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in Pont-à-Mousson
These arcades are present on the three sides of Place Duroc,
a very rare triangular square in the historic heart of the city.
Les arcades d'époque Renaissance
à Pont-à-Mousson.
Ces arcades sont présentes sur les trois cotés de
la place Duroc, une place triangulaire, très rare, dans
le coeur historique de la ville.
L'église est citée dès le xe siècle dans le testament de l'archidiacre Engilbert. Elle a été construite sur un plateau dominant le pech sur lequel s'élevait le castrum d'Orgueil. En 1292, elle était l'église paroissiale du castrum.
L'église appartient d'abord à l'évêque de Cahors, puis, vers 1254, au chapitre de la cathédrale par échange avec l'église Saint-Martin de Caïx.
L'abside pourrait être datée de la fin du xie siècle ou du début du xiie siècle.
La tour-clocher est élevée au-dessus d'une travée d'avant-chœur à la fin du xiiie siècle ou au début du xive siècle. Un logis est ensuite construit à l'ouest, dans l'axe de la nef.
Deux grandes chapelles sont construites à la fin du xve siècle ou au début du xvie siècle, de part et d'autre de la nef, pour former un transept. L'ancien logis est alors réuni à la nef qui est alors agrandie. La tour d'escalier et le portail sont contemporains de ces adjonctions.
La nef et les chapelles n'ont été voûtées qu'au xviie siècle. Les chapelles latérales ont reçu des voûtes d'arêtes et la nef des croisées d'ogives profilées de tores reposant sur des demi-colonnes et des pilastres ornées de volutes inspirées du chapiteau ionique.
La cloche de l'église date de 1782 comme on peut le lire dessus, avec pour parrain Jean-Baptiste Joseph Marc Duroc de Mauroux, baron d'Orgueil, de Cabanac, de Lacapelle et de Touzac, et la marraine son épouse, Catherine Rose Espic de Liru.
The winter is not easy even scheltored
under an archway at Pont à Mousson.
Solitude
L'hiver n'est pas facile
même abrité sous les arcades de la place Duroc
Pont à Mousson
The Grise is an articulated flatbed that provides support for its BT-9 handler during cargo loadouts and catalyst conversions when paired with a Duroc. The treaded vehicle can move steadily over any terrain and in any conditions providing a stable base from which the BT-9 can operate safely.
The BT-9 is a single man short range utility handler able to lift 80% its own weight while having the dexterity and precision to perform detailed operations even in harsh conditions.
Béziers Méditerranée Sous le soleil exactement
Avec l'Hérault et l'emblématique cathédrale Saint-Nazaire
Pour Brigitte brigeham34
Affiche station de métro Duroc
Pont-à-Mousson (FR), maart 2025
Het plein heeft een driehoekige vorm en is het grootste complex van renaissancegalerijen in Lotharingen.
Het plein eert maarschalk Michel Duroc, een inwoner van de stad en oud-leerling van de Koninklijke Militaire School van Pont-à-Mousson.
Er zijn veel architectonische gebouwen te vinden uit de 16e tot en met de 20e eeuw. Het vierkant had waarschijnlijk een primitieve rechthoekige vorm.
In de 19e eeuw stond er een muziektent, maar die werd tijdens de bombardementen in de Eerste Wereldoorlog verwoest. Na dit conflict, of misschien wel tijdens een eerder conflict, werd het plein aangepast en verloor het een van zijn zijden, waardoor het een driehoekig vierkant werd.
In 1931 werd in het midden een fontein gebouwd ter nagedachtenis aan de inzet van Amerikaanse vrijwillige ambulancemedewerkers in Oost-Frankrijk, van 1915 tot 1917.
Eng:
The square is triangular in shape and is the largest existing set of Renaissance arcades in Lorraine.
The square honors Marshal Michel Duroc, a native of the town and a former student of the Royal Military Academy of Pont-à-Mousson. 3
History
It contains numerous architectural buildings dating from the 16th to the 20th century. The square probably originally had a rectangular shape.
In the 19th century, it housed a bandstand, which was destroyed during the bombings of the Great War. At the end of this conflict, or perhaps during a previous one, the square was modified and lost one of its sides, becoming a triangular square.
A fountain was built in the center in 1931 and commemorates the dedication of American volunteer ambulance drivers in Eastern France from 1915 to 1917.
bron: Wikipedia
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.
Excerpt from www.sakukatsu.com/about:
The name SAKU is inspired by 「サクサク (sakusaku)」, a Japanese expression for the crisp sound of Katsu. Since 2018, SAKU has been a proud Canadian brand dedicated to sharing authentic Katsu with our local communities. This commitment is reflected not only in the quality of every dish, but also in the warmth of the experience and the care our team puts into every detail.
We source our meat locally from Canadian farmers, carefully selecting only the best for our premium Katsu. Our pork comes from the finest cuts of DUROC breed pigs, primarily fed on barley, wheat, corn, and soy under the SFP Natural Pork Program. This ensures our pork is raised without hormones and antibiotics, and is non-GMO.
Panko is a Japanese-style breadcrumb coating used for our Katsu. Our bread is baked freshly every morning by our local bakery partner, COBS Bread, using a customized recipe to ensure consistency and the highest quality of texture.
Our house-made sesame dressing is freshly made every day by grinding roasted sesame seeds, delivering a perfect balance of nuttiness and sweetness that pairs perfectly with our Katsu.
Every Katsu arrives on a tray, thoughtfully arranged with everything that brings out its best flavor — lemon, mustard, tonkatsu sauce, sesame seeds, pickles, and lemon salt. Plus, every set includes unlimited refills of rice, tonjiru, and shredded cabbage. We are dedicated to delivering the best dining experience to every guest.
Excerpt from www.sakukatsu.com/about:
The name SAKU is inspired by 「サクサク (sakusaku)」, a Japanese expression for the crisp sound of Katsu. Since 2018, SAKU has been a proud Canadian brand dedicated to sharing authentic Katsu with our local communities. This commitment is reflected not only in the quality of every dish, but also in the warmth of the experience and the care our team puts into every detail.
We source our meat locally from Canadian farmers, carefully selecting only the best for our premium Katsu. Our pork comes from the finest cuts of DUROC breed pigs, primarily fed on barley, wheat, corn, and soy under the SFP Natural Pork Program. This ensures our pork is raised without hormones and antibiotics, and is non-GMO.
Panko is a Japanese-style breadcrumb coating used for our Katsu. Our bread is baked freshly every morning by our local bakery partner, COBS Bread, using a customized recipe to ensure consistency and the highest quality of texture.
Our house-made sesame dressing is freshly made every day by grinding roasted sesame seeds, delivering a perfect balance of nuttiness and sweetness that pairs perfectly with our Katsu.
Every Katsu arrives on a tray, thoughtfully arranged with everything that brings out its best flavor — lemon, mustard, tonkatsu sauce, sesame seeds, pickles, and lemon salt. Plus, every set includes unlimited refills of rice, tonjiru, and shredded cabbage. We are dedicated to delivering the best dining experience to every guest.
Excerpt from www.sakukatsu.com/about:
The name SAKU is inspired by 「サクサク (sakusaku)」, a Japanese expression for the crisp sound of Katsu. Since 2018, SAKU has been a proud Canadian brand dedicated to sharing authentic Katsu with our local communities. This commitment is reflected not only in the quality of every dish, but also in the warmth of the experience and the care our team puts into every detail.
