View allAll Photos Tagged encryption
The Navajo nation has its headquarters in Window Rock, Arizona. We were spending the night in Gallup, New Mexico, which is just a few miles away. Late in the afternoon we decided to drive to Window Rock and maybe get a good sunset photo.
I wasn’t aware of the monument there to the Navajo code talkers. These men were recruited during WWII by the US Marines to operate the radios that were used for tactical communications on the battlefield. Because these were the days before voice encryption, the enemy could hear these transmissions. Transmitting in code words would be time consuming and error-prone, but something had to be done to guarantee secure communications.
Someone pointed out that the Navajo language is distinctively different from other Native American languages, and that almost all of the Navajo speakers in the world lived on the reservation. A group of Navajos was tasked with setting up a school to create modern words for military terms that weren’t in the Navajo language, and then they trained successive classes of Navajos for duty.
The project succeeded, and Navajos served in military units throughout WWII. None of their transmissions were ever deciphered by opposing troops. By now, only a few of these code talkers are still alive. This monument is a fine tribute to their service to their country.
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Alan Turing (1912-54) was an English mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst and computer scientist. He was highly influential in the development of computer science and is widely considered to be the father of both computer science and artificial intelligence. He was also the man who, with his team, broke the code of the highly complex Enigma and Lorenz cipher machines, which kept German military and strategic communications secret during the Second World War.
This is a detail from an outstanding life-size sculpture created from half a million pieces of slate by Stephen Kettle. It's to be found in the Block B museum at Bletchley Park, near Milton Keynes.
I’ve gone into a little more detail about Alan Turing here. It’s a tragic, yet inspirational, story.
Alan Turing (1912-54) was an English mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst and computer scientist of dazzling ability. He was highly influential in the development of computer science and is widely considered to be the father of both computer science and artificial intelligence.
More than that, perhaps, during the Second World War he and his team broke the code of the highly complex Enigma and Lorenz cipher machines, which kept German military and strategic communications secret. This meticulous, painstaking work was done at Bletchley Park, Britain’s code-breaking centre. After the war he worked at the National Physical Laboratory in Teddington, where he created one of the first designs for a stored-program computer, the ACE.
Alan Turing was gay, and was prosecuted in 1952, when homosexual acts (even between adults in private, as in his case) were illegal in the UK. This conviction resulted in his security clearance being removed, and despite his acknowledged brilliance he was barred from continuing with his cryptographic work for GCHQ. He committed suicide in 1954 at the age of 41. Fifty-five years later, in 2009, the British government formally apologised for the way in which he was treated after the war; and in 2013 he received a long overdue royal pardon.
This is a detail from an outstanding life-size sculpture in half a million pieces of slate by Stephen Kettle. It's to be found in the Block B museum at Bletchley Park, near Milton Keynes. Oh, and that's a portrait of Alan Turing in the background. Two heroes for the price of one.
View on black - it looks good.
IBM quantum processor internals on display at #MakerFaire 2018 San Mateo, California.
It's a #SignOfTheTimes that this type of processing has the potential to solve currently unsolvable problems at far lower than current power consumption and could render current encryption algorithms obsolete in less than a decade.
The actual processor is in the silver cylinder at the bottom marked with a "Q". In operation it would be in a container chilled to liquid helium temperatures around 4 degrees above absolute zero - much too warm for the processor. The various stages from top to bottom provide additional levels of cooling to bring the processor down to around 0.01 degrees above absolute zero, colder than deep space.
The tubes and rigid coax are part of the cooling system and guides that relay the microwave signals to and from the processor.
Disassembled an old hard drive that had failed. Always wanted to shoot the platters and head stack. These things have a nearly perfect mirrored surface, of course, which allows for some possibilities.
The real original is 18 megapixels (not uploaded here on Flickr), but it's still cool larger.
©2010 David C. Pearson, M.D.
