View allAll Photos Tagged diversify
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A fire broke out on August 24, 2009 at the Diversified Chemical Technologies plant in Detroit, Michigan. The fire and explosions created a smoke cloud that could be seen for many miles, and elevated to a second alarm.
Still trying to diversify my subjects a bit.
I've always been in awe before those steam monster but really didn't knew first thing about trains, let alone Lego trains.
So after enlightening myself a bit I started building and went for an original design to have less constraints. Still I was strongly inspired by the PRR K4 as well as some German Kriegslok'
My camera doesn't have a video function so I can't show off as much as I would like, but know the gear are working, it's motorised & it can take turns, no problems ^^
Enjoy !
The post-World War II years saw diversification in the packaging of Coca-Cola and the development or acquisition of new products.
The trademark “Coke,” first used in advertising in 1941, was registered in 1945.
Now my cynical mind suggests that they knew exactly what they were doing when they changed the name.
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Cocaine (coke) is a powerful and generally illegal drug that has a long and complicated history.
The intoxicant is extracted from the coco plant, which originated in the Andean highlands of South America. Natives chewed the leaves or brewed them into a tea to combat fatigue for thousands of years before the Spaniards arrived on their doorstep.2 The pure chemical of cocaine hydrochloride was first extracted in the mid 1900s, and it was popular for both medical and legal recreational use for decades after.
In the early 1900s, medical professionals began to become alarmed at the negative health effects and addictions associated with this miracle powder, and its recreational use became illegal in 1914. Medical use is still legal in some circumstances, but it’s highly restricted.
Cocaine use dwindled for many years following this regulation, but a market for the drug exploded in the 1970s and 1980s, devastating communities. Soon after this, a new, cheaper form of cocaine emerged called crack cocaine that was more accessible to low-income individuals. More susceptible to drug abuse and addiction, many of these communities became trapped in a cycle of poverty, gang violence, and addiction. Today, according to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 1.4 million Americans struggle with cocaine abuse and addiction, though its general use appears to be on the decline.
Powder cocaine is the most commonly used stimulant in the UK and the second most prevalent drug overall. In the most recent surveys available, use in the last year was reported at 2.9% in England and Wales, the highest figure since 2008 to 2009
Regardless what you call it, cocaine is an addictive substance associated with a number of harmful health issues.
Hullo. I thought I would provide you with a natural landscape to somewhat diversify from the urban landscapes throughout December. Although nearly 100 miles (161km) southeast of Seattle, Mount Rainier is a well recognized “local" landmark, especially when the days are crystal clear and one can see Rainier dominating above the Cascade Mountains along the horizon. The tallest mountain in Washington State -- and dormant volcano (hasn’t erupted since the late 19th century) -- Rainier has an elevation of 14,411 ft (4,392 m). Because of its prominence, on those clear days, Rainier can be seen from as far away as Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada as well as Portland, Oregon.
Some of you are familiar with Steve’s work -- he’s a photographer and very much a nature guy. When he found out I had never been to Rainier since I moved to Seattle, he took it upon himself to change that reality! Result? We took a five-mile hike (one-way) to get to this spot, Spray Lake, at Mount Rainier National Park back in August. This was the reward at sunset after some serious climbing, knee-scraping, and being eaten alive from the mosquitos that accompanied us! ;o) We also saw two large brown bears about a mile (1.6 km) away -- a safe distance to admire them.
Some of the laziest frogs I have ever encountered in my life were basking beneath the surface of this lake. Didn’t move a muscle when I approached them to take photos; also didn’t bother to help us with reducing the mosquito population. Cute frogs, but lazy!
It was completely dark on the hike back. I tripped over rocks and branches many times. I still don’t know how Steve managed to navigate, even with the tiny flashlights tied around our heads. Nevertheless, after constantly dripping sweat for more than three hours, I’m not ashamed to admit that I had never been happier to see my own car in my entire life. (Definitely worth it, but the story would not be as interesting if I didn’t complain a little bit).
Have a good weekend!
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Ok so this is experimental art :) As you can see I'm really doing my best to keep my photostream as diversified as possible for you ! :)))
This is the result of playing around with photoshop and using an interesting effect of picnik (influencing the colors) ! Quite futuristic :)
Please leave comments and tell me your honest opinion, thanks a lot ! :)
Have a great day !
Bazaar of Kashan (Persian: بازار کاشان Bāzār-e Kāshān) is an old bazaar in the center of the city of Kashan, Iran. It is thought to have been built in the Seljuk era with renovations during the Safavid period.
Text: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaar_of_Kashan (CC BY-SA)
Iceland[4][5] i/ˈaɪslənd/ (Icelandic: Ísland, IPA: [ˈislant]; see Names for Iceland), officially called Republic of Iceland[6][7][8] and sometimes its counterpart Lýðveldið Ísland in Icelandic (for example this is a part of the name of the Constitution of Iceland, Stjórnarskrá lýðveldisins Íslands), is a Nordic European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.[9] The country has a population of about 320,000 and a total area of 103,000 km2 (40,000 sq mi).[10] The capital and largest city is Reykjavík,[11] with the surrounding areas in the southwestern region of the country being home to two-thirds of the country's population. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active. The interior mainly consists of a plateau characterised by sand fields, mountains and glaciers, while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle.
According to Landnámabók, the settlement of Iceland began in AD 874 when the chieftain Ingólfur Arnarson became the first permanent Norse settler on the island.[12] Others had visited the island earlier and stayed over winter. Over the following centuries, Norsemen settled Iceland, bringing with them thralls (serfs) of Gaelic origin. From 1262 to 1918 Iceland was part of the Norwegian and later the Danish monarchies. Until the 20th century, the Icelandic population relied largely on fisheries and agriculture. Industrialisation of the fisheries and Marshall Aid brought prosperity in the years after World War II. In 1994, Iceland became party to the European Economic Area, which made it possible for the economy to diversify into economic and financial services.
Iceland has a free market economy with relatively low taxes compared to other OECD countries,[13] while maintaining a Nordic welfare system providing universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens.[14] In recent years, Iceland has been one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. In 2011, it was ranked as the 14th most developed country in the world by the United Nations' Human Development Index,[3] and the fourth most productive country per capita.[15] In 2008, the nation's entire banking system systemically failed and there was substantial resulting political unrest.
Icelandic culture is founded upon the nation's Norse heritage. Most Icelanders are descendants of Norse (particularly from Western Norway) and Gaelic settlers. Icelandic, a North Germanic language, is closely related to Faroese and some West Norwegian dialects. The country's cultural heritage includes traditional Icelandic cuisine, poetry, and the medieval Icelanders' sagas. Currently, Iceland has the smallest population among NATO members and is the only one with no standing army.
Camera: Canon EOS 5D Mark II
Lens: Canon EF 16-35mm f/2.8 L II USM
Focal Length: 18mm
Aperture: f/5.6
Shutter Speed : 1/60
ISO: 100
Exposure: Manual
The much loved Castle's Butchers with its 3 gables, now diversified into a trendier sounding 'farm-shop'; 15th or early 16th century. To its left, the pink washed building is late 15th century, It has old Tudor windows, now blocked in on both its upper floors. It is famous for its vaulted crypt, a good picture of which is in its listing in BLB. britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101224036-london-housethe-cr...
To the right is the side of The Tolsey.
A crew from Diversified Rail Services, led by Gary Bensman, is nearing completion of a multi-year restoration on the former Chesapeake & Ohio locomotive which will see it return to the rails to pull the scenic’s 16 mile excursion train from Cumberland to Frostburg, MD. The next major step of the rebuild involves the two sets of wheels being placed under the locomotive. The project will utilize two cranes to lift the locomotive's massive boiler into the air.
Montpellier (France) is a city with a very diversified architecture. Here is a good example of her modern side
I looked through the scope this morning and was thrilled to see a Hooded Merganser pair swimming toward one of our duck boxes. We had a Merganser successfully nest here in 2007 and 2008, and have had a few others try since then, but their boxes were taken over by Wood Ducks and Black-bellied Whistling Ducks. She looked like she was headed straight for the box, so I started filming through the living room window. She landed on top, surveyed the situation, and then entered the box. While she was likely laying an egg, the male waited outside performing what I’ve always interpreted to be a courtship display. After about seven minutes she rejoined her mate in the water. An Anhinga in the background surfaced with a bream, and after briefly beating it on a log, swallowed it whole. Although a Wood Duck hen landed on top to the box after the Merganser exited - looking like she was definitely going to go in, she and her mate left without disturbing the new egg. Just a few minutes later the Merganser entered a SECOND box, likely laying another egg! I only got video of her leaving the box, greeted by a group of curious Canada Geese. I’m going to have to keep a close eye on these two boxes to see if we have any mixed Wood Duck and Merganser broods.
Trying to diversify my portfolio a little bit with some editorial and fashion-like shoots. Zara was nice enough to strike some hot poses for me and melt my camera a little.
Ventura, Ca
Summer of 2014
German company NSU was founded in 1873, initially manufacturing knitting machines. The company diversified into bicycles in 1880, and motorcycles in 1901. The first NSU automobile debuted in 1905.
Motorcycle production resumed after WWII, followed by the new Prinz automobile in 1957. The Prinz was a small rear-engine car, powered by a 583 cc twin-cylinder producing 20 hp (15 kW)
The Sport Prinz was a 2-seater sports coupe variant. It was designed by Franco Scaglione at Bertone studios in Turin. 20,831 were manufactured between 1958 and 1968. The first 250 bodies were built by Bertone in Turin. The rest were built in Heilbronn at Karrosseriewerke Drauz which was later bought by NSU.
The Sport Prinz was initially powered by the 583 cc (35.6 cu in) Prinz 50 straight-twin engine but a maximum speed of 160 km/h (99 mph) was nevertheless claimed. From late 1962 a 598 cc (36.5 cu in) engine was fitted.
The NSU Spider was a Wankel rotary powered two-seater roadster based on the Sport Prinz platform.
Iceland[4][5] i/ˈaɪslənd/ (Icelandic: Ísland, IPA: [ˈislant]; see Names for Iceland), officially called Republic of Iceland[6][7][8] and sometimes its counterpart Lýðveldið Ísland in Icelandic (for example this is a part of the name of the Constitution of Iceland, Stjórnarskrá lýðveldisins Íslands), is a Nordic European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.[9] The country has a population of about 320,000 and a total area of 103,000 km2 (40,000 sq mi).[10] The capital and largest city is Reykjavík,[11] with the surrounding areas in the southwestern region of the country being home to two-thirds of the country's population. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active. The interior mainly consists of a plateau characterised by sand fields, mountains and glaciers, while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle.
