell ill on the 2nd. September 1943 and was admitted to the 2nd. POW Hospital in the camp at Chung Kai Village, Kanchanaburi County, Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand. At 12:10 pm on the Saturday 13th. October 1943 Clifford died of malaria, aged 24.

Buried in Grave: 9.D.9 at Chung Kai Cemetery.

This cemetery is located on the same spot as the Chung Kai POW camp used during the construction of the railway.

1331926 Sergeant Arthur William Lake, W.Op/Air Gunner, 191 Squadron, RAFVR

Born in 1921, the son of William and Blanche Mary Lake of Mulbarton, husband of Myrtle Christina Lake of Fundenhall, Norfolk.

Died on 3rd. October 1943, aged 22, when the Consolidated Catalina IB flying boat FP 117 crashed on take-off.

Buried in Grave: 9. A. 16. at Karachi War Cemetery, Pakistan.

2074495 Sapper Geoffrey Alfred Frederick Middleton, 248 Field Company Royal Engineers.

The son of Frederick William and Rose Ellen Middleton of Mulbarton, husband of Audrey Helen Middleton of Mulbarton.

Died on 28th. May 1940, aged 34.

No known grave, commemorated on Column 26. of the Dunkirk Memorial, Nord, France.

Geoffrey's father was the village postmaster and also a keen bellringer. The family donated a bell to the Mulbarton church tower in his memory. It is inscribed

'Given by his parents

In memory of

Geoffrey Alfred Frederick Middleton

Sapper, Royal Engineers

Killed in action at Dunkirk

May 28. 1940.'

George Parker.

Born in 1910, he was a carpenter.

14546956 Gunner Jonathan Charles Reynolds, Royal Artillery, attached to 301 Field Regiment, East African Artillery.

The son of Leonard and Harriet Reynolds, husband of Betty Reynolds of Tullington, Norfolk.

Died on 12th. February 1944, aged 30.

Commemorated on Column 6. of the East African Memorial, Nairobi War Cemetery, Kenya.

C/MX.623410 Ordnance Artificer 4th. Class George Anthony Rowbottom, Illustrious-class aircraft carrier HMS Indomitable, British Pacific Fleet, Royal Navy.

The son of George and Marion Rowbottom of Mulbarton.

Died on 23rd. June 1945, aged 24.

Buried in Grave: 2W. D. 5. at Sydney War Cemetery, Australia.

Blue Peter at Glendevon by Bob Avery

12 3

Another shot at Glendevon, this time with 60532 'Blue Peter' and a Stirling-Aberdeen special, again I cannot recall the date (1993?), but I do recall having been ill for some time for what seemed like everlasting flu. I was bored stupid so filled myself full of paracetomol and went out for this. Alison came with me. I shouldn't really have been out, turned out to be bacterial endocarditis, for those of you in the know! But the sight of the A2 that day did boost my spirits considerably.

Audie Murphy (20 June 1925 – 28 May 1971) by Robert Sullivan

8 1

Audie Leon Murphy (20 June 1925 – 28 May 1971) was one of the most decorated American combat soldiers of World War II, receiving every military combat award for valor available from the U.S. Army, as well as French and Belgian awards for heroism. Murphy received the Medal of Honor for valor demonstrated at the age of 19 for single-handedly holding off an entire company of German soldiers for an hour at the Colmar Pocket in France in January 1945, then leading a successful counterattack while wounded and out of ammunition.

Murphy was born into a large sharecropper family in Hunt County, Texas. His father abandoned them, and his mother died when he was a teenager. Murphy left school in fifth grade to pick cotton and find other work to help support his family; his skill with a hunting rifle was a necessity for putting food on the table.

After the attack on Pearl Harbor, Murphy's older sister helped him to falsify documentation about his birthdate to meet the minimum-age requirement for enlisting in the military. Turned down by the Navy and the Marine Corps, he enlisted in the Army. He first saw action in the Allied invasion of Sicily and the Battle of Anzio, and in 1944 participated in the liberation of Rome and invasion of southern France. Murphy fought at Montélimar, and led his men on a successful assault at the L'Omet quarry near Cleurie in northeastern France in October.

After the war, Murphy enjoyed a 21-year acting career. He played himself in the 1955 autobiographical film To Hell and Back, based on his 1949 memoirs of the same name, but most of his roles were in westerns. He made guest appearances on celebrity television shows and starred in the series Whispering Smith. Murphy was a fairly accomplished songwriter, and bred quarter horses in California and Arizona, becoming a regular participant in horse racing.

Suffering from what would today be termed post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), he slept with a loaded handgun under his pillow and looked for solace in addictive sleeping pills. In his last few years, he was plagued by money problems, but refused offers to appear in alcohol and cigarette commercials because he did not want to set a bad example. Murphy died in a plane crash in Virginia in 1971 shortly before his 46th birthday, and was interred with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery.

Early life

Murphy was born the seventh of twelve children to Emmett Berry Murphy and his wife Josie Bell Killian in Kingston, Texas. The Murphys were sharecroppers of Irish descent.

As a child, Murphy was a loner with mood swings and an explosive temper. He grew up in Texas, around Farmersville, Greenville, and Celeste, where he attended elementary school. His father drifted in and out of the family's life and eventually deserted them. Murphy dropped out of school in fifth grade and got a job picking cotton for a dollar a day to help support his family; he also became skilled with a rifle, hunting small game to help feed them. After his mother died of endocarditis and pneumonia in 1941, he worked at a radio repair shop and at a combination general store, garage and gas station in Greenville. Hunt County authorities placed his three youngest siblings in Boles Children's Home, a Christian orphanage in Quinlan. After the war, he bought a house in Farmersville for his oldest sister Corinne and her husband Poland Burns. His other siblings briefly shared the home.

The loss of his mother stayed with Murphy throughout his life. He later stated:

She died when I was sixteen. She had the most beautiful hair I've ever seen. It reached almost to the floor. She rarely talked; and always seemed to be searching for something. What it was I don't know. We didn't discuss our feelings. But when she passed away, she took something of me with her. It seems I've been searching for it ever since.

World War II service

Main article: Military career of Audie Murphy

Murphy had always wanted to be a soldier, and after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, he tried to enlist, but the Army, Navy and Marine Corps all turned him down for being underweight and underage. After his sister provided an affidavit falsifying his birth date by a year, he was accepted by the U.S. Army on 30 June 1942. After basic training at Camp Wolters, he was sent to Fort Meade for advanced infantry training. During basic training, he earned the Marksman Badge with Rifle Component Bar and Expert Badge with Bayonet Component Bar.

Mediterranean Theater

Murphy was shipped to Casablanca in French Morocco on 20 February 1943. He was assigned to Company B, 1st Battalion, 15th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division, which trained under the command of Major General Lucian Truscott. He participated as a platoon messenger with his division at Arzew in Algeria in rigorous training for the Allied assault landings in Sicily. He was promoted to private first class on 7 May and corporal on 15 July.

When the 3rd Infantry landed at Licata, Sicily, on 10 July, Murphy was a division runner. On a scouting patrol, he killed two fleeing Italian officers near Canicattì. Sidelined with illness for a week when Company B arrived in Palermo on 20 July, he rejoined them when they were assigned to a hillside location protecting a machine-gun emplacement, while the rest of the 3rd Infantry Division fought at San Fratello en route to the Allied capture of the transit port of Messina.

Murphy participated in the September 1943 mainland Salerno landing at Battipaglia. While on a scouting party along the Volturno River, he and two other soldiers were ambushed; German machine gun fire killed one soldier. Murphy and the other survivor responded by killing five Germans with hand grenades and machine gun fire. While taking part in the October Allied assault on the Volturno Line, near Mignano Monte Lungo Hill 193, he and his company repelled an attack by seven German soldiers, killing three and taking four prisoner. Murphy was promoted to sergeant on 13 December.

In January 1944, Murphy was promoted to staff sergeant. He was hospitalized in Naples with malaria on 21 January, and was unable to participate in the initial landing at the Anzio beachhead. He returned on 29 January and participated in the First Battle of Cisterna, and was made a platoon sergeant in Company B following the battle. He returned with the 3rd Division to Anzio, where they remained for months. Taking shelter from the weather in an abandoned farmhouse on 2 March, Murphy and his platoon killed the crew of a passing German tank. He then crawled out alone close enough to destroy the tank with rifle grenades, for which he received the Bronze Star with "V" Device. Murphy continued to make scouting patrols to take German prisoners before being hospitalized for a week on 13 March with a second bout of malaria. Sixty-one infantry officers and enlisted men of Company B, 15th Infantry, including Murphy, were awarded the Combat Infantryman Badge on 8 May.

Murphy was awarded a Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster for his Bronze Star. American forces liberated Rome on 4 June, and Murphy remained bivouacked in Rome with his platoon throughout July.

European Theater

Murphy received the Distinguished Service Cross for action taken on 15 August 1944, during the first wave of the Allied invasion of southern France. After landing on Yellow Beach near Ramatuelle, Murphy's platoon was attacked by German soldiers while making their way through a vineyard. He retrieved a machine gun that had been detached from the squad and returned fire at the German soldiers, killing two and wounding one. Two Germans exited a house about 100 yards (91 m) away and appeared to surrender; when Murphy's best friend responded, they shot and killed him. Murphy advanced alone on the house under direct fire. He killed six, wounded two and took 11 prisoner.

Murphy was with the 1st Battalion, 15th Infantry Regiment during the 27–28 August offensive at Montélimar that secured the area from the Germans. Along with the other soldiers who took part in the action, he received the Presidential Unit Citation.

Murphy's first Purple Heart was for a heel wound received in a mortar shell blast on 15 September 1944 in northeastern France. His first Silver Star came after he killed four and wounded three at a German machine gun position on 2 October at L'Omet quarry in the Cleurie river valley. Three days later, Murphy crawled alone towards the Germans at L'Omet, carrying an SCR-536 radio and directing his men for an hour while the Germans fired directly at him.

When his men finally took the hill, 15 Germans had been killed and 35 wounded. Murphy's actions earned him a Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster for his Silver Star. He was awarded a battlefield commission to second lieutenant on 14 October, which elevated him to platoon leader. While en route to Brouvelieures on 26 October, the 3rd Platoon of Company B was attacked by a German sniper group. Murphy captured two before being shot in the hip by a sniper; he returned fire and shot the sniper between the eyes. At the 3rd General Hospital at Aix-en-Provence, the removal of gangrene from the wound caused partial loss of his hip muscle and kept him out of combat until January. Murphy received his first Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster for his Purple Heart for this injury.

The Colmar Pocket, 850 square miles (2,200 km2) in the Vosges Mountains, had been held by German troops since November 1944. On 14 January 1945, Murphy rejoined his platoon, which had been moved to the Colmar area in December. He moved with the 3rd Division on 24 January to the town of Holtzwihr, where they faced a strong German counterattack. He was wounded in both legs, for which he received a second Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster for his Purple Heart. As the company awaited reinforcements on 26 January, he was made commander of Company B.

The Germans scored a direct hit on an M10 tank destroyer, setting it alight, forcing the crew to abandon it. Murphy ordered his men to retreat to positions in the woods, remaining alone at his post, shooting his M1 carbine and directing artillery fire via his field radio while the Germans aimed fire directly at his position. Murphy mounted the abandoned, burning tank destroyer and began firing its .50 caliber machine gun at the advancing Germans, killing a squad crawling through a ditch towards him. For an hour, Murphy stood on the flaming tank destroyer returning German fire from foot soldiers and advancing tanks, killing or wounding 50 Germans. He sustained a leg wound during his stand, and stopped only after he ran out of ammunition. Murphy rejoined his men, disregarding his own injury, and led them back to repel the Germans. He insisted on remaining with his men while his wounds were treated. For his actions that day, he was awarded the Medal of Honor. The 3rd Infantry Division was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for its actions at the Colmar Pocket, giving Murphy a Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster for the emblem.

On 16 February, Murphy was promoted to first lieutenant and was awarded the Legion of Merit for his service from 22 January 1944 to 18 February 1945. He was moved from the front lines to Regimental Headquarters and made a liaison officer.

Decorations

The United States additionally honored Murphy's war contributions with the American Campaign Medal, the European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with arrowhead device and 9 campaign stars, the World War II Victory Medal, and the Army of Occupation Medal with Germany Clasp. France recognized his service with the French Legion of Honor – Grade of Chevalier, the French Croix de guerre with Silver Star, the French Croix de guerre with Palm,[79] the French Liberation Medal and the French Fourragère in Colors of the Croix de guerre, which was authorized for all members of the 3rd Infantry Division who fought in France during World War II. Belgium awarded Murphy the Belgian Croix de guerre with 1940 Palm.

Brigadier General Ralph B. Lovett and Lieutenant Colonel Hallet D. Edson recommended Murphy for the Medal of Honor. Near Salzburg, Austria on 2 June 1945, Lieutenant General A.M. Patch presented Murphy with the Medal of Honor and Legion of Merit for his actions at Holtzwihr. When asked after the war why he had seized the machine gun and taken on an entire company of German infantry, he replied, "They were killing my friends."