We source our meat locally from Canadian farmers, carefully selecting only the best for our premium Katsu. Our pork comes from the finest cuts of DUROC breed pigs, primarily fed on barley, wheat, corn, and soy under the SFP Natural Pork Program. This ensures our pork is raised without hormones and antibiotics, and is non-GMO.
Panko is a Japanese-style breadcrumb coating used for our Katsu. Our bread is baked freshly every morning by our local bakery partner, COBS Bread, using a customized recipe to ensure consistency and the highest quality of texture.
Our house-made sesame dressing is freshly made every day by grinding roasted sesame seeds, delivering a perfect balance of nuttiness and sweetness that pairs perfectly with our Katsu.
Every Katsu arrives on a tray, thoughtfully arranged with everything that brings out its best flavor — lemon, mustard, tonkatsu sauce, sesame seeds, pickles, and lemon salt. Plus, every set includes unlimited refills of rice, tonjiru, and shredded cabbage. We are dedicated to delivering the best dining experience to every guest.
The Grise is an articulated flatbed that provides support for its BT-9 handler during cargo loadouts and catalyst conversions when paired with a Duroc. The treaded vehicle can move steadily over any terrain and in any conditions providing a stable base from which the BT-9 can operate safely.
The BT-9 is a single man short range utility handler able to lift 80% its own weight while having the dexterity and precision to perform detailed operations even in harsh conditions.
Jack London State Historic Park, Glen Ellen, Sonoma County
You may know Jack London as the author of "Call of the Wild" (1903) and "The Sea Wolf" (1904). You may not know he was an innovative farmer who planted vineyards and raised livestock.
The Pig Palace was named by a San Francisco newspaper reporter who was astounded by the $3000 cost to build it. This innovative house for pigs was designed by London and built in 1915. Laid out in a circle to save labor, the piggery's central feed house is surrounded by 17 pens. Each family of Duroc Jersey hogs had its own area; a courtyard with feed and water troughs, roofed sleeping area, and a fenced outdoor run. The piggery was designed to efficiently care for prized breeding pigs in a sanitary environment.
Happy Wednesday! Thanks, as always, for stopping by and for all of your kind comments -- I appreciate them all.
© Melissa Post 2018
The Duroc is a support vehicle used primarily for catalyst transport and conversions. The rugged 20 wheeled frame can haul dense liquid compounds that would easily break the backbone of any lesser vehicle.
Star Railroad is a hard-to-catch industrial operation in Green Cove Springs. The Star Railroad seldom operates making it a real treat to find one of their SW9’s parked at Worthington Ave. On the roster are 3 leased switchers, they work at the facility to shuffle cars awaiting repairs and spot the repaired ones at the Duroc interchange with CSX. LOSX 140 is #658 SW9 ex SCL>nee ACL. Veolia Environmental leased it for waste processing operations at the now-closed Taylor County Landfill in Mauk, GA. Later it reopened as the WIN Waste Taylor County Facility owned by GFI Environmental
I had a great experience getting up close to some amazing red Duroc piglets at a local (and internationally renowned) pig farm and pork suppliers today. They are breeding the pigs to produce the maximum amount of marbling in the meat and the pork is amazing. The pigs are so well looked after they run up to the herd manager as he approaches and are so inquisitive and playful from their outdoor rearing. I received a wonderful thank you message from the farm owner and herd manager for the shots I'd taken and an open invitation back there any time I like. Days like this make it worth being a photographer...!!!
Place Duroc - PONT à MOUSSON -
Lorraine - France -
( best viewed on black ) -
Explored November 10th, 2012 - thank you !
promenade sous les arcades
Albert Loeb built Castle Farms as a model farm to showcase livestock in addition to new farm equipment that was sold by his company.[2] The original estate covered 1600 acres, and included the Loebs's summer home, caretakers houses, fields, orchards, and this livestock barn complex. Loeb hired Chicago architect Arthur Heun to design the buildings on the estate, including these farm buildings. During the farm's operation, Loeb bred prize-winning stock of Holstein-Friesian cattle, Duroc-Jersey hogs, and Belgian horses. The farm also established a premium-quality mail-order business in butter, syrup, honey, poultry, eggs, and other products. Albert Loeb died in 1924, but his son Ernest continued the farm for a few years until financial difficulties forced its closure in 1927.[3]
After the farm ceased operations, the buildings remained in the Loeb family and were rented for storage space until 1962, when it was purchased by John Van Haver, an executive who restored the facility and opened it to the public.[4] In 1969, it was sold to Arthur and Erwina Reibel and was mainly used for rock concerts.[2][5] Some of the more notable acts include Iron Maiden, Metallica, Bon Jovi, Aerosmith, AC/DC, and The Beach Boys.[6]
In 2001, Castle Farms was sold to current owner Linda Mueller who finished restoring it to its original condition by 2005. Today, it is open year-round, and is primarily used for weddings and receptions. However, Castle Farms is also used for other various festivals and social events, such as the Charlevoix Renaissance Festival.[7] In 2008, a model railroad was added that provides a scenic journey through Charlevoix's history.
If you ever get a chance do go and visit. Will not disappoint in anyway.
Took our grandkids out here last week for kids day on the 4th.
Albert Loeb built Castle Farms as a model farm to showcase livestock in addition to new farm equipment that was sold by his company.[2] The original estate covered 1600 acres, and included the Loebs's summer home, caretakers houses, fields, orchards, and this livestock barn complex. Loeb hired Chicago architect Arthur Heun to design the buildings on the estate, including these farm buildings. During the farm's operation, Loeb bred prize-winning stock of Holstein-Friesian cattle, Duroc-Jersey hogs, and Belgian horses. The farm also established a premium-quality mail-order business in butter, syrup, honey, poultry, eggs, and other products. Albert Loeb died in 1924, but his son Ernest continued the farm for a few years until financial difficulties forced its closure in 1927.[3]
After the farm ceased operations, the buildings remained in the Loeb family and were rented for storage space until 1962, when it was purchased by John Van Haver, an executive who restored the facility and opened it to the public.[4] In 1969, it was sold to Arthur and Erwina Reibel and was mainly used for rock concerts.[2][5] Some of the more notable acts include Iron Maiden, Metallica, Bon Jovi, Aerosmith, AC/DC, and The Beach Boys.
In 2001, Castle Farms was sold to current owner Linda Mueller who finished restoring it to its original condition by 2005. Today, it is open year-round, and is primarily used for weddings and receptions. However, Castle Farms is also used for other various festivals and social events, such as the Charlevoix Renaissance Festival.[7] In 2008, a model railroad was added that provides a scenic journey through Charlevoix's history.
Pont à Mousson - Lorraine - France -
a part of the famous " Place Duroc " with
historic houses built from the 15th to
the 18th century -
( best viewed on black ) -
Pont à Mousson - sous les arcades de la fameuse
PLace Duroc comportant des immeubles historiques
construits du XVème au XVIIème siècle
Am Gehege der Hausschweine im Heidelberger Zoo drängen sich die Besucher und schauen belustigt einer ganz besonderen Rasselbande zu. 25 quirlige Ferkel toben über die Anlage, buddeln im Sand, säugen und kuscheln sich an ihre Mütter. Schwein Juli brachte kürzlich gleich 14 Ferkel auf die Welt. Sie gehört der alten Haustierrasse Schwäbisch-Hällisches Schwein an, gut an der schwarzen Färbung von Kopf und Hinterteil zu erkennen, die sie auch allen ihren Ferkeln vererbt hat. Die Hohenloher Bauern haben das Fleisch zu einem besonderem Produkt entwickelt, dem "Schwäbisch-Hällischen Qualitätsschweinefleisch", das neben der Rassezugehörigkeit auch Aufzuchtbedingungen und Fütterung auf hohem Niveau garantieren soll.