According to Landnámabók, the settlement of Iceland began in AD 874 when the chieftain Ingólfur Arnarson became the first permanent Norse settler on the island.[12] Others had visited the island earlier and stayed over winter. Over the following centuries, Norsemen settled Iceland, bringing with them thralls (serfs) of Gaelic origin. From 1262 to 1918 Iceland was part of the Norwegian and later the Danish monarchies. Until the 20th century, the Icelandic population relied largely on fisheries and agriculture. Industrialisation of the fisheries and Marshall Aid brought prosperity in the years after World War II. In 1994, Iceland became party to the European Economic Area, which made it possible for the economy to diversify into economic and financial services.
Iceland has a free market economy with relatively low taxes compared to other OECD countries,[13] while maintaining a Nordic welfare system providing universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens.[14] In recent years, Iceland has been one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. In 2011, it was ranked as the 14th most developed country in the world by the United Nations' Human Development Index,[3] and the fourth most productive country per capita.[15] In 2008, the nation's entire banking system systemically failed and there was substantial resulting political unrest.
Icelandic culture is founded upon the nation's Norse heritage. Most Icelanders are descendants of Norse (particularly from Western Norway) and Gaelic settlers. Icelandic, a North Germanic language, is closely related to Faroese and some West Norwegian dialects. The country's cultural heritage includes traditional Icelandic cuisine, poetry, and the medieval Icelanders' sagas. Currently, Iceland has the smallest population among NATO members and is the only one with no standing army.
Camera: Canon EOS 5D Mark II
Lens: Canon EF 16-35mm f/2.8 L II USM
Focal Length: 17mm
Aperture: f/11.0
Shutter Speed : 30
ISO: 100
Exposure: Manual
Willows California. Where to go with that lawn mower and troublesome unplucked duck!
Rolleiflex 3.5E/Planar
Kodak Portra 400 medium format
“The American Locomotive Company diversified into the automobile business in 1906, producing French Berliet designs under license. Two years later, the Berliet license was abandoned, and the company began to produce its own designs instead. An ALCO racing car won the Vanderbilt Cup in both 1909 and 1910. They abandoned automobile manufacture in 1913. “ Wikipedia
The wonderful Owls Head Transportation Museum is a short drive from Rockland, Maine. owlshead.org
Iceland[4][5] i/ˈaɪslənd/ (Icelandic: Ísland, IPA: [ˈislant]; see Names for Iceland), officially called Republic of Iceland[6][7][8] and sometimes its counterpart Lýðveldið Ísland in Icelandic (for example this is a part of the name of the Constitution of Iceland, Stjórnarskrá lýðveldisins Íslands), is a Nordic European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.[9] The country has a population of about 320,000 and a total area of 103,000 km2 (40,000 sq mi).[10] The capital and largest city is Reykjavík,[11] with the surrounding areas in the southwestern region of the country being home to two-thirds of the country's population. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active. The interior mainly consists of a plateau characterised by sand fields, mountains and glaciers, while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle.
According to Landnámabók, the settlement of Iceland began in AD 874 when the chieftain Ingólfur Arnarson became the first permanent Norse settler on the island.[12] Others had visited the island earlier and stayed over winter. Over the following centuries, Norsemen settled Iceland, bringing with them thralls (serfs) of Gaelic origin. From 1262 to 1918 Iceland was part of the Norwegian and later the Danish monarchies. Until the 20th century, the Icelandic population relied largely on fisheries and agriculture. Industrialisation of the fisheries and Marshall Aid brought prosperity in the years after World War II. In 1994, Iceland became party to the European Economic Area, which made it possible for the economy to diversify into economic and financial services.
Iceland has a free market economy with relatively low taxes compared to other OECD countries,[13] while maintaining a Nordic welfare system providing universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens.[14] In recent years, Iceland has been one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. In 2011, it was ranked as the 14th most developed country in the world by the United Nations' Human Development Index,[3] and the fourth most productive country per capita.[15] In 2008, the nation's entire banking system systemically failed and there was substantial resulting political unrest.
Icelandic culture is founded upon the nation's Norse heritage. Most Icelanders are descendants of Norse (particularly from Western Norway) and Gaelic settlers. Icelandic, a North Germanic language, is closely related to Faroese and some West Norwegian dialects. The country's cultural heritage includes traditional Icelandic cuisine, poetry, and the medieval Icelanders' sagas. Currently, Iceland has the smallest population among NATO members and is the only one with no standing army.
Camera: Canon EOS 5D Mark II
Lens: Canon EF 16-35mm f/2.8 L II USM
Focal Length: 16mm
Aperture: f/22.0
Shutter Speed : 10 seconds
ISO : 100
Exposure: Manual
I
suggest you diversify the menu and please your loved ones with an exquisite potato gratin dish.
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This is a classic, fascinating 😋with its extraordinary taste and mouth-watering appearance.
I'm sharing my favorite recipe with you.
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So, there is nothing complicated in the preparation of gratin. It consists of simple ingredients: potatoes, cream, garlic and nutmeg.
The main thing is to choose a good potato, large, oblong, so that it is easy to cut.
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And it is also important not to lose starch, because it turns cream into sauce, acting as a natural thickener.
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The slices should be thin and translucent (you can use a special grater for this).
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When the potatoes are sliced, prepare the baking dish by pre-greasing it with butter.
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Spread the potatoes in layers, alternating with garlic and nutmeg, then pour the cream so that the mold is one-third full and cover it tightly with foil.
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Then send it to the oven preheated to 180 ° C.
Make sure that the potatoes do not dry out and are not raw. When you notice that it is almost ready, remove the foil from the mold, pour a little more cream and put a few pieces of butter on top. Increase the temperature and bake until golden brown, which makes gratin a real gratin.
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Ph: @safronoviv_photo
Md & retouch: @safronovajv
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#Moscowphotostudio #moskvafotograph #familyphotoMoscow #arm #dress #fashion #joint #neck #onepiecegarment #plant #shoulder #smile #textile #NikonD850 #safronoviv_photo
Port Hercule
Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco, is a sovereign city-state and microstate on the French Riviera a few kilometres west of the Italian region of Liguria, in Western Europe, on the Mediterranean Sea. It is a semi-enclave bordered by France to the north, east and west. The principality is home to nearly 39,000 residents as of the 2020s, of whom about 9,883 are Monégasque nationals. It is recognised as one of the wealthiest and most expensive places in the world. The official language of Monaco is French. Monégasque, English and Italian are also spoken and understood by many residents.
With an area of 2.08 km2 (0.80 sq mi), Monaco is the second-smallest sovereign state in the world, after Vatican City. Its population of 38,423 in 2024 makes it the most densely populated sovereign state. Monaco has the world's shortest national coastline: 3.83 km (2.38 mi). The principality is about 15 km (9.3 mi) from the border with Italy and consists of nine administrative wards, the largest of which is Monte Carlo.
The principality is governed under a form of semi-constitutional monarchy, with Prince Albert II as head of state, who still wields significant political power and is not merely a ceremonial figure like most modern monarchies. The prime minister, who is the head of government, can be either a Monégasque or French citizen; the monarch consults with the Government of France before an appointment. Key members of the judiciary are detached French magistrates. The House of Grimaldi has ruled Monaco, with brief interruptions, since 1297. The state's sovereignty was officially recognised by the Franco-Monégasque Treaty of 1861, with Monaco becoming a full United Nations voting member in 1993. Despite Monaco's independence and separate foreign policy, its defence is the responsibility of France, besides maintenance of two small military units.
Monaco's economic development was spurred in the late 19th century with the opening of the state's first casino, the Monte Carlo Casino, and a rail connection to Paris. Monaco's mild climate, scenery, and gambling facilities have contributed to its status as a tourist destination and recreation centre for the rich. Monaco has become a major banking centre and sought to diversify into the services sector and small, high-value-added, non-polluting industries. Monaco is a tax haven; it has no personal income tax (except for French citizens) and low business taxes. Over 30% of residents are millionaires, with real estate prices reaching €100,000 ($116,374) per square metre in 2018. Monaco is a global hub of money laundering, and in June 2024 the Financial Action Task Force placed Monaco under increased monitoring to combat money laundering and terrorist financing.
Monaco is not part of the European Union (EU), but participates in certain EU policies, including customs and border controls. Through its relationship with France, Monaco uses the euro as its sole currency. Monaco joined the Council of Europe in 2004 and is a member of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF). It hosts the annual motor race, the Monaco Grand Prix, one of the original Grands Prix of Formula One. The local motorsports association gives its name to the Monte Carlo Rally, hosted in January in the French Alps. The principality has a club football team, AS Monaco, which competes in French Ligue 1 and has been French champions on multiple occasions, as well as a basketball team, which plays in the EuroLeague. A centre of research into marine conservation, Monaco is home to one of the world's first protected marine habitats, an Oceanographic Museum, and the International Atomic Energy Agency Marine Environment Laboratories, the only marine laboratory in the UN structure.
History
Monaco's name comes from the nearby 6th-century BC Phocaean Greek colony. Referred to by the Ligurians as Monoikos, from the Greek "μόνοικος", "single house", from "μόνος" (monos) "alone, single" + "οἶκος" (oikos) "house". According to an ancient myth, Hercules passed through the Monaco area and turned away the previous gods. As a result, a temple was constructed there. Because this "House" of Hercules was the only temple in the area, the city was called Monoikos. It ended up in the hands of the Holy Roman Empire, which gave it to the Genoese in 1191, in return for cracking down on pirates. By the Early 1200s, the Genoese had built a castle on the rock, and were utilizing the port.
An ousted branch of a Genoese family, the Grimaldi, captured it in 1297 by posing as monks but then had to contest it for a century before gaining official control. Though the Republic of Genoa would last until the 19th century, it allowed the Grimaldi family to keep Monaco. Likewise, both France and Spain left it alone for hundreds of years due to agreements with either of them, especially for defense. France annexed it in the French Revolution at the end of the 18th century, but after the defeat of Napoleon it was put under the care of the Kingdom of Sardinia.
In the 19th century, when Sardinia became a part of Italy, the region came under French influence but France allowed it to remain independent and it escaped being incorporated into Italy. However, it shrunk considerably when it traded two nearby towns, in exchange for sovereignty from France. Monaco relied on tourism from the late 19th century to remain financially solvent, and it was at this time the famous casino and hotels were established. Monaco was overrun by the Axis powers in the 1940s during the Second World War and for a short time was administered by Italy, then Nazi Germany, before being liberated. Although the occupation lasted for just a short time, it resulted in the deportation of the Jewish population and execution of several French Resistance members from Monaco. Since then Monaco has been independent. It has taken some steps towards integration with the European Union.
