Economic and Social History Group - People and their Industry
View allAll Photos Tagged economic
Singapore is a wonderful country with so much to admire about the friendly people and their amazing work ethic. As with all economic success stories though the green tends to give way to glass and concrete.
There are so many brilliant cityscapes of this place that I made a point of looking for some alternative views. This is a combination of three images merged into a HDR process.
Another upload and run but I will catch up with the world of Flickr and my good friends on here soon.
Psalm 64:2 “Hide me from the conspiracy of the wicked, from the plots of evildoers.”
Psalm 64:5 “They concoct an evil scheme for themselves; they enumerate their hidden snares; they say, ‘Who will see them?’”
World Economic Forum: “This is how rice is hurting the planet”.
“Global rice production is releasing damaging greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, doing as much harm as 1,200 average-sized coal power stations, according to the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF).”
www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/06/how-rice-is-hurting-the-pl...
BBC News: “Planting trees doesn’t always help with climate change”. (If you want to see a perfect example of how to spin propaganda, then bore yourself to death with this pathetic article.)
“As a result, there is a delicate balance between trees’ ability to take in CO2, reducing warming, and their tendency to trap additional heat and thus create warming. This means planting trees only helps stop climate change in certain places.”
www.bbc.com/future/article/20200521-planting-trees-doesnt...
If you haven’t figured it out yet: net-zero is antihuman, and it will lead to worldwide authoritarianism. Global dimming (GeoEngineering): let’s kill life. Cow farts: let’s kill the cows. Rice is bad: let’s starve the people. Trees: they aren’t so great, they’re also part of the problem. In fact, all life is part of the problem! We must slowly destroy all life on earth to save the planet. The dystopian future never looked brighter! Book of Revelation, here we come!
CLICK on image to view full size! Some of the buildings in Conway NC seem to have fallen on hard times. Never did find out what it was, by the looks possibly a store of some description. Later a flea market and now it appears to be waiting to collapse. Even the vegetation is attacking the top.
"City officials have labeled your neighborhood as having some of Indy’s highest rates of violent crime and economic hardship."
Bring it.
The image shows the estimated economic losses in Euro for residential buildings in the city of Molinella. They were computed exploiting the SaferPlaces platform damage model using the water depth maps as input.
Credits: ESA (Processed by SaferPlaces and overlaid on Google’s VHR basemap)
It’s all by design! The Great Reset requires a currency crisis, so that we can Build Back Better. We must crash the economy and implement a fiat Central Bank Digital Currency, a Digital ID, and a Social Credit Score System—“Fascism on the Block Chain!” We will weaponize the whole currency system. We will reset the economy to a surveillance economy. It’s the surveillance era! Surveillance Capitalism/Data Capitalism: leading us down the road to Digital Feudalism. Techno-Feudalism…yay! This new Digital Economy will have programmable currency, which will be tied to vast databases that will surveil your behavior. Elvis has entered the building: “We’re caught in a trap! I can't walk out!” Step right up: get your Universal Basic Income Central Bank Digital Currency allowance. Then you can become a Global Citizen of the New World Order Digital Welfare state…woohoo! Please give me Digital Welfare!
We will be able to control every aspect of your lives. With programmable Central Bank Digital Currency we will eventually bar you from buying precious metals. Kiss your gold good-bye! You won’t be able to save your money, because it will have an expiry date. We will program your digital money, so that you can’t spend it outside your 15-minute city/neighbourhood/prison. Like the World Economic Forum mantra says: you will own nothing and be happy! You will literally rent everything you use. If you’re a good little doggy you’ll be rewarded, but if you’re a bad little doggy you’ll be punished. We will regulate who you can see, what you can eat, and where you can go. Digital slavery, here we come!
Trillions of dollars in debt: inflation, stagflation, and hyperinflation. “From dirty cash, to digital trash.” The banks will legally take money out of your bank account when everything collapses. Remember what happened in the Financial Crisis of Cyprus? The banks seized people’s money. Bye-bye savings. Bye-bye middle class. Bank run! Say what? The system’s locked up. Transactions have stopped. I can’t get my money out of the bank! I can’t use my debit card! I can’t use my credit card! My money is gone! Read ‘em and weep, boys; the writing is on the wall.