Murphy received every U.S. military combat award for valor available from the U.S. Army for his World War II service.

Postwar military service

Inquiries were made through official channels about the prospect of Murphy attending West Point upon his return to the United States, but he never enrolled. According to author Don Graham, Murphy suggested the idea and then dropped it, possibly when he realized the extent of academic preparation needed to pass the entrance exam. Murphy was one of several military personnel who received orders on 8 June 1945 to report to Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio, Texas, for temporary duty and reassignment.

Upon arrival on 13 June, he was one of four assigned to Fort Sam Houston Army Ground & Services Redistribution Station and sent home for 30 days of recuperation, with permission to travel anywhere within the United States during that period. While on leave, Murphy was feted with parades, banquets, and speeches. He received a belated Good Conduct Medal on 21 August.

He was discharged with the rank of first lieutenant at a 50 percent disability classification on 21 September and transferred to the Officers' Reserve Corps.[

This image is taken from United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 9, Nos. 1-4, 1915 by Medical Heritage Library, Inc.

Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive

Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 9, Nos. 1-4, 1915

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1915

Language: eng

Table of Contents

Number 1

PREFACE v

SPECIAL ARTICLES:

Shock, anoci-association and anesthesia.

By Surg. A. M. Fauntleroy 1

The proposed personnel, organization, and equipment of a hospital ship

By Surg. E. M. Blackwell and Chief Pharm. O. G. Ruge 28

The application of Wassermann's reaction to the SOLUTION OF THE

ETIOLOGY OF TROPICAL ULCERATIONS.

By Surg. C. S. Butler 51

Some theories as to the origin of Jackson's veil.

By Asst. Surg. J. M. Lynch, M. R. C 62

A RESUME OF ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS CONCERNED IN YELLOW FEVER.

By Passed Asst. Surg. C. B. Camerer 65

Some observations on the examination of recruits.

By Passed Asst. Surg. J. J. S. McMullin 70

Experience of a surgeon during the occupation of Vera Cruz.

By Asst. Surg. G. T. Vaughan, M. R. C 75

Experiences with marine expeditionary force in Mexico.

By Asst. Surg. R. M. Little, M. R. C 76

Treatment of chronic posterior urethritis.

By Medical Inspector G. T. Smith 80

A NEW METHOD OF EXAMINING STOOLS FOR EGGS.

By Passed Asst. Surg. C. M. Fauntleroy, Public Health Service, and Passed

Asst. Surg. R. Hayden 81

An account of the yellow fever which prevailed on board the United

States Ship Jamestown in 1866-67 at Panama.

By Passed Asst. Surg. W. M. Kerr 82

UNITED STATES NAVAL MEDICAL SCHOOL LABORATORIES:

Additions to the pathological collection 111

Additions to the helmintholoqical collection 111

SUGGESTED DEVICES:

A card index of specific cases.

By Passed Asst. Surg. R. B. Henry 113

The otoscope as an anterior urethroscope.

By Passed Asst. Surg. W. G. Steadman, jr 114

CLINICAL NOTES:

Advance report concerning heliotherapy and ionic medication as employed

at Las Animas, Colo.

By Passed Asst. Surg. C. J. Holeman 119

Compound comminuted fracture of skull.

By Passed Asst. Surg. T. W. Raison 120

A case of reamputation of the leg.

By Surg. R. Spear 122

Tenoplasty for contracture of hamstring tendons.

By Surg. R. R. Richardson 123

Neosalvarsan and mercury in unilateral luetic palsy of abducens.

By Asst. Surg. S. Walker, M. R. C 124

EDITORIAL COMMENT:

Southern Medical Association 127

The William A. Herndon Scholarships, University of Virginia 127

PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:

General medicine. —-The diagnosis and treatment of cholecystitis. The duration

of infection in scarlet fevor. By L. W. Johnson. Diphtheria mortality with and

without the use of antitoxin. By W. E. Eaton.

Observations on the Wassermann reaction. By R. Sheehan 129

Mental and nervous diseases. —The role of hypnotics in mental disease

with indications for their selection and employment. Hereditary ataxia. Psychic

disturbances of dengue. By R. Sheehan 133

Surgery.— Medical arrangements of the British Expeditionary Force. The

home hospitals and the war. The wounded in the war; some surgical lessons. By

L. W. Johnson. The significance of the Jackson veil.

The fate of transplanted bone and the regenerative power of its various

constituents. A plea for the immediate operation of fractures. By A. M.

Fauntleroy and E. II. H. Old 140

Hygiene and sanitation. —Study of a swimming pool with a return purification

system. The period of incubation of diphtheria cultures. Subsistence on board

battleships. The chemical disinfection of water.

Sterilization of water supplies for troops on active service. The

Lettsomian lectures on dysentery. Antimosquito work at Panama. By C. N. Fiske

and R. C. Ransdell 147

Tropical medicine. —Malaria and the transmission of diseases. Prevention

of malaria in the troops of our Indian empire. Researches in sprue. By E. R.

Stitt 152

Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —Is pellagra due to

an intestinal parasite? By C. N. Fiske. Laboratory studies on tetanus. The

cultivation of the tubercle bacillus. The bacteriology of pyorrhea alveolaris.

Experimental production of purpura in animals. By A. B. Clifford and G. F.

Clark 156

Chemistry and pharmacy.—On the influence of atmosphere, temperature, and

humidity on animal metabolism. The influence of moisture in the air on

metabolism in the body. Biochemical studies of expired air in relation to

ventilation. The absorption of protein and fat after resection of one-half of

the small intestine. By E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge. . . 158

Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Relation of arterial hypertension to subconjunctival

hemorrhage. Ocular manifestations of arteriosclerosis and their diagnostic and

prognostic significance. Salvarsan treatment and optic neuritis. Eye in

locomotor ataxia. The direct method of the intralaryngeal operation.

Inflammation of the accessary sinuses. Normal horse serum in hemorrhage from

nose and throat operations. Tonsillectomy, its indications and choice of

operation. The correction of nasal deformities by mechanical replacement and

the transplantation of bone. By E. J. Grow and G. B. Trible 162

REPORTS:

Points of interest about the Mexican constitutionalist wounded at

Mazatlan.— By Surg. P. S. Rossiter 167

Sanitary report of marine brigade. —By Surg. D. N. Carpenter 173

Report of work at the field hospital of the marine brigade, Vera Cruz,

Mexico. —By Surg. D. N. Carpenter 177

Number 2

PREFACE vii

SPECIAL ARTICLES:

The operative treatment of chronic intestinal stasis.

By Asst. Surg. W. S. Bainbridge, M. R. 0 179

Symposium on intelligence tests.

Service use of intelligence tests.

By Passed Asst. Surg. R. Sheehan 194

The value of the mental test and its relation to the service.

By Passed Asst. Surg. G. E. Thomas 200

Mental defectives at Naval Disciplinary Barracks, Port Royal, S. C.

By Passed Asst. Surg. H. E. Jenkins 211

Review and possibilities of mental tests in the examination of applicants

for enlistment.

By Acting Asst. Surg. A. R. Schier 222

Observations on deep diving.

By Passed Asst. Surg. G. R. W. French 227

Tuberculosis.

By Surg. E. Thompson 253

Observations on seven cases of cerebrospinal fever.

By Passed Asst. Surg. D. C. Cather 259

The posterior urethra and bladder in a hundred cases of chronic gonorrhea.

By Passed Asst. Surg. A. L. Clifton 265

UNITED STATES NAVAL MEDICAL SCHOOL LABORATORIES:

Additions to the pathological collection 271

Additions to the helminthological collection 271

SUGGESTED DEVICES:

Apparatus for securing traction of lower extremities.

By Surg. H. A. Dunn 278

CLINICAL NOTES:

Leukopenia of a marked degree in a fatal case of pneumonia.

By Medical Director E. R. Stitt 275

GASTRIC CHANGES FOLLOWING GASTROENTEROSTOMY.

By Passed Asst. Surgs. H. F. Hull and O. J. Mink 275

TWO CASES OF MALARIA TREATED WITH SALVARSAN.

By Passed Asst. Surg. E. U. Reed 278

PSEUDOLEUKEMIC ANEMIA OF INFANCY OCCURRING IN TWINS.

By Asst. Surg. S. Walker, M. R. C 280,

EDITORIAL COMMENT:

George Perley Bradley, medical director, United States Navy. . . 283

A new quarterly naval medical journal 285

The Harrison law 285

PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:

General medicine. —Differentiation of the diseases included under chronic

arthritis. By L. W. Johnson. The war and typhoid fever. By G. F. Clark. Use of

the Schick test in the suppression of a diphtheria outbreak. By R. Sheehan. The

present status of the treatment of advanced cardiac decompensation. The

influence of diet upon necrosis caused by hepatic and renal poisons. Syphilitic

nephritis. Is emetin sufficient to bring about a radical cure in amebiasis? A case of a

large aneurism of the arch of the aorta with use of bronchoscopy. By E. Thompson

and E. L. Woods 287

Mental and nervous diseases.—The importance of the bony sinuses accessory

to the nose in the explanation of pains in the head, face, and neck. Spinal

decompression in meningomyelitis. Fleeting attacks of manic depressive

psychosis. Epilepsy and cerebral tumor. The ductless glands and mental disease.

Acute paraplegia. By R. Sheehan 295

Surgery. —The Freiburg method of Dammerschlaf or twilight sleep. By W.

G. Steadman. Observations on the seminal vesicles. By H. W. Cole. Rubber

gloves; a technique of mending. A note upon the wounds of the present campaign.

By L. W. Johnson. The silence of renal tuberculosis. Acute hemorrhagic

pancreatitis. Preservation of the iliohypogastric nerve in operation for cure

of inguinal hernia. Aperiosteal amputation through the femur. A modified

incision for approaching the gall bladder. The occurrence of acute

emphysematous gangrene (malignant edema) in wounds received in the war. Note on

the wounds observed during three weeks' fighting in Flanders. The naval action

off Helgoland. By A. M. Fauntleroy and E. H. H. Old 299

Hygiene and sanitation. —Massachusetts Association of Boards of Health;

report of question meeting. The disinfecting properties of gaslight on air of

room. Sewage disinfection for vessels and railway coaches. The prophylaxis of

malaria with special reference to the military service. By C. N. Fiske and R.

C. Ransdell 313

Tropical medicine. —Benzol in bilharzia. By E. L. Woods. Kala-azar and

allied infections. Observations on the eggs of ascaris lumbricoides. By E. R.

Stitt 319

Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —The occurrence of

certain structures in the erythrocytes of guinea pigs and their relationship to

the so-called parasite of yellow fever. Observations on myeloid sarcoma with an

analysis of fifty cases. By G. F. Clark. A new and rapid method for the

isolation and cultivation of tubercle bacilli directly from the sputum and

feces. Appendicitis treated with

anticolon bacillus serum and vaccine. The retention of iron in the organs

in hemolytic anemia. By C. S. Butler and A. B. Clifford 321

Chemistry and pharmacy. —The analysis of emulsions. Notes on the estimation

of morphin and Lloyd's reagent. By P. J. Waldner. Merck's annual report of

recent advances in pharmaceutical chemistry and

therapeutics. By E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge 326

Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —The tonsils as a habitat of oral

entamebas. By O N. Fiske. Enucleation of the eye under local anasthesia. On a

modification of Siegrist's method of local anesthesia in enucleation of

the eyeball. The use of pituitary extract as a coagulant in the surgery

of the nose and throat. Value of roentgenography in diagnosis of diseases of

the larynx and trachea. The difficulties and dangers of exploratory puncture of

the antrum of Highmore. By E. J. Grow and G. B.Trible 331

REPORTS:

Extracts from annual sanitary reports. —Notes on marine recruiting. By

F. H. Brooks. Notes on recruiting. By J. B. Bostick. Economy in use of hospital

supplies. By A. R. Wentworth. Venereal prophylaxis. Examination of civil

employees. By C. N. Fiske. Industrial notes from Boston yard. By N. J.

Blackwood. Notes on tropical hygiene. By A. Stuart. Battleship ventilation. Use

of barracks during . overhaul period. By T. W. Richards. Sanitary notes from

the U. S. S. Ozark. Malarial prophylaxis. By R. W. McDowell. Sanitary notes from

the U. S. S. Virginia. By G. L. Angeny 335

The Schick Test and the use of diphtheria antitoxin.

By Passed Asst. Surg. J. J. A. McMullin 362

Number 3

PREFACE vii

SPECIAL ARTICLES:

The normal heart in the Navy.

By Surg. G. F. Freeman 363

Surgical diagnosis and technic involving the appendix.

By Surg. A. M. Fauntleroy 381

Functional testing of the ear.

By Passed Asst. Surg. G. B. Trible 400

A few points in diagnosis of gastric and duodenal ulcer by means of the

X-ray.