Arrival of the Grimaldi family
Following a grant of land from Emperor Henry VI in 1191, Monaco was refounded in 1215 as a colony of Genoa. Monaco was first ruled by a member of the House of Grimaldi in 1297, when Francesco Grimaldi, known as "Malizia" (translated from Italian either as "The Malicious One" or "The Cunning One"), and his men captured the fortress protecting the Rock of Monaco while dressed as Franciscan friars – a monaco in Italian – although this is a coincidence as the area was already known by this name.
Francesco was evicted a few years later by the Genoese forces, and the struggle over "the Rock" continued for another century. The Grimaldi family was Genoese and the struggle was something of a family feud. The Genoese engaged in other conflicts, and in the late 1300s Genoa lost Monaco after fighting the Crown of Aragon over Corsica. Aragon eventually became part of a united Spain, and other parts of the land grant came to be integrated piecemeal into other states. Between 1346 and 1355, Monaco annexed the towns of Menton and Roquebrune, increasing its territory by almost ten times.
1400–1800
In 1419, the Grimaldi family purchased Monaco from the Crown of Aragon and became the official and undisputed rulers of "the Rock of Monaco". In 1612, Honoré II began to style himself "Prince" of Monaco.[36] In the 1630s, he sought French protection against the Spanish forces and, in 1642, was received at the court of Louis XIII as a "duc et pair étranger".
The princes of Monaco became vassals of the French kings while at the same time remaining sovereign princes. Though successive princes and their families spent most of their lives in Paris, and intermarried with French and Italian nobilities, the House of Grimaldi is of Genoese origin. The principality continued its existence as a protectorate of France until the French Revolution.
19th century
In 1793, Revolutionary forces captured Monaco and until 1814 it was occupied by the French (in this period much of Europe had been overrun by the French armies under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte). The principality was reestablished in 1814 under the Grimaldis. It was designated a protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Monaco remained in this position until 1860 when, by the Treaty of Turin, the Sardinian forces pulled out of the principality; the surrounding County of Nice (as well as Savoy) was ceded to France Monaco became a French protectorate once again. Italian was the official language in Monaco until 1860, when it was replaced by French.
Before this time there was unrest in Menton and Roquebrune, where the townspeople had become weary of heavy taxation by the Grimaldi family. They declared their independence as the Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune, hoping for annexation by Sardinia. France protested. The unrest continued until Charles III of Monaco gave up his claim to the two mainland towns (some 95% of the principality at the time) that had been ruled by the Grimaldi family for over 500 years.
These were ceded to France in return for 4,100,000 francs. The transfer and Monaco's sovereignty were recognised by the Franco-Monégasque Treaty of 1861. In 1869, the principality stopped collecting income tax from its residents — an indulgence the Grimaldi family could afford to entertain thanks solely to the extraordinary success of the casino. This made Monaco a playground for the rich and a favoured place for them to live.
20th century
Until the Monégasque Revolution of 1910 forced the adoption of the 1911 Constitution of Monaco, the princes of Monaco were absolute rulers. The new constitution slightly reduced the autocratic rule of the Grimaldi family and Prince Albert I suspended it during the First World War.
In July 1918, a new Franco-Monégasque Treaty was signed, providing for limited French protection over Monaco. The treaty, endorsed in 1919 by the Treaty of Versailles, established that Monégasque international policy would be aligned with French political, military and economic interests. It also resolved the Monaco succession crisis.
In 1943, the Italian Army invaded and occupied Monaco, forming a fascist administration. In September 1943, after Mussolini's fall from power, the German Wehrmacht occupied Italy and Monaco, and the Nazi deportation of the Jewish population began. René Blum, the prominent French Jew who founded the Ballet de l'Opéra in Monte Carlo, was arrested in his Paris home and held in the Drancy deportation camp outside the French capital before being transported to Auschwitz, where he was later murdered. Blum's colleague Raoul Gunsbourg, the director of the Opéra de Monte-Carlo, helped by the French Resistance, escaped arrest and fled to Switzerland. In August 1944, the Germans executed René Borghini, Joseph-Henri Lajoux and Esther Poggio, who were Resistance leaders.
Rainier III, succeeded to the throne on the death of his grandfather, Prince Louis II, in 1949, and ruled until 2005. On 19 April 1956, Prince Rainier married the American actress Grace Kelly, an event that was widely televised and covered in the popular press, focusing the world's attention on the tiny principality.
A 1962 amendment to the constitution abolished capital punishment, provided for women's suffrage and established a Supreme Court of Monaco to guarantee fundamental liberties. In 1963, a crisis developed when Charles de Gaulle blockaded Monaco, angered by its status as a tax haven for wealthy French citizens.
In 1993, the Principality of Monaco became a member of the United Nations, with full voting rights.
21st century
In 2002, a new treaty between France and Monaco specified that, should there be no heirs to carry on the Grimaldi dynasty, the principality would still remain an independent nation rather than revert to France. Monaco's military defense is still the responsibility of France.
On 31 March 2005, Rainier III, who was too ill to exercise his duties, relinquished them to his only son and heir, Albert. He died six days later, after a reign of 56 years, with his son succeeding him as Albert II, Sovereign Prince of Monaco. Following a period of official mourning, Prince Albert II formally assumed the princely crown on 12 July 2005, in a celebration that began with a solemn Mass at Saint Nicholas Cathedral, where his father had been buried three months earlier. His accession to the Monégasque throne was a two-step event with a further ceremony, drawing heads of state for an elaborate reception, held on 18 November 2005, at the historic Prince's Palace in Monaco-Ville. On 27 August 2015, Albert II apologised for Monaco's role during World War II in facilitating the deportation of a total of 90 Jews and resistance fighters, of whom only nine survived. "We committed the irreparable in handing over to the neighbouring authorities women, men and a child who had taken refuge with us to escape the persecutions they had suffered in France," Albert said at a ceremony in which a monument to the victims was unveiled at the Monaco cemetery. "In distress, they came specifically to take shelter with us, thinking they would find neutrality."
In 2015, Monaco unanimously approved a modest land reclamation expansion intended primarily to accommodate desperately needed housing and a small green/park area. Monaco had previously considered an expansion in 2008, but had called it off. The plan is for about six hectares (15 acres) of apartment buildings, parks, shops and offices to a land value of about 1 billion euros. The development will be adjacent to the Larvotto district and also will include a small marina. There were four main proposals, and the final mix of use will be finalised as the development progresses. The name for the new district is Anse du Portier.
On 29 February 2020, Monaco announced its first case of COVID-19, a man who was admitted to the Princess Grace Hospital Centre then transferred to Nice University Hospital in France.
On 3 September 2020, the first Monégasque satellite, OSM-1 CICERO, was launched into space from French Guiana aboard a Vega rocket. The satellite was built in Monaco by Orbital Solutions Monaco.
Government
Politics
Monaco has been governed under a constitutional monarchy since 1911, with the Sovereign Prince of Monaco as head of state. The executive branch consists of a Prime Minister as the head of government, who presides over the other five members of the Council of Government. Until 2002, the Prime Minister was a French citizen appointed by the prince from among candidates proposed by the Government of France; since a constitutional amendment in 2002, the Prime Minister can be French or Monégasque. On 2 September 2024, Prince Albert II appointed a French citizen, Didier Guillaume, to the office.
Under the 1962 Constitution of Monaco, the prince shares his veto power with the unicameral National Council. The 24 members of the National Council are elected for five-year terms; 16 are chosen through a majority electoral system and 8 by proportional representation. All legislation requires the approval of the National Council. Following the 2023 Monegasque general election, all 24 seats are held by the pro-monarchist Monegasque National Union.
The principality's city affairs are managed by the Municipality of Monaco. The municipality is directed by the Communal Council, which consists of 14 elected members and is presided over by a mayor. Georges Marsan has been mayor since 2003. Unlike the National Council, communal councillors are elected for four-year terms and are strictly non-partisan; oppositions inside the council frequently form.
Members of the judiciary of Monaco are appointed by the Sovereign Prince. Key positions within the judiciary are held by French magistrates, proposed by the Government of France. Monaco currently has three examining magistrates.
Geography
Monaco is a sovereign city-state, with five quarters and ten wards, located on the French Riviera in Western Europe. It is bordered by France's Alpes-Maritimes department on three sides, with one side bordering the Mediterranean Sea. Its centre is about 16 km (9.9 mi) from Italy and only 13 km (8.1 mi) northeast of Nice.
It has an area of 2.1 km2 (0.81 sq mi), or 208 ha (510 acres), and a population of 38,400, making Monaco the second-smallest and the most densely populated country in the world. The country has a land border of only 5.47 km (3.40 mi), a coastline of 3.83 km (2.38 mi), a maritime claim that extends 22.2 km (13.8 mi), and a width that varies between 1,700 and 349 m (5,577 and 1,145 ft).
Jurassic limestone is a prominent bedrock which is locally karstified. It hosts the Grotte de l'Observatoire, which has been open to the public since 1946.
The highest point in the country is at the access to the Patio Palace residential building on the Chemin des Révoires (ward Les Révoires) from the D6007 (Moyenne Corniche street) at 164.4 m (539 ft) above sea level. The lowest point in the country is the Mediterranean Sea.
Saint-Jean brook is the longest flowing body of water, around 0.19 km (190 m; 0.12 mi; 620 ft) in length, and Fontvieille is the largest lake, approximately 0.5 ha (1.2 acres) in area.[88] Monaco's most populated quartier is Monte Carlo, and the most populated ward is Larvotto/Bas Moulins.
After the expansion of Port Hercules,[90] Monaco's total area grew to 2.08 km2 (0.80 sq mi) or 208 ha (510 acres); subsequently, new plans were approved to extend the district of Fontvieille by 0.08 km2 (0.031 sq mi) or 8 ha (20 acres), with land reclaimed from the Mediterranean Sea. Land reclamation projects include extending the district of Fontvieille. There are two ports in Monaco, Port Hercules and Port Fontvieille. There is a neighbouring French port called Cap d'Ail that is near Monaco. Monaco's only natural resource is fishing; with almost the entire country being an urban area, Monaco lacks any sort of commercial agriculture industry. A small residential expansion formerly called Le Portier was nearing completion in 2023, and additionally a new esplanade was added at Larvatto beach which also had some maintenance.