Nur einen Tag später komplettierte Duroc-Schwein Dolores die Großfamilie mit elffachem Nachwuchs. Diese Rasse wurde in den USA angeblich aus roten Schweinen aus Guinea und iberischen Schweinen gezüchtet. Mit ihrem rotbraunen Haar entsprechen sie gar nicht dem klassischen Bild des rosa Schweinchens. Neben dem guten Fleisch steht in der Rassebeschreibung "stressresistent und gutmütig". Erwachsene Sauen können über 300 Kilo wiegen. "Wir haben uns für diese zwei Rassen entschieden, weil sie für Fleischqualität stehen. Sie passen exzellent in unsere Strategie "Vom Alltagsbraten zum Sonntagsbraten", in der wir uns dafür einsetzen, dass wir weniger, dafür aber besseres Fleisch aus tiergerechter Haltung genießen. Deshalb gibt es auch am Schweinegehege das "Vegetarische Rezept des Monats" zum Mitnehmen", erläutert Zoodirektor Klaus Wünnemann. "Außerdem wollen wir unseren Besuchern zeigen, wie groß ein richtiges Schwein ist. Die meisten kennen Schweine ja nur noch vom Spanferkel und den kleinen Hängebauchschweinen in Streichelgehegen." Auch die Ferkel von Juli und Dolores werden eines Tages geschlachtet und auf dem Teller landen. Nach der Aufzucht im Zoo werden sie bei einem Bauern mit tiergerechter Haltung groß werden. Die kleinen Ferkel werden im Zoo noch den ganzen Sommer über mit ihren Müttern herumtollen können, dafür steht ihnen derzeit auch noch die Anlage der Poitou-Esel zur Verfügung.
As a belated mother's day present to my mum, I took her out for the day last Friday. it is a family tradition that we do this as she doesn't get out much any more. We went to a farm shop that I know near Raglan, and had some wonderful bacon rolls and bought some ham. Then we went round the back to admire the latest batch of pigs, since they raise their own pigs there too. Not so much food miles as food yards!
Anyway, this is mum, a Duroc, and the latest offspring. Rachel the owner said that mum is extremely protective, and indeed she didn't take her eye off us for a moment whilst we stood admiring and taking pictures.
Pont-à-Mousson (Meurthe-et-Moselle) - Place Duroc - Maison des Septs-Péchés-capitaux (XVIe).
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La place Duroc XVIe au XVIIIe siècle, unique place historique triangulaire d'Europe est un vaste triangle ceinturé de maisons à arcades. Elle est notamment bordée de monuments classés..
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La maison des Sept Péchés Capitaux XVIe siècle. « Le château d’Amour », bâtiment du XVIe siècle, résidence ducale sur la place Duroc..
Duroc Paris PA-1350 #streetartrendezvous #art_paris #streetartrocknroll #chuckberry #rocknroll #pa_1350 #art by #invaderwashere #duroc #paris @invaderwashere #mosaicart #protect_them #paris_focus_on #street_focus_on #jj_urbanart #rsa_streetview #theparisguru #streetartorbis #tv_streetart #patmhunterinvader #streetartphotography #patm666photos #invaderphotography
All of the photographs on my gallery are protected by copyright and not to be used for ANYTHING without strict written permission from me, the photographer, Lauren Tucker.
Website / Facebook / RedBubble / Blog
Thank-You
Pont-à-Mousson (54)
The history of Pont-à-Mousson begins in the 11th century with the construction of a bridge which spans the Moselle and creates a road towards the Butte de Mousson. This bridge will give its name to the city. In 1572, the city was marked by the installation of the University of Lorraine. The university remained in Pont-à-Mousson until 1768, when it was transferred to Nancy. In the 19th century, the city experienced an industrial revival, with the construction in 1856 of the Pont-à-Mousson foundries, still in operation today. In 1870, Pierre Adt founded a lacquered cardboard factory. The city will long keep the monopoly of the manufacture of papier-mâché. Like many towns in the east of France, Pont-à-Mousson was greatly affected by the two world wars.
Today, the city has more than 15,000 inhabitants, and remains a dynamic, industrial and cultural city.
Source: www.abbaye-premontres.com/decouvrir-pont-a-mousson/
The square is in the shape of a triangle, it is the largest set of Renaissance arcades existing in Lorraine.
It has many architectural buildings ranging from the 16th century to the 20th century. A fountain is located in the center and commemorates the dedication of American volunteer ambulance drivers in eastern France from 1915 to 1917.
Source: fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_Duroc_(Pont-%C3%A0-Mousson)
All of the photographs on my gallery are protected by copyright and not to be used for ANYTHING without strict written permission from me, the photographer, Lauren Tucker.
Website / Facebook / RedBubble / Blog
Thank-You
Oiba es un municipio del departamento de Santander en Colombia.
Es también conocido como “Pueblito Pesebre de Colombia”. Está ubicado a 151 km de Bucaramanga. Famosa por sus artesanías de caolín y el templo de San Miguel es una bella construcción en piedra. En sus alrededores es posible encontrar hermosos parajes naturales con impresionantes caídas de agua, balnearios y cuevas como la de Cachalú.
Se localiza a unos 1.420 m de altitud, en una cañada que desciende hacia el valle del río San Bartolomé (también denominado Oibita o Llano del Burro), un afluente del Suárez, tributario, a su vez, del Magdalena. La comarca sobre la que se asienta Oiba forma parte de un área amesetada que se extiende entre dos de los ramales que conforman la Cordillera Oriental Colombiana en su tramo central.
La carretera Panamericana atraviesa su territorio y conecta su cabecera por el norte con las ciudades santandereanas de Socorro, Floridablanca y Bucaramanga —ésta última la capital departamental—, en tanto que por el sur la comunica con Tunja, cabecera del departamento de Boyacá, y Santafé de Bogotá, la capital de Colombia de la que dista 235 kilómetros.
Durante los primeros años tras su fundación sirvió como pueblo de indios con el nombre de Poima o Floiba, que era el que recibía la comarca en su conjunto. La actual denominación la recibió en 1625. Un siglo después, en el año 1727, le fue concedida la categoría de parroquia. Los políticos colombianos del siglo XIX, Vicente Azuero, y su hermano el presbítero Juan Nepomuceno Azuero nacieron en esta localidad. Población de la cabecera (1993), 3.236 habitantes; población del municipio (1993), 8.629 habitantes.
Se localiza a unos 1.420 msnm de altitud, en una cañada que desciende hacia el valle del río San Bartolomé (también denominado Oibita o Llano del Burro), un afluente del Suárez, tributario, a su vez, del Magdalena. La comarca sobre la que se asienta Oiba forma parte de un área amesetada que se extiende entre dos de los ramales que conforman la cordillera Oriental colombiana en su tramo central.
