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My son has become fascinated with bitcoins, and so I had to get him a tangible one for Xmas. The public key is imprinted visibly on the tamper-evident holographic film, and the private key lies underneath. (Casascius)
I too was fascinated by digital cash back in college, and more specifically by the asymmetric mathematical transforms underlying public-key crypto and digital blind signatures.
I remembered a technical paper I wrote, but could not find it. A desktop search revealed an essay that I completely forgot, something that I had recovered from my archives of floppy discs (while I still could).
It is an article I wrote for the school newspaper in 1994. Ironically, Microsoft Word could not open this ancient Microsoft Word file format, but the free text editors could.
What a fun time capsule, below, with some choice naivetés…
I am trying to reconstruct what I was thinking. I was arguing that a bulletproof framework for digital cash (and what better testing ground) could be used to secure a digital container for executable code on a rental basis. So the expression of an idea — the specific code, or runtime service — is locked in a secure container. The idea would be to prevent copying instead of punishing after the fact.
Micro-currency and micro-code seem like similar exercises in regulating the single use of an issued number.
Now that the Bitcoin experiment is underway, do you know of anyone writing about it as an alternative framework for intellectual property (from digital art to code to governance tokens)?
IP and Digital Cash
@NORMAL:
Digital Cash and the “Intellectual Property” Oxymoron
By Steve Jurvetson
Many of us will soon be working in the information services or technology industries which are currently tangled in a bramble patch of intellectual property law. As the law struggles to find coherency and an internally-consistent logic for intellectual property (IP) protection, digital encryption technologies may provide a better solution — from the perspective of reducing litigation, exploiting the inherent benefits of an information-based business model, and preserving a free economy of ideas.
Bullet-proof digital cash technology, which is now emerging, can provide a protected “cryptographic container” for intellectual expressions, thereby preserving traditional notions of intellectual property that protect specific instantiations of an idea rather than the idea itself. For example, it seems reasonable that Intuit should be able to protect against the widespread duplication of their Quicken software (the expression of an idea), but they should not be able to patent the underlying idea of single-entry bookkeeping. There are strong economic incentives for digital cash to develop and for those techniques to be adapted for IP protection — to create a protected container or expression of an idea. The rapid march of information technology has strained the evolution of IP law, but rather than patching the law, information technology itself may provide a more coherent solution.
Information Wants To Be Free
Currently, IP law is enigmatic because it is expanding to a domain for which it was not initially intended. In developing the U.S. Constitution, Thomas Jefferson argued that ideas should freely transverse the globe, and that ideas were fundamentally different from material goods. He concluded that “Inventions then cannot, in nature, be a subject of property.” The issues surrounding IP come into sharp focus as we shift to being more of an information-based economy.
The use of e-mail and local TV footage helps disseminate information around the globe and can be a force for democracy — as seen in the TV footage from Chechen, the use of modems in Prague during the Velvet Revolution, and the e-mail and TV from Tianammen Square. Even Gorbachev used a video camera to show what was happening after he was kidnapped. What appears to be an inherent force for democracy runs into problems when it becomes the subject of property.
As higher-level programming languages become more like natural languages, it will become increasingly difficult to distinguish the idea from the code. Language precedes thought, as Jean-Louis Gassée is fond of saying, and our language is the framework for the formulation and expression of our ideas. Restricting software will increasingly be indistinguishable from restricting freedom of speech.
An economy of ideas and human attention depends on the continuous and free exchange of ideas. Because of the associative nature of memory processes, no idea is detached from others. This begs the question, is intellectual property an oxymoron?
Intellectual Property Law is a Patch
John Perry Barlow, former Grateful Dead lyricist and co-founder (with Mitch Kapor) of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, argues that “Intellectual property law cannot be patched, retrofitted or expanded to contain digitized expression... Faith in law will not be an effective strategy for high-tech companies. Law adapts by continuous increments and at a pace second only to geology. Technology advances in lunging jerks. Real-world conditions will continue to change at a blinding pace, and the law will lag further behind, more profoundly confused. This mismatch may prove impossible to overcome.”
From its origins in the Industrial Revolution where the invention of tools took on a new importance, patent and copyright law has protected the physical conveyance of an idea, and not the idea itself. The physical expression is like a container for an idea. But with the emerging information superhighway, the “container” is becoming more ethereal, and it is disappearing altogether. Whether it’s e-mail today, or the future goods of the Information Age, the “expressions” of ideas will be voltage conditions darting around the net, very much like thoughts. The fleeting copy of an image in RAM is not very different that the fleeting image on the retina.
The digitization of all forms of information — from books to songs to images to multimedia — detaches information from the physical plane where IP law has always found definition and precedent. Patents cannot be granted for abstract ideas or algorithms, yet courts have recently upheld the patentability of software as long as it is operating a physical machine or causing a physical result. Copyright law is even more of a patch. The U.S. Copyright Act of 1976 requires that works be fixed in a durable medium, and where an idea and its expression are inseparable, the merger doctrine dictates that the expression cannot be copyrighted. E-mail is not currently copyrightable because it is not a reduction to tangible form. So of course, there is a proposal to amend these copyright provisions. In recent rulings, Lotus won its case that Borland’s Quattro Pro spreadsheet copied elements of Lotus 123’s look and feel, yet Apple lost a similar case versus Microsoft and HP. As Professor Bagley points out in her new text, “It is difficult to reconcile under the total concept and feel test the results in the Apple and Lotus cases.” Given the inconsistencies and economic significance of these issues, it is no surprise that swarms of lawyers are studying to practice in the IP arena.
Back in the early days of Microsoft, Bill Gates wrote an inflammatory “Open Letter to Hobbyists” in which he alleged that “most of you steal your software ... and should be kicked out of any club meeting you show up at.” He presented the economic argument that piracy prevents proper profit streams and “prevents good software from being written.” Now we have Windows.
But seriously, if we continue to believe that the value of information is based on scarcity, as it is with physical objects, we will continue to patch laws that are contrary to the nature of information, which in many cases increases in value with distribution. Small, fast moving companies (like Netscape and Id) protect their ideas by getting to the marketplace quicker than their larger competitors who base their protection on fear and litigation.
The patent office is woefully understaffed and unable to judge the nuances of software. Comptons was initially granted a patent that covered virtually all multimedia technology. When they tried to collect royalties, Microsoft pushed the Patent Office to overturn the patent. In 1992, Software Advertising Corp received a patent for “displaying and integrating commercial advertisements with computer software.” That’s like patenting the concept of a radio commercial. In 1993, a DEC engineer received a patent on just two lines of machine code commonly used in object-oriented programming. CompuServe announced this month that they plan to collect royalties on the widely used GIF file format for images.
The Patent Office has issued well over 12,000 software patents, and a programmer can unknowingly be in violation of any them. Microsoft had to pay $120MM to STAC in February 1994 for violating their patent on data compression. The penalties can be costly, but so can a patent search. Many of the software patents don’t have the words “computer,” “software,” “program,” or “algorithm” in their abstracts. “Software patents turn every decision you make while writing a program into a legal risk,” says Richard Stallman, founder of the League for Programming Freedom. “They make writing a large program like crossing a minefield. Each step has a small chance of stepping on a patent and blowing you up.” The very notion of seventeen years of patent protection in the fast moving software industry seems absurd. MS-DOS did not exist seventeen years ago.
IP law faces the additional wrinkle of jurisdictional issues. Where has an Internet crime taken place? In the country or state in which the computer server resides? Many nations do not have the same intellectual property laws as the U.S. Even within the U.S., the law can be tough to enforce; for example, a group of music publishers sued CompuServe for the digital distribution of copyrighted music. A complication is that CompuServe has no knowledge of the activity since it occurs in the flood of bits transferring between its subscribers
The tension seen in making digital copies revolves around the issue of property. But unlike the theft of material goods, copying does not deprive the owner of their possessions. With digital piracy, it is less a clear ethical issue of theft, and more an abstract notion that you are undermining the business model of an artist or software developer. The distinction between ethics and laws often revolves around their enforceability. Before copy machines, it was hard to make a book, and so it was obvious and visible if someone was copying your work. In the digital age, copying is lightning fast and difficult to detect. Given ethical ambiguity, convenience, and anonymity, it is no wonder we see a cultural shift with regard to digital ethics.
Piracy, Plagiarism and Pilfering
We copy music. We are seldom diligent with our footnotes. We wonder where we’ve seen Strat-man’s PIE and the four slices before. We forward e-mail that may contain text from a copyrighted news publication. The SCBA estimates that 51% of satellite dishes have illegal descramblers. John Perry Barlow estimates that 90% of personal hard drives have some pirated software on them.
Or as last month’s Red Herring editorial points out, “this atmosphere of electronic piracy seems to have in turn spawned a freer attitude than ever toward good old-fashioned plagiarism.” Articles from major publications and WSJ columns appear and circulate widely on the Internet. Computer Pictures magazine replicated a complete article on multimedia databases from New Media magazine, and then publicly apologized.
Music and voice samples are an increasingly common art form, from 2 Live Crew to Negativland to local bands like Voice Farm and Consolidated. Peter Gabriel embraces the shift to repositioned content; “Traditionally, the artist has been the final arbiter of his work. He delivered it and it stood on its own. In the interactive world, artists will also be the suppliers of information and collage material, which people can either accept as is, or manipulate to create their own art. It’s part of the shift from skill-based work to decision-making and editing work.”
But many traditionalists resist the change. Museums are hesitant to embrace digital art because it is impossible to distinguish the original from a copy; according to a curator at the New Museum of Contemporary Art, “The art world is scared to death of this stuff.” The Digital Audio Tape debate also illustrated the paranoia; the music industry first insisted that these DAT recorders had to purposely introduce static into the digital copies they made, and then they settled for an embedded code that limited the number of successive copies that could be made from the a master source.
For a healthier reaction, look at the phenomenally successful business models of Mosaic/Netscape and Id Software, the twisted creator of Doom. Just as McAfee built a business on shareware, Netscape and Id encourage widespread free distribution of their product. But once you want support from Netscape, or the higher levels of the Doom game, then you have to pay. For industries with strong demand-side economies of scale, such as Netscape web browsers or Safe-TCL intelligent agents, the creators have exploited the economies of information distribution. Software products are especially susceptible to increasing returns with scale, as are networking products and most of the information technology industries.
Yet, the Software Publishers Association reports that 1993 worldwide losses to piracy of business application software totaled $7.45 billion. They also estimated that 89% of software units in Korea were counterfeit. And China has 29 factories, some state-owned, that press 75 million pirated CDs per year, largely for export. GATT will impose the U.S. notions of intellectual property on a world that sees the issue very differently.
Clearly there are strong economic incentives to protect intellectual property, and reasonable arguments can be made for software patents and digital copyright, but the complexities of legal enforcement will be outrun and potentially obviated by the relatively rapid developments of another technology, digital cash and cryptography.
Digital Cash and the IP Lock
Digital cash is in some ways an extreme example of digital “property” -- since it cannot be copied, it is possessed by one entity at a time, and it is static and non-perishable. If the techniques for protecting against pilferage and piracy work in the domain of cash, then they can be used to “protect” other properties by being embedded in them. If I wanted to copy-protect an “original” work of digital art, digital cash techniques can be used as the “container” to protect intellectual property in the old style. A bullet-proof digital cash scheme would inevitably be adapted by those who stand to gain from the current system. Such as Bill Gates.
Several companies are developing technologies for electronic commerce. On January 12, several High-Tech Club members attended the Cybermania conference on electronic commerce with the CEOs of Intuit, CyberCash, Enter TV and The Lightspan Partnership. According to Scott Cook, CEO of Intuit, the motivations for digital cash are anonymity and efficient small-transaction Internet commerce. Anonymity preserves our privacy in the age of increasingly intrusive “database marketing” based on credit card purchase patterns and other personal information. Of course, it also has tax-evasion implications. For Internet commerce, cash is more efficient and easier to use than a credit card for small transactions.
“A lot of people will spend nickels on the Internet,” says Dan Lynch of CyberCash. Banks will soon exchange your current cash for cyber-tokens, or a “bag of bits” which you can spend freely on the Internet. A competitor based in the Netherlands called DigiCash has a Web page with numerous articles on electronic money and fully functional demo of their technology. You can get some free cash from them and spend it at some of their allied vendors.
Digital cash is a compelling technology. Wired magazine calls it the “killer application for electronic networks which will change the global economy.” Handling and fraud costs for the paper money system are growing as digital color copiers and ATMs proliferate. Donald Gleason, President of the Smart Card Enterprise unit of Electronic Payment Services argues that “Cash is a nightmare. It costs money handlers in the U.S. alone approximately $60 billion a year to move the stuff... Bills and coinage will increasingly be replaced by some sort of electronic equivalent.” Even a Citibank VP, Sholom Rosen, agrees that “There are going to be winners and losers, but everybody is going to play.”
The digital cash schemes use a blind digital signature and a central repository to protect against piracy and privacy violations. On the privacy issue, the techniques used have been mathematically proven to be protected against privacy violations. The bank cannot trace how the cash is being used or who is using it. Embedded in these schemes are powerful digital cryptography techniques which have recently been spread in the commercial domain (RSA Data Security is a leader in this field and will be speaking to the High Tech Club on January 19).
To protect against piracy requires some extra work. As soon as I have a digital $5 bill on my Mac hard drive, I will want to make a copy, and I can. (Many companies have busted their picks trying to copy protect files from hackers. It will never work.). The difference is that I can only spend the $5 bill once. The copy is worthless. This is possible because every bill has a unique encrypted identifier. In spending the bill, my computer checks with the centralized repository which verifies that my particular $5 bill is still unspent. Once I spend it, it cannot be spent again. As with many electronic transactions today, the safety of the system depends on the integrity of a centralized computer, or what Dan Lynch calls “the big database in the sky.”