Climate
Monaco has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa), with strong maritime influences, with some resemblances to the humid subtropical climate (Cfa). As a result, it has balmy warm, dry summers and mild, rainy winters. The winters are very mild considering the city's latitude, being as mild as locations located much further south in the Mediterranean Basin. Cool and rainy interludes can interrupt the dry summer season, the average length of which is also shorter. Summer afternoons are infrequently hot (indeed, temperatures greater than 30 °C or 86 °F are rare) as the atmosphere is temperate because of constant sea breezes. On the other hand, the nights are very mild, due to the fairly high temperature of the sea in summer. Generally, temperatures do not drop below 20 °C (68 °F) in this season. In the winter, frosts and snowfalls are extremely rare and generally occur once or twice every ten years. On 27 February 2018, both Monaco and Monte Carlo experienced snowfall.
Demographics
Monaco's total population was 38,400 in 2015, and estimated by the United Nations to be 36,297 as of 1 July 2023.[160][161] As of 2024, Monégasques make up 24.1% of residents, followed by French (21.8%), Italian (19.5%), British (7.6%), Swiss (3.1%), Russian (3.1%), Belgian (2.7%), and German nationals (2.5%).[162] According to 2019 studies, 31% of Monaco's population is reported to be millionaires equalling up to 12,248 individuals
Citizens of Monaco, whether born in the country or naturalised, are called Monégasque. Monaco has the world's highest life expectancy at nearly 90 years.
Language
The main and official language of Monaco is French, while Italian is spoken by the principality's sizeable community from Italy. French and Italian are in fact more spoken in the principality today than Monégasque, its historic vernacular language. A variety of Ligurian, Monégasque is not recognised as an official language; nevertheless, some signage appears in both French and Monégasque, and the language is taught in schools. English is also used.
Italian was the official language in Monaco until 1860, when it was replaced by French. This was due to the annexation of the surrounding County of Nice to France following the Treaty of Turin (1860).
The Grimaldi, princes of Monaco, are of Ligurian origin; thus, the traditional national language is Monégasque, a variety of Ligurian, now spoken by only a minority of residents and as a common second language by many native residents. In Monaco-Ville, street signs are printed in both French and Monégasque.
Sports
Two important sports for Monaco are football and racing, but there are a number of other sports played; sports are also a part of Monaco's economy and culture. Monaco has competed in the Olympic Games, and also hosted competitive athletic sporting events.
See Monaco at the Olympics for more on Monaco's participation at the Olympic Games. Monaco has competed to varying degrees in every Olympic games except 1932, 1956, and 1980.
Racing
In addition to Formula One, the Circuit de Monaco hosts several support series, including FIA Formula 2, Porsche Supercup and Formula Regional Europe. It has in the past also hosted Formula Three and Formula Renault.
Formula One
Since 1929, the Monaco Grand Prix has been held annually in the streets of Monaco. It is widely considered to be one of the most prestigious automobile races in the world. The erection of the Circuit de Monaco takes six weeks to complete and the removal after the race takes another three weeks.
The circuit is narrow and tight and its tunnel, tight corners and many elevation changes make it perhaps the most demanding Formula One track.
One of the most famous, and slowest, turns in all of F1 Racing is the Loews hairpin, later renamed Fairmont hairpin when the hotel by this bend was renamed.
Formula E
Starting in 2015 Formula E started racing biennially with the Historic Grand Prix of Monaco on the Monaco ePrix and used a shorter configuration of the full Formula 1 circuit, keeping it around Port Hercules until 2021. For Season 11 of Formula E it will become a double header race.
Maserati MSG Racing, formerly named ROKiT Venturi Racing from 2014 to 2022, is the only motor racing team based in the principality, headquartered in Fontvieille. The marque competes in Formula E and was one of the founding teams of the fully-electric championship. The team is led by Co-Managing Partners Scott Swid and José M Aznar Botella, and Team Principal Cyril Blais. The outfit holds 21 podiums under the ROKiT Venturi Racing title, including 8 race wins, and to date has 6 podiums, including 2 race wins, in the series under the Maserati MSG Racing title. 1997 Formula One World Champion Jacques Villeneuve and eleven-time Formula One race winner Felipe Massa have raced for the team previously. Jake Hughes and Season 8 Formula E champion Stoffel Vandoorne currently race for the team.
Monte Carlo Rally
Since 1911 part of the Monte Carlo Rally has been held in the principality, originally held at the behest of Prince Albert I. Like the Grand Prix, the rally is organised by Automobile Club de Monaco. It has long been considered to be one of the toughest and most prestigious events in rallying and from 1973 to 2008 was the opening round of the World Rally Championship (WRC).[185] From 2009 until 2011, the rally served as the opening round of the Intercontinental Rally Challenge. The rally returned to the WRC calendar in 2012 and has been held annually since.[ Due to Monaco's limited size, all but the ending of the rally is held on French territory.
Tour de France
The 2009 Tour de France, the world's premier cycle race, started from Monaco with a 15 km (9 mi) closed-circuit individual time trial starting and finishing there on the first day, and the 182 km (113 mi) second leg starting there on the following day and ending in Brignoles, France.
Football
Monaco hosts two major football teams in the principality: the men's football club, AS Monaco FC, and the women's football club, OS Monaco. AS Monaco plays at the Stade Louis II and competes in Ligue 1, the first division of French football. The club is historically one of the most successful clubs in the French league, having won Ligue 1 eight times (most recently in 2016–17) and competed at the top level for all but six seasons since 1953. The club reached the 2004 UEFA Champions League Final, with a team that included Dado Pršo, Fernando Morientes, Jérôme Rothen, Akis Zikos and Ludovic Giuly, but lost 3–0 to Portuguese team FC Porto. French World Cup-winners Thierry Henry, Fabien Barthez, David Trezeguet, and Kylian Mbappe have played for the club. The Stade Louis II also played host to the annual UEFA Super Cup from 1998 to 2012 between the winners of the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa League.
The women's team, OS Monaco, competes in the women's French football league system. The club plays in the local regional league, deep down in the league system. It once played in the Division 1 Féminine, in the 1994–95 season, but was quickly relegated.
The Monaco national football team represents the nation in association football and is controlled by the Monégasque Football Federation, the governing body for football in Monaco. Monaco is one of two sovereign states in Europe (along with the Vatican City) that is not a member of UEFA and so does not take part in any UEFA European Football Championship or FIFA World Cup competitions. They are instead affiliated with CONIFA, where they compete against other national teams that are not FIFA members. The team plays its home matches in the Stade Louis II.
(Wikipedia)
Port Hercules (French: Port Hercule [pɔʁ ɛʁkyl]) is the only deep-water port in Monaco. The port has been in use since ancient times. The modern port was completed in 1926, and underwent substantial improvements in the 1970s. It covers almost 40 acres (160,000 m2), enough to provide anchorage for up to 700 vessels. The port is located in the La Condamine district. Harbour pilots are required for all vessels longer than 30 metres. The depth of water in the harbour ranges from seven metres for standard berths and up to 40 metres for the outer piers and cruise ship docks.
History
During the 6th-century BC. Phocaeans Greeks from Massalia (modern day Marseille) founded the colony of Mònoikos. The name of the colony derives from the local veneration of the Greek demigod and mythological hero Hercules, also later adopted by the Romans, who was said to have constructed the ancient path that passed through the region from Spain to Italy. The Roman emperor Julian also wrote of Hercules's construction of Monaco's port and a coastal road. The road was dotted with altars to Hercules, and a temple dedicated to him was established on the Rock of Monaco. The name Port Hercules was subsequently used for the ancient port. Monoeci meaning "Single One" or Monoikos meaning "Single House" could be a reference to Hercules or his temple, or the isolated community inhabiting the area around the rock.
According to the "travels of Hercules" theme, also documented by Diodorus Siculus and Strabo, both Greeks and native Ligurian people asserted that Hercules passed through the area.
After the Gallic Wars, Monoecus, which served as a stopping-point for Julius Caesar on his way to campaign in Greece, fell under Roman control as part of the Maritime Alps province (Gallia Transalpina).
The Roman poet Virgil called it "that castled cliff, Monoecus by the sea" (Aeneid, VI.830). The commentator Servius's use of the passage (in R. Maltby, Lexicon of Ancient Latin Etymologies, Leeds) asserts, under the entry portus, that the epithet was derived:
dictus autem Monoecus vel quod pulsis omnibus illic solus habitavit, vel quod in eius templo numquam aliquis deorum simul colitur.
"either because Hercules drove off everyone else and lived there alone, or because in his temple no other of the gods is worshipped at the same time."
No temple to Hercules has been found at Monaco (see also Lucan 1.405.), although the rocky ground and dense conurbation make future excavations unlikely.
The port is mentioned in Pliny the Elder's Natural History (III.v) and in Tacitus' Histories (III.42), when Fabius Valens was forced to put into the port (Fabius Valens e sinu Pisano segnitia maris aut adversante vento portum Herculis Monoeci depellitur).
In 2010, the Finnish manufacturer of marinas and pontoons Marinetek was hired to deliver three new pontoons to Port Hercule. Monaco's old fixed piers were replaced by Marinetek's floating concrete pontoons. The renovation was completed in 2011.
Events
In 2011, Jean Michel Jarre performed a free concert in front of 85,000 spectators, to celebrate the wedding of Prince Albert II and Charlene Wittstock.
The Port Hercule is home to the Foire de Monaco, an annual fair that runs from October to November.
In popular culture
In 1995, the harbour was used as a location in the James Bond film GoldenEye. Bond (played for the first time by Pierce Brosnan) tries to stop the villainous Xenia Onatopp (Famke Janssen) from stealing a helicopter, but she escapes when Bond is foiled by the local police who are unaware of who he is.
(Wikipedia)
Monaco (deutsch [moˈnako], französisch [mɔnaˈko], italienisch [ˈmɔnako]) (amtlich Fürstentum Monaco, monegassisch Principatu de Mu̍negu, französisch Principauté de Monaco, italienisch Principato di Monaco) ist ein am Mittelmeer liegender Stadtstaat in Südeuropa. Die Staatsform des Fürstentums ist als konstitutionelle Monarchie verfasst; Staatsreligion ist der Katholizismus. Monaco ist nach der Vatikanstadt der zweitkleinste Staat der Erde mit 39.520 Einwohnern (Stand: 2021) auf einer Fläche von 2,084 Quadratkilometern. Die Bevölkerungsdichte weist mit 18.831 Einwohnern je Quadratkilometer die höchste Bevölkerungsdichte aller Staaten der Welt auf, gefolgt von Singapur und Bahrain. Von der Bevölkerung verfügen 77,5 Prozent nicht über die monegassische Staatsbürgerschaft. Der Staat liegt in den Seealpen und an der Côte d’Azur, der französischen Riviera, nahe der Grenze zu Italien.