Computers! Don't you love them?! I can't begin to tell you how much fun I'm having with mine at the moment. I keep my photos and lightroom catalogue on an external hard drive so that I can easily use it between systems. Last week I was running out of space so I ordered a larger drive and when it arrived went to copy everything across and it wouldn't. I've now been fighting with it for over a week and I may finally be close to some sort of success. I've lost some images, but nothing crucial I hope. All my images are still on the drive I just can't get it to copy them off. Like everyone I don't back up enough and my last backup was 3 months ago so if worse comes to worst I've only lost 3 months but it's annoying. I havent' totally figured out the problem. I use an encrypted partition and thought it was something to do with the encryption, then I thought it was bad sectors on the drive but now I think it is the drive controller itself. Wish me luck, I've been slowly salvaging folders in between crashes and I think I'm almost there now. Hopefully going to successfully rebuild everything tonight. :o)
I don't get much opportunity for photography and last weekend was one of my rare opportunities. As usual the clouds saw me coming and scooted off but to be honest I quite like nice sunny days and clear skies and it turned into a beautiful autumnal weekend with some of the best weather I've seen in Scotland for a long time.
I think I missed a trick with this shot because afterwards I realised it would probably have made a great vertorama.
Hebern Electric Code
This is the first encryption machine patented (1912) by Edward Hugh Hebern. Mr Hebern developed this while serving time as a horse thief.
This image has been digitally watermarked; unauthorised usage can be detected through Digimarc's Netspider. Digimarc encryption survives digital manipulation and even the printing process.
Some, but not all, of the images on this site can be purchased for reproduction elsewhere. Initial enquiries should be made via email to nirodez@gmail.com
Please remember to quote the image name (preferably with a brief description of the image) and give as much information as possible as to the probable usage. A fee can then be negotiated.
Copyright Protected - Niroshan de Silva 2007
Location: Srilanka
De Girona. DIPA. Aigua, malt d'ordi, civada, blat, llúpol (Mosaic, Citra, Azacca Cryo i Columbus) i llevat. 8%. Vaja, en els ingredients deia que duia gerds i lactosa i m'havia fet a la idea de tastar una Soma diferent, i no, no duu gerds i és de les típiques. Boníssima, això sí, com sempre amb Soma. #soma #dryhopping #IPA #IndiaPaleAle #IndianPaleAle #ale #localbeer #craftbeer #cervesaartesana #cervesaartesanal #beer #pivo #birra #cervesa #cerveza #olut #øl #пиво #bière #beerporn #beergeek #beernerd #craftbeerlive #localbeer#hophead #craftbeernotcrapbeer #craftbeerporn #starkol #piwo #beerpic #bierre
Please give attribution to 'ccPixs.com' (and point the link to www.ccPixs.com). Thanks!
Social Media: www.seywut.com/Chris
"A thermocline (sometimes metalimnion in lakes) is a thin but distinct layer in a large body of fluid (e.g. water, such as an ocean or lake, or air, such as an atmosphere) in which temperature changes more rapidly with depth than it does in the layers above or below."
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermocline
I was taught about this when learning to scuba dive. The strong warm/cool split of this image made me think of it. And then my mind wandered to how strange it is that I can dig up this tiny tidbit of information I heard years ago (and haven't thought much since then) but I can't remember where I put my keys two minutes ago, or the chords to that song I wrote the other day. I think our brains could use a less destructive encryption method and more hard drive space. Hurry up Science, my clock is ticking!
I made this image from 548 photos. I stacked the first 228 using the ultra streaks present in this script, advancedstacker.com and the last 320 photos were stacked "normally" with the lighten layer blending mode. (also automated with the advanced stacker script)
this strange mark appeared on my hand tonight... wish i knew what it meant :-P
photo replaced 8/18 with cropped version that appears in Scientific American magazine, September 2007 issue, p30
The Enigma Machine played a key role in World War II. The German military depended on the Enigma Machine to encrypt communications, but the Allies invested a tremendous amount of effort in decryption and achieved significant success. This provided the Allies a large advantage.