One of the most important limitations of the digital cash techniques is that they are tethered to a transaction between at least three parties — a buyer, seller and central repository. So, to use such a scheme to protect intellectual property, would require networked computers and “live” files that have to dial up and check in with the repository to be operational. There are many compelling applications for this, including voter registration, voting tabulation, and the registration of digital artwork originals.
When I asked Dan Lynch about the use of his technology for intellectual property protection, he agreed that the bits that now represent a $5 bill could be used for any number of things, from medical records to photographs. A digital photograph could hide a digital signature in its low-order bits, and it would be imperceptible to the user. But those bits could be used with a registry of proper image owners, and could be used to prove misappropriation or sampling of the image by others.
Technology author Steven Levy has been researching cryptography for Wired magazine, and he responded to my e-mail questions with the reply “You are on the right track in thinking that crypto can preserve IP. I know of several attempts to forward plans to do so.” Digital cash may provide a “crypto-container” to preserve traditional notions of intellectual property.
The transaction tether limits the short-term applicability of these schemes for software copy protection. They won’t work on an isolated computer. This certainly would slow its adoption for mobile computers since the wireless networking infrastructure is so nascent. But with Windows ’95 bundling network connectivity, soon most computers will be network-ready — at least for the Microsoft network. And now that Bill Gates is acquiring Intuit, instead of dollar bills, we will have Bill dollars.
The transaction tether is also a logistical headache with current slow networks, which may hinder its adoption for mass-market applications. For example, if someone forwards a copyrighted e-mail, the recipient may have to have their computer do the repository check before they could see the text of the e-mail. E-mail is slow enough today, but in the near future, these techniques of verifying IP permissions and paying appropriate royalties in digital cash could be background processes on a preemptive multitasking computer (Windows ’95 or Mac OS System 8). The digital cash schemes are consistent with other trends in software distribution and development — specifically software rental and object-oriented “applets” with nested royalty payments. They are also consistent with the document-centric vision of Open Doc and OLE.
The user of the future would start working on their stationary. When it’s clear they are doing some text entry, the word processor would be downloaded and rented for its current usage. Digital pennies would trickle back to the people who wrote or inspired the various portions of the core program. As you use other software applets, such as a spell-checker, it would be downloaded as needed. By renting applets, or potentially finer-grained software objects, the licensing royalties would be automatically tabulated and exchanged, and software piracy would require heroic efforts. Intellectual property would become precisely that — property in a market economy, under lock by its “creator,” and Bill Gates’ 1975 lament over software piracy may now be addressed 20 years later.
--------end of paper-----------
2013 & 2021 update: On further reflection, I was focused on executable code (where the runtime requires a cloud connect to authenticate, given the third party element of Digicash. (The blockchain fixed this). Verification has been a pain, but perhaps it's seamless in a web-services future. Cloud apps and digital cash depend on it, so why not the code itself.
It could verify the official owner of any unique bundle of pixels, in the sense that you can "own" a sufficiently large number, but not the essence of a work of art or derivative works (what we call NFTs today). Frankly, I'm not sure about non-interactive content in general, like pure video playback. "Fixing" software IP alone would be a big enough accomplishment.
I posted the same description that's on the previous photo, but I've changed the numbers, since the other version has 200 more photos than this one.
"A thermocline (sometimes metalimnion in lakes) is a thin but distinct layer in a large body of fluid (e.g. water, such as an ocean or lake, or air, such as an atmosphere) in which temperature changes more rapidly with depth than it does in the layers above or below."
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermocline
I was taught about this when learning to scuba dive. The strong warm/cool split of this image made me think of it. And then my mind wandered to how strange it is that I can dig up this tiny tidbit of information I heard years ago (and haven't thought much since then) but I can't remember where I put my keys two minutes ago, or the chords to that song I wrote the other day. I think our brains could use a less destructive encryption method and more hard drive space. Hurry up Science, my clock is ticking!
I made this image from 348 photos. I stacked the first 228 using the ultra streaks present in this script, advancedstacker.com and the last 320 photos were stacked "normally" with the lighten layer blending mode. (also automated with the advanced stacker script)
Crypto debates Google’s quantum breakthrough as bitcoin investors urge calm
Breaking a coin to bits… The crypto industry’s head was on a swivel this week after a Google announcement that some investors feared could threaten the foundation of bitcoin. On Monday the tech giant said its latest “quantum chip” (meet Willow) solved a computation in under five minutes that’d take modern supercomputers 10 septillion years to work out. Crypto’s concern: quantum computers could one day undermine bitcoin’s encryption (as well as other coins’ security) and in the process defeat the integrity of the $2T blockchain.
Showin’ cracks: Hodlers use their private keys — an alphanumeric code generated alongside a public key — to move their bitcoin. Quantum computers have the potential to defeat this mathematical protection.
Nakamot-oh wait: The price of bitcoin slid after Google’s announcement, but as of yesterday had largely clawed back the loss.
Keep calm and hodl on?… Despite the blockchain-breaking potential of Google’s quantum breakthrough, the crypto industry largely avoided panicking. One reason: developers, including ethereum founder Vitalik Buterin, have said that just as quantum tech is developed and upgraded, so too are blockchains. So quantum-proofing a blockchain like bitcoin, ethereum, or solana could be just several code upgrades away. Bitcoin’s been upgraded before: in 2021 the protocol adapted the Taproot upgrade to boost privacy, efficiency, and security.
THE TAKEAWAY
A distant threat gives time to prep… Quantum advancements on the heels of Willow could eventually help discover new drugs, improve weather forecasting, and, yes, break some forms of encryption. But for now, Willow solves a standard computation that has no commercial application, and any possible threats to crypto and bitcoin are likely years away.
I took this photo of the latest hot lot of processor chips of various sizes at the spook shop summit (InQTel CEO Summit). Pretty shiny bling.
I am in the D-Wave board meeting now, and we just got a peek of next week's TIME Magazine cover (below). And it made the Charlie Rose show.
Here are some excerpts:
"The Quantum Quest for a Revolutionary Computer
The D-Wave Two is an unusual computer, and D-Wave is an unusual company. It's small, just 114 people, and its location puts it well outside the swim of Silicon Valley. But its investors include the storied Menlo Park, Calif., venture-capital firm Draper Fisher Jurvetson, which funded Skype and Tesla Motors. It's also backed by famously prescient Amazon founder Jeff Bezos and an outfit called In-Q-Tel, better known as the high-tech investment arm of the CIA. Likewise, D-Wave has very few customers, but they're blue-chip: they include the defense contractor Lockheed Martin; a computing lab that's hosted by NASA and largely funded by Google; and a U.S. intelligence agency that D-Wave executives decline to name.
The reason D-Wave has so few customers is that it makes a new type of computer called a quantum computer that's so radical and strange, people are still trying to figure out what it's for and how to use it. It could represent an enormous new source of computing power--it has the potential to solve problems that would take conventional computers centuries, with revolutionary consequences for fields ranging from cryptography to nanotechnology, pharmaceuticals to artificial intelligence.
That's the theory, anyway. Some critics, many of them bearing Ph.D.s and significant academic reputations, think D-Wave's machines aren't quantum computers at all. But D-Wave's customers buy them anyway, for around $10 million a pop, because if they're the real deal they could be the biggest leap forward since the invention of the microprocessor. …
Physicist David Deutsch once described quantum computing as "the first technology that allows useful tasks to be performed in collaboration between parallel universes." Not only is this excitingly weird, it's also incredibly useful. If a single quantum bit (or as they're inevitably called, qubits, pronounced cubits) can be in two states at the same time, it can perform two calculations at the same time. Two quantum bits could perform four simultaneous calculations; three quantum bits could perform eight; and so on. The power grows exponentially.
The supercooled niobium chip at the heart of the D-Wave Two has 512 qubits and therefore could in theory perform 2^512 operations simultaneously. That's more calculations than there are atoms in the universe, by many orders of magnitude. "This is not just a quantitative change," says Colin Williams, D-Wave's director of business development and strategic partnerships, who has a Ph.D. in artificial intelligence and once worked as Stephen Hawking's research assistant at Cambridge. "The kind of physical effects that our machine has access to are simply not available to supercomputers, no matter how big you make them. We're tapping into the fabric of reality in a fundamentally new way, to make a kind of computer that the world has never seen."
Naturally, a lot of people want one. This is the age of Big Data, and we're burying ourselves in information-- search queries, genomes, credit-card purchases, phone records, retail transactions, social media, geological surveys, climate data, surveillance videos, movie recommendations--and D-Wave just happens to be selling a very shiny new shovel. "Who knows what hedge-fund managers would do with one of these and the black-swan event that that might entail?" says Steve Jurvetson, one of the managing directors of Draper Fisher Jurvetson. "For many of the computational traders, it's an arms race."
One of the documents leaked by Edward Snowden, published last month, revealed that the NSA has an $80 million quantum-computing project suggestively code-named Penetrating Hard Targets. Here's why: much of the encryption used online is based on the fact that it can take conventional computers years to find the factors of a number that is the product of two large primes. A quantum computer could do it so fast that it would render a lot of encryption obsolete overnight. You can see why the NSA would take an interest. …
For its first five years, the company existed as a think tank focused on research. Draper Fisher Jurvetson got onboard in 2003, viewing the business as a very sexy but very long shot. "I would put it in the same bucket as SpaceX and Tesla Motors," Jurvetson says, "where even the CEO Elon Musk will tell you that failure was the most likely outcome." By then Rose was ready to go from thinking about quantum computers to trying to build them--"we switched from a patent, IP, science aggregator to an engineering company," he says. Rose wasn't interested in expensive, fragile laboratory experiments; he wanted to build machines big enough to handle significant computing tasks and cheap and robust enough to be manufactured commercially. With that in mind, he and his colleagues made an important and still controversial decision.
Up until then, most quantum computers followed something called the gate-model approach, which is roughly analogous to the way conventional computers work, if you substitute qubits for transistors. But one of the things Rose had figured out in those early years was that building a gate-model quantum computer of any useful size just wasn't going to be feasible anytime soon. …
Adiabatic quantum computing may be technically simpler than the gate-model kind, but it comes with trade-offs. An adiabatic quantum computer can really solve only one class of problems, called discrete combinatorial optimization problems, which involve finding the best--the shortest, or the fastest, or the cheapest, or the most efficient--way of doing a given task.
This is great if you have a really hard discrete combinatorial optimization problem to solve. Not everybody does. But once you start looking for optimization problems, or at least problems that can be twisted around to look like optimization problems, you find them all over the place: in software design, tumor treatments, logistical planning, the stock market, airline schedules, the search for Earth-like planets in other solar systems, and in particular in machine learning.
Google and NASA, along with the Universities Space Research Association, jointly run something called the Quantum Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, or QuAIL, based at NASA Ames, which is the proud owner of a D-Wave Two. "If you're trying to do planning and scheduling for how you navigate the Curiosity rover on Mars or how you schedule the activities of astronauts on the station, these are clearly problems where a quantum computer--a computer that can optimally solve optimization problems--would be useful," says Rupak Biswas, deputy director of the Exploration Technology Directorate at NASA Ames. Google has been using its D-Wave to, among other things, write software that helps Google Glass tell the difference between when you're blinking and when you're winking.
Lockheed Martin turned out to have some optimization problems too. It produces a colossal amount of computer code, all of which has to be verified and validated for all possible scenarios, lest your F-35 spontaneously decide to reboot itself in midair. "It's very difficult to exhaustively test all of the possible conditions that can occur in the life of a system," says Ray Johnson, Lockheed Martin's chief technology officer. "Because of the ability to handle multiple conditions at one time through superposition, you're able to much more rapidly--orders of magnitude more rapidly--exhaustively test the conditions in that software." The company re-upped for a D-Wave Two last year.
Another challenge Rose and company face is that there is a small but nonzero number of academic physicists and computer scientists who think that they are partly or completely full of sh-t. Ever since D-Wave's first demo in 2007, snide humor, polite skepticism, impolite skepticism and outright debunkings have been lobbed at the company from any number of ivory towers. "There are many who in Round 1 of this started trash-talking D-Wave before they'd ever met the company," Jurvetson says. "Just the mere notion that someone is going to be building and shipping a quantum computer--they said, 'They are lying, and it's smoke and mirrors.'"
Seven years and many demos and papers later, the company isn't any less controversial. Any blog post or news story about D-Wave instantly grows a shaggy beard of vehement comments, both pro- and anti-. …
But where quantum computing is concerned, there always seems to be room for disagreement. Hartmut Neven, the director of engineering who runs Google's quantum-computing project, argues that the tests weren't a failure at all--that in one class of problem, the D-Wave Two outperformed the classical computers in a way that suggests quantum effects were in play. "There you see essentially what we were after," he says. "There you see an exponentially widening gap between simulated annealing and quantum annealing ... That's great news, but so far nobody has paid attention to it." Meanwhile, two other papers published in January make the case that a) D-Wave's chip does demonstrate entanglement and b) the test used the wrong kind of problem and was therefore meaningless anyway. For now pretty much everybody at least agrees that it's impressive that a chip as radically new as D-Wave's could even achieve parity with conventional hardware.