Landesname
Der Landesname hat einen griechisch-lateinischen Ursprung. Monaco war ein antiker Handelsplatz der Phönizier und später der Griechen, die hier an der Nordküste des westlichen Mittelmeers einen Herkules-Tempel errichteten, der bald den Beinamen Monoikos („einzelnes Haus“) erhielt. Als der Ort ein römischer Hafen wurde, erhielt er den Namen Herculis Monoeci Portus, woraus Monaco entstand.
Territorium
Das Fürstentum liegt an der französischen Riviera, auf 43° 44′ nördlicher Breite und 7° 25′ östlicher Länge zwischen der französischen Stadt Nizza im Westen (13 km Entfernung) und der französisch-italienischen Grenze (etwa zehn Kilometer Entfernung) im Osten. Die Küstenlänge des Fürstentums ohne Häfen und Strände beträgt 4856 Meter. In den letzten Jahrzehnten wurde das Staatsgebiet durch Landgewinnung um mehr als 40 Hektar auf 208,4 Hektar (2,084 Quadratkilometer) vergrößert. Monaco verfügt über ein schmales Küstenmeeresgebiet. Die gesamte Fläche des Landes liegt am Rand der Seealpen.
Die einzige Staatsgrenze ist die zur Französischen Republik. Die französischen Nachbargemeinden, die unmittelbar an den Stadtstaat Monaco grenzen, lauten (im Uhrzeigersinn): Cap-d’Ail, La Turbie, Beausoleil, Roquebrune-Cap-Martin. Die Länge der Staatsgrenze beträgt 5469 Meter. Monaco grenzt mit 1341 Metern an Cap-d’Ail, mit 390 Metern an La Turbie, mit 3274 Metern an Beausoleil und mit 464 Metern an Roquebrune-Cap-Martin.
Physische Geographie
Geomorphologie
Die höchste Erhebung des französischen Umlandes unweit Monacos ist der 1148 Meter hohe Mont Agel, von dem aus früher Radio Monte-Carlo sendete. Die höchste Erhebung des monegassischen Staatsgebiets liegt auf gut 164,5 Metern Meereshöhe im Stadtteil Jardin Exotique, während der Platz vor dem fürstlichen Palast auf 62,2 Metern Höhe liegt.
Klima
In Monaco herrscht Mittelmeerklima mit milden Wintern und warmen Sommern, einer durchschnittlichen Niederschlagsmenge von 1092,2 Millimetern und einer durchschnittlichen Sonnenscheindauer von 2616 Stunden pro Jahr (alle Angaben von 2019). Die durchschnittlichen Temperaturen lagen im Jahr 2019 bei mindestens 15,4 Grad Celsius, höchstens bei 20,4 Grad Celsius.
Bevölkerung
Demografie
Am 31. Dezember 2019 waren in Monaco 38.100 Einwohner amtlich registriert. Im Vergleich zum 31. Dezember 2018 verzeichnete das Fürstentum 200 Einwohner weniger (−0,5 Prozent). Die Einwohner Monacos werden als Monegassen (französisch monégasques) bezeichnet. Die Fertilitätsrate beläuft sich für den Zeitraum 2017 bis 2019 auf 2,5. Im Jahr 2019 betrug die Geburtenrate 1,32 Prozent, die Sterblichkeitsrate 0,84 Prozent. Statistisch gebiert eine Frau mit monegassischer Staatsbürgerschaft im Alter von 32,4 Jahren (Zeitraum 2019 bis 2019). 2019 wurden 939 Neugeborene gezählt, hiervon waren 52,6 Prozent männlich, 47,4 Prozent weiblich. Die Lebenserwartung bei Geburten in den Jahren 2017 bis 2019 wurde durchschnittlich und unter Berücksichtigung des männlichen und weiblichen Geschlechts mit 86,5 Jahren angegeben (Männer: 84,4 Jahre, Frauen: 88,7 Jahre). Monaco war damit der Staat mit der weltweit höchsten Lebenserwartung. 524 Sterbefälle wurden 2019 registriert, davon 50,6 Prozent männlich und 49,4 Prozent weiblich.
Ethnien
Die einheimische Bevölkerung Monacos ist ligurisch-provenzalischen Ursprungs. Sie stellt knapp ein Viertel der Wohnbevölkerung dar. Somit ist Monaco ein Einwanderungsland und weist mit 77,5 Prozent einen der höchsten Anteile an Ausländern aller Staaten auf. Im Jahr 2016 verfügten 8.378 Personen (22,5 Prozent der Gesamtbevölkerung) über die monegassische Staatsbürgerschaft. 2016 waren 9.286 Einwohner Franzosen und stellten die größte Ausländergruppe dar. 8172 italienische Staatsangehörige stellten die drittgrößte Nationalität dar, gefolgt von den Briten (2795 Einwohner), Schweizern (1187), Belgiern (1073), Deutschen (907), Russen (749), Niederländern (555), Portugiesen (523), Griechen (401), US-Amerikanern (366), Schweden (323), Kanadiern (311) und Spaniern (294). Der Anteil der Franzosen an der Bevölkerung ist permanent rückläufig, da die in Monaco wohnenden französischen Staatsangehörigen aufgrund eines Abkommens zwischen Frankreich und Monaco in Frankreich steuerpflichtig sind, sodass sie die extrem hohen Lebenshaltungskosten (insbesondere Immobilienpreise) nicht durch eine Steuerersparnis kompensieren können.
Monegassische Staatsbürgerschaft
Als einziges Land der Welt unterteilt Monaco seine Bevölkerung in drei Kategorien: gebürtige Monegassen, Landeskinder (enfants du pays) und wohlhabende Ausländer. So verfügt erstere Gruppe über das Recht auf eine angemessene staatliche Wohnung (mit Möglichkeit der Vererbung). Die Landeskinder als zweite Kategorie sind nicht im Besitz der monegassischen Staatsbürgerschaft, leben jedoch seit Generationen im Fürstentum und haben einen Rechtsanspruch auf eine angemessene Wohnung aus nichtstaatlichem Immobilienbesitz.
Die monegassische Staatsbürgerschaft stellt die Zugehörigkeit einer natürlichen Person zum Fürstentum Monaco dar. Das Staatsbürgerschaftsrecht Monacos gilt als sehr restriktiv. Jährlich beantragen mehr als 500 Personen die monegassische Staatsbürgerschaft. Die Entscheidung über Zuteilung und Ablehnung der monegassischen Staatsangehörigkeit obliegt ausschließlich dem Fürsten Albert II. Im Jahr 2007 wurde 68 Personen die monegassische Staatsbürgerschaft verliehen, im Jahr 2010 nur sieben Personen.
Sprachen
Die alleinige Amtssprache Monacos ist seit 1792 das Französische. Seit 1858 ist es per Gesetz Unterrichtssprache. Vernakularsprachen sind bzw. waren Monegassisch und Okzitanisch. Während Letzteres als in Monaco nahezu ausgestorben gilt, hat sich die Position des Monegassischen seit den 1980er Jahren gefestigt. Das Monegassische (Eigenbezeichnung: munegascu) ist ein romanischer Dialekt, der mit dem an der französischen und italienischen Riviera beheimateten Ligurischen eng verwandt ist. Im Zusammenhang mit der Herkunft der Herrscherfamilie Grimaldi aus Genua wurde Monegassisch zu einem ordentlichen Lehrfach an den monegassischen Schulen erhoben; das Abitur (Matura) kann auf Monegassisch abgelegt werden. Über die muttersprachliche Verteilung der im Fürstentum gesprochenen Sprachen gibt es keine Erhebungen. Aufgrund ihres Status als offizielle Sprache, vorherrschende Unterrichtssprache und Muttersprache der starken französischen Minderheit ist das Französische als die in Monaco am häufigsten gesprochene Sprache zu betrachten, gefolgt von Italienisch. Das Französische ist seit dem Anschluss der Monaco umgebenden Ländereien, namentlich der Grafschaft Nizza und von Teilen Savoyens, an Frankreich im Jahre 1860 zur vorherrschenden Schrift- und Umgangssprache Monacos aufgestiegen; in der mit dem französischen Adelshaus Goyon de Matignon verbundenen Familie Grimaldi spielte die sprachlich-kulturelle Bindung an Frankreich bereits zuvor eine Rolle.
Religionen
Die römisch-katholische Kirche ist Staatskirche. Monaco ist Sitz eines Erzbistums, das, ohne Metropolitanbistum zu sein, direkt dem Heiligen Stuhl unterstellt ist. Bischofskirche ist die Kathedrale Notre-Dame-Immaculée. Die Freiheiten anderer Religionen und Konfessionen werden von der monegassischen Verfassung garantiert. Neben Katholiken und Protestanten bestehen orthodoxe und jüdische Gemeinden.
Geschichte
Nachdem Kaiser Heinrich VI. im Jahr 1191 der Republik Genua die Herrschaft über die Küstenregion um das heutige Monaco übertragen hatte, wurde am 10. Juni 1215 an der Stelle, an der heute der Fürstenpalast steht, mit dem Bau einer genuesischen Grenzfestung begonnen. Dieser Tag gilt als das Gründungsdatum Monacos. Die bürgerkriegsartigen Auseinandersetzungen im 13. Jahrhundert zwischen den Ghibellinen und Guelfen in Norditalien führten 1296 zur Vertreibung der papsttreuen Guelfen und damit auch der Familie Grimaldi aus Genua. Am 8. Januar 1297 gelang es Soldaten der Grimaldi und mit ihnen verbündeter guelfischer Familien unter der Führung von Francesco Grimaldi, in die bis dahin in ghibellinischer Hand befindliche Festung Monaco einzudringen und diese im Handstreich zu erobern. Von nun an war die Geschichte Monacos eng mit der Familie Grimaldi verbunden, deren Mitglieder mit kurzen Unterbrechungen bis zum heutigen Tag die Herrschaft dort ausüben.
Der erste Herrscher Monacos aus diesem Haus wurde 1297 Raniero Grimaldi, der Monaco 1301 wieder an Genua abtreten musste. Seinem Sohn Carlo I. gelang im Jahr 1331 mit Unterstützung des französischen Königs die erneute Eroberung Monacos sowie der Erwerb von Menton (1346) und Roquebrune (1355). 1357 wurde Monaco nochmals von Genua erobert und gelangte 1419 endgültig in den Besitz der Grimaldi.