I believe this is a German Wehrmacht (military) Enigma (please let me know if that is not correct). Near the top are the keys pressed by the operator, entering the characters to be encrypted. Beyond the keyboard is the lampboard. As the operator pressed a key, the encrypted version of that letter would light on the lampboard. At the bottom of the photo is the plugboard. Routine wires in different ways on the plugboard contributed to the encryption of characters.
Seen at the National World War II Museum in New Orleans, Louisiana.
Keith Little, one of the last living Navajo Code Talkers, passed away on Tuesday, January 3rd, 2011. His friend, Chester Nez, died last Wednesday, June 4, 2014, and was the last of the Code Talkers. I bumped into Keith and eleven of his fellow Code Talkers on New York's Fifth Avenue located toward the end of the City's 2011 Veteran's Day parade (all I was trying to do was to get across Fifth Avenue to meet friends). I first read about them in the book, "With the Old Breed," by Eugene Sledge. Keith recalls being a young Navajo boy at a reservation school and being reprimanded for speaking his native language. And yet it was this skill -- and his dignity in the face of such prejudice -- that made him and his fellow Code Talkers so exceptional. I feel as if we have lost a special link. He was recruited as a very young man in 1943 to join 420 Navajos in a special encryption unit of the US Marines. The Code Talkers transmitted and received messages in their native Navajo language. They were assigned to all Marine Units and were in the front lines of all of the Pacific battlefields of World War II (Keith was a member of the 4th Marine Division). The code proved unbreakable given its uniqueness and the fact that it was an unwritten language that depended on the tone of a word for its meaning -- so complex that it really needed to be learned in childhood. The specific code eventually grew to include 411 Navajo words.
SEC 280 Final Exam
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SEC 280 Final Exam
(TCO 2) What is XKMS?
Key Management Specification, which defines services to manage PKI operations within the Extensible Markup Language (XML) environment
An XML standard for e-mail encryption
An XML standard that is used for wireless data exchange
A primary XML standard that is for application development
(TCO 2) All of the following are techniques used by a social engineer EXCEPT for which one?
An attacker replaces a blank deposit slip in a bank lobby with one containing his own account number
An attacker calls up the IT department posing as an employee and requests a password reset
An attacker runs a brute-force attack on a password
An attacker sends a forged e-mail with a link to a bogus website that has been set to obtain personal information
(TCO 2) Attackers need a certain amount of information before launching their attack. One common place to find information is to go through the trash of the target to find information that could be useful to the attacker. This process of going through a target’s trash is known in the community as _____
Trash rummaging
Garbage surfing
Piggy diving
Dumpster diving
(TCO 2) What are the SSL and TLS used for?
A means of securing application programs on the system
To secure communication over the Internet
A method to change from one form of PKI infrastructure to another
A secure way to reduce the amount of SPAM a system receives
(TCO 2) What are the security risks of installing games on an organization’s system?
There are no significant risks
Users can’t always be sure where the software came from and it may have hidden software inside of it.
The users may play during work hours instead of during breaks
The games may take up too much memory on the computer and slow down processing, making it difficult to work
(TCO 2) What is the ISO 17799?
A standard for creating and implementing security policies
A standard for international encryption of e-mail
A document used to develop physical security for a building
A document describing the details of wireless encryption
(TCO 3) A(n) _____ is a network typically smaller in terms of size and geographic coverage, and consists of two or more connected devices. Home or office networks are typically classified as this type of network
Local-area network
Office-area network
Wide-area network
(TCO 3) What is the main difference between TCP and UDP packets?
UDP packets are a more widely used protocol
TCP packets are smaller and thus more efficient to use
TCP packets are connection oriented, whereas UPD packets are connectionless
UDP is considered to be more reliable because it performs error checking
Internal-area network
(TCO 3) Unfortunately, hackers abuse the ICMP protocol by using it to _____.
Send Internet worms
Launch denial-of-service (DoS) attacks
Steal passwords and credit card numbers
Send spam
(TCO 3) Which transport layer protocol is connectionless?
UDP
TCP
IP
ICMP
(TCO 3) Which of the following is a benefit provided by Network Address Translation (NAT)?