In a few years down the road we will microchip the sheeple. A new transhuman slave race…woohoo! This slave race will bow to the Image of the Beast—the ultimate ChatGPT. His image will be set up on a wing of the temple. If you can’t get to the temple to worship, his image will show up as a hologram in your transhuman mind. The Beast hologram will say: worship me or die! The AI Beast Computer will hit your kill switch if you don’t bow down to worship him. Watch out, he will know if you’re sincerely worshiping him or not. Isn’t it going to be fun when we’re living in the Book of Revelation? 666: you can’t buy or sell without the Mark of the Beast! Isn’t it interesting to watch as the Beast system is being put in place?
Economic was a brand name used by South Shields Busways on their Sunderland - South Shields E1 and E2 bus services.
Use of the name was a 'nod' to the former Economic Motor Services bus company of Whitburn. Economic had operated these services until 1975, when the company was acquired by Tyne and Wear PTE (TWPTE), the forebear of the Busways Group. Busways buses bearing the Economic name also wore a pseudo version of the Economic maroon/cream livery, as seen here.
646, a Alexander bodied Leyland Olympian had been new to TWPTE in early 1986, and was amongst some of the last buses purchased by the PTE. When this picture was taken in 1992, 646 had not long been painted into Economic colours, having previously been painted into South Shields Busway's attractive yellow, white and blue livery.
The bus saw its days out working for Travel A2Z of Walsall, a short-lived independent bus operation in the West Midlands circa 2006-7.
Photo - 28th April 1992.
SSC - Strata/layers
I spent a very enjoyable day on Wednesday at a photo day at Landguard Fort, Felixstowe. As luck would have it, it was right beside Felixstowe Container Port, so was able to get this shot of just a few layers of the containers at the port.
"The day is not far off when the economic problem will take the back seat where it belongs, and the arena of the heart and the head will be occupied or reoccupied, by our real problems - the problems of life and of human relations, of creation and behavior and religion. - John Maynard Keynes"
It is time to stop splitting hairs. It is time to act!
Macro Monday project – 08/19/13
“Shell”
Eastwood Training Estate, Chesterton Rd, Rotherham
South Yorkshire Transport Trust Open Day on July 24, 2022
AEC Reliance Roe Dalesman
"Uncertainty is the refuge of hope. - Henri Frederic Amiel"
Macro Monday project – 08/26/13
“Zig Zag”
Images are Copyrighted to Greg Collins unless stated otherwise.
All rights reserved means just that, I will not tolerate photographs to be taken and reused without permission.
Found in Old Car City, USA. Located in White, Georgia on the 411 Highway. A massive junkyard in state of arranged decay where the cars are slowly being taken back into the earth.
Published as part of a story map in the 2021 annual report of the Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Berne (www.cde.unibe.ch)
Special economic zone in the former Tathluang marshes, Vientiane, Lao PDR
Hadley Gamble, Reporter and Anchor, CNBC, United Kingdom, H.H. Prince Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Saudi Arabia, speaking in the A New Security Architecture in the Middle East session at the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2022 in Davos-Klosters, Switzerland, 24 May. Congress Centre - Aspen 2. Copyright: World Economic Forum/Sandra Blaser
The Longevity Challenge: Rewiring Economies for Longer Lives. Soon Joo Gog, Chief Skills Officer, SkillsFuture Singapore, Singapore. Lynda Gratton, Professor of Management Practice, London Business School, United Kingdom. Graham Pearce, Partner, Global Defined Benefit Segment Leader, Mercer, Germany. Sandra Phlippen, Chief Economist, ABN AMRO, Netherlands
Juliet Mann, TV Host, China Global Television Network (CGTN), People's Republic of China
Wednesday 3 May 2023
13.30 - 14.15
Stakeholder Dialogue
World Economic Forum Headquarters, Mont Blanc ABC
Copyright: World Economic Forum/Jean-Luc Auboeuf
The Growth Summit: Jobs and Opportunity for All 2023 in Geneva, Switzerland
Every day the news seems to have some new prediction of economic doom for Europe. First Greece, then Spain, then France. Today some doofus says on CNBC that "The Western World is 'Finished Financially' ". You know, that is just not helpful.