Im Jahr 1489 wurde die Unabhängigkeit Monacos vom König von Frankreich und dem Herzog von Savoyen anerkannt. Eine letzte Belagerung Monacos im Jahr 1507 durch die Genuesen endete erfolglos, worauf König Ludwig XII. 1512 die monegassische Unabhängigkeit bestätigte.
Ab 1523, nach dem Regierungsantritt Augustins I. von Monaco, verschlechterten sich die Beziehungen zu Frankreich. Monaco schloss daraufhin 1524 mit dem römisch-deutschen Kaiser Karl V. den Vertrag von Burgos und Tordesillas und stellte sich unter den Schutz der spanischen Habsburger. Honoré II. bezeichnete sich ab 1612 als Fürst und Herrn von Monaco; 1633 wurde der Fürstentitel offiziell von Spanien anerkannt.
Ungefähr ab 1630 erfolgte eine Wiederannäherung an Frankreich, die schließlich 1641 im Vertrag von Péronne besiegelt wurde. Frankreich wurde erneut Monacos Schutzmacht; noch im selben Jahr wurde die spanische Garnison aus Monaco vertrieben. Mit dem Tod von Antoine I. 1731 starben die Grimaldi in männlicher Linie aus. In der Folge gingen Name und Herrschaft auf die eingeheiratete Familie Goyon de Matignon über.
Französische Revolutionstruppen eroberten Monaco 1793. Der Nationalkonvent erklärte die Grimaldi für abgesetzt und rief die Republik Monaco aus. Am 14. Februar 1793 wurde Monaco von Frankreich annektiert, die Mitglieder der Fürstenfamilie wurden inhaftiert.
Am 6. April 1814 und endgültig am 20. November 1815 wurde in den Verträgen von Paris die Unabhängigkeit Monacos wiederhergestellt, nun allerdings unter dem Schutz des Königreichs Sardinien. Wirtschaftliche Schwierigkeiten und politische Unruhen im Gefolge der Februarrevolution 1848 führten 1848 zur Abspaltung der Orte Menton und Roquebrune, die am 2. Februar 1861 durch den Vertrag mit Napoleon III. endgültig an Frankreich fielen. Zugleich erkannte Frankreich die volle Unabhängigkeit Monacos unter der alleinigen Souveränität des Fürsten an.
In diese Zeit fiel auch der wirtschaftliche Aufstieg Monacos. Mit der Gründung der Spielbank Monte-Carlo im Jahr 1853, der Zollunion mit Frankreich 1865 und dem Anschluss an das Eisenbahnnetz 1868 wurde die Grundlage für den mondänen Tourismus gelegt, aus dem Monaco in den folgenden Jahrzehnten einen großen Teil seiner Staatseinnahmen bezog. Fürst Albert I., der sich als Ozeanograph und Paläontologe betätigte, gründete 1889 das renommierte Ozeanographische Museum. 1911 gab er dem Land die erste Verfassung.
1918 wurde das erste bilaterale Abkommen mit Frankreich unterzeichnet, das erneut die Unabhängigkeit Monacos durch Frankreich garantierte. Im Zweiten Weltkrieg war Monaco zeitweise von deutschen Truppen besetzt. Das Frauenwahlrecht auf kommunaler Ebene wurde am 24. Mai 1945 eingeführt.[15] Monaco trat am 8. Juli 1948 der Weltgesundheitsorganisation bei. Seit dem 17. Dezember 1962 gilt die heutige Verfassung. Das aktive und passive Frauenwahlrecht auf nationaler Ebene wurde am 17. Dezember 1962 eingeführt.[16] 1981 erfolgte die Erhebung zum römisch-katholischen Erzbistum Monaco, 1993 der Beitritt zu den Vereinten Nationen. Am 7. Januar 2000 wurde ein ständiger Vertreter bei der Europäischen Union in Brüssel entsandt. 2002 folgte die Einführung des Euro (den Französischen Franc ablösend) in Monaco, das den Status eines assoziierten Euro-Nutzers hat (Buchgeld ab 1999). Monaco wurde am 5. Oktober 2004 nach sechsjähriger Wartezeit in den Europarat aufgenommen. 2005 wurde das zweite bilaterale Abkommen mit Frankreich geschlossen.
Internationale Aufmerksamkeit erlangte Monaco 1956, als Fürst Rainier III. die US-amerikanische Schauspielerin Grace Kelly heiratete, und erneut 2011, als ihr gemeinsamer Sohn und Thronfolger, Albert II., die Südafrikanerin Charlène Wittstock heiratete.
Das Fürstentum ist heute ein Finanzplatz und vornehmlich bei den Reichen der Welt als Hauptwohnsitz begehrt, da es keine Einkommen- und Erbschaftsteuer erhebt und im Ausland begangene Steuerdelikte nicht verfolgt. Französische Staatsbürger sowie Unternehmen zahlen hingegen Steuern.
Monaco ist nicht Mitglied der Europäischen Union, jedoch des Europarates sowie der Vereinten Nationen und der Internationalen Organisation der Frankophonie.
Politik
Verfassung und Thronfolge
Monaco ist seit 1911 eine konstitutionelle Monarchie, in der der regierende Fürst das Staatsoberhaupt ist. Er wird im Fürstentum gewöhnlich Patron („Schutzherr“) oder Monseigneur („mein Herr“) genannt.
Die Thronfolge ist im Artikel 10 der Verfassung des Fürstentums Monaco geregelt und wurde zuletzt 2002 geändert. Thronfolger ist der erste direkte und legitime Nachkomme des Fürsten mit Priorisierung der männlichen Nachkommen im gleichen Verwandtschaftsverhältnis. Wenn der Fürst keinen Nachkommen hat, gilt diese Regelung für die Brüder und Schwestern bzw. deren Nachkommen. Wenn der Thronfolger auf den Thron verzichtet, treten seine Nachkommen an seine Stelle. Der Thronerbe von Fürst Albert II. ist Alberts Sohn Prinz Jacques (* 10. Dezember 2014), gefolgt von dessen Zwillingsschwester Prinzessin Gabriella (* 10. Dezember 2014). Die frühere Regelung, dass Monaco an Frankreich zurückgefallen wäre, wenn es keine Thronerben der Grimaldis gegeben hätte, wurde im zweiten monegassisch-französischen Abkommen 2002 abgeschafft. Daher bliebe Monaco nach einem eventuellen Erlöschen der Dynastie Grimaldi ein souveräner Staat.
Die Regierungsgeschäfte Monacos werden seit April 2005 von Fürst Albert II. ausgeübt, nachdem sein Vater Fürst Rainier am 6. April 2005 verstarb. Nach einer üblichen Trauerphase wurde Albert II. am 12. Juli 2005 offiziell in sein neues Amt eingeführt. Dabei verzichtete er demonstrativ auf das sonst übliche Hofzeremoniell zugunsten einer volksnah gestalteten Feier.
Legislative
Seit der Verfassungsänderung 1962 teilt sich der Fürst seine Regierungsmacht mit dem Parlament (Conseil National). Dieses besteht aus 24 Mitgliedern, die in freien und geheimen Wahlen auf fünf Jahre gewählt werden. Das Parlament wurde zuletzt am 5. Februar 2023 gewählt. Regionale Angelegenheiten, die nur das Stadtgebiet Monacos betreffen, werden vom Gemeinderat beschlossen, der 15 gewählte Mitglieder hat, und vom Bürgermeister Georges Marsan – bzw. aktuell (Stand Januar 2024) nach Korruptionsvorwürfen gegen Marsan von Camille Svara – geleitet wird.
Exekutive
Die Exekutive besteht aus dem Regierungsrat, der aus vier Mitgliedern besteht, die das Kabinett bilden; Vorsitzender des Regierungsrates ist der Staatsminister.
Touristenziele
Die Place du Casino (von den Einheimischen liebevoll Camembert genannt) stellt in mehrfacher Hinsicht eines der touristischen Zentren Monacos dar. Erstens wegen seiner sehr zentralen Lage mitten im Fürstentum. Zweitens befinden sich dort das bekannte Hôtel de Paris sowie das berühmte Casino von Monte-Carlo und direkt daneben die prunkvolle Oper, wobei alle genannten Einrichtungen durch ihre historische Architektur beeindrucken. Drittens ist der Casino-Platz mit seinem Rondell die erste Anlaufstelle für Touristen, die auf Kreuzfahrt das Fürstentum besuchen, da die Schiffe direkt unterhalb des Casinos anlegen. In den Sommermonaten ist die Place du Casino speziell an Freitag- und Samstagabenden ein Treffpunkt für Monaco-Touristen aus aller Welt.
Als zweiter zentraler Touristenmagnet in Monaco gilt die Altstadt Monaco-Ville, die als Rocher (französisch für Felsen) bezeichnet wird. Sie ist auf dem sogenannten Fürstenfelsen gelegen, auf dem sich der Fürstenpalast, die politische und private Residenz der Fürstenfamilie, befindet. Die Altstadt Monacos ist, wie für das Fürstentum typisch, sehr eng bebaut; in den engen Gassen der Altstadt befinden sich zahlreiche Gaststätten und Souvenirläden. Speziell in der Hochsaison ist die Altstadt sehr stark von Monaco-Touristen bevölkert und mitunter schon als von Touristen überlaufen zu bezeichnen.
Der exotische Freiluftgarten Monacos – Jardin Exotique – bietet Pflanzenkundlern eine sehr große Anzahl der verschiedensten Pflanzen- und Baumarten zur Besichtigung. Der Exotische Garten zeichnet sich zudem durch seine Lage aus. Er befindet sich an der Staatsgrenze zu Frankreich in Richtung Nizza in großer Höhe, von der ein Panoramablick über das Fürstentum geboten wird.
Das Ozeanographische Museum befindet sich auf dem Felsen von Monaco in Monaco-Ville und bietet Besuchern eine Fülle von meereskundlichen Exponaten, darunter seltene lebende Meerestiere in Aquarien. Es beherbergt etwa 4000 Fischarten sowie Arten von 200 Familien Wirbelloser. Die prunkvolle Architektur des Museums weist auf seine Gründung 1910 durch Albert I hin. Der Gründer betätigte sich selbst als Ozeanologe, Walforscher und Teuthologe. Er war an dem damals als sensationell empfundenen Fund eines Lepidoteuthis grimaldii (ein geschuppter Tiefseetintenfisch) beteiligt, welcher nach seiner Familie Grimaldi benannt wurde. Das rasch danach erbaute Museum sollte diesen Fund gebührend präsentieren. Die Lage direkt 85 Meter oberhalb des Meeres auf einer Felsenklippe ist ebenfalls eindrucksvoll.