Compensates for the lack of IP addresses
Allows devices using two different protocols to communicate
Creates a DMZ
Translates MAC addresses to IP addresses
(TCO 3) Which transport layer protocol is connection oriented?
UDP
RCP
IS
ICMP
(TCO 3) Which of the following is an example of a MAC address?
00:07:H9:c8:ff:00
00:39:c8:ff:00
00:07:e9:c8:ff:00
00:07:59:c8:ff:00:e8
(TCO 4) All of the following statements sum up the characteristics and requirements of proper private key use EXCEPT which one?
The key should be stored securely
The key should be shared only with others whom you trust
Authentication should be required before the key can be used
The key should be transported securely
(TCO 4) It is easier to implement, back up, and recover keys in a _____.
Centralized infrastructure
Decentralized infrastructure
Hybrid infrastructure
Peer-to-peer infrastructure
(TCO 4) When a message sent by a user is digitally signed with a private key, the person will not be able to deny sending the message. This application of encryption is an example of _____.
Authentication
Nonrepudiation
Confidentiality
Auditing
(TCO 4) Outsourced CAs are different from public CAs in what way?
Outsourced services can be used by hundreds of companies
Outsourced services provide dedicated services and equipment to individual companies
Outsourced services do not maintain specific servers and infrastructures for individual companies
Outsourced services are different in name only. They are essentially the same thing
(TCO 4) Cryptographic algorithms are used for all of the following EXCEPT _____.
Confidentiality
Integrity
Availability
Authentication
(TCO 6) A hub operates at which of the following?
Layer 1, the physical layer
Layer 2, the data-link layer
Layer 2, the MAC layer
Layer 3, the network layer
(TCO 6) Alice sends an e-mail that she encrypts with a shared key, which only she and Bob have. Upon receipt, Bob decrypts the e-mail and reads it. This application of encryption is an example of _____.
Confidentiality
Integrity
Authentication
Nonrepudiation
(TCO 6) The following are steps in securing a workstation EXCEPT _____.
Install NetBIOS and IPX
Install antivirus
Remove unnecessary software
Disable unnecessary user accounts
(TCO 8) Which of the following is a characteristic of the Patriot Act?
Extends the tap-and-trace provisions of existing wiretap statutes to the Internet, and mandates certain technological modifications at ISPs to facilitate electronic wiretaps on the Internet
A major piece of legislation affecting the financial industry, and also one with significant privacy provisions for individuals
Makes it a violation of federal law to knowingly use another’s identity
Implements the principle that a signature, contract, or other record may not be deleted
Denies legal effect, validity, or enforceability solely because it is electronic form
(TCO 8) The Wassenaar Arrangement can be described as which of the following?
An international arrangement on export controls for conventional arms as well as dual-use goods and technologies
An international arrangement on import controls
A rule governing import of encryption in the United States
A rule governing export of encryption in the United States
(TCO 8) What is the Convention on Cybercrime?
A convention of black hats who trade hacking secrets
The first international treaty on crimes committed via the Internet and other computer networks
A convention of white hats who trade hacker prevention knowledge
A treaty regulating international conventions
(TCO 8) The electronic signatures in the Global and National Commerce Act _____.
Implement the principle that a signature, contract, or other record may not be denied legal effect, validity, or enforceability solely because it is electronic form
Address a myriad of legal privacy issues resulting from the increased use of computers and other technology specific to telecommunications
Make it a violation of federal law to knowingly use another’s identity
Are a major piece of legislation affecting the financial industry, and contains significant privacy provisions for individuals
(TCO 2) Give an example of a hoax and how it might actually be destructive
(TCO 2) What are the various ways a backup can be conducted and stored?
Backups should include the organization’s critical data, and…
(TCO 2) List at least five types of disasters that can damage or destroy the information of an organization
(TCO 2) List the four ways backups are conducted and stored.
Full back up, differential backup,…
(TCO 2) List at least five types of disasters that can damage or destroy the information of an organization.