Music: Phoenix - Lisztomania
Say hello to Christian. He was already in two prior shots I think. Last week we were in Berlin and that is in some random cafe. He took the newspaper and scrolled through the economic part :-)
At first he thought I'd give him a hard time, following him with my camera. After a while he realised that he doesn't look too bad on the photos. So he was patiently posing for me (later on, because that was the first shot of the day)...
I have edited it several times, tried different versions. It was not too easy because the black part in the right was actually another person who was bothering me. Now it looks rather like a curtain than a person ;-) Some other persons were also sitting in the left black area... It's also dark now. But i quite like the effect because it puts the focus on the very bright newspaper. Last night I finally had the breakthrough and I was oddly happy when I finished the photo. Perhaps a poet has the same feeling when he finishes one of his works =))
Busway 280, wearing the colours of former independent Ecomonic Motors, off loads passengers next to the open-air market in Church Way, South Shields on a rainy 11th August 1987. The old Economic fleet colours were reserected by Busways in the mid 1980s for the service between South Shields and Sunderland, a route which had been formerly operated by the original independant, until it was acquired by Tyne & Wear PTE in the 1970s.
Busways themselves became part of the Stagecoach Group in 1995.
Google Streetview of the scene today:
The graduate of the art academy, Aurel Dahlgren, collected water for 19 weeks with a dehumidifying system in a water storage tank. Still, he continues it. The water drips from the balcony into the basin - the reason for the bubbles.
It was not an economic bubble, but a good investment for his future career. He is the winner of the Ehrenhof Art Award. Aurel will get his first exhibition in the Düsseldorf Kunstpalast, a museum of great reputation.
Congrats to this awesome young artist.
Spekulationsblasen ? ....
19 Wochen sammelte der Student, Aurel Dahlgrün, Wasser für seine Abschlussarbeit, an der Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, in Kanistern, um seinem Becken eine Grundfüllung geben zu können.
Auf der Empore seines Ateliers läuft ein Enfeuchtungsgerät kontinuierlich weiter und gibt das Kondens-Wasser, über einen Schlauch, an das Becken ab. Durch die Fallhöhe entstehen Blasen.
Wenn Kunst Kreise zieht ...
Die Idee dem Raum etwas zu entnehmen und es ihm wieder zurück zu geben und dadurch den Raum zu spiegeln beeindruckte die Jury, und so gewann er den Ehrenhofpreis.
Er erhält eine Ausstellung im berühmten Düsseldorfer Kunstpalast. Das dürfte der Beginn einer Künstlerkarriere sein.
Ich würde es dem sympathischen jungen Mann sehr gönnen !
ƒ/5.6 24.0 mm 1/50 500
DSC_6784_89_pt2
"Conflicting Economic Indicators Challenge Fed’s Policy Makers" by BINYAMIN APPELBAUM via NYT t.co/H3SZC6RjoG (via Twitter twitter.com/felipemassone/status/695770353348571137)
Company/Owner: Victory Liner, Inc.
Fleet/Bus Number: 2512
Classification: Air-conditioned Provincial Bus
Coachbuilder: Santarosa Motor Works, Inc./Columbian Manufacturing Corporation
Body Model: Daewoo/Santarosa BS106
Engine Model: Doosan DE08TIS
Chassis Model: Daewoo BS106 (PL5UM52HDGK)
Transmission: 6-speed Manual Transmission
Suspension: Leaf Spring Suspension
Seating Configuration: 3×2
Seating Capacity: 61
Franchise route: Divisoria (Manila)–Apalit (Pampanga)
Route: Divisoria, Manila City [DIV, MN]/Monumento, Caloocan City [CAL]–Apalit, Pampanga [APT, PP] via E1 (NLEX-Balintawak–NLEX-Tabang) / N2 (MacArthur Highway)
Municipalities/cities passing: Tabang (Guiguinto)/Malolos City [MLS]/Calumpit
Type of Operation: Provincial Operation Public Utility Bus (Economy Class)
Area of Operation: Central Luzon (Region III)
Shot Location: N2 (MacArthur Highway), Barangay San Vicente, Apalit, Pampanga
Date Taken: May 16, 2018
Notices:
* Please DON'T GRAB A PHOTO WITHOUT A PERMISSION. If you're going to GRAB IT, please give A CREDIT TO THE OWNER. Also, don't PRINT SCREEN my photos.