By Passed Asst. Surg. A. L. Clifton 410

The damage of syphilis to the Navy.

By Passed Asst. Surg. G. F. Cottle 414

Recent conceptions of bronchial asthma.

By Asst. Surg. M. H. Sirard, M. R. C 419

UNITED STATES NAVAL MEDICAL SCHOOL LABORATORIES:

Additions to the pathological collection 423

Additions to the helmintholooical collection 423

SUGGESTED DEVICES:

A venereal head.

By Passed Asst. Surg. G. F. Cottle 425

A NEW MESSING SYSTEM FOR NAVAL HOSPITALS.

By Hosp. Steward F. E. Simmons 426

Messing arrangements in the U. S. Naval Hospital, Philadelphia.

By Surg. H. A. Dunn and Chief Pharm. P. J. Waldner 428

Castor oil. An aseptic dressing on the field of battle.

By Asst. Surg. A. E. Gallant, M.R.C 430

CLINICAL NOTES:

A case of fracture-dislocation of spine. Laminectomy.

By Surg. R. E. Ledbetter and Asst. Surg. H. Priest 433

A CASE OF ANEURYSM OF THE LEFT POSTERIOR INFERIOR CEREBELLAR ARTERY.

By Passed Asst. Surg. E. L. Woods 434

A CASE OF MALIGNANT ENDOCARDITIS. By Passed Asst. Surg. M E. Higgins

436

A POSSIBLE NEW X-RAY SIGN OF TUBERCULOSIS.

By Surg. E. Thompson and Hosp. Steward H. L. Gall 436

A CASE OF PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA (?) WITH MARKED LEUKOPENIA. By Passed

Asst. Surg. W. L. Mann, jr 438

Report of twenty-eight cases of pyorrhea alveolaris treated with emetin

hydrochlorid.

By Passed Asst. Surg. A. H. Allen 440

Intravenous injection of neosalvarsan in concentrated solution.

By Passed Asst. Surg. C. B. Camerer 441

TRANSLATIONS:

Catheterization of the ejaculatory canals.

By Surg. R. A. Bachmann 443

Hospital ships.

By Pharm. S. Wierzbicki 452

First-aid stations and transportation of the wounded in naval battle.

By Med. Inspect. S. G. Evans 454

PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:

General medicine. —The value of typhoid vaccines in the treatment of typhoid

fever. By L. W. Johnson. The intravenous and intramuscular administration of

diphtheria antitoxin. The noninfective causes of so-called rheumatism. Not very

well known causes of hematuria. Prodromal symptoms of gallstones. Observations

on renal functions in acute experimental unilateral nephritis. By E. Thompson

and E. L.

Woods 469

Mental and nervous diseases. —A critical study of Lange'a gold reaction

in cerebrospinal fluid. Post-operative nervous and mental disturbances. The

significance of the unconscious in psychopathology. By R. Sheehan 475

Surgery. —The role of gastroenterostomy in the treatment of ulcers. Ether-oil

colonic anesthesia. By H. W. Smith. Ununited fractures treated by long-axial

drilling of the fractured bone-ends. By E. Thompson. War surgery. The

osteogenic power of periosteum; with a note on bone transplantation. The

technic of cholecystectomy. The German use of asphyxiating gases. Transfusion

by the syringe method. The North Sea action of January 24. The best method of

treating wounds sustained in action, especially during the early period after

their infliction. By A. M. Fauntleroy and E. H. H. Old 479

Hygiene and sanitation. —The possibility of conveying typhoid fever by

clothing, contaminated food, and soiled fingers. The microbic content of indoor

and outdoor air. By E. W. Brown. Some results of the

first year's work of the New York State Commission on Ventilation. By

C. N. Eiske and E. W. Brown. Tincture of iodin and the prevention of venereal

disease. Ability of colon bacilli to survive pasteurization.

The specific gravity of the human body. Lead poisoning in the manufacture

of storage batteries. By C. N. Fiskc and R. C. Ransdell 495

Tropical medicine.—Pathology of verruga peruviana. The importance of

tertiary yaws. By C. S. Butler. The treatment of ancylostomiasis. By A. B.

Clifford. Studies in malaria. New theories and investigations

concerning pellagra. Immediate relapse in tertian malaria after energetic

salvarsan treatment. By E. R. Stitt 502

Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —A study of the endamebas

of man in the Panama Canal Zone. Lipoids in immunity. The mechanism of antibody

action. The diagnosis and treatment of

parenchymatous syphilis. The bacteriology of appendicitis and its production

by intravenous injection of streptococci and colon bacilli. By G. F. Clark. On

the filterability and biology of spirochetes. A differential study of

coccidiodal granuloma and blastomycosis. Notes on the diagnosis of Asiatic

cholera at autopsy. The morphology of the adults of the filarise found in the

Philippine Islands. By C. S. Butler and A. B. Clifford 508

Chemistry and pharmacy.—Coloring of bichlorid of mercury solutions. By

L. Zembsch. An experimental study of lavage in acute carbolic acid poisoning.

By A. B. Clifford. Notes on a new alkaloid found in

nux vomica. Preliminary note on a new pharmacodynamic assay method. By

P. J. Waldnar. Estimation of urea. Estimation of urea and indirectly of

allantoin in urine by means of urease. Urea; its distribution in and

elimination from the body. Results of the hypochlorite disinfection of water

supplies. A further study of the chemical composition and nutritive value of

fish subjected to prolonged period of cold storage. By E. W. Brown and O. G.

Ruge 515

Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Treatment of trachoma with carbonic acid snow.

Samoan conjunctivitis Is there a natural or acquired immunity to trachoma?

Clinical and anatomical study of a case of isolated

reflex immobility of the pupil, paralysis, tabes, and cerebrospinal syphilis

being excluded. Protection against injury of the hearing.Chronic local

infection of the nose, throat, and ear as a cause of general infection. The

sympathetic syndrome (undescribed) of sphenopalatine or nasal ganglion

neurosis. Shell explosions and the special senses. By E. J. Grow and G. B.

Trible 521

REPORTS:

Extracts from annual sanitary reports. —A review of the treatment and

results at the U. S. Naval Sanatorium for Tuberculosis at Las Animas, Colo. By

G. H. Barber. Battleship ventilation. ( Permanent detail of stretchermen. By J.

S. Taylor. Genito-urinary disease at Chelsea. By G. B. Wilson. Malarial prophylaxis. By H.

L. Smith. Sanitary notes from the U. S. S. Washington. By H. A. May. Sanitary

notes

from the U. S. S. Michigan. By J. A. Murphy. Sanitary notes from the U.

S. S. Palos. By D. C. Post. Camp sanitation. By R. I. Longabaugh 527

Lymphatic leukemia complicated by priapism. By Passed Asst. Surg. J. J.

A. McMullin 542

The seventy-first annual meeting of the American Medico-Psychological

Association. By Passed Asst. Surg. R. Sheehan 544

Number 4

PREFACE vii

SPECIAL ARTICLES:

Observations upon the epidemiology of an outbreak of measles at the

Naval Training Station, Norfolk, Va.

By Surg. C. E. Riggs 647

The present status of the Hospital Corps. By Passed Asst. Surg. W. E.

Eaton , 556

The use of hospital ships in time of war.

By Passed Asst. Surg. R J. Straeten 565

Venereal disease aboard ship.

By Passed Asst. Surg. G. F. Cottle 571

Some dangers in passing the ureteral catheter to the kidney.

By Asst. Surg. B. C. Willis, M. R. C 577

Shanghai and Yangtze River hospitals.

By Passed Asst. Surg. R. H. Laning 679

Some medical aspects of the upper Yangtze River country.

By Asst. Surg. D. C. Post 620

Some medical conditions in China.

By Passed Asst. Surg. R. G. Davis 630

UNITED STATES NAVAL MEDICAL SCHOOL LABORATORIES:

Additions to the pathological collection 635

Additions to the helminthological collection 635

SUGGESTED DEVICES:

An ambulance motor boat for hospital ships.

By Surg. E. M. Blackwell 637

CLINICAL NOTES:

Unusual type of typhus on U. S. S. Monocacy. Report of case. By Asst.

Surg. W. B. Hetfield 641

Injury by dynamite explosion. By Passed Asst. Surgs. G. C. Thomas and

L. W. Johnson 643

A case of hemorrhagic pancreatitis.

By Passed Asst. Surgs. G. C. Thomas and L. W. Johnson 644

Salvarsan in the treatment of schistosomiasis. Report of case.

By Asst. Surg. D. C. Post '645

An usually severe case of urticaria.

By Passed Asst. Surg. W. E. Eaton 650

Early reinfection with syphilis.

By Surg. T. W. Richards 651

A fatal cask of cecal ulceration with extensive complications.

Bv Passed Asst. Surg. W. L. Mann, jr 653

EDITORIAL COMMENT:

Scarcity and cost of medical supplies due to disturbance of European

markets 655

Bind your Bulletins 655

PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:

General medicine. —The recent epidemic of smallpox in New South Wales.

By L. W. Johnson. The causes of indigestion. A study of 1,000 cases. By E. H.

H. Old. Certain physical signs referable to the diaphragm and their importance

to diagnosis. An epidemic of influenza in the Island of St. Kilda. Pollen

therapy in hay fever. Studies in bronchial glands. Mode of action and use of

emetin in endamebiasis. The treatment of eczema with special reference to the

use of vaccine and the part played by bacteria in its etiology. Report of 50

cases. Study of diseases of stomach and duodenum by X-ray. Cure and recurrence of

syphilis. By E. Thompson and E. L. Woods 667

Mental and nervous diseases.—Differential diagnosis of general paresis.

What is paranoia? The cerebrospinal fluid in diagnosis and treatment. Raynaud's

syndrome. Raynaud's disease. What tests in childhood are best calculated to

throw light upon the capacities of mental defectives for future work. The

Binet-Simon method and the intelligence of adult prisoners. By R. Sheehan 669

Surgery.— Medical narrative of the arrangements of the first division

at the Battle of the Aisne. The medical aspects of modern warfare, with special

reference to the use of hospital ships. By T. W. Richards. Injuries to the bowel from shell and

bullet wounds. By L. W. Johnson. Account of six specimens of great bowel

removed by operation; observations on motor mechanism of colon. Symptomless

renal hematuria arising from tumors,

aneurysms in the renal pelvis, and early tuberculosis. The treatment of

urethral stricture by excision. Some observations on bone transplantation.

Blood transfusion by the citrate method. Disinfection of the hands and

abdominal skin before operation. Partial regeneration of bone. By H. W.Smith.

Epididymotomy for acute epididymitis as an out-patient procedure. By W. E.

Eaton. Occlusion of the pylorus. Prevalent fallacies concerning subacromial

bursitis. Its pathogenoesis

and rational operative treatment. Autogenous bone grafts versus Lane's

plates. A new procedure for the cure of chronic synovitis. Report on the

wounded in the action between the Sydney and the Emden.

By E. H. H. Old 672

Hygiene and sanitation. —Paint poisoning. By T. W. Richards. Sterilization

of water by chlorin. The prevalence of occupational factors in disease and

suggestions for their elimination. Bismuth-paste

poisoning —report of a fatal case. The making of a milk commission. Present

practice relating to city waste collection and disposal. A statistical study of

personal association as a factor in the etiology of pellagra. The influence of

age of the grandparent at the birth of the parent on the number of the children

born and their sex. By C. N. Fiske and R. O. Ransdell 694

Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —Simple and efficient

contrast stain for B. diphtheriae. By C. N. Fiske. The heart muscle in

pneumonia. The sterilization of vaccines and the influence of the various

methods employed on their antigenic properties. The Wassermann and luetin

reactions in leprosy. By C. S. Butler and A. B. Clifford 700

Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Relation of general arteriosclerosis to certain

ocular conditions. Eyestrain and ocular discomfort from faulty illumination. Hemorrhage

from the nose and throat. Diagnosis and conservative treatment of inflammation

of the accessory sinuses of the nose. Primary carcinoma of the tonsils. Nasal

polypi. By E. J. Grow and G. B. Trible 703

REPORTS. —Topographical extracts from annual sanitary reports:

Yangtze River ports. By Passed Asst. Surg. C. L. Beeching 707

Cape Haitien, Haiti. By Asst. Surg. C. P. Lynch 710

Santo Domingo and Haiti. By Passed Asst. Surg. E. A. Vickery 714

Vera Cruz, Santo Domingo, and Haiti. By Surg. R. W. Plummer 715

Santo Domingo. By Asst. Surg. J. B. Helm 716

Bluefields, Nicaragua. By Asst. Surg. C. P. Lynch 719

Alaskan ports. By Surg. W. S. Pugh, jr 723

INDEX 727

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Gunner Frank Barrett, Royal Horse Artillery by Chris, Norfolk

In ever

Loving memory of

Frank C. Barrett

(Late R.H.A.)

Born 4th. August 1897.

Died 28th. August 1920.

Life's race well run

Life's work well done

Now comes rest.