The attitude in D-Wave's C-suite toward all this back-and-forth is, unsurprisingly, dismissive. "The people that really understand what we're doing aren't skeptical," says Brownell. Rose is equally calm about it; all that wrestling must have left him with a thick skin. "Unfortunately," he says, "like all discourse on the Internet, it tends to be driven by a small number of people that are both vocal and not necessarily the most informed." He's content to let the products prove themselves, or not. "It's fine," he says. "It's good. Science progresses by rocking the ship. Things like this are a necessary component of forward progress."
Are D-Wave's machines quantum computers?
For now the answer is itself suspended, aptly enough, in a state of superposition, somewhere between yes and no. If the machines can do anything like what D-Wave is predicting, they won't leave many fields untouched. "I think we'll look back on the first time a quantum computer outperformed classical computing as a historic milestone," Brownell says. "It's a little grand, but we're kind of like Intel and Microsoft in 1977, at the dawn of a new computing era."
The Navajo nation has its headquarters in Window Rock, Arizona. We were spending the night in Gallup, New Mexico, which is just a few miles away. Late in the afternoon we decided to drive to Window Rock and maybe get a good sunset photo.
I wasn’t aware of the monument there to the Navajo code talkers. These men were recruited during WWII by the US Marines to operate the radios that were used for tactical communications on the battlefield. Because these were the days before voice encryption, the enemy could hear these transmissions. Transmitting in code words would be time consuming and error-prone, but something had to be done to guarantee secure communications.
Someone pointed out that the Navajo language is distinctively different from other Native American languages, and that almost all of the Navajo speakers in the world lived on the reservation. A group of Navajos was tasked with setting up a school to create modern words for military terms that weren’t in the Navajo language, and then they trained successive classes of Navajos for duty.
The project succeeded, and Navajos served in military units throughout WWII. None of their transmissions were ever deciphered by opposing troops. By now, only a few of these code talkers are still alive. This monument is a fine tribute to their service to their country.
Computers! Don't you love them?! I can't begin to tell you how much fun I'm having with mine at the moment. I keep my photos and lightroom catalogue on an external hard drive so that I can easily use it between systems. Last week I was running out of space so I ordered a larger drive and when it arrived went to copy everything across and it wouldn't. I've now been fighting with it for over a week and I may finally be close to some sort of success. I've lost some images, but nothing crucial I hope. All my images are still on the drive I just can't get it to copy them off. Like everyone I don't back up enough and my last backup was 3 months ago so if worse comes to worst I've only lost 3 months but it's annoying. I havent' totally figured out the problem. I use an encrypted partition and thought it was something to do with the encryption, then I thought it was bad sectors on the drive but now I think it is the drive controller itself. Wish me luck, I've been slowly salvaging folders in between crashes and I think I'm almost there now. Hopefully going to successfully rebuild everything tonight. :o)
I don't get much opportunity for photography and last weekend was one of my rare opportunities. As usual the clouds saw me coming and scooted off but to be honest I quite like nice sunny days and clear skies and it turned into a beautiful autumnal weekend with some of the best weather I've seen in Scotland for a long time.
I think I missed a trick with this shot because afterwards I realised it would probably have made a great vertorama.
Alan Turing (1912-54) was an English mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst and computer scientist. He was highly influential in the development of computer science and is widely considered to be the father of both computer science and artificial intelligence. He was also the man who, with his team, broke the code of the highly complex Enigma and Lorenz cipher machines, which kept German military and strategic communications secret during the Second World War.
This is a detail from an outstanding life-size sculpture created from half a million pieces of slate by Stephen Kettle. It's to be found in the Block B museum at Bletchley Park, near Milton Keynes.
I’ve gone into a little more detail about Alan Turing here. It’s a tragic, yet inspirational, story.
Alan Turing (1912-54) was an English mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst and computer scientist of dazzling ability. He was highly influential in the development of computer science and is widely considered to be the father of both computer science and artificial intelligence.
More than that, perhaps, during the Second World War he and his team broke the code of the highly complex Enigma and Lorenz cipher machines, which kept German military and strategic communications secret. This meticulous, painstaking work was done at Bletchley Park, Britain’s code-breaking centre. After the war he worked at the National Physical Laboratory in Teddington, where he created one of the first designs for a stored-program computer, the ACE.
Alan Turing was gay, and was prosecuted in 1952, when homosexual acts (even between adults in private, as in his case) were illegal in the UK. This conviction resulted in his security clearance being removed, and despite his acknowledged brilliance he was barred from continuing with his cryptographic work for GCHQ. He committed suicide in 1954 at the age of 41. Fifty-five years later, in 2009, the British government formally apologised for the way in which he was treated after the war; and in 2013 he received a long overdue royal pardon.
This is a detail from an outstanding life-size sculpture in half a million pieces of slate by Stephen Kettle. It's to be found in the Block B museum at Bletchley Park, near Milton Keynes. Oh, and that's a portrait of Alan Turing in the background. Two heroes for the price of one.
View on black - it looks good.
"Encryption Is More Important, and Easier, Than Ever" by VINDU GOEL via NYT t.co/e3xszFw3Ei (via Twitter twitter.com/felipemassone/status/654398552370716672)
IBM quantum processor internals on display at #MakerFaire 2018 San Mateo, California.
It's a #SignOfTheTimes that this type of processing has the potential to solve currently unsolvable problems at far lower than current power consumption and could render current encryption algorithms obsolete in less than a decade.
The actual processor is in the silver cylinder at the bottom marked with a "Q". In operation it would be in a container chilled to liquid helium temperatures around 4 degrees above absolute zero - much too warm for the processor. The various stages from top to bottom provide additional levels of cooling to bring the processor down to around 0.01 degrees above absolute zero, colder than deep space.
The tubes and rigid coax are part of the cooling system and guides that relay the microwave signals to and from the processor.
Disassembled an old hard drive that had failed. Always wanted to shoot the platters and head stack. These things have a nearly perfect mirrored surface, of course, which allows for some possibilities.
The real original is 18 megapixels (not uploaded here on Flickr), but it's still cool larger.
©2010 David C. Pearson, M.D.
This image has been digitally watermarked; unauthorised usage can be detected through Digimarc's Netspider. Digimarc encryption survives digital manipulation and even the printing process.
Some, but not all, of the images on this site can be purchased for reproduction elsewhere. Initial enquiries should be made via email to nirodez@gmail.com
Please remember to quote the image name (preferably with a brief description of the image) and give as much information as possible as to the probable usage. A fee can then be negotiated.
Copyright Protected - Niroshan de Silva 2007
Location: Srilanka
Since cash is obsolete, we must reduce its carbon footprint! We must transition to a green economy! The dialectic tears down and recycles. It’s currently tearing down capitalism and recycling it into stakeholder capitalism (stakeholder [public–private partnership] fascism). There’s a blitzkrieg coming!
(IMF) International Monetary Fascism: Careful decisions must also ensure that new forms of digital money are environmentally sustainable—that the energy they require is kept in check. The path to digital money adoption must be guided by a clear and responsible vision of tomorrow’s broader payment, financial, economic, and environmental landscape.
(UN) United Nazis: Through the adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, world leaders have given humanity a universal plan to transform our world for the better. Our task is to stay true to these agreements and take action on their implementation.
(WEF) World Economic Fascism: You’ll own nothing. And you’ll be happy.
Russia agrees to chair BRICS in 2024. BRICS represents 45% of the world’s population. BRICS produces 43% of the world’s oil. BRICS countries occupy 29% of the world’s land surface. 30 countries are prepared to Join BRICS in 2024. In 2023 about 20% of oil was bought with currencies other than the US dollar. America: Who cares about oil, we’re going green (broke). Chip…chip…chip away…the US dollar can only hold its position as the world’s reserve currency for so long.
130 countries are exploring CBDCs. These countries produce 98% of the world’s GDP. 64 of these countries are in the advanced stages of developing CBDCs. The United Arab Emirates and China have already made a cross-border payment using the Digital Dirham.
Roll in the Central Bank Digital Currencies! Roll in the deposit tokens! Good-bye cash! Good-bye freedom! See-ya later, Bitcoin! We will kill the middle class. We will kill small businesses. We will build back better with corrupt governments, intelligence agencies, multinational corporations, and centralized banking. As for the European farmer protests: Centralized corporate farms are the way of the future, so is starvation…eat ze bugz! Indeed, we will bankrupt everyone into authoritarianism. One day you will wake up in a fascist world order, where you will be enslaved by the state and corporate powers. We call it friendly fascism…fascism with a smile:)
Big Brother and AI will shape your reality. We will issue an internet ID. We will establish a United Nations regulatory body to oversee AI and the internet. End encryption! End privacy! We can’t have free speech in the new authoritarian world order.
Sidenote: Elon Musk bought X, so that he can data mine its users for his new artificial intelligence company xAI. But who cares about data mining if I can talk to Grok, Elon’s AI chat bot. Digital wokeness: We must understand reality through false reality. Ouch, that hurt my brain-computer interface! Indeed, Elon Musk is a grifter.
These Central Bank Digital Currencies will only be temporary. They will be further centralized into a one world currency. With the breakthrough of on-skin and under-skin computing technology, we will now tie a person’s digital ID and digital wallet to an AI-chip tattoo. Without this new on-skin and under-skin transhuman surveillance chip, you will not be able to be a part of this new one world monetary system. This microchip system will be implanted in the hand or the forehead of every human…changing their being.
Join the techno-evolution and become a part of the new Aryan techno-race. Join the techno-revolution and become a part of the new techno-transhuman race. Join the digital woke cult: You are trapped in the wrong body; therefore, you must become a born again transhuman. Then you must go out and preach the gospel of the Fourth Industrial Revolution: Diversity, equity, inclusion, and sustainability. Like a hoe, you can ride the seven-headed beast of linguistics (false doctrines) until your language is turned to Babel. Thank God, the Fourth Reich will not prevail!
Daniel 7:23 “He gave me this explanation: ‘The fourth beast is a fourth kingdom that will appear on earth. It will be different from all the other kingdoms and will devour the whole earth, trampling it down and crushing it.’”
Daniel 12:10 “Many will be purified, made spotless and refined, but the wicked will continue to be wicked. None of the wicked will understand, but those who are wise will understand.”
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this strange mark appeared on my hand tonight... wish i knew what it meant :-P
photo replaced 8/18 with cropped version that appears in Scientific American magazine, September 2007 issue, p30
Please give attribution to 'ccPixs.com' (and point the link to www.ccPixs.com). Thanks!
Social Media: www.seywut.com/Chris
The Enigma Machine played a key role in World War II. The German military depended on the Enigma Machine to encrypt communications, but the Allies invested a tremendous amount of effort in decryption and achieved significant success. This provided the Allies a large advantage.
I believe this is a German Wehrmacht (military) Enigma (please let me know if that is not correct). Near the top are the keys pressed by the operator, entering the characters to be encrypted. Beyond the keyboard is the lampboard. As the operator pressed a key, the encrypted version of that letter would light on the lampboard. At the bottom of the photo is the plugboard. Routine wires in different ways on the plugboard contributed to the encryption of characters.
Seen at the National World War II Museum in New Orleans, Louisiana.
"A thermocline (sometimes metalimnion in lakes) is a thin but distinct layer in a large body of fluid (e.g. water, such as an ocean or lake, or air, such as an atmosphere) in which temperature changes more rapidly with depth than it does in the layers above or below."
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermocline
I was taught about this when learning to scuba dive. The strong warm/cool split of this image made me think of it. And then my mind wandered to how strange it is that I can dig up this tiny tidbit of information I heard years ago (and haven't thought much since then) but I can't remember where I put my keys two minutes ago, or the chords to that song I wrote the other day. I think our brains could use a less destructive encryption method and more hard drive space. Hurry up Science, my clock is ticking!
I made this image from 548 photos. I stacked the first 228 using the ultra streaks present in this script, advancedstacker.com and the last 320 photos were stacked "normally" with the lighten layer blending mode. (also automated with the advanced stacker script)
Keith Little, one of the last living Navajo Code Talkers, passed away on Tuesday, January 3rd, 2011. His friend, Chester Nez, died last Wednesday, June 4, 2014, and was the last of the Code Talkers. I bumped into Keith and eleven of his fellow Code Talkers on New York's Fifth Avenue located toward the end of the City's 2011 Veteran's Day parade (all I was trying to do was to get across Fifth Avenue to meet friends). I first read about them in the book, "With the Old Breed," by Eugene Sledge. Keith recalls being a young Navajo boy at a reservation school and being reprimanded for speaking his native language. And yet it was this skill -- and his dignity in the face of such prejudice -- that made him and his fellow Code Talkers so exceptional. I feel as if we have lost a special link. He was recruited as a very young man in 1943 to join 420 Navajos in a special encryption unit of the US Marines. The Code Talkers transmitted and received messages in their native Navajo language. They were assigned to all Marine Units and were in the front lines of all of the Pacific battlefields of World War II (Keith was a member of the 4th Marine Division). The code proved unbreakable given its uniqueness and the fact that it was an unwritten language that depended on the tone of a word for its meaning -- so complex that it really needed to be learned in childhood. The specific code eventually grew to include 411 Navajo words.
The Encryption Cold War: Government VS Internet t.co/BIcWyGg8VZ (via Twitter twitter.com/SvensMichael/status/808001529739378688)
"Careful when loading that cannister. It might be small, but it has enough explosive power to evaporate this entire hangar."
"Yes sir."
"And don't forget to activate the stasis field once it's in place."
"Oh–"
"You forgot didn't you? Each year you rookies get– Nevermind."
"Sorry sir. I'll fix it right away sir."