** If I have mistakes on the specifications, please comment in a good manner so that I can edit it immediately.
*** The specifications and routes (for provincial, inter-provincial, and city operation) mentioned above are subjected for verification and may be changed without prior notice.
**** The vehicle's registration plate(s), conduction sticker(s), and/or persons (if applicable) were pixelated/blurred to prevent any conflict with the photographer, the bus company and/or to the car owner for their security and/or privacy purposes. So, don't use their plate number, conduction sticker, and vehicle tag as an evidence for any incident. And, I have taken this photo for bus fanatics, bus enthusiasts, and bus lovers purposes.
Über die Feiertage bin ich wieder etwas mehr dazu gekommen, einige Fotoblogs zu lesen. Dabei bin ich unter anderem auf die Lost Place Reihe von Daniel Schmitt auf kwerfeldein gestoßen, die mich sehr ansprach. Daher habe ich mich jetzt im neuen Jahr gleich einmal an den Rechner gesetzt und geguckt, ob ich solche Lost Places auch in Hannover und Umgebung finde. Und siehe da; in Hannover-Limmer gibt es eine alte Fabrikruine der Continental AG (mehr Infos findet ihr bei wikipedia.
Also: Etwas schlau gemacht, was es so zu beachten gibt, Route rausgesucht und los gings. Angekommen, war ich total begeistert. Die Stimmung an diesem Ort ist unglaublich und es macht unendlich Spaß durch die alten Fabrikruinen zu ziehen und nach Motiven zu suchen (Problem: Es gibt zu viele!). Im Keller einer der Gebäude ist dann dieses Foto entstanden.
Zur Bearbeitung: Es ist ein HDR aus einer Belichtungsreihe mit drei Fotos (mittlere Belichtung und jeweils +/- 2 Blendenstufen unter- bzw. überbelichtet). Anschließend bin ich nochmal in Lightroom über das HDR-Ergebnis drübergegangen. Dabei habe ich vor allem das Bild abgedunkelt, die Vignettierung hinzugefügt und ein leichtes Cross-Processing angewandt.
Ich bin mit meinem ersten Lost-Places-Ergebnis zufrieden und bin gespannt auf eure Meinungen und eure Kritik. Da noch einige Bilder von heute Nachmittag auf der Platte liegen, freue ich mich auf eure Kommentare, die mir bestimmt helfen werden, dass die nächsten Lost-Places-Fotos immer besser werden.
Bolam Lake Country Park is a country park in Northumberland, England, near the village of Bolam and about 9 miles (14 km) west of Morpeth. It is signposted off the A696 road from Belsay.
History
The lake and woodlands were laid out by John Dobson for Reverend John Beresford, Baron Decies, the owner of the Bolam estate, who wanted to provide work for local people during a period of economic decline. The project, started in 1816, took three years to complete. The site was landscaped, and designed to provide picturesque views of nearby features in the countryside. The lake was created from a swampy area known as Bolam Bog.
By 1945 the grounds had grown wild; in 1972 the estate was purchased by Northumberland County Council in order to create a country park. In 2016 the lake and landscaped surroundings celebrated their 200th anniversary.
Description
The park, area 26.48 hectares (65.4 acres); has a lake, woodlands and open grassland. There are walks throughout the park, including a fully accessible path around the lake.
Wildlife in the park includes roe deer and red squirrels; there are swans and other waterfowl on the lake. Woodland birds to be seen include great spotted woodpecker, bullfinch, nuthatch and treecreeper.
There is a visitor centre and café next to the Boathouse Wood Car Park, to the north of the lake.
Bolam is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Belsay in the county of Northumberland, England. The village is about 20 miles (32 km) north-west of Newcastle upon Tyne, near Bolam West Houses. In 1951 the civil parish had a population of 60. On 1 April 1955 the parish was abolished and merged with Belsay.
History
The Church of England parish church of St Andrew has a late Saxon west tower and is a Grade I listed building.[3]
Shortflatt Tower, about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) south-west of the village, is a late 15th or early 16th century pele tower, with a 17th-century house attached, and is also Grade I listed.