Flood, chemical spill…
(TCO 2) Your boss wants you to give him some suggestions for a policy stating what the individual user responsibilities for information security should be. Create a bulleted list of those responsibilities.
Do not divulge sensitive information to individuals…
(TCO 3) What is the difference between TCP and UDP?
UDP is known as a connectionless protocol, as it has very few…
(TCO 3) List three kinds of information contained in an IP packet header
A unique identifier, distinguishing this packet from other packets…
(TCO 4) What are the laws that govern encryption and digital rights management?
Encryption technology is used to protect digital…
(TCO 5) Describe the laws that govern digital signatures
Digital signatures have the same…
(TCO 6) What are some of the security issues associated with web applications and plug-ins?
Web browsers have mechanisms to enable…
(TCO 6) What are the four common methods for connecting equipment at the physical layer?
Coaxial cable, twisted-pair…
(TCO 6) Describe the functioning of the SSL/TLS suite
SSL and TLS use a combination of symmetric and…
(TCO 6) Explain a simple way to combat boot disks
Disable them or… them in the…
(TCO 7) What are some ethical issues associated with information security?
Ethics is the social-moral environment in which a person makes…
(TCO 9) What are password and domain password policies?
Password complexity policies are designed to deter brute force attacks by increasing the number of possible passwords…
WWII Code Machine, German Secret Service (Abwehr). Bletchley Park Museum, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, UK,
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The SZ-40 was an electro-mechanical wheel-based cipher machine for teleprinter signals (telex). It was developed by Lorenz and used during WWII by the German Army for communication at the highest level. The machine was improved twice (SZ-42a and SZ-42b) and was broken during WWII by the codebreakers at Bletchley Park (UK) with the aid of Colossus, the first electronic digital computer. The SZ-40/42 was codenamed TUNNY by the codebreakers at Bletchley Park.
During WWII, the German Army used a variety of cipher machines, of which the Enigma machine is probably known best. For secure teleprinter communication (telex) they used the Siemens T-52 Geheimschreiber, the Lorenz SZ-40, and later the Siemens T-43 one-time pad machine.
The Lorenz SZ-40/42 was used by the German Army High Command (Oberst-Kommando der Wehrmacht, or OKW) for communication at the highest level, between Hitler and his Generals. The machine was called Schlüsselzusatz (SZ) which means Encryption Add-on. It was connected between a teleprinter and the line, and was suitable for both online and offline use.
Only a small number of SZ-40 and SZ-42 units were ever built. The image above shows one of the very few machines that have survived. It was found in Germany and is now on public display in the museum at Bletchley Park.
Please note that the Lorenz SZ-40/42 is often mistakenly called Geheimschreiber, for example in the 2012 BBC Documentary The Lost Heroes of Bletchley Park. The name Geheimschreiber was used for the Siemens T-52 and not for the SZ-42. Although the two machines use a similar principle, they are not identical and should not be confused. The T-52 was mostly used on landlines (telex) rather than via radio, making interception far more difficult. Nevertheless it was broken occasionally by Bletchley Park and, on a larger scale, by Swedish codebreakers.
As the 21st century dawned, an emerging generation of artists expanded the performance of self-fashioning, in which dress functions as a signifier of disidentification with the dominant social orders; their aim was to formulate modes of expression that affirm communal identity. In an age when issues of race, ethnicity, religion, gender, and sovereignty dominate national and geopolitical discourse, textiles, "as dense and multivalent sites of encryption," may, art historian Julia Bryan-Wilson argues, "alert others to our sense of self and signal our attempt to collectively belong."
In 2003 Liz Collins created "Pride Dress", in collaboration with designer Gary Graham, as part of a series of representations of the seven deadly sins. Today, the tattered gown with its torn and distressed flags precariously tacked together transcends its initial signification to reverberate with the roiling gender wars that rend the fabric of American society.