"Do you know what happens when you try to fire the charge without the stasis field?Let me tell you about the battle in sector 75 just outside Saturn's gravity well. Our boys got the encryption codes to disable the stasis fields on the enemy munitions just as they were starting their bombing run– now that was a good firework show!"
Star Trek, First Contact (Paramount, 1996).
youtu.be/wxyZQR2d6yw Trailer
Star Trek - 'Beyond First Contact' The Borg - Making The Movie.
Starring Patrick Stewart, Jonathan Frakes, Brent Spiner, LeVar Burton, Michael Dorn, Gates McFadden, Marina Sirtis, Alfre Woodard, James Cromwell, Alice Krige, Neal McDonough, Robert Picardo, and Dwight Schultz. Directed by Jonathan Frakes.
Captain Jean-Luc Picard awakens from a nightmare about his Borg assimilation experience to an incoming message from Admiral Hayes. Hayes informs Picard that Deep Space Five reported that a colony has been destroyed. Completing the Admiral's sentence, Picard realizes who destroyed the colony — the Borg.
Picard calls a meeting and informs his senior officers that their ship has been instructed to patrol the Neutral Zone. Their orders are to protect the area from any possible Romulan uprising during a Borg attack. Despite protests from his officers, Picard remains faithful to his orders and the U.S.S. Enterprise NCC 1701-E begins to patrol the area. Later, Picard regretfully tells Riker that it is his own fault they are stuck in the Neutral Zone. Starfleet believes Picard to be too emotionally involved with the Borg because of his previous assimilation to tactically complete a mission against them.
The men return to the bridge to learn that Starfleet has engaged in combat with the Borg. Intercepting messages between the starships, the crew learns that the Federation is losing. Picard, with his Borg experience, knows he can help the fleet. He informs his staff that he will make a decision directly in opposition to Starfleet commands. With no objections from his crew, Captain Picard gives the order and the starship Enterprise sets a course for Earth and the attacking Borg cube.
A massive battle ensues and it appears that the Federation will lose the fight. Despite serious structural damage to the Borg cube, their strength does not weaken. Even the U.S.S. Defiant, commanded by Worf, does not appear to be able to turn the tides of the battle. As the starship Defiant is about to ram the Borg ship on a suicide run, the U.S.S. Enterprise beams aboard its crew, including Worf. Picard, having an inside perspective of the Borg and their vessel, focuses the firepower of the fleet on coordinates he knows to be critical. Just as the main ship is destroyed, a spherical escape pod flies out. The sphere creates a temporal vortex, catching the starship Enterprise in its wake. Immune to the paradoxes created by the time travel, the starship's crew learns that Earth at the present time appears to be inhabited entirely by the Borg. The commanding officers realize that the Borg have gone into the past and assimilated Earth, so they follow them back in time to repair the damage the Borg have done.
On Earth, over three centuries earlier, a somber Lily Sloane accompanies a stumbling, drunk Zefram Cochrane out of a bar after a night of revelry. Then, Lily notices a fast moving light. She hardly has time to ask what the object is, when the Borg vessel attacks. Back aboard the Enterprise, Picard demands that Data tell him the exact date and location the Borg ship is attacking. The location: central Montana. The date: April 4, 2063 — the day before First Contact. Realizing that the Borg have come to prevent first contact between alien life forms and humans, the crew knows they must stop the Borg and facilitate this exchange. They destroy the Borg sphere, and Dr. Crusher, Captain Picard, Commander Data, Commander Riker, Counselor Troi and other U.S.S. Enterprise crew transport down to Earth to survey the damage.
At the Borg attack site in Montana, the crew finds destruction and chaos. They split into groups to search for Cochrane. Data and Picard hunt for Cochrane's warp ship, the Phoenix. There they encounter a very angry and confused Lily, who believes Data and Picard to be members of a coalition that broke the cease-fire after World War III. She shoots at them in a rage, but impervious to bullets, Data approaches Lily. Overcome by fear and radiation, she falls to the ground. Dr. Crusher diagnoses Lily with radiation sickness caused by the damaged Phoenix, and inoculates the entire crew. Against Picard's better judgment, Crusher takes Lily to sickbay. Geordi is called to help repair the warp vessel and Picard becomes intrigued by its historical significance. In this vessel began the future as the world would know it, and the past as Picard remembers it. He reaches out to touch the ship. Data, curious about the human need for tactile reinforcement, attempts to create the same feelings he observes in Picard, but is unsuccessful in duplicating this aspect of humanity.
Aboard the ship, two crewmembers are sent to examine unexplained maintenance problems, and both disappear. Picard is called to the ship and discovers that the survivors from the Borg sphere have transported onto the ship and are taking over Deck 16. While Picard arranges teams to fight them, the Borg manipulate the climate of the deck to suit their needs and begin to spread throughout the ship. When the Borg attack sickbay, Crusher, her staff, and Lily escape through a Jeffries tube, thanks to a distraction by the ship's Emergency Medical Hologram. While Crusher leads the group down the passageway, Lily steals away in a different direction.
On Earth, Riker finds Troi and Cochrane drunk in a bar. Troi justifies that the only way she could get Cochrane to talk to her was by shooting Tequila with him. Denying her drunken state, Troi offers her professional opinion on Cochrane. She explains, "He's nuts."
Picard and his team are tracking the Borg through the starship. As Crusher and her staff find Worf's team, Picard's team encounters the Borg, who have begun to assimilate U.S.S. Enterprise crewmembers. Worf's team engages the Borg in combat, but the enemies adapt to the crew's weapons too quickly to make any difference. The teams are ordered to regroup on Deck 15, but Data is captured. Picard cannot save him, so he quickly crawls into a Jeffries tube to escape. Face to face with Picard, Lily steals his phaser and demands an explanation and escape route. Picard agrees.
Geordi shows Cochrane the starship Enterprise through a large telescope on Earth and tries to convince him to launch his vessel the next morning. Geordi glorifies Cochrane by explaining that his ship will make first contact with alien life forms. Humanity will be saved if Cochrane launches his ship. Still drunk, Cochrane agrees.
Aboard the ship, the Borg Queen introduces herself to a bound Data, claiming that she is the Collective. Reactivating Data's emotion chip, the Borg begin to graph organic, human skin onto the android's arm. As Data is overcome by this new human sensation of touch, something he never thought possible, the Borg continue their work.
Lily and Picard wander through the service deck as the captain attempts to explain what has happened between Lily's time and his own. She begins to calm down until they suddenly run into a Borg-infested area. Quickly escaping in the Holodeck, Picard activates a Dixon Hill program. At a dance, he and Lily try to blend in without being noticed by the Borg. Following the Holodeck's story, Picard searches for Nicky the Nose and takes his machine gun. Killing the Borg with the gun, Picard retrieves the memory chip that contains all of the information the Borg has received. Lily then notices that the two dead Borg were once crewmembers of the U.S.S. Enterprise.
Back on Earth, Cochrane keeps hearing what an amazing historical figure he is and begins to question whether or not he wants to go through with the launch. He doubts his own nobility and flees the launch site. Geordi and Riker attempt to catch up with Cochrane in the woods and are forced to stun him with a phaser to return him to the Phoenix.
Lily and Picard join the rest of the surviving crew and discover that the Borg are outside of the ship. The retrieved memory chip reveals that they are reconfiguring the main deflector in order to contact the Borg of this century, calling them to Earth to assimilate the planet. Picard, Worf and Lieutenant Hawk put on space suits and venture onto the surface of the starship to stop the Borg.
Aware of Data's desire to become human, the Borg Queen offers him the chance to be entirely covered in human flesh and join the Borg, in an attempt to get the encryption codes from Data so she can obtain total control over the U.S.S. Enterprise. Outside the Enterprise, Hawk, Worf and Picard attempt to unlock the deflector dish. Attacked by a Borg, Worf's suit begins to depressurize. Two Borg are killed and Hawk is attacked. As the dish is released, a now-assimilated Hawk attempts to kill Picard. Worf saves the captain, but Hawk is killed. Picard and Worf then destroy the free-floating deflector dish.
On Earth, Cochrane explains to Riker that his only motivation for inventing warp travel was money. He never expected to save mankind, become a hero, or be instrumental in the founding of a new civilization. He simply wanted to retire in peace.
An argument ensues aboard the Enterprise as the majority of the senior officers believe that they should evacuate the ship, destroying it and the Borg. Picard won't give up, and insists they stay. Challenged by Worf, Picard orders him off the Bridge. Lily follows Picard into his ready room and demands that he explain his obsession with fighting the Borg. Picard declares he won't sacrifice the starship, and swears to finally make the Borg pay for all they've done. Lily quietly and calmly compares Picard to Captain Ahab, forever fighting his white whale — the Borg. Realizing that this fight could only destroy himself and his crew, Picard decides to evacuate the ship. Worf, Picard and Crusher activate the ship's self-destruct sequence. The countdown begins, and the crew leaves in escape pods. Picard surveys his ship and prepares to leave when he hears Data calling him.
Meanwhile , the earth-bound crew and Cochrane begin takeoff. Cochrane, Geordi and Riker take off in the Phoenix, and with music blaring, the three men launch successfully into orbit.
On the ship, Lily and Picard say good-bye and the captain goes to save Data. Entering Engineering, Picard confronts the Borg Queen, whom he knows from his experience with the Borg. The queen reminds Picard that it was not enough that he was assimilated, but that he needed to give himself freely to the Borg — she wished him to stand by her side as an equal to further the power of the Collective. Picard offers himself in exchange for Data, but the android does not comply. He refuses to leave, and at the queen's command, disarms the self-destruct sequence. He quickly enters the encryption codes, offering full control of the Enterprise to the Borg.
As Cochrane's ship nears warp, Data arms the U.S.S Enterprise's weapons and aims them at the defenseless Phoenix. At the Borg Queen's order, Data fires, but the missiles fail to hit the Phoenix. His deception of the Borg complete, Data smashes a conduit, releasing a gas that floods engineering, killing all organic material. As the Borg are destroyed, Picard climbs to safety and the Borg Queen falls into the deadly gas. With the Borg threat gone, Cochrane safely completes humanity's first warp flight.
Celebrating the flight back on Earth that night, Cochrane and the Enterprise crew see an alien ship land nearby. The doors open, and Zefram Cochrane makes Earth's first contact with an alien race — the Vulcans. Picard and his crew beam out, having witnessed this historic event, and the U.S.S Enterprise NCC 1701-E returns to the 24th century.
Hebern Electric Code
This is the first encryption machine patented (1912) by Edward Hugh Hebern. Mr Hebern developed this while serving time as a horse thief.
The SZ-40 was an electro-mechanical wheel-based cipher machine for teleprinter signals (telex). It was developed by Lorenz and used during WWII by the German Army for communication at the highest level. The machine was improved twice (SZ-42a and SZ-42b) and was broken during WWII by the codebreakers at Bletchley Park (UK) with the aid of Colossus, the first electronic digital computer. The SZ-40/42 was codenamed TUNNY by the codebreakers at Bletchley Park.
During WWII, the German Army used a variety of cipher machines, of which the Enigma machine is probably known best. For secure teleprinter communication (telex) they used the Siemens T-52 Geheimschreiber, the Lorenz SZ-40, and later the Siemens T-43 one-time pad machine.
The Lorenz SZ-40/42 was used by the German Army High Command (Oberst-Kommando der Wehrmacht, or OKW) for communication at the highest level, between Hitler and his Generals. The machine was called Schlüsselzusatz (SZ) which means Encryption Add-on. It was connected between a teleprinter and the line, and was suitable for both online and offline use.
Only a small number of SZ-40 and SZ-42 units were ever built. The image above shows one of the very few machines that have survived. It was found in Germany and is now on public display in the museum at Bletchley Park.
Please note that the Lorenz SZ-40/42 is often mistakenly called Geheimschreiber, for example in the 2012 BBC Documentary The Lost Heroes of Bletchley Park. The name Geheimschreiber was used for the Siemens T-52 and not for the SZ-42. Although the two machines use a similar principle, they are not identical and should not be confused. The T-52 was mostly used on landlines (telex) rather than via radio, making interception far more difficult. Nevertheless it was broken occasionally by Bletchley Park and, on a larger scale, by Swedish codebreakers.
Vivienne and Mirelle Part 9: Closure Is a Blade
Some things aren’t buried. They’re sheathed.
The packet she had received from Seraine contained manifest logs. Port Romanov transit data. Surveillance. A timestamp. A name:
Eliron Vex
Not a legend. Not even a ghost. Just a man who thought Vivienne owed him something.
He’d been the nephew of her first lieutenant—a connection Vivienne had once respected.
When a business deal with her soured, he decided he’d been wronged.
He was never sharp enough to understand why the terms turned the way they did—but loud enough to make himself a problem.
At first, his outbursts were petty: intercepted messages, poisoned rumors, low-level disruptions that didn’t touch her directly.
Then they got dangerous.
His aunt, seeing the direction he was headed, sent him off-world—a soft exile disguised as opportunity. A logistics contract on the edge of the Drift. Quiet. Far. Low stakes.
He didn’t stay there.
Vex came back with scars he probably paid someone else to give him, stories no one could verify, and a list of names that shouldn’t have included hers
He was back. In her port. In her airspace.
Testing the line he thought she wouldn’t cross.
She reached beneath her chair and unlocked the panel almost no one knew existed.
Inside: a blade. Familiar weight. The one she carried the night Mirelle—not yet Seraine—had bandaged her side in silence, after Vex came too close with a coward’s strike.
Vivienne stood. Unhurried. Certain.