Bolam is the burial place of Robert de Reymes, a wealthy Suffolk merchant, who in 1296 began the building of Aydon Castle, near Corbridge.
Landmarks
Bolam Lake Country Park is next to the village.
Three archaeological sites are nearby: Huckhoe Settlement, an iron Age and Romano-British defended settlement; Slate Hill Settlement, an Iron Age defended settlement; and The Poind and his Man, a Neolithic site.
Northumberland is a ceremonial county in North East England, bordering Scotland. It is bordered by the Scottish Borders to the north, the North Sea to the east, Tyne and Wear and County Durham to the south, and Cumbria to the west. The town of Blyth is the largest settlement.
The county has an area of 5,013 km2 (1,936 sq mi) and a population of 320,274, making it the least-densely populated county in England. The south-east contains the largest towns: Blyth (37,339), Cramlington (27,683), Ashington (27,670), and Morpeth (14,304), which is the administrative centre. The remainder of the county is rural, and the largest towns are Berwick-upon-Tweed (12,043) in the far north and Hexham (13,097) in the west. For local government purposes the county is a unitary authority area. The county historically included the parts of Tyne and Wear north of the River Tyne.
The west of Northumberland contains part of the Cheviot Hills and North Pennines, while to the east the land becomes flatter before reaching the coast. The Cheviot (815 m (2,674 ft)), after which the range of hills is named, is the county's highest point. The county contains the source of the River North Tyne and much of the South Tyne; near Hexham they combine to form the Tyne, which exits into Tyne and Wear shortly downstream. The other major rivers in Northumberland are, from south to north, the Blyth, Coquet, Aln, Wansbeck and Tweed, the last of which forms part of the Scottish border. The county contains Northumberland National Park and two national landscapes: the Northumberland Coast and part of the North Pennines.
Much of the county's history has been defined by its position on a border. In the Roman era most of the county lay north of Hadrian's Wall, and the region was contested between England and Scotland into the Early Modern era, leading to the construction of many castles, peel towers and bastle houses, and the early modern fortifications at Berwick-upon-Tweed. Northumberland is also associated with Celtic Christianity, particularly the tidal island of Lindisfarne. During the Industrial Revolution the area had significant coal mining, shipbuilding, and armaments industries.
Northumberland, England's northernmost county, is a land where Roman occupiers once guarded a walled frontier, Anglian invaders fought with Celtic natives, and Norman lords built castles to suppress rebellion and defend a contested border with Scotland. The present-day county is a vestige of an independent kingdom that once stretched from Edinburgh to the Humber, hence its name, meaning literally 'north of the Humber'.[1] Reflecting its tumultuous past, Northumberland has more castles than any other county in England, and the greatest number of recognised battle sites. Once an economically important region that supplied much of the coal that powered the industrial revolution, Northumberland is now a primarily rural county with a small and gradually shrinking population.
Prehistory
As attested by many instances of rock art, the Northumberland region has a rich prehistory. Archeologists have studied a Mesolithic structure at Howick, which dates to 7500 BC and was identified as Britain's oldest house until it lost this title in 2010 when the discovery of the even older Star Carr house in North Yorkshire was announced, which dates to 8770 BC. They have also found tools, ornaments, building structures and cairns dating to the bronze and iron ages, when the area was occupied by Brythonic Celtic peoples who had migrated from continental Europe, most likely the Votadini whose territory stretched from Edinburgh and the Firth of Forth to Northumberland. It is not clear where the boundary between the Votadini and the other large tribe, the Brigantes, was, although it probably frequently shifted as a result of wars and as smaller tribes and communities changed allegiances. Unlike neighbouring tribes, Votadini farms were surrounded by large walls, banks and ditches and the people made offerings of fine metal objects, but never wore massive armlets. There are also at least three very large hillforts in their territory (Yeavering Bell, Eildon Hill and Traprain Law, the latter two now in Scotland), each was located on the top of a prominent hill or mountain. The hillforts may have been used for over a thousand years by this time as places of refuge and as places for meetings for political and religious ceremonies. Duddo Five Stones in North Northumberland and the Goatstones near Hadrian's Wall are stone circles dating from the Bronze Age.