Frank Cecil Barrett was born on 4th August 1897 in Mulbarton, Norfolk, the son of Mary Ann Barrett. In the 1901 census his mother, aged 28, was living at home in Rosery Lane, with her parents George and Harriett Barrett, her older brother Albert, her son Frank, aged 3, and her three other children, Herbert, aged 12, Matilda, aged 10 and Isabel, aged 1. They were all baptised in St. Mary Magdalen church in Mulbarton but there is not clue about their father(s). By the time of the 1911 census 13 year old Frank was the only other person living with his grandparents at 6 The Rosery. After leaving school he was employed as a telegraph messenger boy and by 1915 he was working as a nurseryman.

In February 1916 Frank applied to join the Royal Horse Artillery (RHA) as a gunner and was mobilised in August, by which time he would have been 18. His service record states that he was 5 ft. 10 in. (1.77 m) tall, of fair complexion with light brown hair and brown eyes.

Given the Service Number 153649, Frank served with the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in France from 1916 to 1919.

Frank was still with the RHA in February 1919 but was now in Esch in Germany. In May he was sent to a Dispersal Centre, to a RHA Depot in June and moved to the 'W' Battery, 6th. Brigade later that month. In January 1920 he was transferred to 'G' Battery. In March 1920 he was discharged from the Army and returned to Mulbarton.

Later in 1920 Frank was admitted to the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital where he died on 28th. August, aged 23, from '(1) Subacute Infective Endocarditis, (2) Cerebral Embolism,' which must have been attributed to his war service for his grave to be assigned as a war grave.

Frank is buried next to the grave of his grandmother, Harriett, to the north of Mulbarton church, and he is listed among the Commonwealth War Dead. He was awarded the British War Medal and the Victory Medal.

On his service papers, Frank's next-of-kin is Mr. H. Barrett of The Rosery, listed as his father but almost certainly his older brother Herbert.

As Frank had died in 1920, after the war memorial inside Mulbarton church was commissioned, his name was not included, however, it has been added and he has now commemorated on the 'Roll of Honour'.

A survey undertaken in the churchyard around 2007/8 discovered Frank's gravestone in a state of great disarray, broken and covered with ivy.

It was difficult for any restoration to be undertaken regarding the grave because, before proceeding, any family of Frank Barrett had to be traced, as they were legally responsible for the grave as originally, the gravestone had been placed there by his family.

Eventually, the church in Mulbarton was allowed to take responsibility for the grave, in lieu of the family and initially the Parish Council agreed to take on the repair project. However, due to many other commitments delay seemed inevitable. News of the grave being discovered had reached the Secretary of Norwich Branch Royal Artillery Association (RAA) and as Frank was a Gunner, and therefore always would be, he approached the local vicar and offered to become involved in the process of the restoration, on behalf of the RAA, which was agreed. After liaising with firstly, the War Graves Commission, who could not get involved due to the original gravestone being placed there by family, the Secretary then sourced and subsequently secured a local stonemason, Paul Miles, who very kindly and generously, agreed to take on the project. Paul did a marvellous job, not only in repairing and restoring the gravestone and plinth but also engraving onto the cross, the cap badge of The Royal Horse Artillery as per World War 1.

Frank’s grave is now tended by volunteers in the village.

"I Think That The Root of the Wind is Water" -- Emily Dickinson by EX22218 - ON/OFF

8 1

Water quality surrounding a local Kroger distribution center, teeming with raw sewage.

This image is taken from United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 3, Nos. 1-4, 1909 by Medical Heritage Library, Inc.

Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive

Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 3, Nos. 1-4, 1909

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1909

Language: eng

Table of Contents

Number 1

Preface vii

Special articles 1

The artificial illumination of naval vessels (a study in naval

hygiene), by J. D. Gatewood 1

A simple operation for hemorrhoids, by H. F. Hull 22

Suggested devices 25

A metal suspensory, by W. B. Grove 25

A short and accurate method of calculating the age in years and months,

by E. M. Brown 25

Card for index system to be used in preparing smooth quarterly form

"X" at recruiting stations, etc., by C. R. Keen 27

Clinical notes 29

A case of angina Ludovici, by W. S. Pugh 29

A case of Vincent's angina, by G. F. Clark 31

Rupture of the iris; two cases, by R. K. Riggs 32

Wood alcohol poisoning; 13 cases, 3 deaths, by R. A. Baehmann 33

A case of virulent chancroids, by D. C. Gather 36

A case of septicemia successfully treated with Steam's streptolytic

serum by M. F. Gates . 39

An unusual case of undescended testicle, by E. M. Brown 39

Current comment 41

United States Pharmacopeial Convention 41

Concerning extracts or abstracts for publication 4l

Measuring the height of recruits 43

Suggestions for the study of heat exhaustion 44

Perfected routine of dosage, etc., in the treatment of tuberculosis by

the administration of mercury, by B. L. Wright 46

Has the chemical examination of water practical value to the military medical

officer? by P. '.T'. Waldner 47

An aid in throat and laryngeal examinations, by E. M. Brown 50

Progress in medical sciences 51

Laboratory —An anatomical peculiarity noted in specimens of hook worm

from Culebra 51

Preliminary note on the lesions of anchylostomiasis in the intestines of

dogs, by O. J. Mink 51

Preliminary note on nematode found in the liver of a wild rat, by O.

J.Mink 52

Chemistry and pharmacy — Note on the disintegration of tablets;

influence of benzoic acid and benzoates on digestion and health: address on the

clinical examination of urine, with especial reference to estimation of urea;

determination of pepsin by the edestin test, E. W. Brown and P. J. Waldner 52

Surgery —Review of advances; the operative treatment of recent

fractures of the femoral shaft; the treatment of fractures by mobilization and massage;

has surgical treatment lessened mortality from appendicitis; when to operate

for appendicitis; diffuse septic peritonitis, due to appendicitis; local

anesthesia of a limb by venous transfusion after expulsion of blood; on

narcosis under an artificially restricted circulation; the correlation of

glands with internal secretion; improved technique for the detection of

tubercle bacilli in the urine; relief of the wounded during battle, H. C. Curl

and H. W. Smith 54

Pathology and bacteriology —On the so-called fatty degeneration of the adrenals;

three cases of squamous celled carcinoma of the gall bladder; the practical

value of the demonstration of spirochaeta pallida in the early diagnosis of

syphilis; C. 8. Butler and O. J. Mink 65

Medical zoology — Plague in ground squirrels (a review); the prevalence

and distribution of the animal parasites of man in the Philippine Islands, with

a consideration of their possible influence on the public'

health; preliminary note on a protozoan in yaws; the intestinal protozoa

of man, R. C. Holcomb • 67

Tropical medicine — Ankylostomiasis in the Tropics; bilharziasis among women

and girls in Egypt; a report of several cases with unusual symptoms caused by

contact with some unknown variety of jellyfish; the diagnosis of latent

malaria; haemolysins and antihaemolytic substances in the blood of malarial

patients, E. R. Stitt 73

General medicine —The direct inspection of the gastric mucous membrane;

toxemia from the standpoint of perverted metabolism; a rapid method of

test-meal removal, lavage, and inflation; the therapeutics of diseases which

involve the internal secretions (mercury in the treatment of tuberculosis — its

mode of action —a warning); Flexner's serum in the treatment of epidemic

cerebrospinal meningitis; vascular crises; the curative influence of extracts

of leucocytes upon infections in animals, R. M. Kennedy 77

Hygiene and sanitation —Koch's standpoint with reference to the

question of the relation between human and bovine tuberculosis; the prevention of

tuberculosis; tropical lands and white races; sanitary report of the operations

of the naval expeditionary corps (German) in southwest Africa and in east

Africa; growth and naval military service; a study in measurements of cadets at

the naval school; on growth in height of youths serving their time in the army;

the value of fencing as a sport from hygienic and ethical point* of view; on-

the significance of the ophthalmo-reaction for the army; hematuria caused by a

parasite akin to bilharzia; the complex nature of typhoid etiology and the role

played by animals and man in the spread of the typhoid group of diseases; amoebae

carriers, H. G. Beyer 90

Reports and letters 195

Annual meeting of the American Pharmaceutical Association, Alrik Hammar,

delegate 105

Report of an epidemic of typhoid on the U.S.S. Maine, by M. S.

Elliott. 106

Report of an epidemic of grippe on the U. S. S. Charleston, by M. F.

Gates. 109

Number 2

Preface vii

Special articles 111

The treatment of tuberculosis and the results observed during the year 1908

(at the United States Naval Hospital, Las Animas, Colo.), by B. L. Wright 111

Laboratory studies and observations during the year 1908 (at the United

States Naval Hospital, Las Animas, Colo.), by A. B. Clifford 114

Tonsillar hypertrophy; a menace to the service, by B. F. Jenness 120

The ice bag in the treatment of typhoid fever, by G. Tucker Smith 122

Treatment of typhoid fever by colon irrigations, by the late C. G.

Alderman 124

Suggested devices 129

Description of a pit incinerator furnace, by R. C. Holcomb 129

Clinical notes 131

Report of a case of malignant endocarditis, following chancroid, by I.

Franklin Cohn 131

A case of multiple infected wounds from bear bite, by C. C. Grieve 132

A case presenting successive liver abscesses, by H. C. Curl and H. W. Smith

134

Cerebro-spinal fever, by J. G. Field 135

Current comment 141

Gangosa in Haiti 141

Hookworm disease in recruits from the Southern States 141

Care of ears and eyes in the Japanese navy 142

The question of ear protection in the British navy 142

Report relative to a series of experiments conducted on board the U. S.

S. Ohio during target practice, with "Plasticine" for the protection

of the ear drums during heavy gun fire, by W. M. Garton 142

Hygienic rules, with particular reference to venereal prophylaxis, in

the Austro-Hungarian navy 144

Experiments with gonococcic vaccine, by W. M. Garton 145

Thyroidal enlargement among applicants for enlistment in the Northwest,

by W. A. Angwin 147

Progress in medical sciences 148

Laboratory — Sterilization of catgut, by H. W. Smith 148

Chemistry and pharmacy — Fluidglycerates, pharmaceutical and physiological

aspect; the importance and significance of the chemical examination of the

gastric contents after a test meal, with a new method for estimating the

ferment activity of the gastric contents; demonstrations of enzymes and

antienzymes; studies on the chemistry of anaphylaxis; the clinical value of

viscosity determination; the viscosity of the blood; the detection and

quantitative determination of B-oxybutyric acid in the urine; a new method for

the quantitative estimation of albumin in the urine; concerning the diagnostic

value of Cammidge crystals in pancreatic diseases, E. W. Brown and P. J.

Waldner 150

Surgery — Review of advances; cerebral decompression; operative treatment

of acute gonorrheal epididymitis; appendectomy in diffuse septic peritonitis;

concerning technique of skin grafting; treatment of hypertrophy of the prostate

by injections of alien blood; the value of the Cammidge reaction in the diagnosis

of pancreatic disease; the Cammidge reaction in experimental pancreatitis; the

syphilis case sheet; the thymus in Basedow's disease; the effect of mammalian

pituitary on tetany after parathyreoidectomy, and upon the pupil; hemorrhage in

jaundice controlled by blood transfusion; on the haematogenic origin of

purulent nephritis through the staphylococcus; the snapping hip; three cases of

liver abscess treated by aspiration and injection of quinine, H. C. Curl and H.

\V. Smith: 156

Pathology and bacteriology — Widal’s

reaction with sterilized cultures; a new medium for typhoid work; report on a

further series of blood cultures from seventy-four cases of typhoid and

paratyphoid fever; the histology of liver tissue regeneration; typhoid bacilli

and gall bladder; the occurrence and distribution of the spirochaeta pallida in

congenital syphilis; experiments on the differentiation of cholera and

cholera-like vitrios by complement fixation;

C. S. Butler and O. J. Mink 166

Medical zoology —What is "schistosoma mansoni;" pulmonary

bilharziasis; filariasis and elephantiasis in southern Luzon; the diagnosis of African

tick fever from the examination of the blood; the parasite of

Kula Azar and allied organisms; a new human nematode-strongylus gibsoni;

report of the Permanent Commission for the Suppression of Uncinariasis; on the

supposed occurrence of the filaria immitis in man, R. C. Holcomb 174

Tropical medicine —An inquiry concerning the etiology of beriberi; have

trypanosomes an ultramicroscopical stage in their life history?; atoxyl as a

curative agent in malaria, E. R. Stitt 179

General medicine —The treatment of acute inflammatory conditions by

Bier's hypertemia; treatment of tetanus with subarachnoid injections of

magnesium sulphate; the serum diagnosis of syphilis; tubercle bacilli in the

sputum; a summary of the most recently published work on the doctrine of

opsonins; experimental investigation on "simple continued fever," H.