She sent one message to her lieutenant:
“If I’m not back by dawn, lock down the sky.”
Then she slipped the knife into her coat.
Took one last glance at the vanishing message.
And said softly, with neither hate nor heat:
“You were never worth this much attention, Vex. But now you’ve earned it.”
And then she disappeared into the underbelly of Sky Port Bury.
Not to punish.
To finish.
Addendum to Part 9
What they say happened that night. No footage. No witnesses. Just echoes.
1. The Dockhand at Ring 12
“I heard shouting. But not loud. That kind that’s controlled—like someone angry enough to kill but too elegant to raise her voice.
“Then nothing. Just this heavy silence. Like the whole port was holding its breath. Next thing I know, there’s blood on the loading ramp and no one asking questions.”
2. A Crimson Alcove Girl
“Vex? I thought he was dead. Then again, so’s everyone who crosses Vivienne—eventually.
“Someone said she dragged him through the rain ducts. Alive. Just long enough for him to hear her say why.
“I hope it’s true. Bastard earned it.”
3. Guild Comms Technician (off the record)
“We caught a burst on a dead channel—some old Ravenwood fallback frequency. No encryption, just raw analog. Definitely her voice.
She said: ‘Vex. If you’re hearing this, you already lost.’
Then… a sound like metal dragging across metal. Slow. Heavy.
Cut off mid-transmission. Signal terminated from inside the ring vents.
We scrubbed the file. Some things aren’t meant to be documented.”
4. Bartender at Club Argent
“She walked into Club Argent alone.
No guards. No announcement. Just presence.
Sat at the bar. Ordered nothing.
Didn’t speak. Didn’t look at anyone.
Just watched the room like it owed her something.
We counted—seven minutes.
No one approached. No one dared.
At minute seven, she stood. Left without a word.
Later, someone asked what it meant. I didn’t answer.
But I haven’t let anyone sit on that stool since.”
5. One of the Girls Who Talks Too Much
“They say Vex was torn open from throat to thigh. Precision work. No mess.
They say Vivienne left a single token on his chest—an old coin. Something from New Victoria Township.
They say it means closure.
They’re wrong. It means warning.”
6. Omalley Dakota (in a private moment, to no one in particular)
“I never asked what happened. Never needed to.
But the next time I passed by the Ravenwood, I noticed a new flower on her balcony.
White. Delicate. From a planet that doesn’t exist anymore.
She’s not mourning. She’s marking territory.”
7. Seraine, Somewhere in the Drift
No words. Just a brief flicker on an off-grid signal.
A smile. Then gone again
The End
One-time pads (OTP) are used to encode/decode agent communications. They are issued in matching sets of two: one for the encoder and one for the decoder, and no two pages are alike. Each sheet contains a random key in the form of five-digit groups. Once a sheet has been used to encode a message, it is torn off the pad and destroyed. If used as designed, encryption by OTP is virtually unbreakable.
For more information on CIA history and this artifact please visit www.cia.gov
||ALERT:
\\This CIA Emergency Broadcasting Alerts-Encryption 227.6//
Delta has struck! I repeat, Delta has struck!
This has been CIA Emergency Broadcasting Alerts-Encryption 227.6. Over and Out.//
Mission Brief- At 12:11:23, Delta Operators landed at a remote compound in central-southwest Asia. They stormed the compound, however found no trace of Jade, the target of operative "Specter", however found Specter alive in a cell. They immediately left the compound after confirming that "Jade" was not in the compound. As they were leaving, a small biplane was noted leaving a nearby airfield which was also searched with no sign of Jade. Fighter escorts followed the plane but were unable to board it. A task force has been deployed to search the area. Specter is now safe at CIA Headquarters, preparing for when Jade is located. ||
Review up later.
Also Brickmania's account got deleted!! O_O
Star Trek, First Contact (Paramount, 1996).
youtu.be/wxyZQR2d6yw Trailer
Star Trek - 'Beyond First Contact' The Borg - Making The Movie.
Starring Patrick Stewart, Jonathan Frakes, Brent Spiner, LeVar Burton, Michael Dorn, Gates McFadden, Marina Sirtis, Alfre Woodard, James Cromwell, Alice Krige, Neal McDonough, Robert Picardo, and Dwight Schultz. Directed by Jonathan Frakes.
Captain Jean-Luc Picard awakens from a nightmare about his Borg assimilation experience to an incoming message from Admiral Hayes. Hayes informs Picard that Deep Space Five reported that a colony has been destroyed. Completing the Admiral's sentence, Picard realizes who destroyed the colony — the Borg.
Picard calls a meeting and informs his senior officers that their ship has been instructed to patrol the Neutral Zone. Their orders are to protect the area from any possible Romulan uprising during a Borg attack. Despite protests from his officers, Picard remains faithful to his orders and the U.S.S. Enterprise NCC 1701-E begins to patrol the area. Later, Picard regretfully tells Riker that it is his own fault they are stuck in the Neutral Zone. Starfleet believes Picard to be too emotionally involved with the Borg because of his previous assimilation to tactically complete a mission against them.
The men return to the bridge to learn that Starfleet has engaged in combat with the Borg. Intercepting messages between the starships, the crew learns that the Federation is losing. Picard, with his Borg experience, knows he can help the fleet. He informs his staff that he will make a decision directly in opposition to Starfleet commands. With no objections from his crew, Captain Picard gives the order and the starship Enterprise sets a course for Earth and the attacking Borg cube.
A massive battle ensues and it appears that the Federation will lose the fight. Despite serious structural damage to the Borg cube, their strength does not weaken. Even the U.S.S. Defiant, commanded by Worf, does not appear to be able to turn the tides of the battle. As the starship Defiant is about to ram the Borg ship on a suicide run, the U.S.S. Enterprise beams aboard its crew, including Worf. Picard, having an inside perspective of the Borg and their vessel, focuses the firepower of the fleet on coordinates he knows to be critical. Just as the main ship is destroyed, a spherical escape pod flies out. The sphere creates a temporal vortex, catching the starship Enterprise in its wake. Immune to the paradoxes created by the time travel, the starship's crew learns that Earth at the present time appears to be inhabited entirely by the Borg. The commanding officers realize that the Borg have gone into the past and assimilated Earth, so they follow them back in time to repair the damage the Borg have done.
On Earth, over three centuries earlier, a somber Lily Sloane accompanies a stumbling, drunk Zefram Cochrane out of a bar after a night of revelry. Then, Lily notices a fast moving light. She hardly has time to ask what the object is, when the Borg vessel attacks. Back aboard the Enterprise, Picard demands that Data tell him the exact date and location the Borg ship is attacking. The location: central Montana. The date: April 4, 2063 — the day before First Contact. Realizing that the Borg have come to prevent first contact between alien life forms and humans, the crew knows they must stop the Borg and facilitate this exchange. They destroy the Borg sphere, and Dr. Crusher, Captain Picard, Commander Data, Commander Riker, Counselor Troi and other U.S.S. Enterprise crew transport down to Earth to survey the damage.
At the Borg attack site in Montana, the crew finds destruction and chaos. They split into groups to search for Cochrane. Data and Picard hunt for Cochrane's warp ship, the Phoenix. There they encounter a very angry and confused Lily, who believes Data and Picard to be members of a coalition that broke the cease-fire after World War III. She shoots at them in a rage, but impervious to bullets, Data approaches Lily. Overcome by fear and radiation, she falls to the ground. Dr. Crusher diagnoses Lily with radiation sickness caused by the damaged Phoenix, and inoculates the entire crew. Against Picard's better judgment, Crusher takes Lily to sickbay. Geordi is called to help repair the warp vessel and Picard becomes intrigued by its historical significance. In this vessel began the future as the world would know it, and the past as Picard remembers it. He reaches out to touch the ship. Data, curious about the human need for tactile reinforcement, attempts to create the same feelings he observes in Picard, but is unsuccessful in duplicating this aspect of humanity.
Aboard the ship, two crewmembers are sent to examine unexplained maintenance problems, and both disappear. Picard is called to the ship and discovers that the survivors from the Borg sphere have transported onto the ship and are taking over Deck 16. While Picard arranges teams to fight them, the Borg manipulate the climate of the deck to suit their needs and begin to spread throughout the ship. When the Borg attack sickbay, Crusher, her staff, and Lily escape through a Jeffries tube, thanks to a distraction by the ship's Emergency Medical Hologram. While Crusher leads the group down the passageway, Lily steals away in a different direction.
On Earth, Riker finds Troi and Cochrane drunk in a bar. Troi justifies that the only way she could get Cochrane to talk to her was by shooting Tequila with him. Denying her drunken state, Troi offers her professional opinion on Cochrane. She explains, "He's nuts."
Picard and his team are tracking the Borg through the starship. As Crusher and her staff find Worf's team, Picard's team encounters the Borg, who have begun to assimilate U.S.S. Enterprise crewmembers. Worf's team engages the Borg in combat, but the enemies adapt to the crew's weapons too quickly to make any difference. The teams are ordered to regroup on Deck 15, but Data is captured. Picard cannot save him, so he quickly crawls into a Jeffries tube to escape. Face to face with Picard, Lily steals his phaser and demands an explanation and escape route. Picard agrees.
Geordi shows Cochrane the starship Enterprise through a large telescope on Earth and tries to convince him to launch his vessel the next morning. Geordi glorifies Cochrane by explaining that his ship will make first contact with alien life forms. Humanity will be saved if Cochrane launches his ship. Still drunk, Cochrane agrees.
Aboard the ship, the Borg Queen introduces herself to a bound Data, claiming that she is the Collective. Reactivating Data's emotion chip, the Borg begin to graph organic, human skin onto the android's arm. As Data is overcome by this new human sensation of touch, something he never thought possible, the Borg continue their work.
Lily and Picard wander through the service deck as the captain attempts to explain what has happened between Lily's time and his own. She begins to calm down until they suddenly run into a Borg-infested area. Quickly escaping in the Holodeck, Picard activates a Dixon Hill program. At a dance, he and Lily try to blend in without being noticed by the Borg. Following the Holodeck's story, Picard searches for Nicky the Nose and takes his machine gun. Killing the Borg with the gun, Picard retrieves the memory chip that contains all of the information the Borg has received. Lily then notices that the two dead Borg were once crewmembers of the U.S.S. Enterprise.
Back on Earth, Cochrane keeps hearing what an amazing historical figure he is and begins to question whether or not he wants to go through with the launch. He doubts his own nobility and flees the launch site. Geordi and Riker attempt to catch up with Cochrane in the woods and are forced to stun him with a phaser to return him to the Phoenix.
Lily and Picard join the rest of the surviving crew and discover that the Borg are outside of the ship. The retrieved memory chip reveals that they are reconfiguring the main deflector in order to contact the Borg of this century, calling them to Earth to assimilate the planet. Picard, Worf and Lieutenant Hawk put on space suits and venture onto the surface of the starship to stop the Borg.
Aware of Data's desire to become human, the Borg Queen offers him the chance to be entirely covered in human flesh and join the Borg, in an attempt to get the encryption codes from Data so she can obtain total control over the U.S.S. Enterprise. Outside the Enterprise, Hawk, Worf and Picard attempt to unlock the deflector dish. Attacked by a Borg, Worf's suit begins to depressurize. Two Borg are killed and Hawk is attacked. As the dish is released, a now-assimilated Hawk attempts to kill Picard. Worf saves the captain, but Hawk is killed. Picard and Worf then destroy the free-floating deflector dish.
On Earth, Cochrane explains to Riker that his only motivation for inventing warp travel was money. He never expected to save mankind, become a hero, or be instrumental in the founding of a new civilization. He simply wanted to retire in peace.
An argument ensues aboard the Enterprise as the majority of the senior officers believe that they should evacuate the ship, destroying it and the Borg. Picard won't give up, and insists they stay. Challenged by Worf, Picard orders him off the Bridge. Lily follows Picard into his ready room and demands that he explain his obsession with fighting the Borg. Picard declares he won't sacrifice the starship, and swears to finally make the Borg pay for all they've done. Lily quietly and calmly compares Picard to Captain Ahab, forever fighting his white whale — the Borg. Realizing that this fight could only destroy himself and his crew, Picard decides to evacuate the ship. Worf, Picard and Crusher activate the ship's self-destruct sequence. The countdown begins, and the crew leaves in escape pods. Picard surveys his ship and prepares to leave when he hears Data calling him.
Meanwhile , the earth-bound crew and Cochrane begin takeoff. Cochrane, Geordi and Riker take off in the Phoenix, and with music blaring, the three men launch successfully into orbit.
On the ship, Lily and Picard say good-bye and the captain goes to save Data. Entering Engineering, Picard confronts the Borg Queen, whom he knows from his experience with the Borg. The queen reminds Picard that it was not enough that he was assimilated, but that he needed to give himself freely to the Borg — she wished him to stand by her side as an equal to further the power of the Collective. Picard offers himself in exchange for Data, but the android does not comply. He refuses to leave, and at the queen's command, disarms the self-destruct sequence. He quickly enters the encryption codes, offering full control of the Enterprise to the Borg.
As Cochrane's ship nears warp, Data arms the U.S.S Enterprise's weapons and aims them at the defenseless Phoenix. At the Borg Queen's order, Data fires, but the missiles fail to hit the Phoenix. His deception of the Borg complete, Data smashes a conduit, releasing a gas that floods engineering, killing all organic material. As the Borg are destroyed, Picard climbs to safety and the Borg Queen falls into the deadly gas. With the Borg threat gone, Cochrane safely completes humanity's first warp flight.