Roman occupation
When Gnaeus Julius Agricola was appointed Roman governor of Britain in 78 AD, most of northern Britain was still controlled by native British tribes. During his governorship Agricola extended Roman control north of Eboracum (York) and into what is now Scotland. Roman settlements, garrisons and roads were established throughout the Northumberland region.
The northern frontier of the Roman occupation fluctuated between Pons Aelius (now Newcastle) and the Forth. Hadrian's Wall was completed by about 130 AD, to define and defend the northern boundary of Roman Britain. By 142, the Romans had completed the Antonine Wall, a more northerly defensive border lying between the Forth and Clyde. However, by 164 they abandoned the Antonine Wall to consolidate defences at Hadrian's Wall.
Two important Roman roads in the region were the Stanegate and Dere Street, the latter extending through the Cheviot Hills to locations well north of the Tweed. Located at the intersection of these two roads, Coria (Corbridge), a Roman supply-base, was the most northerly large town in the Roman Empire. The Roman forts of Vercovicium (Housesteads) on Hadrian's Wall, and Vindolanda (Chesterholm) built to guard the Stanegate, had extensive civil settlements surrounding them.
The Celtic peoples living in the region between the Tyne and the Forth were known to the Romans as the Votadini. When not under direct Roman rule, they functioned as a friendly client kingdom, a somewhat porous buffer against the more warlike Picts to the north.
The gradual Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century led to a poorly documented age of conflict and chaos as different peoples contested territories in northern Britain.
Archaeology
Nearly 2000-year-old Roman boxing gloves were uncovered at Vindolanda in 2017 by the Vidolanda Trust experts led by Dr Andrew Birley. According to the Guardian, being similar in style and function to the full-hand modern boxing gloves, these two gloves found at Vindolanda look like leather bands date back to 120 AD. It is suggested that based on their difference from gladiator gloves warriors using this type of gloves had no purpose to kill each other. These gloves were probably used in a sport for promoting fighting skills. The gloves are currently displayed at Vindolanda's museum.
Anglian Kingdoms of Deira, Bernicia and Northumbria
Conquests by Anglian invaders led to the establishment of the kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia. The first Anglian settlement was effected in 547 by Ida, who, accompanied by his six sons, pushed through the narrow strip of territory between the Cheviots and the sea, and set up a fortress at Bamburgh, which became the royal seat of the Bernician kings. About the end of the 6th century Bernicia was first united with the rival kingdom of Deira under the rule of Æthelfrith of Northumbria, and the district between the Humber and the Forth became known as the kingdom of Northumbria.
After Æthelfrith was killed in battle around 616, Edwin of Deira became king of Northumbria. Æthelfrith's son Oswald fled northwest to the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata where he was converted to Christianity by the monks of Iona. Meanwhile, Paulinus, the first bishop of York, converted King Edwin to Roman Christianity and began an extensive program of conversion and baptism. By his time the kingdom must have reached the west coast, as Edwin is said to have conquered the islands of Anglesey and Man. Under Edwin the Northumbrian kingdom became the chief power in Britain. However, when Cadwallon ap Cadfan defeated Edwin at Hatfield Chase in 633, Northumbria was divided into the former kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira and Christianity suffered a temporary decline.
In 634, Oswald defeated Cadwallon ap Cadfan at the Battle of Heavenfield, resulting in the re-unification of Northumbria. Oswald re-established Christianity in the kingdom and assigned a bishopric at Hexham, where Wilfrid erected a famous early English church. Reunification was followed by a period of Northumbrian expansion into Pictish territory and growing dominance over the Celtic kingdoms of Dál Riata and Strathclyde to the west. Northumbrian encroachments were abruptly curtailed in 685, when Ecgfrith suffered complete defeat by a Pictish force at the Battle of Nechtansmere.
Monastic culture
When Saint Aidan came at the request of Oswald to preach to the Northumbrians he chose the island of Lindisfarne as the site of his church and monastery, and made it the head of the diocese which he founded in 635. For some years the see continued in peace, numbering among its bishops Saint Cuthbert, but in 793 Vikings landed on the island and burnt the settlement, killing many of the monks. The survivors, however, rebuilt the church and continued to live there until 883, when, through fear of a second invasion of the Danes, they fled inland, taking with them the body of Cuthbert and other holy relics.