M. Kennedy 182

Hygiene and sanitation —On the application of heat for the purification

of water with troops in the field; catarrhal icterus of eberthian origin; the epidemic

of typhoid fever on H. M. S. Regina Elena; the treatment of sweat-foot in the

army; a contribution to our knowledge of the spread of cerebro-spinal

meningitis; on book disinfection on the large scale; the etiology of impetigo

contagiosa; tuberculosis in the British army and its prevention; symptoms that

may be attributed to soldering with the oxyhydrogen

flame; tactics and the health of the army, H. G. Beyer 189

Reports and letters 203

Seventeenth annual meeting of the Association of Military Surgeons,

Manley H. Simons, delegate 203

Report and recommendations of a board of officers, convened at the navy-yard,

Mare Island, Cal., on the precautionary methods to be taken to prevent the invasion of bubonic

plague at that station 205

Number 3

Preface VII

Special articles 211

Notes on the treatment of elephantiasis by the internal administration

of tinctuia ferri cbloridi, by P. S. Rossiter 211

A few notes on syphilis, by W. J. Zalesky 215

A note on the pathology of epidemic asthma, by O. J. Mink 222

Report on sixteen cases of heat prostration, with remarks on etiology,

by A. G. Grunwell 223

Reviews 231

Liver abscess from the point of view of etiology and prophylaxis; pathology

and differential diagnosis; and treatment (3 papers), by G. B. Crow,, J. A. B.

Sinclair, and J. F. Cottle 231

Suggested devices 245

Appliances improvised on sick bay bunks, by C. M. De Valin 245

Clinical notes 247

A case of fracture of patella, with operation at sea, by N. J.

Blackwood.. 247

A case of n current nasal hemorrhage, by Raymond Spear 250

A case of traumatic pneumonia, by C. F. Sterne 252

A case of liver abscess, by M. A. Stuart 254

Current comment 255

Hospital corps efficiency report 255

Physical defects found on reexamination of recruits 255

Some observations on the berthing of enlisted men of the navy, with suggestions

for improvement, by L. W. Curtis 256

The value of a chemical examination of water, by E. R. Noyes 257

Progress in medical sciences 267

Laboratory —A method for the preparation of flat worms for study, by O.

J. Mink and A. H. Ebeling .. 267

The formalin method for the clinical estimation of ammonia in the

urine, by E. W. Brown 269

Bang's method for estimation of sugar in the urine; the Edestin method for

the estimation of pepsin in stomach contents 273

Chemistry and pharmacy — Concerning the fractional precipitation of

albumin in the spinal fluid of normal cases luetics, functional and organic nervous

diseases and their bearing upon the differential diagnosis of dementia

paralytica, tabes dorsalis, tertiary and late syphilis; quantitative determination

of several sugars in the presence of each other in diabetic urines; the butyric

reaction for syphilis in man and in the monkey; excretion of amino acids in

pregnancy and after parturition; the relation between the protein content of

the blood serum and that of serous fluids; the further separation of antitoxin

from its associated proteins in horse serum, E. W. Brown and P. J. Waldner...276-279

Surgery —The Hodgen splint; surgical anemia and resuscitation; mechanism

underlying artificial respiration; a new theory of surgical shock; carbon

dioxide snow in the treatment of augioma; bursitis subacromialis, or

periarthritis of the shoulder joint; report on the local anesthetics recommended

as substitutes for cocaine; further researches on the etiology of endemic

goiter; auto- and iso-transplantation, in dogs, of the parathyroid glandules;

partial, progressive, and complete occlusion of the aorta and other large

arteries in the dog by means of the metal band; C. F. Stokes, R. Spear, and H.

W. Smith 279-289

Pathology and bacteriology —A simple method for the diagnosis of

syphilis; differential methods for detecting the typhoid bacilli in infected

water and milk; a peculiar intralobular cirrhosis of the liver produced by the protozoal

parasite of kala azar; the pathological anatomy of atoxyl poisoning; an

observation on the fate of B. Bulgaricus in the digestive tract of a monkey; a

contribution to the pathology of the spleen; a note, on the histology of a caue

of myelomatosis with Bence-Jones protein in

the urine; a new method for the recognition of indol in media; the rapid

diagnosis of rabies (a new stain for negri bodies); C. S. Butler and O. J. Mink

289-297

Medical zoology —Anew intestinal trematodeof man; some applications of the

precipitin reaction in the diagnosis of hydatid disease; bilharzia, hematobia,

and circumcision; trichocephaliasis; R. C. Holcomb ...... 297-306

Tropical medicine — Rice and beriberi; on the etiology of ulcerative

granuloma of the pudenda; amaebic dysentery with abscess of the liver in a patient

who had never been out of England; E. R. Stitt 306-308

General medicine —The dietetic treatment of diabetes; artificial

hyperemia in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis; remarks on the treatment of

gastric ulcer by immediate feeding; present status of the tuberculin tests; T.

W. Richards S0S-315

Hygiene and sanitation — On 'a new and practical method of securing bodily

cleanliness for our men on board ship; on the heat-conducting power of linoleum

as compared to that of floors made of wood or of

betone; on the discrimination of unrecognized diseases and on a disease

of overcrowding in ships, especially at

Malta; H. G. Beyer 315-320

Reports and letters 321

Guam; reports on health and sanitation for the years 1907 and 1908, by F.

E. McCullough and G. L. Angeny. 321

Number 4

Preface vii

Special articles 335

The hospital camp at Norfolk, Va., by P. A. Lovering 335

The teaching of tropical medicine outside of the Tropics, by E. R.

Stitt 308

Ethyl chloride as a general anaesthetic, by L. W. Johnson 344

Chronic nephritis in recruits, by B. F. Jenness 347

Supplementary report on the investigation of Samoan conjunctivitis, by P.

S. Rossiter 349

Points on embalming practicable on board ship, by C. Schaffer 351

Reviews 355

Surgical shock; a review of recent literature, by H. W. Smith 355

Suggested devices 365

Installation of an X-ray apparatus on the U. S. S. Maryland, by A.

Farenholt 365

Method of fumigation of vessels at Hamburg 368

An oxygen apparatus 370

An easily constructed bunk tray, by C. M. Oman 371

Clinical notes 373

Operations upon the kidney. United States naval hospital, New York, by G.

T. Smith 373

A report on two cases of dentigerous cysts, by D. N. Carpenter 374

A case of mammary development in the male, by E. M. Brown 376

Operative treatment of epididymitis, by W. S. Pugh, Jr 376

Two cases from report of U. S. S. Hancock—1908: (1) Retinal hemorrhage,

(2) myocarditis with rupture, by P. Leach 377

A case of fracture of the skull; operation and recovery, by F. W. F.

Wieber. 378

Carron oil in the treatment of otitis media suppurativa (acuta), by R.

E. Riggs 379

Fracture of skull and gunshot wound of lung, with recovery, by W. S.

Pugh, Jr ..... 381

Two unusual appendix cases, by R. R. Richardson 382

Proctoclysis in typhoid fever, by C. F. Stokes 384

Current comment 385

Subscription price of the Bulletin 385

Note on New York Post-Graduate Medical School 385

Note on contributions to the Bulletin 385

Note on annual meeting of American Medical Association on revision of pharmacopeia

386

Note on inquiry concerning clothing in the Tropics 386

Note on publicity concerning venereal disease in California 387

Review of Gatewood's Naval Hygiene 387

Note on the work at Tay Tay 388

Medical examination of army recruits, by A. E. Peck 389

Notes on the treatment of syphilis, by W. S. Hoen 391

Views on the treatment of typhoid fever, by H. A. May 393

Progress in medical sciences 397

Laboratory —Benedict's method for the estimation of glucose in the

urine; estimation of uric acid in the urine, Folin-Schaffer; clinical method

for the estimation of uric acid, modification of the Folin-Schaffer process; test

for blood in the urine; two methods for the estimation of albumin in the urine,

by O. J. Mink and E. W. Brown 397

Chemistry and pharmacy —The excretion in urine of sugars other than

glucose; experiments and experiences, pharmacological and clinical, with

digitalis, squill, and strophanthus; a reagent for the detection of reducing

sugars; on the antagonism of alcohol to carbolic acid ; the antitoxic activity

of iodine in tuberculosis; new experiments on the physiological action of

sulphuric ether; contribution to the physiology of the glands —further

contributions on the function of the spleen as an organ of iron metabolism;

modifications in the chemical composition of the blood serum in victims of

carbon dioxide poisoning, by P. J. Waldnerand C. Schaffer 402

Pathology and bacteriology —Studies on typhoid fever; chloroform

poisoning — liver necrosis and repair; the importance of blood cultures in the

study of infections of otitic origin; the cultivation of the spirocheeta

pallidum; the cultivation of the bacillus leprae; the chemistry of the liver in

chloroform necrosis; the present status of the whooping-cough question; the

conveyance of whooping cough from man to animals by direct experiment; serology

of syphilis, by C. S. Butler and O. J. Mink 407

Medical zoology — Schistosomiasis at Bahia; contribution to the study

of schistosomiasis in Bahia, Brazil; notes on malaria and kala-azar; endemic

amoebic dysentery in New York, with a review of its istribution in North America; filaria

(microfilaria) philippinensis; the distribution of filaria in the Philippine

Islands; acariens and cancers—acariens and leprosy; necator americanus in

Ceylon; anaemia due to trichocephalus dispar; study of the protozoa of J. H.

Wright in sixteen cases of Aleppo boil, by R. C. Holcomb 411

Tropical medicine — Infantile kala-azar; on the identity of beri-beri

and epidemic dropsy; Malta fever in South Africa; leprosy in the Philippine

Islands and its treatment; the various types of plague and their clinical

manifestations, by C. S. Butler 417

Hygiene and sanitation —The means by which infectious diseases are

transmitted; a critical study of the value of the measurements of chest expansion

and lung capacity; notes on the sanitation of yellow fever and malaria; the

house fly as a disease carrier, by H. G. Beyer 419

General medicine —A study of the aural and laryngeal complications of

typhoid fever, especially as observed in hospital practice; the problem of

cancer considered from the standpoint of immunity; nine cases of typhoid fever

treated with an antiendotoxic serum, by T. W. Richards 425

Surgery —Some practical points in the application of the bismuth paste

in chronic suppurative diseases; the sequence of the pathological changes in appendiceal

peritonitis; direct blood transfusion by means of paraffin-coated glass tubes;

the use of animal membrane in producing mobility in ankylosed joints, by C. F.

Stokes and R. Spear 431

Reports and letters 489

American Medical Association, by M. F. Gates 439

Report on the Second International Conference for Revision of Nomenclature

of Diseases and Causes of Death, by F. L. Pleadwell 445

Report upon medical relief measures at Messina, Sicily, by M. Donelson.

. 449

Reports of medical relief measures at Adana, Turkey, by J. T. Miller

and L. W. McGuire 452

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Brow Well, Dumfries & Galloway, Scotland. by HISTOGRAPHY by DM & DBM.

Robert Burns (25 January 1759 – 21 July 1796), also known familiarly as Rabbie Burns, was a Scottish poet and lyricist. He is widely regarded as the national poet of Scotland and is celebrated worldwide. He is the best known of the poets who have written in the Scots language, although much of his writing is in a "light Scots dialect" of English, accessible to an audience beyond Scotland. He also wrote in standard English, and in these writings his political or civil commentary is often at its bluntest.

He is regarded as a pioneer of the Romantic movement, and after his death he became a great source of inspiration to the founders of both liberalism and socialism, and a cultural icon in Scotland and among the Scottish diaspora around the world. Celebration of his life and work became almost a national charismatic cult during the 19th and 20th centuries, and his influence has long been strong on Scottish literature. In 2009 he was chosen as the greatest Scot by the Scottish public in a vote run by Scottish television channel STV.

As well as making original compositions, Burns also collected folk songs from across Scotland, often revising or adapting them. His poem (and song) "Auld Lang Syne" is often sung at Hogmanay (the last day of the year), and "Scots Wha Hae" served for a long time as an unofficial national anthem of the country. Other poems and songs of Burns that remain well known across the world today include "A Red, Red Rose", "A Man's a Man for A' That", "To a Louse", "To a Mouse", "The Battle of Sherramuir", "Tam o' Shanter" and "Ae Fond Kiss".

Life and background

Burns was born two miles (3 km) south of Ayr, in Alloway, the eldest of the seven children of William Burnes (1721–1784), a self-educated tenant farmer from Dunnottar in the Mearns, and Agnes Broun (1732–1820), the daughter of a Kirkoswald tenant farmer.

He was born in a house built by his father (now the Burns Cottage Museum), where he lived until Easter 1766, when he was seven years old. William Burnes sold the house and took the tenancy of the 70-acre (280,000 m2) Mount Oliphant farm, southeast of Alloway. Here Burns grew up in poverty and hardship, and the severe manual labour of the farm left its traces in a weakened constitution.