La carretera Panamericana atraviesa su territorio y conecta su cabecera por el norte con las ciudades santanderinas de Socorro, Floridablanca y Bucaramanga(ésta última la capital departamental), en tanto que por el sur la comunica con Tunja, cabecera del departamento de Boyacá, y Bogotá, la capital de Colombia de la que dista 235 km .
Hidrografía: el municipio de Oiba está bañado por los ríos Oibita que se alimenta de otras microcuencas como la del Río Oibita (quebrada Cunacua), quebrada Guayaca (más importante afluente del la Microcuenca del Río Oibita), quebrada Olavica (afluente la quebrada Guacara), quebrada Muchilera, quebrada Santuario, quebrada La Honda (quebrada Pantanera), quebrada la Flecha y quebrada Guayana.
Climatología: la temperatura en la zona más cálida del municipio es de 22,6 y 15,8 ºC para la zona más fría, con base en el IDEAM la temperatura estimada es de 20,6 ºC.
Relieve: topografía es muy variableen esta zona ya que hay pequeñas regiones planas o con pendiente suave a mediana y otras de alta pendiente mayor de 25% y con muy baja vegetación natural. Se delimita un paisaje de montaña y en él se establecen diferentes tiposde relieve. El pasaje de montaña se ubica desde una latitud de 1.300 msnm, en sectores del río Oibita y de la quebrada la Colorada; hasta los 2.200 m en el cerro Negro y en la loma San Benito; lo cual, se enmarca dentro de los climas medio muy húmedo y frío muy húmedo, caracterizados por precipitaciones en promedio anual de 2.000 a 4.000 mm y de 1.000 a 2.000 mm, respectivamente.
Suelos: de acuerdo con las condiciones biofísicas actuales de los suelos del territorio municipal de 27.872,762 ha, solo un 29.88% de las tierras permiten un uso agropecuario, evidenciando que las restantes tierras deben ser destinadas para la producción agroforestal y forestal y un 16.69% hacia la protección y conservación de los recursos naturales. En las áreas planas y ligeramente inclinadas localizadas en las tierras de aptitud agropecuaria se encuentran suelos en buenas condiciones para el desarrollo de actividades intensivas. Lasarreas onduladas e incluso las colinadas, presentan suelos con aceptables condiciones para la ganadería semi-intensiva o para usos multiestratros con prácticas de manejo.
La mayor parte del municipio corresponde a la zona de vida Bosque muy húmedo PreMontano (Bmh-PM) que cuenta con altitudes de 1.100 hasta1.865 m.s.n.m. y el rango de temperatura oscila de 22.6 °C en la parte más baja a 18 °C en la más alta y con un régimen de lluvias de 2.000 a 4.000 mm anuales, es decir, corresponde a la Provincia de Humedad Perhúmedo.
En esta formación están incluidas las veredas Bejuca, Peñuela, Pedregal, Venta de Aires, SanPedro, Palo Blanco, Volador, Santarita, Guayabito, Monjas y La Retirada, a excepción de la zona más alta, Canoas, Chiquinta, Loma de Hoyos y San Vicente, Poasaque, Santamarí Muchilas, Amanzagatos, Barroblanco y Macanal, exceptuando la parte alta del Cerro Platanillo y Portachuelo y gran parte de Macanillo y Carboraque, a excepción de Cerro Negro y Loma San Benito parte alta.
La vegetación constituida por las siguientes especies: pomarroso, arrayán, mulato, guamo, cedro, balso, chinin, amarill, tuno, manchador, camadero, anaco, galapo, cañabrava, escobo, rabo de zorro .
Actualmente en esta región se hallan cultivos de café, caña, pastos naturales y algunos mejorados y yuca principalmente.
La fauna está representada principalmente por picur (Dasyproeta sp), conejo (Silvilagos sp), fara, comadreja, ardilla, serpientes, sapos, lagartijas, armadillo, ratones y en muy reducido número tinajos (Agoatis), zorros, guaches (Nasua sp) y murciélagos. Las aves son principalmente mirlas (Mimus gilvus), toches (Octerus sp), perdices, garrapateros (Crotophaya ani), lechuzas, palomas, cuervos, y en menor cantidad guacharacas, pericos (Brotoyeris sp), loros, gavilanes, cernícalos (Falco sp).
Es un Municipio con vocación agropecuaria, donde se destacan los renglones de la ganadería y los cultivos de café, caña de azúcar y cítricos. En la zona urbana se ha venido presentando un fenómeno de expansión de construcciones y desarrollo del comercio por su cercanía a la vía central nacional.
Estructura Productiva: centra su estructura productiva en las actividades agrícolas y pecuarias, denotando claramente la vocación agropecuaria del municipio; el sector minero solo representa el 1.27% de la estructura productiva.
Distribución de la Propiedad: predominio de la pequeña y mediana propiedad ha sido una constante histórica en Santander, hecho que se acentúa en los municipios localizados sobre la zona andina, donde el proceso de ocupación se ha desarrollado con mayor incidencia.En cuanto al tamaño de los predios se establece que el 53,4% de los predios son inferiores a las 5 ha, caracterizando un predominio del minifundio, el 16.35% corresponde a predios entre las 5 y las 10 ha, el 10,6% se establecen los predios en un rango entre 20 y 50 ha y solo el 5% de los predios corresponden a predios mayores a las 50 ha.
Producción Agrícola: se realiza por núcleos familiares conformando la economía de los pequeños productores donde predominan el minifundio y la aparcería, predominando los cultivos de café, caña, yuca y maíz. De estas actividades tienen como principal importancia los cultivos de café, caña panelera y en menor porcentaje yuca y maíz. Además de la implementación en los últimos años de nuevos cultivos como el lulo y el tomate de árbol.
Producción Pecuaria: es liderada principalmente por la ganadería en la cual se manejan tres modalidades la ceba integrada, la cría con ordeño de doble propósito con razas o cruces de Cebú-criollo y la lechería especializada.
Ceba integrada 40%
Doble propósito 58%
Lechería especializada 2%
La ganadería conlleva a utilizar áreas de pastos los cuales representan el 63.5% de las tierras del municipio, pese a su representabilidad no son manejadas de la mejor forma dando una productividad muy baja.
Otras Especies: porcinos, donde se encuentran las razas de Landrace y Pietran y mezclas de Duroc, con un tipo de explotación de ceba tecnificada y tradicional. Se encuentra gran variedad y explotación de pequeñas especies tales como, conejos, ovinos, caprinos, aves de postura y de engorde.
Gastronomía
Miel de abeja
Arepas Carisecas
Hormigas Culonas
Guarapo de panela, chicha preparada con diferentes cereales.
Dulces de pastilla de los cuales se destacan los de leche, arroz, guayaba, apio, piña, entre otros.
Arepas de maíz pelao
Carne oreada, sobrebarriga, cola y lengua sudada, cabrito y sus derivados, mute, los chorizos y las rellenas.
molios de maíz.
Sancocho de gallina criolla con chorotas.
Changua: caldo de papa con leche, huevo y cilantro; se acompaña con arepa (Santandereana)Hecha de maíz pelao, yuca y chicharrones.
Dos son las capas predominantes: la negra y la roja o colorada, diferenciándose en ambas distintos tipos de pelo y tonalidades, así como la presencia en mayor o menor proporción del mismo. El pelo es de escaso diámetro, poco rígido y mediano en longitud y escasa densidad, llegando al máximo grado en el lampiño. Een los animales cruzados aparecen cerdas de mayor diámetro, más recias y de mayor densidad.