Against this background, the monasteries of Northumbria developed some remarkably influential cultural products. Cædmon, a monk at Whitby Abbey, authored one of the earliest surviving examples of Old English poetry some time before 680. The Lindisfarne Gospels, an early example of insular art, is attributed to Eadfrith, the bishop of Lindisfarne from 698 to 721. Stenton (1971, p. 191) describes the book as follows.
In mere script it is no more than an admirable example of a noble style, and the figure drawing of its illustrations, though probably based on classical models, has more than a touch of naïveté. Its unique importance is due to the beauty and astonishing intricacy of its decoration. The nature of its ornament connects it very closely with a group of Irish manuscripts of which the Book of Kells is the most famous.
Bede's writing, at the Northumbrian monasteries at Wearmouth and Jarrow, gained him a reputation as the most learned scholar of his age. His work is notable for both its breadth (encompassing history, theology, science and literature) and quality, exemplified by the rigorous use of citation. Bede's most famous work is Ecclesiastical History of the English People, which is regarded as a highly influential early model of historical scholarship.
Earldom of Northumbria
Main article: Earl of Northumbria
The kingdom of Northumbria ceased to exist in 927, when it was incorporated into England as an earldom by Athelstan, the first king of a united England[citation needed].. In 937, Athelstan's victory over a combined Norse-Celtic force in the battle of Brunanburh secured England's control of its northern territory.
The Scottish king Indulf captured Edinburgh in 954, which thenceforth remained in possession of the Scots. His successors made repeated attempts to extend their territory southwards. Malcolm II was finally successful, when, in 1018, he annihilated the Northumbrian army at Carham on the Tweed, and Eadulf the earl of Northumbria ceded all his territory to the north of that river as the price of peace. Henceforth Lothian, consisting of the former region of Northumbria between the Forth and the Tweed, remained in possession of the Scottish kings.
The term Northumberland was first recorded in its contracted modern sense in 1065 in an entry in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle relating to a rebellion against Tostig Godwinson.
Norman Conquest
The vigorous resistance of Northumbria to William the Conqueror was punished by ruthless harrying, mostly south of the River Tees. As recounted by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle:
A.D. 1068. This year King William gave Earl Robert the earldom over Northumberland; but the landsmen attacked him in the town of Durham, and slew him, and nine hundred men with him. Soon afterwards Edgar Etheling came with all the Northumbrians to York; and the townsmen made a treaty with him: but King William came from the South unawares on them with a large army, and put them to flight, and slew on the spot those who could not escape; which were many hundred men; and plundered the town. St. Peter's minster he made a profanation, and all other places also he despoiled and trampled upon; and the ethelling went back again to Scotland.
The Normans rebuilt the Anglian monasteries of Lindisfarne, Hexham and Tynemouth, and founded Norman abbeys at Newminster (1139), Alnwick (1147), Brinkburn (1180), Hulne, and Blanchland. Castles were built at Newcastle (1080), Alnwick (1096), Bamburgh (1131), Harbottle (1157), Prudhoe (1172), Warkworth (1205), Chillingham, Ford (1287), Dunstanburgh (1313), Morpeth, Langley (1350), Wark on Tweed and Norham (1121), the latter an enclave of the palatine bishops of Durham.
Northumberland county is not mentioned in the Domesday Survey, but the account of the issues of the county, as rendered by Odard the sheriff, is entered in the Great Roll of the Exchequer for 1131.
In 1237, Scotland renounced claims to Northumberland county in the Treaty of York.
During the reign of Edward I (1272–1307), the county of Northumberland was the district between the Tees and the Tweed, and had within it several scattered liberties subject to other powers: Durham, Sadberge, Bedlingtonshire, and Norhamshire belonging to the bishop of Durham; Hexhamshire to the archbishop of York; Tynedale to the king of Scotland; Emildon to the earl of Lancaster; and Redesdale to Gilbert de Umfraville, Earl of Angus. These franchises were exempt from the ordinary jurisdiction of the shire. Over time, some were incorporated within the county: Tynedale in 1495; Hexhamshire in 1572; and Norhamshire, Islandshire and Bedlingtonshire by the Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844.