He was given irregular schooling and a lot of his education was with his father, who taught his children reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, and history and also wrote for them A Manual of Christian Belief. He was also taught and tutored by the young teacher John Murdoch (1747–1824), who opened an "adventure school" in Alloway in 1763 and taught Latin, French, and mathematics to both Robert and his brother Gilbert (1760–1827) from 1765 to 1768 until Murdoch left the parish. After a few years of home education, Burns was sent to Dalrymple Parish School in mid-1772 before returning at harvest time to full-time farm labouring until 1773, when he was sent to lodge with Murdoch for three weeks to study grammar, French, and Latin.

By the age of 15, Burns was the principal labourer at Mount Oliphant. During the harvest of 1774, he was assisted by Nelly Kilpatrick (1759–1820), who inspired his first attempt at poetry, "O, Once I Lov'd A Bonnie Lass". In 1775, he was sent to finish his education with a tutor at Kirkoswald, where he met Peggy Thompson (born 1762), to whom he wrote two songs, "Now Westlin' Winds" and "I Dream’d I Lay".

Despite his ability and character, William Burnes was consistently unfortunate, and migrated with his large family from farm to farm without ever being able to improve his circumstances. At Whitsun, 1777, he removed his large family from the unfavourable conditions of Mount Oliphant to the 130-acre (0.53 km2) farm at Lochlea, near Tarbolton, where they stayed until William Burnes's death in 1784. Subsequently, the family became integrated into the community of Tarbolton. To his father's disapproval, Robert joined a country dancing school in 1779 and, with Gilbert, formed the Tarbolton Bachelors' Club the following year. His earliest existing letters date from this time, when he began making romantic overtures to Alison Begbie (b. 1762). In spite of four songs written for her and a suggestion that he was willing to marry her, she rejected him.

Robert Burns was initiated into the Masonic lodge St David, Tarbolton, on 4 July 1781, when he was 22. In December 1781, Burns moved temporarily to Irvine to learn to become a flax-dresser, but during the workers' celebrations for New Year 1781/1782 (which included Burns as a participant) the flax shop caught fire and was burnt to the ground. This venture accordingly came to an end, and Burns went home to Lochlea farm. During this time he met and befriended Richard Brown, who encouraged him to become a poet. He continued to write poems and songs and began a commonplace book in 1783, while his father fought a legal dispute with his landlord. The case went to the Court of Session, and Burnes was upheld in January 1784, a fortnight before he died.

Mauchline

Robert and Gilbert made an ineffectual struggle to keep on the farm, but after its failure they moved to Mossgiel Farm, near Mauchline, in March, which they maintained with an uphill fight for the next four years. In mid-1784 Burns came to know a group of girls known collectively as The Belles of Mauchline, one of whom was Jean Armour, the daughter of a stonemason from Mauchline.

Burns’s first child, Elizabeth "Bess" Burns, was born to his mother's servant, Elizabeth Paton, while he was embarking on a relationship with Jean Armour, who became pregnant with twins in March 1786. Burns signed a paper attesting his marriage to Jean, but her father "was in the greatest distress, and fainted away". To avoid disgrace, her parents sent her to live with her uncle in Paisley. Although Armour's father initially forbade it, they were married in 1788. Armour bore him nine children, three of whom survived infancy.

Burns had encountered financial difficulties due to his lack of success as a farmer. In order to make enough money to support a family, he accepted a job offer from Patrick Douglas, an absentee landowner who lived in Cumnock, to work on his sugar plantations near Port Antonio, Jamaica. Douglas' plantations were managed by his brother Charles, and the job offer, which had a salary of £30 per annum, entailed working in Jamaica as a "book-keeper", whose duties included serving as an assistant overseer to the Black slaves on the plantations (Burns himself described the position as being "a poor Negro driver").[8] The position, which was for a single man, would entail Burns living on a plantation in rustic conditions, as it was unlikely a book keeper would be housed in the plantation's great house. Apologists have argued in Burns's defence that in 1786, the Scottish abolitionist movement was just beginning to be broadly active. Burns's authorship of "The Slave's Lament", a 1792 poem argued as an example of his abolitionist views, is disputed. His name is absent from any abolitionist petition written in Scotland during the period, and according to academic Lisa Williams, Burns "is strangely silent on the question of chattel slavery compared to other contemporary poets. Perhaps this was due to his government position, severe limitations on free speech at the time or his association with beneficiaries of the slave trade system".

Around the same time, Burns fell in love with a woman named Mary Campbell, whom he had seen in church while he was still living in Tarbolton. She was born near Dunoon and had lived in Campbeltown before moving to work in Ayrshire. He dedicated the poems "The Highland Lassie O", "Highland Mary", and "To Mary in Heaven" to her. His song "Will ye go to the Indies, my Mary, And leave auld Scotia's shore?" suggests that they planned to emigrate to Jamaica together. Their relationship has been the subject of much conjecture, and it has been suggested that on 14 May 1786 they exchanged Bibles and plighted their troth over the Water of Fail in a traditional form of marriage. Soon afterwards Mary Campbell left her work in Ayrshire, went to the seaport of Greenock, and sailed home to her parents in Campbeltown. In October 1786, Mary and her father sailed from Campbeltown to visit her brother in Greenock. Her brother fell ill with typhus, which she also caught while nursing him. She died of typhus on 20 or 21 October 1786 and was buried there.

As Burns lacked the funds to pay for his passage to Jamaica, Gavin Hamilton suggested that he should "publish his poems in the mean time by subscription, as a likely way of getting a little money to provide him more liberally in necessaries for Jamaica." On 3 April Burns sent proposals for publishing his Scotch Poems to John Wilson, a printer in Kilmarnock, who published these proposals on 14 April 1786, on the same day that Jean Armour's father tore up the paper in which Burns attested his marriage to Jean. To obtain a certificate that he was a free bachelor, Burns agreed on 25 June to stand for rebuke in the Mauchline kirk for three Sundays. He transferred his share in Mossgiel farm to his brother Gilbert on 22 July, and on 30 July wrote to tell his friend John Richmond that, "Armour has got a warrant to throw me in jail until I can find a warrant for an enormous sum ... I am wandering from one friend's house to another."

On 31 July 1786 John Wilson published the volume of works by Robert Burns, Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish dialect. Known as the Kilmarnock volume, it sold for 3 shillings and contained much of his best writing, including "The Twa Dogs" (which features Luath, his Border Collie), "Address to the Deil", "Halloween", "The Cotter's Saturday Night", "To a Mouse", "Epitaph for James Smith", and "To a Mountain Daisy", many of which had been written at Mossgiel farm. The success of the work was immediate, and soon he was known across the country.

Burns postponed his planned emigration to Jamaica on 1 September, and was at Mossgiel two days later when he learnt that Jean Armour had given birth to twins. On 4 September Thomas Blacklock wrote a letter expressing admiration for the poetry in the Kilmarnock volume, and suggesting an enlarged second edition. A copy of it was passed to Burns, who later recalled, "I had taken the last farewell of my few friends, my chest was on the road to Greenock; I had composed the last song I should ever measure in Scotland – 'The Gloomy night is gathering fast' – when a letter from Dr Blacklock to a friend of mine overthrew all my schemes, by opening new prospects to my poetic ambition. The Doctor belonged to a set of critics for whose applause I had not dared to hope. His opinion that I would meet with encouragement in Edinburgh for a second edition, fired me so much, that away I posted for that city, without a single acquaintance, or a single letter of introduction."

On 27 November 1786 Burns borrowed a pony and set out for Edinburgh. On 14 December William Creech issued subscription bills for the first Edinburgh edition of Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish dialect, which was published on 17 April 1787. Within a week of this event, Burns had sold his copyright to Creech for 100 guineas. For the edition, Creech commissioned Alexander Nasmyth to paint the oval bust-length portrait now in the Scottish National Portrait Gallery, which was engraved to provide a frontispiece for the book. Nasmyth had come to know Burns and his fresh and appealing image has become the basis for almost all subsequent representations of the poet. In Edinburgh, he was received as an equal by the city's men of letters—including Dugald Stewart, Robertson, Blair and others—and was a guest at aristocratic gatherings, where he bore himself with unaffected dignity. Here he encountered, and made a lasting impression on, the 16-year-old Walter Scott, who described him later with great admiration:

[His person was strong and robust;] his manners rustic, not clownish, a sort of dignified plainness and simplicity which received part of its effect perhaps from knowledge of his extraordinary talents. His features are presented in Mr Nasmyth's picture but to me it conveys the idea that they are diminished, as if seen in perspective. I think his countenance was more massive than it looks in any of the portraits ... there was a strong expression of shrewdness in all his lineaments; the eye alone, I think, indicated the poetical character and temperament. It was large, and of a dark cast, and literally glowed when he spoke with feeling or interest. [I never saw such another eye in a human head, though I have seen the most distinguished men of my time.]

The new edition of his poems brought Burns £400. His stay in the city also resulted in some lifelong friendships, among which were those with Lord Glencairn, and Frances Anna Dunlop (1730–1815), who became his occasional sponsor and with whom he corresponded for many years until a rift developed. He embarked on a relationship with the separated Agnes "Nancy" McLehose (1758–1841), with whom he exchanged passionate letters under pseudonyms (Burns called himself "Sylvander" and Nancy "Clarinda"). When it became clear that Nancy would not be easily seduced into a physical relationship, Burns moved on to Jenny Clow (1766–1792), Nancy's domestic servant, who bore him a son, Robert Burns Clow, in 1788. He also had an affair with a servant girl, Margaret "May" Cameron. His relationship with Nancy concluded in 1791 with a final meeting in Edinburgh before she sailed to Jamaica for what turned out to be a short-lived reconciliation with her estranged husband. Before she left, he sent her the manuscript of "Ae Fond Kiss" as a farewell.

In Edinburgh, in early 1787, he met James Johnson, a struggling music engraver and music seller with a love of old Scots songs and a determination to preserve them. Burns shared this interest and became an enthusiastic contributor to The Scots Musical Museum. The first volume was published in 1787 and included three songs by Burns. He contributed 40 songs to volume two, and he ended up responsible for about a third of the 600 songs in the whole collection, as well as making a considerable editorial contribution. The final volume was published in 1803.

On his return from Edinburgh in February 1788, he resumed his relationship with Jean Armour and they married in March 1788. He took out a lease on Ellisland Farm, Dumfriesshire, settling there in June. He also took up a training position as an exciseman or gauger, which involved long rides and detailed bookkeeping. He was appointed to duties in Customs and Excise in 1789. Burns chose the land of Ellisland a few miles north of the town of Dumfries, from Patrick Miller's estate at Dalswinton, where he had a new farmhouse and byre built. He and Jean moved in the following summer 1789 to the new farm house at Ellisland. In November 1790, he had written his masterpiece, the narrative poem "Tam O' Shanter". The Ellisland farm beside the river Nith, now holds a unique collection of Burns's books, artefacts, and manuscripts and is mostly preserved as when Burns and his young family lived there. Burns gave up the farm in 1791 to move to Dumfries. About this time he was offered and declined an appointment in London on the staff of The Star newspaper, and refused to become a candidate for a newly created Chair of Agriculture in the University of Edinburgh, although influential friends offered to support his claims. He did however accept membership of the Royal Company of Archers in 1792.

After giving up his farm, he removed to Dumfries. It was at this time that, being requested to write lyrics for The Melodies of Scotland, he responded by contributing over 100 songs. He made major contributions to George Thomson's A Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs for the Voice as well as to James Johnson's Scots Musical Museum.[citation needed] Arguably his claim to immortality chiefly rests on these volumes, which placed him in the front rank of lyric poets. As a songwriter he provided his own lyrics, sometimes adapted from traditional words. He put words to Scottish folk melodies and airs which he collected, and composed his own arrangements of the music including modifying tunes or recreating melodies on the basis of fragments. In letters he explained that he preferred simplicity, relating songs to spoken language which should be sung in traditional ways. The original instruments would be fiddle and the guitar of the period which was akin to a cittern, but the transcription of songs for piano has resulted in them usually being performed in classical concert or music hall styles. At the 3 week Celtic Connections festival Glasgow each January, Burns songs are often performed with both fiddle and guitar.

Thomson as a publisher commissioned arrangements of "Scottish, Welsh and Irish Airs" by such eminent composers of the day as Joseph Haydn and Ludwig van Beethoven, with new lyrics. The contributors of lyrics included Burns. While such arrangements had wide popular appeal. Beethoven's music was more advanced and difficult to play than Thomson intended.

Burns described how he had to master singing the tune before he composed the words:

My way is: I consider the poetic sentiment, correspondent to my idea of the musical expression, then chuse my theme, begin one stanza, when that is composed—which is generally the most difficult part of the business—I walk out, sit down now and then, look out for objects in nature around me that are in unison or harmony with the cogitations of my fancy and workings of my bosom, humming every now and then the air with the verses I have framed. when I feel my Muse beginning to jade, I retire to the solitary fireside of my study, and there commit my effusions to paper, swinging, at intervals, on the hind-legs of my elbow chair, by way of calling forth my own critical strictures, as my, pen goes.