En todas las variedades, la coloración es uniformemente pigmentada, presentando degradaciones del color. En las capas negras, la zona inferior de la papada, bajo vientre, axilas, bragadas y periné, se presenta una despigmentación de la piel dando una tonalidad de negro mal teñido o aclarado. En las variedades rojas también aparecen degradadas las regiones, ya señaladas.
La pezuña es de color negro intenso en los de capa negra y algo más aclarada en los de capa roja que pueden parecer negro paceño o mal teñido (grisáceo), pudiendo presentar algunas betas blancas. Los cruces con Duroc o Large black también presentan la pezuña de color negro.
Paris / Champs Élysées - Hôtel des Invalides gesehen vom Arc de Triomphe
The Hôtel des Invalides (French: [o.tɛl dez ɛ̃valid]; French for 'House of Invalids'), commonly called les Invalides ([lez ɛ̃valid]; lit. 'the Invalids'), is a complex of buildings in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, France, containing museums and monuments, all relating to the military history of France, as well as a hospital and an old soldiers' retirement home, the building's original purpose. The buildings house the Musée de l'Armée, the museum of the Army of France, the Musée des Plans-Reliefs, and the Musée d'Histoire Contemporaine. The complex also includes the Cathedral of Saint-Louis-des-Invalides, the national cathedral of the French military. It is adjacent to the Royal Chapel known as the Dôme des Invalides, the tallest church building in Paris at a height of 107 metres (351 ft). The latter has been converted into a shrine to some of France's leading military figures, most notably the tomb of Napoleon.
History
Louis XIV initiated the project by an order dated 24 November 1670 to create a home and hospital for aged and disabled (invalide) soldiers, the veterans of his many military campaigns. The initial architect of Les Invalides was Libéral Bruant. The selected site was in the then suburban plain of Grenelle (plaine de Grenelle). By the time the enlarged project was completed in 1676, the façade fronting the Seine measured 196 metres (643 ft) in width, and the complex had fifteen courtyards, the largest being the cour d'honneur designed for military parades. The church-and-chapel complex of the Invalides was designed by Jules Hardouin-Mansart in 1676, taking inspiration from his great-uncle François Mansart's design for a Chapelle des Bourbons to be built behind the chancel of the Basilica of Saint-Denis, the French monarch's necropolis since ancient times. Several projects were submitted in the mid-1660s by both Mansart and Gian Lorenzo Bernini, who was residing in Paris at the time. Mansart's second project is very close to Hardouin-Mansart's concept of the Royal Chapel or Dome Church at Les Invalides, both in terms of its architecture and of its relationship with the adjacent church. Architectural historian Allan Braham has hypothesized that the domed chapel was initially intended to be a new burial place for the Bourbon Dynasty, but that project was not implemented. Instead, the massive building was designated as the private chapel of the monarch, which was attached to the Cathedral attended by the veterans. The Dôme des Invalides remains as one of the prime exemplars of French Baroque architecture, at 107 metres (351 ft) high, and also as an iconic symbol of France's absolute monarchy.
The interior of the dome was painted by Le Brun's disciple Charles de La Fosse with a Baroque illusionistic ceiling painting. The painting was completed in 1705.
Meanwhile, Hardouin-Mansart assisted the aged Bruant with the Cathedral of Saint-Louis-des-Invalides, Paris, which was finished to Bruant's design after the latter died in 1697. Daily attendance of the veterans in the church services was required. Shortly after the veterans' chapel was started, Louis XIV commissioned Mansart to construct a separate private royal chapel, now named its most striking feature. The Dome chapel was finished in 1706.
Because of its location and significance, the Invalides served as the scene for several key events in French history. On 14 July 1789, it was stormed by Parisian rioters who seized the cannons and muskets stored in its cellars to use against the Bastille later the same day. Napoleon was entombed under the Dome of the Invalides with a grand ceremony in 1840. The separation between the two churches was reinforced in the 19th century with the erection of Napoleon's tomb, the creation of the two separate altars, and the construction of a glass wall between the two chapels.
The building retained its primary function as a retirement home and hospital for military veterans (invalides) until the early twentieth century. In 1872, the musée d'artillerie (Artillery Museum) was located within the building to be joined by the musée historique des armées (Historical Museum of the Armies) in 1896. The two institutions were merged to form the present musée de l'armée in 1905. At the same time, the veterans in residence were dispersed to smaller centres outside Paris. The reason was that adopting a mainly conscript army after 1872 meant a substantial reduction in the number of veterans having the twenty or more years of military service formerly required to enter the Hôpital des Invalides. The building accordingly became too large for its original purpose. The modern complex does, however, still include the facilities detailed below for about a hundred elderly or incapacitated former soldiers.
When the Army Museum at Les Invalides was founded in 1905, the veterans' chapel was placed under its administrative control. It is now the cathedral of the Diocese of the French Armed Forces, officially known as Cathédrale Saint-Louis-des-Invalides.
2024 Olympic venue
The Esplanade des Invalides, the expansive green space in front of the historic Hôtel des Invalides, was a venue for several sports during the Paris 2024 Summer Olympics. It hosted archery, para-archery, road cycling, and marathon events, with the Invalides buildings providing a backdrop.
Architecture
North Front and entrance
Hardouin-Mansart's Dome chapel is large enough to dominate the long façade yet harmonizes with Bruant's door under an arched pediment on the north front of Les Invalides. To the north, the courtyard (cour d'honneur) is extended by a wide public esplanade (Esplanade des Invalides) where the embassies of Austria and Finland are neighbors of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, all forming one of the grand open spaces in the heart of Paris. At its far end, the Pont Alexandre III links this grand urbanistic axis with the Petit Palais and the Grand Palais. The Pont des Invalides is next, downstream the Seine river.
The Dome des Invalides
The Dome is the tallest and most famous of the buildings of Les Invalides. Designed by Jules Hardouin-Mansart, it takes the form of a Greek cross, on a square plan. Each of the facades is composed of two orders superimposed. The porch is topped by triangular fronton. It is crowned by a dome 90 metres, high, surmounted by lantern bringing the height to 107 metres (351 feet), making it taller than Notre Dame de Paris and the tallest of all Paris church domes.
The dome is actually composed of two domes superimposed. The lower dome is largely open at the base, allowed the visitors below to see the art painted on the dome above by Charles de La Fosse. The windows are masked by the lower dome, which permits natural lighting and gives the impression that viewers are actually seeing the sky, a popular Baroque affect.
The interior of the dome is divided into two separate churches; beneath the dome is the chapel that was used, on rare occasions, by the royal family. Attached to the dome is a separate church, the Cathedral of Saint-Louis-des-Invalides, Paris, which was used by the veterans who lived at Les Invalides. They were required to attend daily services in the church.
The painting inside the dome by Charles de la Fosse depicts Saint Louis presenting his sword to Christ and the angels. In the centre of the composition, God and the Virgin are surrounded by angel musicians. Saint Louis carries the symbols of royalty; a crown, a garden with flour-des-lys emblems, and a royal mantle. To the right of Christ are placed the symbols of the passion and the suffering of Christ; the cross, nails, a lance, and the crown of thorns.