Celebrating the flight back on Earth that night, Cochrane and the Enterprise crew see an alien ship land nearby. The doors open, and Zefram Cochrane makes Earth's first contact with an alien race — the Vulcans. Picard and his crew beam out, having witnessed this historic event, and the U.S.S Enterprise NCC 1701-E returns to the 24th century.
WWII Code Machine, German Secret Service (Abwehr). Bletchley Park Museum, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, UK,
De Girona. DIPA. Aigua, malt d'ordi, civada, blat, llúpol (Mosaic, Citra, Azacca Cryo i Columbus) i llevat. 8%. Vaja, en els ingredients deia que duia gerds i lactosa i m'havia fet a la idea de tastar una Soma diferent, i no, no duu gerds i és de les típiques. Boníssima, això sí, com sempre amb Soma. #soma #dryhopping #IPA #IndiaPaleAle #IndianPaleAle #ale #localbeer #craftbeer #cervesaartesana #cervesaartesanal #beer #pivo #birra #cervesa #cerveza #olut #øl #пиво #bière #beerporn #beergeek #beernerd #craftbeerlive #localbeer#hophead #craftbeernotcrapbeer #craftbeerporn #starkol #piwo #beerpic #bierre
Maker: C. Cook from a photograph by William Edward Kilburn
Born: UK
Active: UK
Medium: engraving
Size: 5 in x 4 in
Location:
Object No. 2016.953
Shelf: B-40
Publication: The Universal Dictionary of Universal Biography: A series of original memoirs of distinguished men. Published by William MacKenzie, Paternoster Row, London, 1870
Denis Pellerin, Stereoscopy, The Dawn of 3-D, London, Stereoscopic Company, pg 114
Helmut Gernsheim, The Rise of Photography 1850-1880, The Age of Collodion, Thames and Hudson, London, 1988, pg 42
Helmut and Alison Gernsheim, The History of Photography, 1969, McGraw-Hill, New York, fig 115
Other Collections:
Provenance:
Notes: Sir Charles Wheatstone (6 February 1802 – 19 October 1875), was an English scientist and inventor of many scientific breakthroughs of the Victorian era, including the English concertina, the stereoscope (a device for displaying three-dimensional images), and the Playfair cipher (an encryption technique). However, Wheatstone is best known for his contributions in the development of the Wheatstone bridge, originally invented by Samuel Hunter Christie, which is used to measure an unknown electrical resistance, and as a major figure in the development of telegraphy.
To view our archive organized by themes and subjects, visit: OUR COLLECTIONS
For information about reproducing this image, visit: THE HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY ARCHIVE
Chapter 1: Dani s’ Introduction to Harappan Ciphers
Ahmad Hasan Dani , Nazeer Ahmad Chaudhry , Sony
Section 1.1: Sample Draft
Section2.2:Pre-Historical Perspective
Section2.3:Pre- Harappan Culture.
Section2.4:Harappan Culture
Section2.5:Harappan Civilization
Section2.6: Confirmation of Conclusions
Section2.7:Terminal Symbols
Section2.8: Bibliography
Summary | Full Text: PDF (Size: 3924K)
Chapter1: Dani s’ Introduction to Harappan Ciphers
Dr. Prof. Ahmad Hasan Dani , Nazeer Ahmad Chaudhry( Researcher) , Sony
Interview with Dani
Dani (1-9) had confirmed most of our conclusions after a detailed interview(10). Nazeer Ahmad Chaudhry( Researcher) and author extends thanks to Farah Dani and all others including Sony(11) . Dani gave detailed account of his life and research work that is on the record hence it is not being repeated. He also gave account of his meeting with Parpola regarding his decipherment (12). We were lost in the ruins of Mohenjodaro available at Mark(13-14) and Omar (1984) IVC sites. Sony is giving the narrative .
The horse hoax was being debated at internet and Author asked the comment from Dani. He said smiling that we are actually Vani from Central Asia and Brahmans hence we support them then he became serious and said that there is no government support and we have limited number of scholars doing this work at their own hence we might complement them , however an agreement is historical evidence.
South Asia is a land of many different cultures and traditions with thousands of sites. The prehistoric scripts , motifs and symbols found during Kot Diji Culture (Khan(1965) are quite different from matured Harappan Scripts 1900-1300 B.C . We are interested in the symbols, signs , pictorials and motifs , logos like 1, 2, and 3 or 33 , some symbols, signs and pictorials used in other civilizations imported from other civilizations during 1500-1300 B.C. period for this decryption.
Harappan Scripts
Table-1 shows a mixture of roughly over 26 symbols with many variants but we are mostly interested for terminal symbols over 11 starting from right to left like Arabicc alphabets. Dani narrated his meeting with Asko Parpola about his effort of decipherment He , B.B. Lal , Russian Professors and many others had rejected this decipherment. One of the questions frequently asked about the Indus script whether it represents any systematic writing of any language at all is not relevant to our decryption. Dani an eminent Pakistani archaeologist , historian and linguistic is expert on 35 languages and dialects. He is authority on Central Asia , South Asia and Harappan Civilization. He is particularly known for archaeological work on Pre-Harappan Culture. We have no disagreement with even with those who agree that the writings of the Harappan Civilization are not a haphazard arrangement of signs and are at variance with one another. Our purpose in this decryption is to carry out frequency analysis of the script of Matured Harappan Civilization in the last stage 1500-1300 B.C. in order to bring out the statistical structure of the cipher-texts.
Many of sites remain hidden under the ruins of Mohenjodaro , Harappa and other sites. It seems to be the culture of another mythology with tradtions of burial , sacrifices and the motif of bull is found that is not a pictorial . The major diety seems to be horned buffalo and buffelo horned yougi . Mehrgarh 7000 B.C site in Gedrosia pertains to the seventh and third millennium B.C. It covers Neolithlic 6500- 4500 B.C. and Chalcolithic4500- 2600 B.C era. We have tablets , tools , figurines of women with heavy jewelry and ceramics of very fine quality . The motif of fish , scorpian , goat and many others including the mythology are different in matured Harappa civilization Some of the scripts , symbols and signs pertaining to Harappan culture 2600-1900 B.C. are different from previous Kot Diji .
We compliment efforts in decipherment of Indus scripts as written language . Anything before 1900 B.C. including the sign-board from Dholavira consisting of 10 large signs, each sign approximately 37cm by 27cm, embedded in semi-precious stones on a wooden board and an innovate addition of many seals and tablets and even horses is wonderful contribution. Our scope in decryption is limited to Matured Harappan Ciphers in 1500-1300 B.C. those were found from upper layers .
Tablets
The tablet shown above has five symbols. The 1st two from right the inverted boa or jar with logo2 on top and lance below is one symbol. , The 4th boa with logo3 inside is third symbol. Vertical 4 line written in bottom line is 4th symbol at number 5 and last 6th position symbol of comb is 5th symbol called the terminal symbol. We have special problem with this terminal symbol and comb inside the bangle or encircled comb in frequency analysis. We require an ethno-archaeological model for frequency analysis of these symbols. Tablets is a standard form of issuing orders like present day deeds , written orders and other transactions sent as encrypted messages or cipher-texts. It had been common practice in all ancient civilizations to issue the orders as tablets . The amulets and tablets also served as identity documents and trade deals. The direction of the writing of scripts on the amulets , artifices and tablets is from right to left like Arabic ,Persian and Urdu and the local languages Punjabi and Pothwari languages spoken in the oldest culture Samma the Sowan Valley 0.5 million years old culture of stone age . We are not saying that Dravidian in IVC or Naga tribe in Snake Valley Taxila adopted the writing system from the creatures of stone age .
Let us consider a sample of ten tablets in Table -2 . The frequency count of boa left and diamond the right symbol in tablet-1, The left symbol bearer in tablet-2 , the right symbol harrow or saw in tablet -5, the left symbol leveling tool (KRAH) , left symbol comb in bangle in tablet-8 or comb are terminal symbols. We can not carry out any frequency analysis for such a limited data but we would count the symbols using statistical methods and use an ethno-archaeological model to regenerate more data .
Seals
The direction of the writing on the seals is from right to left like English language in s1 Table-3 . Stamping the seal gives the writing from left to right as shown above in the tablet discussed above and in table-2. The seal ‘s2’ above when stamped gives the seal impression as ‘t2’.The seals being used in present day environments for signatures is different from the use of Indus seals that pertains to the level of security in modern concept . The amulet as identity document was given to the officials but messengers or speedy system of communication in IVC were given tablets or it may be tablet as stamped seal impression. Let assume a trained bird or racing camel or buffalo or trained tiger or trained crocodile or rhenocerous for swamps and rivers as communication systems. They may be insecure for special purposes as like any of the modern system in cryptology.
The use of impression of a seal as tablet may be compared with a book code as example of a more secure algorithm . The priest on both ends had same seals like the sender and the receiver of the modern code each having a copy of the same book. During encoding, each word in the plaintext is replaced with a code group that indicates where that same word appears in the book. Different occurrences of the same word in the plaintext may be represented by different code groups in the encoded message. With this method, the key is the book itself. Although a person who intercepts a message may guess that a book code is being used, the messages cannot be decoded unless the interceptor can determine what edition of what book is being used. In IVC system special staff priest trained at Priest College Mohenjodaro were present in other states and foreign countries with set of tablets and seals. The orders as seal impression tablet could give the actual tablets to be issued to specific staff to execute the orders.
The security , public policy and prevention of fraud in modern concept as given by Camp (15-21) has to be linked with ancient methods in an ethno-archaeological model. Giving Tablet as actual secret message through any of the communication channels in use during 1500-1300 B.C. was equally insecure like the modern cipher systems that involve transmitting or storing the key with each message. If an unauthorized person can recognize the key, then the next step is to recognize, guess at, or figure out the algorithm. Even without the key, the code breaker can guess the algorithm, and then, by trying all the possible keys in succession, can conceivably recover the plaintext. For example, in Caesar's alphabetical cryptosystem being discussed in next chapters , the cryptanalyst could simply try each of the 25 possible values of the key. The security of transmissions can therefore be increased by increasing the number of possible keys and by increasing the amount of time it takes to try each key. If the same key is used for multiple messages, the cryptanalyst only has to figure out one key; but by varying the key from one message to another, the cipher clerk has used a different procedure for encoding each one. The use of seal impressions as tablets in IVC ciphers is like using a complicated algorithm that may have a very large number of possible keys. The decryption in modern system if the basic algorithm is known or guessed is made difficult due to the time and effort required to try all possible keys that may take years for finding the plaintext.
IVC cipher remain as unbreakable system during the century like the most secure encryption method known was the one-time pad. The pad is a long list of different randomly chosen keys. Two and only two identical copies of the list of keys exist . The one for the person enciphering the message like the priest issuing the seal impression as tablet and another for whoever is deciphering it like the priest at the other end who knew the message coded as tablet. In OTP, a key is discarded and never used again after being used for one message but in IVC the same seal can be used again because the ciphers are only taught to specific priests and not the users. In OTP the next message will use the next key on the list. If the algorithm is even moderately complicated and the keys are long enough, cryptanalysis is practically impossible. In IVC ciphers the seal impression as tablet may be same but the tablets issued at other end might be different .
Terminal Symbols
The 1st symbol on the right side of seals and the leftmost symbol on the left the last one are called the terminal symbols We have selected after frequency analysis not given here about 11 terminal symbols shown in line-1 of table-3 appearing as 1st symbol on the right side of the seals.
We may call them as boa the 1st on right , diamond or coin , bearer , comb in bangle or encircled comb , comb , lance or spear , harrow or saw , wheel , level tool ( KRAHA) and riding stripe ( RUKAB).
We assumes the senate of priests holding important duties as VPs assisted by AVPs the headmen of tribes and supervisors from technical workforce from respective fields at execution level. . Dani confirms our conclusions for terminal symbols Mahadevan s’ analysis (1982:316) confirms the concept of priest for our ‘boa’ an his ‘jar’ symbol1 but with Sanskrit equivalent.
We do not require any confirmation in mathematical solution of cryptanalysis. The experts in frequency analysis have empirical solutions accepted by all cryptologists and cryptanalysts. The boa Symbol is confirmed as English letter E according to empirical solutions in cryptanalysis. The priest ruler in our analysis is confirmed by Dani our Sanskrit expert and he said that it had nothing to do with Sanskrit. Mahadevan s’ analysis ( 1982:316) confirms the concept of priest but with Sanskrit equivalent
The symbol 2 has largest frequency occurrence after boa symbol and it is termed as symbol of coin or diamond.
Dani confirms coin or diamond symbol 3 an priest VP with financial duties with no Sanskrit equivalent. Mahadevan s’ analysis ( 1982:316) also confirms symbol 3 as officer with priest duties but with Sanskrit equivalent.
The ciphers, crypto systems , and codes in cryptology or Harappan ciphers 1500-1300 B.C. being considered for our cryptanalysis are just like a mule. Every one agrees that a mule cannot generate a daughter. The mule might be forced to adopt a daughter as unique case after brutal attack for training as we call it brutal attack in cryptanalysis for code breaking The concept of spoken language equivalent like Sanskrit or others may be valid for earlier scripts and we have no objection to such adopted daughters.
Bull Pictorials
The seal on the left becomes tablet in the right side but inscription may be different for seal impression hence above is only an example just to show the direction of terminal symbols. We have large variety of bulls like Zebu or bhahmi bull , short horned bull , humped bull and humpless bull beside the unicorns. Many of the animal systems are used as nick names as a fun in our area of the oldest culture of stone age like bull and Ass for girls .I have retrieved old English Teacher books serial 190-191 from my childhood library that had very interesting (22) history.