One-time pads (OTP) are used to encode/decode agent communications. They are issued in matching sets of two: one for the encoder and one for the decoder, and no two pages are alike. Each sheet contains a random key in the form of five-digit groups. Once a sheet has been used to encode a message, it is torn off the pad and destroyed. If used as designed, encryption by OTP is virtually unbreakable.
For more information on CIA history and this artifact please visit www.cia.gov
Maker: C. Cook from a photograph by William Edward Kilburn
Born: UK
Active: UK
Medium: engraving
Size: 5 in x 4 in
Location:
Object No. 2016.953
Shelf: B-40
Publication: The Universal Dictionary of Universal Biography: A series of original memoirs of distinguished men. Published by William MacKenzie, Paternoster Row, London, 1870
Denis Pellerin, Stereoscopy, The Dawn of 3-D, London, Stereoscopic Company, pg 114
Helmut Gernsheim, The Rise of Photography 1850-1880, The Age of Collodion, Thames and Hudson, London, 1988, pg 42
Helmut and Alison Gernsheim, The History of Photography, 1969, McGraw-Hill, New York, fig 115
Other Collections:
Provenance:
Notes: Sir Charles Wheatstone (6 February 1802 – 19 October 1875), was an English scientist and inventor of many scientific breakthroughs of the Victorian era, including the English concertina, the stereoscope (a device for displaying three-dimensional images), and the Playfair cipher (an encryption technique). However, Wheatstone is best known for his contributions in the development of the Wheatstone bridge, originally invented by Samuel Hunter Christie, which is used to measure an unknown electrical resistance, and as a major figure in the development of telegraphy.
To view our archive organized by themes and subjects, visit: OUR COLLECTIONS
For information about reproducing this image, visit: THE HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY ARCHIVE
One of my favourite parts of Worcester Cathedral and certainly one of the oldest and most evocative spaces there. This is the Romanesque crypt beneath the body of the main church and filled with simply carved columns and an intricate network of unadorned vaults.
The low light conditions and slightly jarring artificial lighting made this image a difficult on to know how to process. The format too, square, was not the original intention. The full format image was strong, but confused by wall lights and other furniture and this square crop and duo tone processing was ultimately the best solution all round.
||ALERT:
\\This CIA Emergency Broadcasting Alerts-Encryption 227.6//
Delta has struck! I repeat, Delta has struck!
This has been CIA Emergency Broadcasting Alerts-Encryption 227.6. Over and Out.//
Mission Brief- At 12:11:23, Delta Operators landed at a remote compound in central-southwest Asia. They stormed the compound, however found no trace of Jade, the target of operative "Specter", however found Specter alive in a cell. They immediately left the compound after confirming that "Jade" was not in the compound. As they were leaving, a small biplane was noted leaving a nearby airfield which was also searched with no sign of Jade. Fighter escorts followed the plane but were unable to board it. A task force has been deployed to search the area. Specter is now safe at CIA Headquarters, preparing for when Jade is located. ||
Review up later.
Also Brickmania's account got deleted!! O_O
AT&T TSD-3600E Telephone Security Device, an encrypting telephone from 1993 based on the controversial Clipper Chip
The Clipper chip was the flagship component of a controversial National Security Agency-designed "key escrow" cryptography scheme, in which intercepted encrypted traffic could be decrypted easily by law enforcement or intelligence agencies for surveillance purposes. The program was extremely controversial and, in the end, not a success. Aside from the obvious fundamental problems (the security risks of having a large database of citizen's keys, the need to implement cryptography in expensive secret hardware, etc), the Clipper architecture had technical flaws that made it possible to circumvent the escrow features and preclude the possibility of law enforcement access. (See "Protocol Failure in the Escrowed Encryption Standard" [pdf format], for details.)