Die Jachthäfen Monacos sind regelmäßig beliebte Touristenziele, an denen große Privatjachten von vermögenden Eignern vor Anker liegen. Der größte Hafen, Port Hercule, befindet sich in La Condamine, entlang jener öffentlicher Straßen, die für den alljährlichen Formel-1-Grand-Prix genutzt werden. Weitere Jachthäfen finden sich direkt unterhalb des Fürstenfelsens in Fontvieille und auf der gegenüberliegenden Seite von Fontvieille in Richtung Cap-d’Ail (Frankreich).
In Larvotto befindet sich der öffentliche Strand Monacos, der vor allem in den warmen Sommermonaten ein sehr beliebtes Ausflugsziel für Einheimische und Touristen ist. Der dortige Sand ist indessen grobkörnig und nicht mit feinen, weißen Sandstränden an anderen Mittelmeerorten zu vergleichen, und im Wasser stellen mitunter Quallen eine Störung des Badebetriebes dar. Ein weiterer vergleichsweise großer und im Sommer recht bevölkerter öffentlicher Badestrand befindet sich unmittelbar hinter Fontvieille, zu Cap-d’Ail hin und auf französischem Staatsgebiet gelegen.
Als Kontrast zu den zahllosen Betonbauten in Monaco wurden mehrere öffentliche Gärten mit teils exotischen Pflanzen, Palmen sowie einheimischen und importierten Vogelarten angelegt. Erwähnenswert sind hier der japanische Garten, der sich südlich des Grimaldi Forums an der Avenue Princesse Grace befindet und durch große Pflanzenpracht, filigrane japanische Hütten- und Brückenbauten und Teiche mit seltenen Koi-Karpfen gefällt. Weitere Gärten findet man in Fontvieille und im Bereich zwischen Ozeanographischem Museum und Fürstenpalast.
Sport
Der 1911 gegründete Club Alpin Monégasque (CAM) ist ein Alpiner Verein.
Im Jahre 1929 fand erstmals der Große Preis von Monaco statt, seit 1955 gastiert die Formel 1 jährlich (mit Ausnahme 2020 aufgrund der COVID-19-Pandemie)[84] im Fürstentum. Außerdem führt die Rallye Monte Carlo in den Stadtstaat.
Die AS Monaco gehört mit acht Meistertiteln zu den erfolgreichsten Fußballvereinen der französischen Liga. Der monegassische Fußballclub spielt im Stade Louis II im Stadtteil Fontvieille. Das Fürstentum unterhält außerdem eine Fußballauswahl, der Verband Fédération Monegasque de Football ist hingegen weder Mitglied der UEFA noch der FIFA.
Im Frühling findet jeweils ein Tennisturnier der ATP Tour Masters 1000 statt. Gespielt wird dabei auf Sand. Das Monte Carlo Masters gehört zu den wichtigsten Turnieren im Herrentennis.
Von 2005 bis 2009 fand im Fürstentum jährlich im September der Ironman 70.3 Monaco, ein Triathlon über die halbe Ironman-Distanz (1,9 Kilometer Schwimmen, 90 Kilometer Radfahren, 21,1 Kilometer Laufen) statt.
Seit 1995 findet im November der Marathon de Monaco et des Riviera statt.
Die EPT Monte Carlo, die seit 2005 im Monte Carlo Bay Hotel ausgetragen wird, ist das bedeutendste jährliche Pokerturnier Europas.
Seit 2003 ist Monaco Ziel der Red Bull X-Alps.
Special Olympics Monaco wurde 1980 gegründet und nahm mehrmals an Special Olympics Weltspielen teil.
(Wikipedia)
Der Port Hercule (deutsch Herkuleshafen) ist der zentral gelegene Yachthafen im Fürstentum Monaco. Er befindet sich im Stadtbezirk La Condamine, der den Hafen umschließt.
Der Bau des Port Hercule wurde 1926 fertiggestellt und erfuhr in den 1970er-Jahren Verbesserungen. Der Hafen bietet Platz für bis zu 700 Boote.
(Wikipedia)
Iceland[4][5] i/ˈaɪslənd/ (Icelandic: Ísland, IPA: [ˈislant]; see Names for Iceland), officially called Republic of Iceland[6][7][8] and sometimes its counterpart Lýðveldið Ísland in Icelandic (for example this is a part of the name of the Constitution of Iceland, Stjórnarskrá lýðveldisins Íslands), is a Nordic European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.[9] The country has a population of about 320,000 and a total area of 103,000 km2 (40,000 sq mi).[10] The capital and largest city is Reykjavík,[11] with the surrounding areas in the southwestern region of the country being home to two-thirds of the country's population. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active. The interior mainly consists of a plateau characterised by sand fields, mountains and glaciers, while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle.
According to Landnámabók, the settlement of Iceland began in AD 874 when the chieftain Ingólfur Arnarson became the first permanent Norse settler on the island.[12] Others had visited the island earlier and stayed over winter. Over the following centuries, Norsemen settled Iceland, bringing with them thralls (serfs) of Gaelic origin. From 1262 to 1918 Iceland was part of the Norwegian and later the Danish monarchies. Until the 20th century, the Icelandic population relied largely on fisheries and agriculture. Industrialisation of the fisheries and Marshall Aid brought prosperity in the years after World War II. In 1994, Iceland became party to the European Economic Area, which made it possible for the economy to diversify into economic and financial services.
Iceland has a free market economy with relatively low taxes compared to other OECD countries,[13] while maintaining a Nordic welfare system providing universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens.[14] In recent years, Iceland has been one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. In 2011, it was ranked as the 14th most developed country in the world by the United Nations' Human Development Index,[3] and the fourth most productive country per capita.[15] In 2008, the nation's entire banking system systemically failed and there was substantial resulting political unrest.
Icelandic culture is founded upon the nation's Norse heritage. Most Icelanders are descendants of Norse (particularly from Western Norway) and Gaelic settlers. Icelandic, a North Germanic language, is closely related to Faroese and some West Norwegian dialects. The country's cultural heritage includes traditional Icelandic cuisine, poetry, and the medieval Icelanders' sagas. Currently, Iceland has the smallest population among NATO members and is the only one with no standing army.
Camera: Canon EOS 5D Mark II
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Red indian.... a member of the race of people living in America when Europeans arrived
The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the descendants of the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas. Pueblos indígenas (indigenous peoples) is a common term in Spanish-speaking countries. Aborigen (aboriginal/native) is used in Argentina, whereas "Amerindian" is used in Quebec, The Guianas, and the English-speaking Caribbean.[21][22][23][24] Indigenous peoples are commonly known in Canada as Aboriginal peoples, which include First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples.[25] Indigenous peoples of the United States are commonly known as Native Americans or American Indians, and Alaska Natives.[26]
According to the prevailing theories of the settlement of the Americas, migrations of humans from Asia (in particular North Asia)[27][28] to the Americas took place via Beringia, a land bridge which connected the two continents across what is now the Bering Strait. The majority of experts agree that the earliest pre-modern human migration via Beringia took place at least 13,500 years ago.[29] These early Paleo-Indians spread throughout the Americas, diversifying into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes. According to the oral histories of many of the indigenous peoples of the Americas, they have been living there since their genesis, described by a wide range of creation myths.
Application of the term "Indian" originated with Christopher Columbus, who, in his search for Asia, thought that he had arrived in the East Indies.[30][31][32][33][34][35] The Americas came to be known as the "West Indies", a name still used to refer to the islands of the Caribbean Sea. This led to the names "Indies" and "Indian", which implied some kind of racial or cultural unity among the aboriginal peoples of the Americas. This unifying concept, codified in law, religion, and politics, was not originally accepted by indigenous peoples but has been embraced by many over the last two centuries.[citation needed] Even though the term "Indian" does not include the Aleuts, Inuit, or Yupik peoples, these groups are considered indigenous peoples of the Americas.
Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in Amazonia, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigenous to the Americas.[36] Although some societies depended heavily on agriculture, others practiced a mix of farming, hunting, and gathering. In some regions the indigenous peoples created monumental architecture, large-scale organized cities, chiefdoms, states, and empires.
A Navajo man on horseback in Monument valley, Arizona.
Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru. At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guaraní, Mayan languages, and Nahuatl, count their speakers in millions. Many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees, including religion, social organization, and subsistence practices. Like most cultures, over time, cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects, but also cater to modern needs. Some indigenous peoples still live in relative isolation from Western culture and a few are still counted as uncontacted peoples.
Migration into the continents[edit]
For more details on theories of the migrations of the Paleo-Indians, see settlement of the Americas.
The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the exact dates and routes traveled, provide the subject of ongoing research and discussion.[37][38] According to archaeological and genetic evidence, North and South America were the last continents in the world with human habitation.[37] During the Wisconsin glaciation, 50–17,000 years ago, falling sea levels allowed people to move across the land bridge of Beringia that joined Siberia to north west North America (Alaska).[39][40] Alaska was a glacial refugia because it had low snowfall, allowing a small population to exist. The Laurentide Ice Sheet covered most of North America, blocking nomadic inhabitants and confining them to Alaska (East Beringia) for thousands of years.[41][42]
Indigenous genetic studies suggest that the first inhabitants of the Americas share a single ancestral population, one that developed in isolation, conjectured to be Beringia.[43][44] The isolation of these peoples in Beringia might have lasted 10–20,000 years.[45][46][47] Around 16,500 years ago, the glaciers began melting, allowing people to move south and east into Canada and beyond.[38][48][49] These people are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct Pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran Ice Sheets.[50]
Another route proposed involves migration - either on foot or using primitive boats - along the Pacific Northwest coast to South America.[51] Evidence of the latter would have been covered by a sea level rise of more than 120 meters since the last ice age.[52]
The time range of 40,000–16,500 years ago is debatable and probably will remain so for years to come.[37][38] The few agreements achieved to date include:[29][53]
the origin from Central Asia
widespread habitation of the Americas during the end of the last glacial period, or more specifically what is known as the Late Glacial Maximum, around 16,000–13,000 years before present
Stone tools, particularly projectile points and scrapers, are the primary evidence of the earliest human activity in the Americas. Crafted lithic flaked tools are used by archaeologists and anthropologists to classify cultural periods.[54] The Clovis culture, the earliest definitively-dated Paleo-Indians in the Americas, appears around 11,500 RCBP (radiocarbon years Before Present[55]), equivalent to 13,500 to 13,000 calendar years ago.