Nixon mentioned in his book The Leaders
Boa Motif
Animal Motifs
Conclusions
Long interview with Dani reflecting the confirmation of conclusions by Dani, B.B. Lal, Russian Professors, Tosi, Durani Mughal, Mark and other scholars is not being discussed. We are mentioning some of the conclusions also confirmed or partially confirmed by Asko Parpola and I. Mahadevan through their published work.
The direction of writing on amulets, tablets, and seal impressions is from right to left like Arabic, Persian and Urdu and reversed on the seals like English. Conclusion is agreed by all scholars
Indus ciphers and codes represent system like logo-syllabic writing. This doesn’t constitute a closed system of single-valued graphemes as the syllabic and alphabetic scripts, which could be cracked as wholes. The conclusion is confirmed by Asko Parpola, Dani , Mark and other scholars
The individual symbols may be interpreted one by one, and some of the ciphers may remain eternal mysteries. The conclusion is confirmed by Asko Parpola, Dani, Mark and other scholars.
The Indus Ciphers were essentially similar to the other pictographic ciphers evolved by priests in China , Egypt and others .Many scholars like Dani , Fairservis , Mark and others confirm the conclusion
The Indus Ciphers are like a mule unable to adopt any of ancient language as daughter hence decipherment based on languages was rejected by scholars like Dani, B.B. Lal, and Russian Profs. and many others
The spoken language of the Indus people was Dravidian confirmed by Asko Parpola, Dani, Mark and other scholars. Our cryptanalysis shows that it not found in Script ciphers. This was the system like Liner A codes but no Linear B codes were required.
Harappan professed different religion in Kot Diji culture era that may be genetically related to the religions of both the ancient West Asia and the later India. The mythology of matured Harappan Civilization is different from any other mythology and mythology in ancient India.
The terminal symbols appearing at the left of the writing on amulets, tablets and seal impression are most important in frequency analysis. The right symbol on the seals is the terminal symbol on seal impressions.
Let me complement Possehl , Tosi (1993), Walter, Fairservis, Shaffer ,), B.B.Lal, Durani(1981), Jacobson, Terome(1986), Kenoyer (1985), Ratnagar(1991) and many others who contributed to Indus Valley research. Iravatham Mahadevan seems to be greater scholar when he sys that he could n't decipher the scripts inpite of his over 40 yeras research work. Ahmad Hassan Dani , B.B. Lal and Russian professors are the greates who disagreed to excellent research work by Asko Parpola. Being student of topsecret science Cryptology since childhood , I was associated with code and ciphers. After long discussion with Dani about above researchers and scholars and his work with some of them , we came to the claim of decipherment by Jha N and Rajaram (2000) that I thought the broken seal by Mackay showing rear portion of bull being called hoof of a horse. Dani said smiling , " We am actually Vani from Central Asia hence I would like to apprecite the work by Brahamans ". Then added that government funding is very limited and any effort like the effort of Jha N and Rajaram has to be appreciated but we mightn't agree with decipherment if it is not correct. Then he narrated all the conversation with Parapola and finally he disagreed.
Dried Up River Hakra
Let us run an ethno-archaeological model on the Scripts during 1500-1300B.C. period. We have no comments on any of the efforts of deciphering efforts of IVC scripts as spoken language. IVC existed from Kot D.G era before 2600 B.C. , Harappa 2600-1900 B.C. and matured Harappa 1900-1300 B.C . The direction of shifting from Harappa to Mohenjodaro, and Lothal during 1500-1300 B.C. is assumed . Gedrosia and Kalibangan might have been left due to Aryans but Dholavera, the sites in Cholistan ( Mughal (1997) and Kot D.G. vanished earlier due to heavy floods and climatic changes and the final drying up of the Hakra /Kangra/ Sarasvati in 1900 B.C.
IVC script is found on amulets, tablets and seals. Some of symbols, signs, numerals , pictorials and motif seem to be universal or imported from other civilizations of China , Egypt and in cuneiform texts from Mesopotamia as well as in the ancient Iran. Scholars had been trying to link the scripts to any of the pre-historic languages like Indo-European They provide a reliable basis for this decipherment. The main conclusion is as follows: the Proto-Indian language is the Proto-Indo-Aryan () one. The direction of the writing is right to left like Arabic on amulets and tablets and it may be reversed for seal impressions. Signs depicted on seals and tablets have basically the left-right orientation. It is well to bear in mind that the direction of the reading of a record depends on the context, too. In this work all the texts are transformed so that they have a common direction from left to right. This report contains a number of quasi-bilingual sources that can be the base of the decipherment (Rjabchikov 2006a; 2006b) (1).
Bibliography
1.Paul B. Janeczka, Top Secret: A handbook of Codes , Ciphers and Secret Writing, Publishers Candlewick, 2006, 144 pages
2.Abraham Sinkov Elementary Cryptanalysis: Mathematical Approach, 1998, Publishers: The Mathematical Association of America,
3.Martin Gardner, Codes, Ciphers and Secret Writing (Test Your Code Breaking Skills), 96 pages ,publishers: Dover Publications (October 1, 1984)
4.Paul B. Janeczka, Top Secret: A handbook of Codes , Ciphers and Secret Writing, Publishers Candlewick, 2006, 144 pages
5.Abraham Sinkov Elementary Cryptanalysis: Mathematical Approach, 232 pages. Publishers: The Mathematical Association of America; 2nd edition (August 1998)
6.Martin Gardner, Codes, Ciphers and Secret Writing (Test Your Code Breaking Skills), 96 pages ,publishers: Dover Publications (October 1, 1984)
7.Bard Gregory, Algebraic Cryptanalysis , 2009, 392pages, Publishers Springer US
8.Christopher Swenson, Modern Cryptanalysis: Techniques for Advance Code Breaking, Publishers John Wiley & Sons , 2008, 264 pages
9.Simon Singh , The Code Book , The Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography, Publishers: Anchor; Reprint edition (August 29, 2000), 432 pages
10.Jannik Dewny, Cryptanalysis of RSA & its Variants, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group,2009
11.Mark Stamp, Richard M. Low , Stamp(ed) , Applied Cryptanalysis: Breaking Ciphers in the Real World, Published Online: 3 Jan 2007
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2000. 352 pages.
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25.Poe, Edgar Allan, Gold-Bug and Other Tales, 1991. 121 pages.
26.Johnson, Neil F. / Duric, Zoran / Jajodia, Sushil G., Information Hiding: Stenography and Watermarking - Attacks and Countermeasures (Advances in Information Security, Volume 1) 2001. 160 pages.
27.Pfleeger, Charles P. / Pfleeger, Shari Lawrence, Security in Computing. 1997, 2nd edition. 569 pages.
28.Devours, Cipher A. (Editor) / Kahn, David (Editor) / Kruh, Louis (Editor) / Millen, Greg (Editor) / Winkle, Brian J. (Editor), Selections from Crypto logia: History, People, and Technology, 1998. 552 pages
29.Yardley, Herbert O., Yardley-grams, 1932 (Currently out of print). 190 pages
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31.L. Jean Camp, “Code, Coding and Coded Perspectives”, Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society Vol. 1, Jan. 2003, pp. 49-59. (Previously published in the abstract-refereed conference “Code, Coding, and Coded Perspectives”, Association of Internet Researchers, Lawrence, Kansas, and September 2000.).
32.L. Jean Camp & Serena Syme,” The Governance of Code: Open Land vs. UCITA Land” ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society, September 2002, Vol. 32, No. 3.
33.Serena Syme & L. Jean Camp, The Governance of Code, Code as Governance , Ethicomp: The social and Ethical Impacts of Information and Communications Technologies, Technical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland, 18-20 June 2001, Vol. 1, pp. 86-101.
34.L. Jean Camp & Serena Syme, “A Coherent Intellectual Property Model of Code as Speech, Embedded Product or Service, Journal of Information Law and Technology, Vol. 2, 2001.
35.L. Jean Camp & B. Anderson, Expansion of Telecommunication Infrastructure in Emerging Nations: The Case of Bangladesh, Telecommunications Policy Research Conference, Alexandria, VA. 25-26 Sept. 1999.
36.L. Jean Camp, “The World in 2010: Many New Entrants”, info: the journal of policy, regulation and strategy for telecommunications, information and media, Vol. 2 No. 2, April 2000, 167-186.
L. Jean Camp & Charles Vincent, Looking to the Internet for Models of Governance , Ethics and Information Technology, 2004, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 161-174.
L. Jean Camp, “Community Considered”, democracy.com? Governance in a Networked, World Hollis Publishing (Hollis, NH) 1999.
37.L. Jean Camp, Democratic Implication of Internet Protocols , : Ethical, Social and Political Dimensions of Information Technology, February 28 - March 1, 1998; Princeton University, Department of Computer Science, Princeton NJ.
38.L. Jean Camp, “The Shape of the Network”, Governance in a Globalizing World, ed. J. Donahue, Brookings Press (Washington, DC) summer 2001.
39.L. Jean Camp, “Principles for Design of Digital Rights Management Systems” IEEE Internet Computing Vol. 6, No. 3 pp. 59-65, May 2003.
40.L. Jean Camp & Stephen Lewis, “The Economics of Information Security” Springer-Verlag 2004.
41.L. Jean Camp, “Identity Theft: Causes, Consequences, Possible Cures.” Springer-Verlag 2007.
Farzeneh Asgapour, Debin Liu and L. Jean Camp, “Computer Security Mental Models of Experts and non-Experts”, Usable Security 07, (Tobago) 16 February 2007.
42.L. Jean Camp, “Privacy: from abstraction to applications”, Computers & Society, Sept. 1994, Vol. 24, No. 3, 8-15.
43.L. Jean Camp & Marvin Sirbu, “Critical issues in Internet commerce”, IEEE Communications, May, 1997
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Evolution of Ethno-Archaeological Model
1.Nazeer Ahmad Chaudhry, Integration of TCP/IP Protocol Suites with Cryptographic Security approved Ph. D. Electrical & Electronics Engg.) In Total Technology thesis at University of Bradford U.K.
2.Nazeer Ahmad , Secure MIS book draft sent to Artic House Norwood
3.Nazeer Ahmad, Secure MIS in Business Communication, B.M.A. Preston University Research Paper in MIS subject.