Charles de la Fosse (1636-1716), a student of Le Brun, was one of the leading painters of the Academy, whose work is also found in the Palace of Versailles. Jules Hardouin Mansard, in charge of all the decoration of the dome, asked La Fosse to decorate the cupola and the pendentives with paintings of the four Evangelists. In the same period, he decorated the salons of Diane and Apollo at the Palace of Versailles.
Tomb of Napoleon
The Tomb of Napoleon is found within the Church of the Dome. It was created after his remains were returned to France from Saint Helena in 1840. It was prepared by King Louis Philippe I and his Prime Minister, Adolphe Thiers, but it was not completed and inaugurated until 1861. The chief architect was Louis Visconti, who died before the tomb was completed. The sarcophagus made of purple quartzite, on a base of green granite, is placed in an open crypt. The crypt is surrounded by a circular gallery supported by twelve pillars, with relief panel and sculpture celebrating Napoleon's accomplishments, represented by figures of Atlantes.
Cathedral of Saint-Louis-des-Invalides
In 1957, the position of vicar was created to oversee the spiritual education of the army. In 1986 a position of the Bishop of the armies was established and placed at the church, which gave the church the title of cathedral.
The church is located directly behind the Dome des Invalides. It was originally the church that was used by the army veterans who lived at Les Invalides. They were required to attend daily services in the cathedral. In the original church, the dome, where the royal family worshipped, served as the choir, while the present cathedral was the nave for the veterans.
One unusual feature of the church is the display of captured enemy flags taken over the years by the French Army.
The cathedral has a particularly fine organ, made between 1679 and 1687, with a vert elaborate case with sculpture designed by architect Jules Hardouin-Mansart.
The Courtyard of Honour
The organ of the cathedral is particularly notable. It was made by the organ-builder of the King, Alexandre Thierry, between 1679 and 1687, and has undergone several restorations. The elaborate buffet with sculpture was made in 1683. It was specially designed for the church by the architect, Jules Hardouin-Mansart.
The French Army Museum
The Army Museum (Musée de l'Armée) was created in 1905 with the merger of the Musée d'Artillerie and the Musée Historique de l'Armée. The museum's seven main spaces and departments contain collections that display military equipment span the from the Middle antiquity through the 20th century.
The Museum of Relief Maps
The Musee des Plans-Reliefs displays a collection of military models. It was begun in 1668 the Minister of War of Louis XIV ordered that three-dimensional models be made of fortified cities and strategic places in France. The models were originally held in the Louvre. The collection was enlarged through the 18th centuries, and some models of German fortifications were added. The total collection made between 1668 and 1870 has about 150 models. The museum currently displays some twenty-eight models, depicting fortified cities of the French coast.
Burials
The Dome chapel became a military necropolis when Napoleon in September 1800 designated it for the relocation of the tomb of Louis XIV's celebrated general Turenne, followed in 1807–1808 by Vauban. In 1835, the underground gallery below the church received the remains of 14 victims of the Giuseppe Marco Fieschi's failed assassination attempt on Louis-Philippe I. The significant development came with the building's designation to become Napoleon's tomb by a law of 10 June 1840, as part of the political project of the retour des cendres orchestrated by king Louis-Philippe I and his minister Adolphe Thiers (the reference to Napoleon's cendres or "ashes" is actually to his mortal remains, as he had not been cremated). The creation of the crypt and of Napoleon's massive sarcophagus took twenty years to complete and was finished in 1861. By then, it was emperor Napoleon III who was in power and oversaw the ceremony of the transfer of the remains of his uncle from a chapel of the church to the crypt beneath the dome.
Inside the Église du Dôme des Invalides
The most notable tomb at Les Invalides is that of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769–1821), designed by Louis Visconti with sculptures by James Pradier, Pierre-Charles Simart and Francisque Joseph Duret. Napoleon was initially interred on Saint Helena, but King Louis Philippe arranged for his remains to be brought to France in 1840, an event known as le retour des cendres. Napoleon's remains were kept in the Saint Jerome (southwestern) chapel of the Dome church for more than two decades until his final resting place, a tomb made of red quartzite and resting on a green granite base, was finished in 1861.
Other military figures and members of Napoleon's family were also buried at the Dome church by year of burial there:
1800: Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Viscount of Turenne (1611–1675); 1670s monument by Gaspard Marsy and Jean-Baptiste Tuby, originally at the Basilica of Saint-Denis and relocated by Napoleon
1807–1808: heart of Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban (1633–1707); relocated by Napoleon from Bazoches, replaced in 1847 with a cenotaph by Antoine Étex
1847: Henri Gatien Bertrand (1773–1844), an army general who accompanied Napoleon to Elba and then St Helena, and in 1840 brought Napoleon's body back to France; monument designed by Louis Visconti
1847: Géraud Duroc (1772–1813); also by Louis Visconti
1862: Jérôme Bonaparte (1784–1860), Napoleon's youngest brother, Governor of the Invalides 1848–1852; monument by Alfred-Nicolas Normand with sculpture by Eugène Guillaume, in the Saint Jerome chapel
1864: Joseph Bonaparte (1768–1844), Napoleon's elder brother; monument by Alphonse-Nicolas Crépinet [fr] in the Saint Augustine (southeastern) chapel
Charles Leclerc (1772–1802); urn relocated from the Château de Montgobert
1904: heart of Théophile Corret de la Tour d'Auvergne (1743–1800), named by Napoleon the "first grenadier of the Republic"
1940: Napoleon II (1811–1832) son of Napoleon (his heart and intestines remained in Vienna); first placed in the church's Saint Jerome Chapel, then buried in the crypt in 1969
1858: heart of Catharina of Württemberg (1783–1835), wife of Jérôme Bonaparte, and their son Jérôme Napoléon Charles Bonaparte, in the underground gallery; the monument of Catharina's heart was relocated in 1862 in the Saint Jerome Chapel
1937: Ferdinand Foch (1851–1929), monument by Paul Landowski in the Saint Ambrose (northeastern) chapel
1963: Hubert Lyautey (1854–1934), relocated from Morocco, monument by Albert Laprade in the Saint Gregory (northwestern) chapel
Beneath the Cathédrale Saint-Louis-des-Invalides
82 additional military figures, including 28 Governors of Les Invalides, are buried in the Caveau des Gouverneurs, an underground gallery beneath the Cathédrale Saint-Louis-des-Invalides:
Albert d'Amade (1856–1941)
Jean-Toussaint Arrighi de Casanova (1778–1853), Governor 1852–1853
Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers (1764–1813) (heart)
Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers (1795–1878), Marshal of France
Jean-François Berruyer (1737?–1804), Governor 1803–1804
Jean-Baptiste Bessières (1768–1813), Marshal of the Empire
Baptiste Pierre Bisson (1767–1811) (heart)
Antoine Baucheron de Boissoudy (1864–1926)
Thomas Bugeaud (1784–1849), Marshal of France, involved in the conquest of Algeria
François Canrobert (1809–1895), Marshal of France
François-Henri de Franquetot de Coigny (1737–1821), Marshal of France, Governor 1816–1821
Victor Cordonnier (1858–1936)
Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont (1783–1837)
Vincent Martel Deconchy (1768–1823) (heart)
Denis Auguste Duchêne (1862–1950)
Guy-Victor Duperré (1775–1846)
Franciade Fleurus Duvivier [fr] (1794–1848)
Jean Baptiste Eblé (1758–1812) (heart)
Louis Franchet d'Espèrey (1856–1942), Marshal of France
Rémy Joseph Isidore Exelmans (1775–1852), Marshal of France
Émile Fayolle (1852–1928), Marshal of France
Ernest François Fournier (1842–1934)
Dominique-Marie Gauchet (1853–1931)
Augustin Gérard (1857–1926)
Henri Giraud (1879–1949)
Émile Guépratte (1856–1939)
Adolphe Guillaumat (1863–1940)
Ferdinand-Alphonse Hamelin (1796–1864)
Jean-Joseph Ange d'Hautpoul (1754–1807) (heart)
Paul Prosper Henrys (1862–1943)
Jean Houdemon [fr] (1885–1960), Governor 1951–1960
Georges Louis Humbert (1862–1921)
Jean-Baptiste Jourdan (1762–1833), Marshal of the Empire, Governor 1830–1833
Alphonse Juin (1888–1967), Marshal of France
Jean-Baptiste Kléber (1753–1800) (heart)
Fernand de Langle de Cary (1849–1927)
Charles Lanrezac (1852–1925)
Augustin Boué de Lapeyrère (1852–1924)
Jean Ambroise Baston de Lariboisière (1759–1812)
Dominique Jean Larrey (1766–1842), celebrated military surgeon
Antoine Charles Louis de Lasalle (1777–1809), the "Hussar General"
Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque (1902–1947), Marshal of France
Patrice de MacMahon (1808–1893), Marshal of France and President of France
Paul Maistre (1858–1922)
Gabriel Malleterre (1858–1923), Governor 1919–1923
Charles Mangin (1866–1925)
Augustin Eugène Mariaux [fr] (1864–1944), Governor 1923–1944
Edmond-Charles de Martimprey (1808–1883), Governor 1870–1871
Louis de Maud'huy (1857–1921)
Michel-Joseph Maunoury (1847–1923), posthumous Marshal of France
Antoine de Mitry (1857–1924)
Gabriel Jean Joseph Molitor (1770–1849), Marshal of France, Governor 1847–1848
Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey (1754–1842), Marshal of the Empire, Governor 1833–1842
Raoul Magrin-Vernerey a.k.a. Ralph Monclar (1892–1964), Governor 1862–1864
Georges Mouton (1770–1838), Marshal of France
François-Marie-Casimir Négrier (1788–1848) (heart)
Robert Nivelle (1856–1924)
Nicolas d'Orange des Roches [fr] (1618–1705), Governor 1696–1705
Philippe Antoine d'Ornano (1784–1863), Marshal of France, Governor 1853–1863
Nicolas Oudinot (1767–1847), Marshal of the Empire, Governor 1842–1847
Paul Pau (1848–1932)
Aimable Pélissier (1794–1864), Marshal of France
Henri Putz (1859–1925)
Antoine Rodes [fr] (1870–1951), Governor 1944–1951
Pierre Alexis Ronarc'h (1865–1940)
Pierre Roques (1856–1920), creator of the French Air Force
Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle (1760–1836), army captain, author of France's national anthem La Marseillaise
Pierre Ruffey (1851–1928)
Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély (1794–1870), Marshal of France
Jacques Leroy de Saint-Arnaud (1798–1854), Marshal of France
Maurice Sarrail (1856–1929) (heart)
Horace François Bastien Sébastiani de La Porta (1771–1851), Marshal of France
Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier (1742–1819), Marshal of France, Governor 1804–1815
Victor d'Urbal (1858–1943)
Sylvain Charles Valée (1773–1846), Marshal of France
Two of these, Gabriel Malleterre and Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque, are also honored with a plaque inside the Saint-Louis-des-Invalides cathedral. Another plaque honors Jean de Lattre de Tassigny (1889–1952), posthumous Marshal of France, commander of the French First Army during World War II and later commander in the First Indochina War, who is buried in Mouilleron-en-Pareds.
(Wikipedia)
Das Hôtel des Invalides (deutsch Invalidenheim, französisch auch kurz Les Invalides) in Paris (7. Arrondissement) ist ein ursprünglich unter der Bezeichnung Hôtel royal des Invalides im Auftrag von König Ludwig XIV. in den Jahren von 1670 bis 1676 nach den Plänen der Architekten Libéral Bruant und Jules Hardouin-Mansart errichtetes Heim für kriegsversehrte, berufsunfähige Soldaten. Heute wird es geführt von der Institution nationale des Invalides und beherbergt mehrere Museen, darunter das bedeutende Musée de l’Armée, sowie zwei Kirchen, nämlich die Église du Dôme des Invalides mit der Grabstätte Kaiser Napoleons I. sowie die Cathédrale Saint-Louis-des-Invalides mit den Ruhestätten weiterer hoher Militärs.
Geschichte
Das Gebäude entstand zur Lösung des Problems, was mit den heimatlosen, arbeitslosen oder verwundeten Soldaten nach einem Krieg geschehen sollte. Nicht nur aus Gründen der Humanität fühlten sich Herrscher verpflichtet, für die Soldaten zu sorgen, die ihr Leben riskiert und oft ihre Gesundheit beschädigt hatten. Auch aus Gründen der staatlichen Sicherheit empfahl sich eine solche Maßnahme, denn unbeschäftigte, aber waffenkundige Soldaten konnten gefährlich werden, wenn sie als marodierende Banden unkontrolliert durch das Land zogen. Schon im 12. Jahrhundert dachte Philipp Augustus deshalb an eine Art Hospital. Lange kamen alte Soldaten in Klöstern unter, wo sie häufig Unruheherde bildeten, weil sie sich nicht den strengen Mönchsregeln unterwerfen wollten.
König Ludwig XIV. sorgte mit dem Hôtel des Invalides für eine umfassende Lösung, bei der er für die Architektur die äußere Gestalt des spanischen Escorial zum Vorbild nahm und für die soziale Organisation die Tradition des Klosters. Die Anlage ist eine gewaltige militärische Gedächtnisstätte mit einem riesigen zentralen Innenhof, einem Kreuzgang vergleichbar, der von vier Nebenhöfen mit Wohntrakten umgeben war. Die alten und gebrechlichen Soldaten sollten hier ein geregeltes Leben führen. Ihre Tage waren mit Gottesdiensten und handwerklichen Betätigungen ausgefüllt.
Wohngebäude und Werkstätten
Die Militäranlage bildet ein großes, 390 Meter langes und 450 Meter breites Rechteck. Allein die viergeschossige Fassade ist 195 Meter breit. Sie beherbergt unter anderem ein Hospital und eine Manufaktur.
Den zu der sogenannten Esplanade gelegenen Vorplatz säumen aufgebockte Kanonenrohre des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts. Durch den Haupteingangsprospekt gelangt man auf den Ehrenhof. Der Haupteingang wird von Kriegerstatuen in antikem Dekor gesäumt.
Durch den Haupteingang geht der Blick auf das Tempelmotiv auf der gegenüberliegenden Seite. Dieser gesamte Bereich ist streng symmetrisch gebaut. Die Mitte ist an den vier Trakten jeweils nur leicht dadurch betont, dass in der langen zweigeschossigen Arkadenreihe eine Dreiergruppe schwach herausgezogen und mit einem Dreiecksgiebel bekrönt wird, ohne dadurch den Eindruck der endlosen Reihung und damit militärischer Strenge und Disziplin zu schmälern.