AT&T (my employer at the time) was the first (and ultimately only) company to produce a product based on the ill-fated system. The AT&T TSD-3600, announced in 1992, was a voice encryption device designed to be installed in a standard telephone (between the phone base and the handset). Calls placed to other TSD-3600-equipped telephones could be automatically digitized (at 4800bps) and encrypted, making eavesdropping on the conversation (by legal or illegal means) effectively infeasible. When the US government learned of AT&T's plans to market the device, it worried that criminals might used them to thwart wiretaps. Plans for a new encryption system with a wiretap backdoor were hurriedly drawn up by the NSA, and AT&T was persuaded to replace the regular (non-escrowed) DES-based encryption scheme in the original TSD product with the new system, called the Clipper chip. The Clipper-based model TSD-3600E hit the market in 1993. As incentive for AT&T's cooperation, the government agreed to purchase a significant quantity of Clipper-equipped TSD-3600Es, which sold for over $1000 each in quantity.
Hobbled by the controversial key escrow features and the high retail price, the government ended up being the TSD's only major customer, and even most of the units they bought sat unopened in storage for over ten years. AT&T, for its part, eventually sold off the division that produced the product.
I'm aware of five different TSD-3600 models produced between 1992 and the product's cancellation, differing in the cipher algorithm used. The TSD-3600D was the original, using standard DES with a 56 bit key. (These were quickly recalled and disappeared from the market after Clipper was announced). The 3600F was an exportable model that used a proprietary 40 bit cipher that, I was told, was "embarassingly" weak even given the short key. The 3600P used a proprietary 56 bit cipher similar to DES (but not inter-operable with the 3600D). The 3600E was the first controversial key escrowed model, with the then-classified Skipjack cipher and key escrow features implemented on a tamper-resistant MYK-78T Clipper chip. A later model, the 3600S, included a Clipper chip but would also downgrade (or upgrade, depending on your opinion of key escrow) to the F or P ciphers when communicating with those models. All five models use a Diffie-Hellman key exchange (768 bit, if I recall correctly) to establish a session key, a 4 character hash of which is displayed on each unit's LCD. To detect "man-in-the-middle" attacks, users could verify (by voice) that their displayed hashes matched.
This photo shows the TSD with an optional acoustic coupler and handset, allowing its use with virtually any telephone. The device can also be wired directly to the telephone.
Rodenstock Gerogon 240mm/9, Sinar P, BetterLight Super 6K-HS. Full resolution (6000x8000) version available.
Disclaimer: No emulsions were harmed in the making of this image.
What may look like a inconspicuous typewriter in a wooden box is actually the legendary Enigma cipher machine.
The enigma is a electro-mechanical rotor machine, which can be used for the encryption and decryption of secret text messages. Initially the Enigma was a commercially used ciphering machine which has been patented in 1918 by Arthur Scherbius. Later versions of the Enigma used four scrambling devices (three rotors and a reflector) and an additional plugboard, and performed polyalphabetic substitution. Whenever a letter is typed, a different substitution letter is illuminated on the display. At the same time, the rotors are moved, which yields a different substitution for the next letter.
The Enigma was surely the most legendary ciphering device. However, it possessed some weak points, which could be found and exploited by the codebreakers of Bletchley Park to build an electromechanical device (The Bombe) for deciphering messages encrypted by different versions of Enigma machines.
just before shipping the first Signal integration today.
CONGRATS to Joshua Goldbard and his amazing tech team... real artists!
WIRED: "Signal has integrated support for the cryptocurrency MobileCoin, a form of digital cash designed to work efficiently on mobile devices while protecting users' privacy and even their anonymity. Marlinspike says Signal chose to integrate MobileCoin because it has the most seamless user experience on mobile devices, requiring little storage space on the phone and needing only seconds for transactions to be confirmed. Zcash or Monero payments, by contrast, take minutes to complete transactions. "You're using a cryptocurrency with state-of-the-art encryption, but from your perspective, it feels like Venmo," says MobileCoin's founder Josh Goldbard.
The mechanics of how MobileCoin works to ensure its transactions' privacy and anonymity are—even for the world of cryptocurrency—practically a Rube Goldberg machine in their complexity. Like Monero, MobileCoin uses a protocol called CryptoNote and a technique it integrates known as Ring Confidential Transactions to mix up users' transactions, which makes tracing them vastly far more difficult and also hides the amount of transactions. But like Zcash, it also uses a technique called zero-knowledge proofs—specifically a form of those mathematical proofs known as Bulletproofs—that can guarantee a transaction has occurred without revealing its value.