4.Nazeer Ahmad ,Protection of Radio Tele-printing Circuits, The Qasid Magazine ,Military College of Signals , NUST Campus Rawalpindi, 1987,pp 25-29
5.Nazeer A. Chaudhry ,Protection of Speech and Data Communication Circuits , The Qasid Magazine ,Military College of Signals , NUST Campus Rawalpindi, 1988,pp 52-56
6.Nazeer Ahmad ,Neo-Communication Security Environments, The Qasid Magazine ,Military College of Signals , NUST Campus Rawalpindi, 1990,pp 25-29
7.Nazeer Ahmad Chaudhry ,Communication Systems , MS Thesis MUET Jamshoro 1990-1992,
8.N. A. Chaudhry , Protection of Electronics & Electrical Equipment, The Hilal Magazine , ISPR Publication , volume 22 , 22-29 December 1994
9.N. A. Chaudhry , Tele-computers and Security Beyond Year 2000, The Hilal Magazine , ISPR Publication , January 1995
10.N. A. Chaudhry , Tele-computers and Security Beyond Year 2000, The Qasid Magazine ,Military College of Signals , NUST Campus Rawalpindi, 1994
11.N. A. Chaudhry , Tactical Nuclear Operations : Indian Option for 21st Century, Pakistan Defence Review, Volume 6, 1994, pp 80-92
12.N. A. Chaudhry , Integrated National Defence , Pakistan Army Green Book, 1991, pp343-346
13.N. A. Chaudhry , Safety Equipment for Nuclear Operations , T.S.O. Research Paper , E.M.E. College NUST Campus Rawalpindi, 1985
14.Nazeer Ahmad. Chaudhry , Pre- Evolution History Corps of Signals 1847-1947, SRC Publishers Hyderabad, 1992
15.Nazeer Ahmad. Chaudhry, Design and Development of Secrecy Electronics Communication System, M. Phil. ( Electronics Engg. ) thesis at MUET Jamshoro, 1993-1995
16.Nazeer Ahmad. Chaudhry , Electronics Warfare Doctrine Under Hostile Environments , Pakistan Army Green Book, 1991, pp 287-290
17.N. A. Chaudhry , Cryptographic and Computer Security , The Hilal Magazine , ISPR Publication , volume 24 , 19 January 1995
18.N. A. Chaudhry ,Evolution of Codes and Ciphers , The Hilal Magazine , ISPR Publication , 8 February 1995
19.N. A. Chaudhry , Cryptographic Security Systems , The Hilal Magazine , ISPR Publication , volume 20 , 15 December 1994
20.N. A. Chaudhry , Protection of Electronics & Electrical Equipment, The Hilal Magazine , ISPR Publication , volume 22 , 22-29 December 1994
21.N. A. Chaudhry , Axiomatic Educational Strategy for 21st Century , Research Paper presented at IEEEP Lahore ,1995 and published in local press
22.Nazeer Ahmad , Quality Education , Pakistan Observer Daily, 18 November 1998
23.Nazir Ahmad Chaudhry, Education System & National Development , The Jung Daily, 6 February 1995
24.Nazir Ahmad Chaudhry , A Short History Of Lahore & Its Monuments, 2000, Sang-e-Meel Publisher Lahore
25.Nazeer Ahmad, Legal Settlement of Kashmir Problem , Pakistan Army Journal , U.N. and Kashmir Issue , Pakistan Observer Daily, 15 November 1994
26.Nazeer Chaudhry , Islamic Requirements of Justice System, , Daily Markaz, 22 February1998 Islamabad
27.Nazeer Chaudhry , Islamic System of Saudi Arabia , Daily Markaz, 8 September 1998 Islamabad
28.Nazeer Ahmad , Face Reading : Integration of Forecasting and Prediction Technologies for Solution of Problems , Bazem –i- Alm –o-Fun Islamabad 2000
29.Nazeer Ahmad , Solution to National Problems , Daily Markaz, 21 September,1998
30.Nazeer Chaudhry, How to Reduce Budget Deficit , Daily Markaz, 3 April,1999, 4 April,1999, 11 April,1999, Islamabad
31.Nazeer Ahmad , Solution to Public Problems , The Exclusive Weekly, Islamabad, 26 September 1996
32.Nazeer Chaudhry, Budget and Unemployment , Asas Daily , 20 June 1999
33.Nazeer Ahmad , Time to Shake Hands With India , The Exclusive Weekly, Islamabad, 16 July 1991
34.Nazeer Ahmad , Face Reading : Integration of Forecasting and Prediction Technologies for Solution of Problems , Defense Digest Monthly, October 1992, pp 53-87
35.Nazeer Ahmad, Constitution of Pakistan and Peoples’ rights , 2004
36.Nazeer Ahmad , We can’t Progress Without Science Education, Pakistan Observer Daily, 2 November 1994
37.Nazeer Chaudhry, South Asian Economy and Kashmir , Al Akhbar Daily, 16 October 1999
38.Nazir Ahmad Chaudhry, Peace, Security &Development, Daily Markaz, 17 Agust,1998, Islamabad
39.Nazir Ahmad Chaudhry, Harappa : the cradle of our civilization , Sang-e-Meel Publication,2002
40.N. A. Chaudhry , Modern Technology Impacts of Defence , Pakistan Army Journal , 1994, pp62-74
41.N.A. Chaudhry , Tourism Development , The Parwaz Monthly Islamabad, June 1999
42.Nazir Ahmad Chaudhry, Multan :glimpses, Sang-e-Meel Publication,2002
43.N.A. Chaudhry , Tourism Development in Pakistan , Friday News Weekly, 6 July 1999
44.N.A. Chaudhry , Tourism Development , The Parwaz Monthly Islamabad, September 1999
45.N.A. Chaudhry , Tourism Development , The Parwaz Monthly Islamabad, June 1999
46.Nazir Ahmad Chaudhry, Basanat :a cultural festival of Lahore , Sang-e-Meel Publication,2001
47.Nazir Ahmad , Academic libraries in a developing society ,1984, Sang-e-Meel Publication
48.Nazeer Ahmad , 21st Century Challenges for Our Engineers, Pakistan Observer Daily, 11 December 1994
49.Nazir Ahmad , University library practices in developing countries ,1984, Sang-e-Meel Publication
50.Nazeer Ahmad , New Trends in Energy Generation, Pakistan Observer Daily, 2 November 1994
51.Nazir Ahmad, Oriental presses in the world ,1985, Sang-e-Meel Publication
52.Nazir Ahmad Chaudhry, Eastern Science of Medicine, Pakistan Observer Daily, 18 March 1995
53.N.A. Chaudhry, Kala Bagh Dam , Niwa –i- Waqat Daily, 14 July 1998
54.Nazir Ahmad Chaudhry , Ghulam Rasul Chaudhry , Irrigated Agriculture in Pakistan , Sang-e-Meel Publication,1988
55.Nazeer Chaudhry, Pakistan –US Relations, Markaz Daily 22 July 1998, Islamabad
56.Nazeer Chaudhry, Pakistan –US Relations, Markaz Daily 28 July 1998, Islamabad
57.Nazir Ahmad Chaudhry, Anarkali, archives and tomb of Sahib Jamal : a study in perspective , Sang-e-Meel Publication,2002,
58.Nazir Ahmad Chaudhry, Ground Water Resources in Pakistan, Sang-e-Meel Publication, 1974.Nazeer Chaudhry, Expected Attack on Atomic Instillations Pakistan , Osaf Daily 5June 1998, Islamabad
59.Nazeer Chaudhry, Regional Cooperation and Pakistani Forces, Markaz Daily 30 June 1999, Islamabad
60.Nazeer Chaudhry, Circulation of Money Al Akhbar Daily 17 February 2003, Islamabad
61.Nazeer Chaudhry, Solution of Unemployment Problem , Daily Subha, , 17 April 2004, Islamabad
62.Nazeer Chaudhry, Inflation, Unemployment and Terrorism, Daily Subha, , 9 August 2004, Islamabad
63.Nazeer Chaudhry, Social and Economic Welfare of Society , Daily Ehsas , 6 April 1999, Islamabad
64.Nazeer A. Chaudhry, Strategic Dimension of Pakistan, Submitted to Pakistan Defence Review, 2005
65.Nazeer A. Chaudhry, Solution to Kashmir Problem, Submitted to Pakistan Defence Review
66.Nazeer Chaudhry, How to End Terrorism, Daily Markaz , 8 November 1998 , Islamabad
From: N.A. Chaudhry : My thanks to A. Times for registration . Decrypted Secrets of Harappan Civilization 19oo-1300 B.C. can be used for peace and security in Asia and end of terrorism.Global trade through IVC ( Indus Valley Civilization) worth $7.5 billions and trading of largest oil & gas reserves worth over $ 15 Trillions from central Asia is being blocked because , presnt Asians are not so civlized as compared with the Senate of tragers of Harappan States : Harappa , Mohenjodaro, Dholavera , Lothal and Gedrosia . Dani said during very long interview with me for approval of conclusions on 1st cryptanalysis model on IVC script. ,"South Asia was termed as golden sparrow and every one got the job at his door step . Grains and water was protected and we find best model of social security and protection of human rights.Many scholars tried the kicking mule ( IVC scripts ) to accept the daughter ( any of ancient language like Dravidian , Brahvi, and many others ) or at least to adopt it. Many scholars including Dani, B. B. Lal , Russian Professors , Steve Farmer and Michael from Harvard University , Fairservis and others who confirm our conclusions that we might stop forcing the mule to accept the given daughter. Sunskrit literature evolved in Ganga valley even ignores events like attack by Alender in Indus Valley but the literature evolved in1300-1000 B.C. era according to new dating was made to mention the dried up river Hakrra/ Kangra or Srawati( Mughal -1997) in 1990B.C. as flowing big river. After extensive travelling and research work and spending in 5 years including 7 day journey on helicopter , I conclude that this was excessive floods over 18 recorded by Mark & Possehl and change of coarse by indus that shifted Harappa culture to 2600-1900 B.C. to matured Harappan civilzation. Kot Diji culture (Khan -1965) 3500-2600B.C. was quite diffent culture with differnt mythology motifs and symbols having burials sacrfices and divine god like others. Matured Harappan civilization is different adopting global cult of sun god and King Priest was not a divine god. We are not including methimatical cryptanalysis and we ware not diagreeing to anything.. Dravidian the sopken language was not required to be in written form. Do we have any of local languages in written scripts. The answer on record is no . The oldest culture of stone age is Suma ( Sownan Valley ) 0.5 -2.5 million yera old along with bone of Peking man 0.5 m , Iwaja in Japan , a city under the sea at Indian Gujrat coast , oldest city near dead sea in Jordan and Mehrgarh in Gedrosia of 8000 B.C. We had history as sing subject in oldest culture of the world till 1960s and we have elders using counting system of 20s till 1970s in Suma. According to the research by General Kungham Aryan had left Suma ( the salt range & Kashmir in 1426 B.C. and it was being ruled by Anavas tribe. Aran started arriving around 2500 B.C. in small grups as cattle grazers but they had evolved sunskrit before 1900 B.C. seening a big flowing river Hakra. Dani, Mughal and others call it a seperate river but we call it previous alignment of Indus. The concept of roads and rivers is different for people like us actually moving the troops and their suppies. Let us consider my claim that global trading route and attacking route in South Asia before Grand Trunk road was rougly 10 km wide on both sides of G.T. road. Any one who disagree is posted as logistic commader. I ask him to move the treasure of Alender 7 tons of god and silver. Eva our VP on control desk give him published data that this treasure required 26000 mules and 5000 camels. One unit is 33 men and you require over dozen units for many purposes . Two camel load is required for one man. Muhammad of Ghazni attack for Somnat had 30000 troops and 2 camels were required for one soldier for water and rations. We requre the grazing grounds for cattle, local labour , water replenshment and replacement for sick animals . We require a herd of cattles for ration. It may requre few months to get the convoy moved after prepration of many months.
The terms Block Cipher and Stream Cipher are borrowed from modern cryptanalysis (1). The methods and maxims of cryptology were reviewed to find the decrypted secrets of Let us take a very simple example of a message to be encrypted 46 words and 252 characters with spaces and 204 without spaces.
“His Excellency The King Priest of Harappa State as Chairman of Senate for Global Trading Coordinator in South Asia is pleased to order the new seal and signatures to be taken as final orders for all priests to be enforced from 1 January 1900 B.C. “
Let me complement Marshal (1931) , Wheeler (1956), Mackay , Magan, Ghosh, Wolley , Ghosh, Roy (1953), Possel , Tosi (1993), Walter, Fairservis, Sfaffer , Vats(1940), B.B.Lal, Durani(1981), Jacobson, Terome(1986), Kenoyer (1985), Khan F.A.(1965), Ratnagar(1991) and many others who contributed to Indus Valley research. Iravatham Mahadevan seems to be greater scholar when he sys that he could n't decipher the scripts inpite of his over 40 yeras research work. Ahmad Hassan Dani , B.B. Lal and Russian professors are the greates who disagreed to excellent research work by Asko Parpola. Being student of topsecret science Cryptology since childhood , I was associated with code and ciphers. After long discussion with Dani about above researchers and scholars and his work with some of them , we came to the claim of decipherment by Jha N and Rajaram (2000) that I thought the broken seal by Mackay showing rear portion of bull being called hoof of a horse. Dani said smiling , " We am actually Vani from Central Asia hence I would like to apprecite the work by Brahamans ". Then added that government funding is very limited and any effort like the effort of Jha N and Rajaram has to be appreciated but we mightn't agree with decipherment if it is not correct. Then he narrated all the conversation with Parapola and finally he disagreed
AT&T TSD-3600E Telephone Security Device, an encrypting telephone from 1993 based on the controversial Clipper Chip
The Clipper chip was the flagship component of a controversial National Security Agency-designed "key escrow" cryptography scheme, in which intercepted encrypted traffic could be decrypted easily by law enforcement or intelligence agencies for surveillance purposes. The program was extremely controversial and, in the end, not a success. Aside from the obvious fundamental problems (the security risks of having a large database of citizen's keys, the need to implement cryptography in expensive secret hardware, etc), the Clipper architecture had technical flaws that made it possible to circumvent the escrow features and preclude the possibility of law enforcement access. (See "Protocol Failure in the Escrowed Encryption Standard" [pdf format], for details.)
AT&T (my employer at the time) was the first (and ultimately only) company to produce a product based on the ill-fated system. The AT&T TSD-3600, announced in 1992, was a voice encryption device designed to be installed in a standard telephone (between the phone base and the handset). Calls placed to other TSD-3600-equipped telephones could be automatically digitized (at 4800bps) and encrypted, making eavesdropping on the conversation (by legal or illegal means) effectively infeasible. When the US government learned of AT&T's plans to market the device, it worried that criminals might used them to thwart wiretaps. Plans for a new encryption system with a wiretap backdoor were hurriedly drawn up by the NSA, and AT&T was persuaded to replace the regular (non-escrowed) DES-based encryption scheme in the original TSD product with the new system, called the Clipper chip. The Clipper-based model TSD-3600E hit the market in 1993. As incentive for AT&T's cooperation, the government agreed to purchase a significant quantity of Clipper-equipped TSD-3600Es, which sold for over $1000 each in quantity.
Hobbled by the controversial key escrow features and the high retail price, the government ended up being the TSD's only major customer, and even most of the units they bought sat unopened in storage for over ten years. AT&T, for its part, eventually sold off the division that produced the product.
I'm aware of five different TSD-3600 models produced between 1992 and the product's cancellation, differing in the cipher algorithm used. The TSD-3600D was the original, using standard DES with a 56 bit key. (These were quickly recalled and disappeared from the market after Clipper was announced). The 3600F was an exportable model that used a proprietary 40 bit cipher that, I was told, was "embarassingly" weak even given the short key. The 3600P used a proprietary 56 bit cipher similar to DES (but not inter-operable with the 3600D). The 3600E was the first controversial key escrowed model, with the then-classified Skipjack cipher and key escrow features implemented on a tamper-resistant MYK-78T Clipper chip. A later model, the 3600S, included a Clipper chip but would also downgrade (or upgrade, depending on your opinion of key escrow) to the F or P ciphers when communicating with those models. All five models use a Diffie-Hellman key exchange (768 bit, if I recall correctly) to establish a session key, a 4 character hash of which is displayed on each unit's LCD. To detect "man-in-the-middle" attacks, users could verify (by voice) that their displayed hashes matched.
This photo shows the TSD with an optional acoustic coupler and handset, allowing its use with virtually any telephone. The device can also be wired directly to the telephone.
Rodenstock Gerogon 240mm/9, Sinar P, BetterLight Super 6K-HS. Full resolution (6000x8000) version available.
Disclaimer: No emulsions were harmed in the making of this image.