Der Ehrenhof (französisch Cour d’Honneur) ist heute noch Schauplatz von Militärparaden. Auf der Südseite, gegenüber dem Haupteingang, befindet sich im Zentralbogen der oberen Galerie eine Bronzestatue Napoleons (von Charles Émile Seurre, 1833), die im Volksmund Le Petit Corporal genannt wird. Die oberen Gänge der Wohntrakte, die zum Ehrenhof hin liegen, sind ebenfalls mit historischem Kriegsgerät ausstaffiert.
Kirchen
Nach der Inbetriebnahme wurden dem Gebäudekomplex zwei Kirchen hinzugefügt:
Cathédrale Saint-Louis-des-Invalides
Der Rohbau der sogenannten Soldatenkirche (offiziell Cathédrale Saint-Louis-des-Invalides), wurde 1676 begonnen und bereits 1677 mit der Überdachung abgeschlossen, während die benachbarte Église du Dôme des Invalides von 1679 bis 1708 errichtet wurde.
Bei der Planung des Hôtel des Invalides musste der Umstand bedacht werden, dass die religiöse Feier des militärischen Ruhms zwei Kirchen brauchte – eine für die Bewohner des Invalidenheims und eine für die Besucher. Das Hôtel des Invalides sollte nicht nur Veteranenunterkunft werden, sondern Ludwig XIV. wollte eine Heldengedenkstätte errichten; die Ausmaße der dazugehörigen Kirche mussten entsprechend groß sein, um u. a. auch größere Besuchergruppen aufnehmen zu können. Die Lösung, die schließlich gefunden wurde, bestand darin, die als Zentralbau gestaltete Église du Dôme des Invalides als Kirche für die Besucher und die als Longitudinalbau gestaltete Cathédrale Saint-Louis-des-Invalides als Kirche für die Bewohner des Invalidenheims direkt aneinander zu stellen. Auf diese Weise stellen sie zwar getrennte Einheiten dar, gehören aber baulich doch zusammen. In der Trennwand hinter dem Hochaltar der Cathédrale Saint-Louis-des-Invalides befindet sich ein großes Fenster zur Église du Dôme des Invalides, das beide Kirchenräume gleichsam geistig verbindet.
Ursprünglich war die Kirche für die Bewohner des Hôtel des Invalides als choeur des pensionnaires („Chor der Invaliden“) eine Bauidee, die auf die Mönchschöre frühneuzeitlicher Klosterkirchen zurückgeht. Von ihrer Église des soldats („Soldatenkirche“) aus verfolgten die Heiminsassen den Gottesdienst, das Betreten des Kuppelraums der Église du Dôme des Invalides war ihnen untersagt. Die Kirche für die Bewohner des Hôtel des Invalides ist seit 1986 Kathedrale und Sitz des französischen römisch-katholischen Militärordinariats (Diocèse des Armées françaises).
Grabgewölbe Caveau des Gouverneurs
Hinter dem Hochaltar der Cathédrale Saint-Louis-des-Invalides, und teilweise in diesen integriert, liegt der Zugang zum Grabgewölbe Caveau des Gouverneurs, das ursprünglich für die Gouverneure des Invalidenheims (siehe Liste unten) bestimmt war. Letztlich fanden hier 28 Gouverneure ihre letzte Ruhestätte; die übrigen der 82 hier beigesetzten Personen sind besonders verdienstvolle Angehörige der französischen Streitkräfte.
In den Gruftnischen des Caveau des Gouverneurs ruhen u. a. die Admirale oder Generale d’Amade, Arrighi de Casanova, Baraguey d’Hilliers, Bessières, Bugeaud de la Piconnerie, Certain de Canrobert, Coigny, Duchêne, Duperré, Franchet d’Espèrey, Exelmans, Fayolle, Gauchet, Giraud, Guillaumat, Hamelin, Henrys, Humbert, Jourdan, Juin, Langle de Cary, Lanrezac, Baston de Lariboisière, Larrey, Lasalle, Leclerc de Hauteclocque, Mac-Mahon (auch Staatspräsident), Maistre, Mangin, Maud’huy, Mitry, Molitor, de Moncey, Mouton de Lobau, Nivelle, d’Ornano, Oudinot, Pau, Pélissier de Malakoff, Putz, Roques, Rouget de Lisle (Verfasser der Marseillaise), Saint-Jean d’Angely, Saint-Arnaud, Sébastiani, Sérurier, d’Urbal und Valée.
Jean-Marie de Lattre de Tassigny, posthum Marschall von Frankreich, ruht nicht im Hôtel des Invalides, sondern in seinem Geburtsort Mouilleron-en-Pareds (Département Vendée). Anlässlich des 50. Todestages des Marschalls enthüllte der französische Staatspräsident Jacques Chirac im Januar 2002 eine Ehrentafel für ihn in der Cathédrale Saint-Louis-des-Invalides. Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque wurde ebenfalls mit einer solchen Ehrentafel in der Cathédrale Saint-Louis-des-Invalides gewürdigt.
Orgel
Die Orgel wurde 1687 von dem Orgelbauer Alexandre Thierry mit 37 Registern auf vier Manualen und Pedal erbaut. Das Instrument wurde mehrfach repariert und erweitert. Rekonstruiert wurde das Instrument insbesondere durch den Orgelbauer Gadault im Jahre 1852, und in den Jahren 1957, 1962 und 1979 durch den Orgelbauer Beuchet-Debierre. Dementsprechend heterogen ist das heutige Pfeifenwerk in der Orgel. Sie hat heute 64 Register auf drei Manualen und Pedal. Die Trakturen sind elektrisch.
Église du Dôme des Invalides (Grabstätte Napoleons)
Die zweite Kirche im Komplex des Hôtel des Invalides ist ebenfalls dem heiligen Ludwig geweiht und trug ursprünglich den Namen Chapelle royale des Invalides. Heute wird sie Église du Dôme des Invalides genannt, wovon sich ihr deutscher Name „Invalidendom“ ableitet. Die Bezeichnung Dom weist in diesem Fall nicht auf eine Kathedrale hin (Sitz des Militärbischofs ist die benachbarte Cathédrale Saint-Louis-des-Invalides, siehe oben), sondern kommt von dem französischen Wort „dôme“, was „Kuppel“ bedeutet.
Der in den Jahren 1679 bis 1691 errichtete Rohbau des Invalidendoms konnte aufgrund von Kapitalmangel erst im Jahr 1706 endgültig vollendet und ausgeschmückt werden. Ein Gesetz bestimmte das Gebäude am 10. Juni 1840 zum Grabmal Napoleons. Die Aushebung und Ausstattung der Krypta, die den Innenraum der Kuppelkirche erheblich veränderten, nahmen rund zwanzig Jahre in Anspruch und wurden 1861 abgeschlossen.
(Wikipedia)
On April 8th, 20.000 people (according to the Union nationale lycéenne-UNL), 8. 500 according to the police, demonstrated once more from Luxembourg. Numerous incidents forced the organizers to stop the march around Duroc, with stones and bottles thrown at the police, who replicated with tear gas and charges, with a few arrests.
Here, protesters party frenetically around the traditional flare ;-)
Merci de lire les explications en début d'album / Please read the explanations at the beginning of the set
Part of Ecole en danger ! (Recommended as a slideshow)