Burns also worked to collect and preserve Scottish folk songs, sometimes revising, expanding, and adapting them. One of the better known of these collections is The Merry Muses of Caledonia (the title is not Burns's), a collection of bawdy lyrics that were popular in the music halls of Scotland as late as the 20th century. At Dumfries, he wrote his world famous song "A Man's a Man for A' That", which was based on the writings in The Rights of Man by Thomas Paine, one of the chief political theoreticians of the American Revolution. Burns sent the poem anonymously in 1795 to the Glasgow Magazine. He was also a radical for reform and wrote poems for democracy, such as – "Parcel of Rogues to the Nation" and the "Rights of Women".

Many of Burns's most famous poems are songs with the music based upon older traditional songs. For example, "Auld Lang Syne" is set to the traditional tune "Can Ye Labour Lea", "A Red, Red Rose" is set to the tune of "Major Graham" and "The Battle of Sherramuir" is set to the "Cameronian Rant".

Burns alienated some acquaintances by freely expressing sympathy with the French, and American Revolutions, for the advocates of democratic reform and votes for all men and the Society of the Friends of the People which advocated Parliamentary Reform. His political views came to the notice of his employers, to which he pleaded his innocence. Burns met other radicals at the Globe Inn Dumfries. As an Exciseman he felt compelled to join the Royal Dumfries Volunteers in March 1795.

Latterly Burns lived in Dumfries in a two-storey red sandstone house on Mill Hole Brae, now Burns Street. The home is now a museum. He went on long journeys on horseback, often in harsh weather conditions as an Excise Supervisor, and was kept very busy doing reports. The father of four young children, he was also frequently occupied as a song collector and songwriter.

As his health began to give way, he aged prematurely and fell into fits of despondency. Rumours of intemperance (alleged mainly by temperance activist James Currie) may have been overstated. Hard manual farm labour earlier in his life may have damaged Burns's health. Burns possibly had a long-standing rheumatic heart condition, perhaps beginning when he was 21, and a bacterial infection, possibly arising from a tooth abscess, may have exacerbated this.

On the morning of 21 July 1796, Burns died in Dumfries, at the age of 37.

The funeral took place on Monday 25 July 1796, the day that his son Maxwell was born. He was at first buried in the far corner of St. Michael's Churchyard in Dumfries; a simple "slab of freestone" was erected as his gravestone by Jean Armour, which some felt insulting to his memory. His body was eventually moved to its final location in the same cemetery, the Burns Mausoleum, in September 1817. The body of his widow Jean Armour was buried with his in 1834.

Armour had taken steps to secure his personal property, partly by liquidating two promissory notes amounting to fifteen pounds sterling (about 1,100 pounds at 2009 prices). The family went to the Court of Session in 1798 with a plan to support his surviving children by publishing a four-volume edition of his complete works and a biography written by James Currie. Subscriptions were raised to meet the initial cost of publication, which was in the hands of Thomas Cadell and William Davies in London and William Creech, bookseller in Edinburgh. Hogg records that fund-raising for Burns's family was embarrassingly slow, and it took several years to accumulate significant funds through the efforts of John Syme and Alexander Cunningham.

Burns was posthumously given the freedom of the town of Dumfries. Hogg records that Burns was given the freedom of the Burgh of Dumfries on 4 June 1787, 9 years before his death, and was also made an Honorary Burgess of Dumfries.

Through his five surviving children (of 12 born), Burns has over 900 living descendants as of 2019.

Armour died on 26 March 1834 and was interred into the Burns Mausoleum on 31 March 1834. The opening of the mausoleum provided an opportunity to exhume Burns body by a local group who believed in phrenology, a pseudo-science whose practitioners believed an individuals personality could be predicted by measuring the skulls.

The group was led by Archibald Blacklock, a surgeon, and John McDiarmid, Dumfries Courier editor and phrenologist. Other members of the group included Adam Rankine, James Kerr, James Bogie, Andrew Crombie and their assistants.

The night before Armour's funeral, the group was supposedly granted permission to exhume Burns's body by Armour's brother, Robert Armour.

The group attempted to entered the mausoleum at 7pm. There were many people present in the graveyard and they decided to try again later that evening.

The skull was removed and taken to James Fraser, a local plasterer of Queensbury Street, Dumfries. The skull was later returned to the tomb.

A plaster cast was sent to George Combe, a Scottish lawyer and practitioner of phrenology based in Edinburgh. Combe published a report about his findings, entitled ‘Phrenological development of Robert Burns. From a cast on his skull moulded at Dumfries, the 31st day of March, 1834’.

It is unknown how many casts were made by Fraser, with some sources reporting three were made. Six casts are known though some may be copies of the original cast.

Anatomical Museum, University of Edinburgh

The Hunterian, University of Glasgow

Writer’s Museum, a museum in Edinburgh

Dumfries Museum

East Ayrshire Museums

National Trust for Scotland’s Robert Burns Birthplace Museum

Burns's style is marked by spontaneity, directness, and sincerity, and ranges from the tender intensity of some of his lyrics through the humour of "Tam o' Shanter" and the satire of "Holy Willie's Prayer" and "The Holy Fair".

Burns's poetry drew upon a substantial familiarity with and knowledge of Classical, Biblical, and English literature, as well as the Scottish Makar tradition. Burns was skilled in writing not only in the Scots language but also in the Scottish English dialect of the English language. Some of his works, such as "Love and Liberty" (also known as "The Jolly Beggars"), are written in both Scots and English for various effects.

His themes included republicanism (he lived during the French Revolutionary period) and Radicalism, which he expressed covertly in "Scots Wha Hae", Scottish patriotism, anticlericalism, class inequalities, gender roles, commentary on the Scottish Kirk of his time, Scottish cultural identity, poverty, sexuality, and the beneficial aspects of popular socialising (carousing, Scotch whisky, folk songs, and so forth).

The strong emotional highs and lows associated with many of Burns's poems have led some, such as Burns biographer Robert Crawford, to suggest that he suffered from manic depression—a hypothesis that has been supported by analysis of various samples of his handwriting. Burns himself referred to suffering from episodes of what he called "blue devilism". The National Trust for Scotland has downplayed the suggestion on the grounds that evidence is insufficient to support the claim.

Burns is generally classified as a proto-Romantic poet, and he influenced William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Percy Bysshe Shelley greatly. His direct literary influences in the use of Scots in poetry were Allan Ramsay and Robert Fergusson. The Edinburgh literati worked to sentimentalise Burns during his life and after his death, dismissing his education by calling him a "heaven-taught ploughman". Burns influenced later Scottish writers, especially Hugh MacDiarmid, who fought to dismantle what he felt had become a sentimental cult that dominated Scottish literature.

Burns had a significant influence on Alexander McLachlan and some influence on Robert Service. While this may not be so obvious in Service's English verse, which is Kiplingesque, it is more readily apparent in his Scots verse.

Scottish Canadians have embraced Robert Burns as a kind of patron poet and mark his birthday with festivities. 'Robbie Burns Day' is celebrated from Newfoundland and Labrador to Nanaimo. Every year, Canadian newspapers publish biographies of the poet, listings of local events and buffet menus. Universities mark the date in a range of ways: McMaster University library organized a special collection and Simon Fraser University's Centre for Scottish Studies organized a marathon reading of Burns's poetry. Senator Heath Macquarrie quipped of Canada's first Prime Minister that "While the lovable [Robbie] Burns went in for wine, women and song, his fellow Scot, John A. did not chase women and was not musical!" 'Gung Haggis Fat Choy' is a hybrid of Chinese New Year and Robbie Burns Day, celebrated in Vancouver since the late 1990s.

In January 1864, President Abraham Lincoln was invited to attend a Robert Burns celebration by Robert Crawford; and if unable to attend, send a toast. Lincoln composed a toast.

An example of Burns's literary influence in the US is seen in the choice by novelist John Steinbeck of the title of his 1937 novel, Of Mice and Men, taken from a line in the second-to-last stanza of "To a Mouse": "The best laid schemes o' mice an' men / Gang aft agley." Burns's influence on American vernacular poets such as James Whitcomb Riley and Frank Lebby Stanton has been acknowledged by their biographers. When asked for the source of his greatest creative inspiration, singer-songwriter Bob Dylan selected Burns's 1794 song "A Red, Red Rose" as the lyric that had the biggest effect on his life.

The author J. D. Salinger used protagonist Holden Caulfield's misinterpretation of Burns's poem "Comin' Through the Rye" as his title and a main interpretation of Caulfield's grasping to his childhood in his 1951 novel The Catcher in the Rye. The poem, actually about a rendezvous, is thought by Caulfield to be about saving people from falling out of childhood.

Burns became the "people's poet" of Russia. In Imperial Russia Burns was translated into Russian and became a source of inspiration for the ordinary, oppressed Russian people. In Soviet Russia, he was elevated as the archetypal poet of the people. As a great admirer of the egalitarian ethos behind the American and French Revolutions who expressed his own egalitarianism in poems such as his "Birthday Ode for George Washington" or his "Is There for Honest Poverty" (commonly known as "A Man's a Man for a' that"), Burns was well placed for endorsement by the Communist regime as a "progressive" artist. A new translation of Burns begun in 1924 by Samuil Marshak proved enormously popular, selling over 600,000 copies. The USSR honoured Burns with a commemorative stamp in 1956. He remains popular in Russia after the fall of the Soviet Union.

Burns clubs have been founded worldwide. The first one, known as The Mother Club, was founded in Greenock in 1801 by merchants born in Ayrshire, some of whom had known Burns.[75] The club set its original objectives as "To cherish the name of Robert Burns; to foster a love of his writings, and generally to encourage an interest in the Scottish language and literature." The club also continues to have local charitable work as a priority.

Burns's birthplace in Alloway is now a National Trust for Scotland property called the Robert Burns Birthplace Museum. It includes: the humble Burns Cottage where he was born and spent the first years of his life, a modern museum building which houses more than 5,000 Burns artefacts including his handwritten manuscripts, the historic Alloway Auld Kirk and Brig o Doon which feature in Burns's masterpiece 'Tam o Shanter', and the Burns Monument which was erected in Burns's honour and finished in 1823. His house in Dumfries is operated as the Robert Burns House, and the Robert Burns Centre in Dumfries features more exhibits about his life and works. Ellisland Farm in Auldgirth, which he owned from 1788 to 1791, is maintained as a working farm with a museum and interpretation centre by the Friends of Ellisland Farm.

Significant 19th-century monuments to him stand in Alloway, Leith, and Dumfries. An early 20th-century replica of his birthplace cottage belonging to the Burns Club Atlanta stands in Atlanta, Georgia. These are part of a large list of Burns memorials and statues around the world.

Organisations include the Robert Burns Fellowship of the University of Otago in New Zealand, and the Burns Club Atlanta in the United States. Towns named after Burns include Burns, New York, and Burns, Oregon.

In the suburb of Summerhill, Dumfries, the majority of the streets have names with Burns connotations. A British Rail Standard Class 7 steam locomotive was named after him, along with a later Class 87 electric locomotive, No. 87035. On 24 September 1996, Class 156 diesel unit 156433 was named The Kilmarnock Edition at Girvan station to launch the new Burns Line services between Girvan, Ayr and Kilmarnock, supported by Strathclyde Partnership for Transport.

Several streets surrounding the Frederick Law Olmsted Jr.'s Back Bay Fens in Boston, Massachusetts, were designated with Burns connotations. A life-size statue was dedicated in Burns's honour within the Back Bay Fens of the West Fenway neighbourhood in 1912. It stood until 1972 when it was relocated downtown, sparking protests from the neighbourhood, literary fans, and preservationists of Olmsted's vision for the Back Bay Fens.

There is a statue of Burns in The Octagon, Dunedin, in the same pose as the one in Dundee. Dunedin's first European settlers were Scots; Thomas Burns, a nephew of Burns, was one of Dunedin's founding fathers.

A crater on Mercury is named after Burns.

In November 2012, Burns was awarded the title Honorary Chartered Surveyor by The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, the only posthumous membership so far granted by the institution.

The oldest statue of Burns is in the town of Camperdown, Victoria.[80] It now hosts an annual Robert Burns Scottish Festival in celebration of the statue and its history.

In 2020, the Robert Burns Academy in Cumnock, East Ayrshire opened and is named after Burns as an honour of Burns having spent time living in nearby Mauchline.

The Soviet Union was the first country in the world to honour Burns with a commemorative stamp, marking the 160th anniversary of his death in 1956.

The UK postal service, the Royal Mail, has issued postage stamps commemorating Burns three times. In 1966, two stamps were issued, priced fourpence and one shilling and threepence, both carrying Burns's portrait. In 1996, an issue commemorating the bicentenary of his death comprised four stamps, priced 19p, 25p, 41p and 60p and including quotes from Burns's poems. On 22 January 2009, two 1st class stamps were issued by the Royal Mail to commemorate the 250th anniversary of Burns's birth.