Council of the North
The county court for Northumberland was held at different times at Newcastle, Alnwick and Morpeth, until by statute of 1549 it was ordered that the court should thenceforth be held in the town and castle of Alnwick. Under the same statute the sheriffs of Northumberland, who had been in the habit of appropriating the issues of the county to their private use, were required thereafter to deliver in their accounts to the Exchequer in the same manner as the sheriffs of other counties.
Border wars, reivers and rebels
From the Norman Conquest until the union of England and Scotland under James I and VI, Northumberland was the scene of perpetual inroads and devastations by the Scots. Norham, Alnwick and Wark were captured by David I of Scotland in the wars of Stephen's reign. In 1174, during his invasion of Northumbria, William I of Scotland, also known as William the Lion, was captured by a party of about four hundred mounted knights, led by Ranulf de Glanvill.[citation needed] This incident became known as the Battle of Alnwick. In 1295, Robert de Ros and the earls of Athol and Menteith ravaged Redesdale, Coquetdale and Tynedale. In 1314 the county was ravaged by king Robert Bruce. And so dire was the Scottish threat in 1382, that by special enactment the earl of Northumberland was ordered to remain on his estates to protect the border. In 1388, Henry Percy was taken prisoner and 1500 of his men slain at the battle of Otterburn, immortalised in the ballad of Chevy Chase.
Alnwick, Bamburgh and Dunstanburgh were garrisoned for the Lancastrian cause in 1462, but after the Yorkist victories of Hexham and Hedgley Moor in 1464, Alnwick and Dunstanburgh surrendered, and Bamburgh was taken by storm.
In September 1513, King James IV of Scotland was killed at the Battle of Flodden on Branxton Moor.
Roman Catholic support in Northumberland for Mary, Queen of Scots, led to the Rising of the North in 1569.
Harbottle
Border Reivers
Peel tower
Union and Civil War
After uniting the English and Scottish thrones, James VI and I sharply curbed the lawlessness of the border reivers and brought relative peace to the region. There were Church of Scotland congregations in Northumberland in the 17th and 18th centuries.
During the Civil War of the 17th century, Newcastle was garrisoned for the king by the earl of Newcastle, but in 1644 it was captured by the Scots under the earl of Leven, and in 1646 Charles I was led there a captive under the charge of David Leslie.
Many of the chief Northumberland families were ruined in the Jacobite rebellion of 1715.
Industrialisation
The mineral resources of the area appear to have been exploited to some extent from remote times. It is certain that coal was used by the Romans in Northumberland, and some coal ornaments found at Angerton have been attributed to the 7th century. In a 13th-century grant to Newminster Abbey a road for the conveyance of sea coal from the shore about Blyth is mentioned, and the Blyth coal field was worked throughout the 14th and 15th centuries. The coal trade on the Tyne did not exist to any extent before the 13th century, but from that period it developed rapidly, and Newcastle acquired the monopoly of the river shipping and coal trade. Lead was exported from Newcastle in the 12th century, probably from Hexhamshire, the lead mines of which were very prosperous throughout the 16th and 17th centuries. In a charter from Richard I to Hugh de Puiset creating him earl of Northumberland, mines of silver and iron are mentioned. A salt pan is mentioned at Warkworth in the 12th century; in the 13th century the salt industry flourished at the mouth of the river Blyth, and in the 15th century formed the principal occupation of the inhabitants of North and South Shields. In the reign of Elizabeth I, glass factories were set up at Newcastle by foreign refugees, and the industry spread rapidly along the Tyne. Tanning, both of leather and of nets, was largely practised in the 13th century, and the salmon fisheries in the Tyne were famous in the reign of Henry I.
John Smeaton designed the Coldstream Bridge and a bridge at Hexham.
Stephenson's Rocket
Invention of the steam turbine by Charles Algernon Parsons
I was driving to a favorite watering hole and noticed the bulldozer is still in the same position as I saw it last summer.....with the sun setting, I shot this image of a construction site that has been put on hold .....It's for a school....View On Black