On top of all those techniques, MobileCoin takes advantage of the SGX feature of Intel processors, which is designed to allow a server to run code that even the server's operator can't alter. MobileCoin uses that feature to ensure that servers in its network are deleting all lingering information about the transactions they carry out after the fact and leave only a kind of cryptographic receipt that proves the transaction occurred.”
The Verge: "Signal announced on Tuesday it’s now testing a new peer-to-peer payments system in the beta version of its apps. Appropriately called Signal Payments, the new feature right now supports only one protocol: the MobileCoin wallet and its companion cryptocurrency MOB. MobileCoin’s design means Signal does not have access to your balance, full transaction history, or funds. You can also transfer your funds at any time if you want to switch to another app or service.”
Depiction in slate at Bletchley Park of the most celebrated cryptographer's of the 2nd World War.
He helped crack the Enigma encryption devices and their later developments including the Lorentz at Bletchley Park.
In 2008 we went to Pueblo Grande for the Annual Indian Market in Phoenix. The Navajo (Diné) Code Talkers played a vital role in winning World War II in the Pacific. Only one of the original 29 Code Talkers is still living. However, after they were established in 1942 there were approximately 400 Code Talkers.
During the early months of WW II Japanese intelligence experts broke every code the US forces devised. They were able to anticipate American actions at an alarming rate. With plenty of fluent English speakers at their disposal, they sabotaged messages and issued false commands to ambush Allied troops. To combat this, increasingly complex codes were initiated. At Guadalcanal, military leaders finally complained that sending and receiving these codes required hours of encryption and decryption—up to two and a half hours for a single message. They rightly argued the military needed a better way to communicate.
When Phillip Johnston, a civilian living in California learned of the crisis, he had the answer. As the son of a Protestant missionary, Johnston had grown up on the Navajo reservation and was one of less than 30 outsiders fluent in their difficult language. He realized that since it had no alphabet and was almost impossible to master without early exposure, the Navajo language had great potential as an indecipherable code. After an impressive demonstration to top commanders, he was given permission to begin a Navajo Code Talker test program.
Their elite unit was formed in early 1942 when the first 29 Navajo Code Talkers were recruited by Johnston. Although the code was modified and expanded throughout the war, this first group was the one to conceive it. Accordingly, they are often referred to reverently as the original 29. Many of these enlistees were just boys; most had never been away from home before. Often lacking birth certificates, it was impossible to verify ages. After the war it was discovered that recruits as young as 15 and as old as 35 had enlisted. Age notwithstanding, they easily bore the rigors of basic training, thanks to their upbringing in the southwestern desert.
The code was as ingenious as it was effective. It originated as approximately 200 terms—growing to over 600 by war's end—and could communicate in 20 seconds what took coding machines of the time 30 minutes to do. It consisted of native terms that were associated with the respective military terms they resembled. For example, the Navajo word for turtle meant tank, and a dive-bomber was a chicken hawk. To supplement those terms, words could be spelled out using Navajo terms assigned to individual letters of the alphabet—the selection of the Navajo term being based on the first letter of the Navajo word's English meaning. For instance, Wo-La-Chee means ant, and would represent the letter A. In this way the Navajo Code Talkers could quickly and concisely communicate with each other in a manner even uninitiated Navajos could not understand.
Once trained, the Navajo Code Talkers were sent to Marine divisions in the Pacific theater of WWII. Despite some initial skepticism by commanding officers, they quickly gained a distinguished reputation for their remarkable abilities. In the field, they were not allowed to write any part of the code down as a reference. They became living codes, and even under harried battle conditions, had to rapidly recall every word with utmost precision or risk hundreds or thousands of lives. In the battle for Iwo Jima, in the first 48 hours alone, they coded over 800 transmissions with perfect accuracy. Their heroism is widely acknowledged as the lynchpin of victory in the pivotal conflict.