Burns was pictured on the Clydesdale Bank £5 note from 1971 to 2009. On the reverse of the note was a vignette of a field mouse and a wild rose in reference to Burns's poem "To a Mouse". The Clydesdale Bank's notes were redesigned in 2009 and, since then, he has been pictured on the front of their £10 note. In September 2007, the Bank of Scotland redesigned their banknotes to feature famous Scottish bridges. The reverse side of new £5 features Brig o' Doon, famous from Burns's poem "Tam o' Shanter", and pictures the statue of Burns at that site.

In 1996, the Isle of Man issued a four-coin set of Crown (5/-) pieces on the themes of "Auld Lang Syne", Edinburgh Castle, Revenue Cutter, and Writing Poems. Tristan da Cunha produced a gold £5 Bicentenary Coin.

In 2009 the Royal Mint issued a commemorative two pound coin featuring a quote from "Auld Lang Syne".

In 1976, singer Jean Redpath, in collaboration with composer Serge Hovey, started to record all of Burns's songs, with a mixture of traditional and Burns's own compositions. The project ended when Hovey died, after seven of the planned twenty-two volumes were completed. Redpath also recorded four cassettes of Burns's songs (re-issued as 3 CDs) for the Scots Musical Museum.

In 1996, a musical about Burns's life called Red Red Rose won third place at a competition for new musicals in Denmark. Robert Burns was played by John Barrowman. On 25 January 2008, a musical play about the love affair between Robert Burns and Nancy McLehose entitled Clarinda premiered in Edinburgh before touring Scotland. The plan was that Clarinda would make its American premiere in Atlantic Beach, FL, at Atlantic Beach Experimental Theatre on 25 January 2013. Eddi Reader has released two albums, Sings the Songs of Robert Burns and The Songs of Robert Burns Deluxe Edition, about the work of the poet.

Alfred B. Street wrote the words and Henry Tucker wrote the music for a song called Our Own Robbie Burns in 1856.

Burns Night, in effect a second national day, is celebrated on Burns's birthday, 25 January, with Burns suppers around the world, and is more widely observed in Scotland than the official national day, St. Andrew's Day. The first Burns supper in The Mother Club in Greenock was held on what was thought to be his birthday on 29 January 1802; in 1803 it was discovered from the Ayr parish records that the correct date was 25 January 1759.

The format of Burns suppers has changed little since. The basic format starts with a general welcome and announcements, followed with the Selkirk Grace. After the grace comes the piping and cutting of the haggis, when Burns's famous "Address to a Haggis" is read and the haggis is cut open. The event usually allows for people to start eating just after the haggis is presented. At the end of the meal, a series of toasts, often including a 'Toast to the Lassies', and replies are made. This is when the toast to "the immortal memory", an overview of Burns's life and work, is given. The event usually concludes with the singing of "Auld Lang Syne".

Greatest Scot

In 2009, STV ran a television series and public vote on who was "The Greatest Scot" of all time. Robert Burns won, narrowly beating William Wallace. A bust of Burns is in the Hall of Heroes of the National Wallace Monument in Stirling.

A crater on the planet Mercury has been named after Burns.

The Brow Well.

Constructed in its present form in the 20th century, the Grade C Listed well (NGR NY 308505, 567509) is a roughly L-shaped tank with ashlar red sandstone walls entered via stone steps. The iron-rich water was originally taken from a pipe using an iron cup attached to a chain. A drain takes the water to the nearby Raffles or Brow Burn.

This is a Chalybeate or ferruginous well that has become firmly established with a built environment surrounding it. The waters are rich in iron and other salts and were believed to have many properties beneficial to health. The map produced circa 1747 by William Roy appears to show three wells on the western side of the burn above the road and records 'Mineral Wells' plural at the site. John Ainslie's map of 1821 also shows the well located above the road and on the western side of the burn as does William Crawford's map of 1804.

An engraving of 1846 shows the thatched cottages of the hamlet and a rectangular well on the eastern side of the Raffles or Brow Burn. The 1856 OS map shows the well in its present and a small building nearby with a path leading to it. In 1898 the well is shown as rectangular and the small building nearby is not marked. The well is shown as draining into the burn.

The site of two other mineral springs are visible on the other side of the Raffles or Brow Burn at the Brow Well site however they have no built structures associated with them.

Association with Robert Burns

Probably suffering from subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE), Robert Burns described his condition as 'Flying Gout' and his medical friends Dr William Maxwell and Dr Alexander Brown suggested that he should go to the Brow Well and try sea bathing, riding and the country air. It was suggested however by James Currie that the sea bathing treatment may have been Burns’ own idea, saying "About the latter end of June he was advised to go into the country, and impatient of medical advice, as well as of every species of control, he determined for himself to try the effects of bathing in the sea. For this purpose he took up his residence at Brow".

Arriving circa 3 July, he stayed for three weeks at the inn, lodging in the 'chamber end' of the inn. The inn did not serve port wine and as this had been prescribed as part of his treatment Burns was advised by Davidson to get some from his son-in-law who ran an inn at nearby Clarencefield. Locals used to point out the aged 'thorn' near the well under which he used to sit.

Whilst at Brow he wrote several letters, including one on 12 July to George Thomson requesting £5 and one to James Burness in Montrose for £10. He also wrote on 7 July to Alexander Cunningham regarding his much reduced salary and to Frances Dunlop expressing his sorrow at her lack of forgiveness and saying farewell. He also wrote on 10 July two, his first and his last letters ever written by him to his father-in-law, seeking help for his wife in the final stages of her pregnancy from her mother Mrs Mary Armour. A letter to his wife was unsurprisingly positive given Jean's Armours advanced state of pregnancy. To his brother Gilbert he wrote hinting at money troubles and despairing of his health. Burns also stated that he intended to continue taking the treatment for the whole summer whilst "staying at a friend's house", presumably an offer made by Maria Riddell.

During this stay, on 5 July, Maria Riddell sent her carriage to collect him so that he could dine with her at Lochmaben. She recorded that he had the "stamp of death" on his face and was "touching the brink of eternity" and his greeting to her was "Well madam, have you any commands for the other world". Burns also visited Ruthwell Manse and had tea with the widow of the minister, Mrs. Craig. The lady's daughter, Agnes, later the wife of the famous Rev Henry Ducan, made to close a curtain to give some shade to Burns and his recorded response was "thank you, my dear, for your kind attention; but oh, let him shine! he will not shine long for me!".

Although he had a horse with him he was reluctant to face the rain and wrote to his friend John Clark at nearby Locharwoods Farm requesting the use of his spring-cart, a new innovation with a comfortable ride. Burns at first seemed invigorated, however by 18 July it was time for him to return to Dumfries as the sea bathing depended on the state of the tides and the spring tides had passed. He died at Dumfries on 21 July.

A twelve-year-old apprentice stonemason, Allan Cunningham, observed his return to his house and wrote that "The poet returned on the 18th July 1796 in a small spring-cart. The ascent to his house was steep, and the cart stopped at the foot of the Mill-hole Brae; when he alighted he shook much, and stood with difficulty; he seemed unable to stand upright. He stooped as if in pain, and walked tottering towards his door: his looks were hollow and ghastly, and those who saw him then expected never to see him again".

Every year the Southern Scottish Counties Burns Association organises a service at the Brow Well to commemorate the death of Robert Burns who died four days after his visit to the Brow Well on 21 July 1796.

Archaeology

In 1969 a green-glazed globular jug dating from the 15th-16th century was discovered in a ditch that was being dug near the Brow Well. A number of years back a well made barbed and tanged flint arrow-head was discovered near the Brow Well and was later mounted as a brooch.

Brow is a hamlet on the B725 lying around 3 km from Ruthwell in the Parish of that name on the Solway Firth between Dumfries and Annan in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. The Raffles Burn runs through the site, marked on maps as the Brow Burn it flows into the Solway Firth at Lochar Bay.

The name may refer to the situation of the site that 'faces or confronts' the Lochar Water and the Solway Firth. The hamlet in 1747 consisted of four or more buildings on a minor road between Ruthwell and Caerlaverock. A ford in the 1800s ran across the sands and the Lochar Water from near Brow to Blackshaw Point. The Raffles or Brow Burn runs through the site after passing near to Clarencefield where it once powered a saw mill and then through the Brow Plantation to run through the sand banks at Lochar Bay where at low tide it joins the Lochar Water.

Used as a staging post by drovers taking their cattle to England for sale, the hamlet had at Burns' time around a dozen houses. One of which was small inn that although run by the Davidsons, husband and wife, was owned by James Morpeth and survived until 1863 when it was demolished. Brow had a minor reputation as a poor mans spa with its Chalybeate well and sea bathing in the Solway Firth a hundred metres or so away down a narrow lane. The farm of Stanhope is located on the other side of the burn with a ford existing in the 19th century.

Herman Molls map circa 1745 does not mark 'Brow' in this position, but locates a 'Brow' on the other side of the Lochar Water on Blackshaw Point as does Blaeu's map, based on Timothy Ponts map of circa 1600.

John Thomson's map of 1832 indicates a group of three buildings and a mineral well. In 1856 a group of buildings existed with a small building close to the well and a path leading down to a ford across the Brow Burn that led to Stanhope Farm.

The hamlet had a small cottage that acted as an inn of sorts, mainly used by drovers and those visiting the well seeking a cure. The inn, situated between two other cottages, lay on the eastern side of the Raffles or Brow Burn and was demolished in 1863 when the road was widened. Robert Burns stayed at this hostelry whilst taking the waters from Brow Well and immersing himself up to the armpits in the waters of the Solway Firth.

A local legend records that the Roman Legions of the Emperor Agricola landed at Brow. It is also said that the first Scottish pigs were introduced and raised at Brow, their appearance causing great concern amongst those who saw them.

On a knoll close to the cottage in which Robert Burns lodged David Lord Stormont of Comlongon Castle bade farewell to his younger son William Murray, informing him that he should not return until he achieved the position of Chief Justice of the King's Bench. In due course William did indeed reach this position in the justiciary.

The Brow Merse is a part of the Caerlaverock National Nature Reserve.

John Newton Walker and Three of His Children--Mary, Lola, and Harry by mudra51

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Left to right: John Newton, Mary, Lola, and Harry Walker. Cabinet cards of the three children were all done by Ralph D. Beem, 35 East Third Street, Greenville, Ohio.

John Newton Walker was born 24 January 1859 in Darke County, Ohio, the son of John Walker (born circa 1805) and Analiza (last name unknown, born circa 1826, John’s second wife). On 16 April 1890, he married Nellie G. Keefauver (born circa 1869) and the couple would have at least six children. John and Nellie would farm 80 plus acres in the Adams, Darke, Ohio area through the 1920 census. In the 1930 and 1940 censuses, John Newton Walker had retired and was living in Adams with Nellie and daughter Mary Walker. He passed away on 4 February 1949.

Mary Walker was born 3 March 1892 in Greenville, Darke County, Ohio. She never married and lived with her parents and later her widowed father through the 1940 census. She remained in Greenville until she passed away on 7 April 1975. (On the verso was the following: 1894, 2 years and three months old, weight - 40 lbs., Mary Walker, Greenville.)

Mary’s sister, Lola Walker, was born 9 August 1899 in Darke County, and she too never married. Lola lived with parents through the 1920 census, and then she relocated to Richmond, Indian with her older sister Helen Walker; both worked as seamstresses at Adam H. Bartel Company, which produced workman’s clothes, overalls, and denim. After Helen married Ray Slade, Lola continued to live with Helen in Richmond and worked at Bartel’s, where she was still working in 1955. She eventually returned to Greenville, where she passed away on 10 September 1970. (On the verso: Lola Walker, Greenville.)

Mary’s brother, Harry Newton Walker, was born 27 September 1901 in Adams, Darke, Ohio. On 25 January 1916, Harry passed away, suffering from acute articular rheumatism, complicated by endocarditis. (On the verso: Harry Walker, 1 year and 2 months old; weight - 30 lbs. Greenville.)

Photographer Ralph Douglas Beem was born 29 June 1860 in Newark, Ohio, the son of Isaiah Knox Beem (1829-1899) and Eliza S. Pitzer (1837-1889). Ralph grew up on a farm with his four siblings in Jersey, Licking County, Ohio. In 1870, the family had real estate valued at $11,000 and a personal estate of $2,000. In the early 1880's, Ralph went to Cleveland, Ohio to study photographer under James F. Ryder and James H. Copeland; he was listed as a photo operator in their studio in the mid-1880's. In 1887, he established a studio in Greenville, Darke County, Ohio, where he would remain until sometime after 1910. He was married circa 1890 to Lohru Kitner (1867-1942) and the couple would have two sons. In 1920, the couple was living in Detroit, Michigan with their son Ira Kitner Beem and his family; Ralph was working as a "factory storekeeper". Ralph and Lohru relocated to Portland, Oregon, where Ralph returned to photography, as indicated in the 1930 census. By 1940, Ralph was retired, and his other son, Robert, and his wife Dorothy, were operating a studio in Portland. Ralph Beem passed away on 13 August 1940.