In 2014, the autosomal DNA of a 12,500+-year-old infant from Montana found in close association with several Clovis artifacts was sequenced.[56] These are the Anzick-1 remains from the Anzick Clovis burial in Montana. The data indicate that the individual was from a population ancestral to present South American and Central American Native American populations, and closely related to present North American Native American populations. The implication is that there was an early divergence between North American and Central American plus South American populations. Hypotheses which posit that invasions subsequent to the Clovis culture overwhelmed or assimilated previous migrants into the Americas were ruled out.[56]
Similarly, the skeleton of a teenage girl (named 'Naia', after a water nymph from Greek mythology) found in the underwater caves called sistema Sac Actun in Mexico's eastern Yucatán Peninsula in 2007 has had DNA extracted, and at 13,000 years old is considered the oldest genetically intact human skeleton ever found in the Americas. The DNA indicates she was from a lineage derived from Asian origins that is represented in the modern native population's DNA.[57]
Pre-Columbian era[edit]
Main article: Pre-Columbian era
See also: Archaeology of the Americas
Language families of North American indigenous peoples
The Pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European and African influences on the American continents, spanning the time of the original arrival in the Upper Paleolithic to European colonization during the early modern period.[58]
While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492 to 1504, in practice the term usually includes the history of American indigenous cultures until Europeans either conquered or significantly influenced them, even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus' initial landing.[59] "Pre-Columbian" is used especially often in the context of discussing the great indigenous civilizations of the Americas, such as those of Mesoamerica (the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacano, the Zapotec, the Mixtec, the Aztec, and the Maya civilizations) and those of the Andes (Inca Empire, Moche culture, Muisca Confederation, Cañaris).
Ethnic groups circa 1300-1535
Paleo-Indians hunting a glyptodont
Many pre-Columbian civilizations established characteristics and hallmarks which included permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, civic and monumental architecture, and complex societal hierarchies.[60] Some of these civilizations had long faded by the time of the first significant European and African arrivals (ca. late 15th–early 16th centuries), and are known only through oral history and through archaeological investigations. Others were contemporary with this period, and are also known from historical accounts of the time. A few, such as the Mayan, Olmec, Mixtec, and Nahua peoples, had their own written records. However, the European colonists of the time worked to eliminate non-Christian beliefs, and Christian pyres destroyed many pre-Columbian written records. Only a few documents remained hidden and survived, leaving contemporary historians with glimpses of ancient culture and knowledge.
According to both indigenous American and European accounts and documents, American civilizations at the time of European encounter had achieved many accomplishments.[61] For instance, the Aztecs built one of the largest cities in the world, Tenochtitlan, the ancient site of Mexico City, with an estimated population of 200,000. American civilizations also displayed impressive accomplishments in astronomy and mathematics. The domestication of maize or corn required thousands of years of selective breeding.
Inuit, Alaskan Native, and American Indian creation myths tell of a variety of origins of their respective peoples. Some were "always there" or were created by gods or animals, some migrated from a specified compass point, and others came from "across the ocean".[62]
European colonization[edit]
Main article: European colonization of the Americas
See also: Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas and Columbian Exchange
Cultural areas of North America at time of European contact
The European colonization of the Americas forever changed the lives and cultures of the peoples of the continents. Although the exact pre-contact population of the Americas is unknown, scholars estimate that Native American populations diminished by between 80 and 90% within the first centuries of contact with Europeans. The leading cause was disease. The continent was ravaged by epidemics of diseases such as smallpox, measles, and cholera, which were brought from Europe by the early explorers and spread quickly into new areas even before later explorers and colonists reached them. Native Americans suffered high mortality rates due to their lack of prior exposure to these diseases. The loss of lives was exacerbated by conflict between colonists and indigenous people. Colonists also frequently perpetrated massacres on the indigenous groups and enslaved them.[63][64][65] According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census (1894), the North American Indian Wars of the 19th century cost the lives of about 19,000 whites and 30,000 Native Americans.[66]
The first indigenous group encountered by Columbus were the 250,000 Taínos of Hispaniola who represented the dominant culture in the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas. Within thirty years about 70% of the Taínos had died.[67] They had no immunity to European diseases, so outbreaks of measles and smallpox ravaged their population.[68] Increasing punishment of the Taínos for revolting against forced labour, despite measures put in place by the encomienda, which included religious education and protection from warring tribes,[69] eventually led to the last great Taíno rebellion.
Following years of mistreatment, the Taínos began to adopt suicidal behaviors, with women aborting or killing their infants and men jumping from the cliffs or ingesting untreated cassava, a violent poison.[67] Eventually, a Taíno Cacique named Enriquillo managed to hold out in the Baoruco Mountain Range for thirteen years, causing serious damage to the Spanish, Carib-held plantations and their Indian auxiliaries.[70] Hearing of the seriousness of the revolt, Emperor Charles V (also King of Spain) sent captain Francisco Barrionuevo to negotiate a peace treaty with the ever-increasing number of rebels. Two months later, after consultation with the Audencia of Santo Domingo, Enriquillo was offered any part of the island to live in peace.
The Laws of Burgos, 1512-1513, were the first codified set of laws governing the behavior of Spanish settlers in America, particularly with regard to native Indians. The laws forbade the maltreatment of natives and endorsed their conversion to Catholicism.[71] The Spanish crown found it difficult to enforce these laws in a distant colony.
Drawing accompanying text in Book XII of the 16th-century Florentine Codex (compiled 1540–1585), showing Nahuas of conquest-era central Mexico suffering from smallpox
Various theories for the decline of the Native American populations emphasize epidemic diseases, conflicts with Europeans, and conflicts among warring tribes. Scholars now believe that, among the various contributing factors, epidemic disease was the overwhelming cause of the population decline of the American natives.[72][73] Some believe that after first contacts with Europeans and Africans, Old World diseases caused the death of 90 to 95% of the native population of the New World in the following 150 years.[74] Smallpox killed up to one third of the native population of Hispaniola in 1518.[75] By killing the Incan ruler Huayna Capac, smallpox caused the Inca Civil War. Smallpox was only the first epidemic. Typhus (probably) in 1546, influenza and smallpox together in 1558, smallpox again in 1589, diphtheria in 1614, measles in 1618—all ravaged the remains of Inca culture.
Smallpox had killed millions of native inhabitants of Mexico.[76][77] Unintentionally introduced at Veracruz with the arrival of Pánfilo de Narváez on April 23, 1520, smallpox ravaged Mexico in the 1520s,[78] possibly killing over 150,000 in Tenochtitlán alone (the heartland of the Aztec Empire), and aiding in the victory of Hernán Cortés over the Aztec Empire at Tenochtitlan (present-day Mexico City) in 1521.[citation needed]
Over the centuries, the Europeans had developed high degrees of immunity to these diseases, while the indigenous Americans had no immunity.[79]
Explorations of the Caribbean led to the discovery of the Arawaks of the Lesser Antilles. The culture was destroyed by 1650. Only 500 had survived by the year 1550, though the bloodlines continued through to the modern populace. In Amazonia, indigenous societies weathered centuries of colonization.[80]
Indians visiting a Brazilian farm plantation in Minas Gerais ca. 1824
Contact with European diseases such as smallpox and measles killed between 50 and 67 per cent of the Aboriginal population of North America in the first hundred years after the arrival of Europeans.[81] Some 90 per cent of the native population near Massachusetts Bay Colony died of smallpox in an epidemic in 1617–1619.[82] In 1633, in Plymouth, the Native Americans there were exposed to smallpox because of contact with Europeans. As it had done elsewhere, the virus wiped out entire population groups of Native Americans.[83] It reached Lake Ontario in 1636, and the lands of the Iroquois by 1679.[84][85] During the 1770s, smallpox killed at least 30% of the West Coast Native Americans.[86] The 1775–82 North American smallpox epidemic and 1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic brought devastation and drastic population depletion among the Plains Indians.[87][88] In 1832, the federal government of the United States established a smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans (The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832).[89][90]
The Indigenous peoples in Brazil declined from a pre-Columbian high of an estimated three million[91] to some 300,000 in 1997.[dubious – discuss][not in citation given][92]
The Spanish Empire and other Europeans brought horses to the Americas. Some of these animals escaped and began to breed and increase their numbers in the wild.[93] The re-introduction of the horse, extinct in the Americas for over 7500 years, had a profound impact on Native American culture in the Great Plains of North America and of Patagonia in South America. By domesticating horses, some tribes had great success: horses enabled them to expand their territories, exchange more goods with neighboring tribes, and more easily capture game, especially bison.
Agriculture[edit]
See also: Agriculture in Mesoamerica and Incan agriculture
A bison hunt depicted by George Catlin
Over the course of thousands of years, American indigenous peoples domesticated, bred and cultivated a large array of plant species. These species now constitute 50–60% of all crops in cultivation worldwide.[94] In certain cases, the indigenous peoples developed entirely new species and strains through artificial selection, as was the case in the domestication and breeding of maize from wild teosinte grasses in the valleys of southern Mexico. Numerous such agricultural products retain their native names in the English and Spanish lexicons.
The South American highlands were a center of early agriculture. Genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars and wild species suggests that the potato has a single origin in the area of southern Peru,[95] from a species in the Solanum brevicaule complex. Over 99% of all modern cultivated potatoes worldwide are descendants of a subspecies indigenous to south-central Chile,[96] Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum, where it was cultivated as long as 10,000 years ago.[97][98] According to George Raudzens, "It is clear that in pre-Columbian times some groups struggled to survive and often suffered food shortages and famines, while others enjoyed a varied and substantial diet."[99] The persistent drought around 850 AD coincided with the collapse of Classic Maya civilization, and the famine of One Rabbit (AD 1454) was a major catastrophe in Mexico.[100]
Andenes in the Sacred Valley of the Incas, Peru. The Incan agricultural terraces are still used by many of the Incas' descendents, Quechua-speaking Andean farmers.
Natives of North America began practicing farming approximately 4,000 years ago, late in the Archaic period of North American cultures. Technology had advanced to the point that pottery was becoming common and the small-scale felling of trees had become feasible. Concurrently, the Archaic Indians began using fire in a controlled manner. Intentional burning of vegetation was used to mimic the effects of natural fires that tended to clear forest understories. It made travel easier and facilitated the growth of herbs and berry-producing plants, which were important for both food and medicines.[101]
In the Mississippi River valley, Europeans noted Native Americans' managed groves of nut and fruit trees not far from villages and towns and their gardens and agricultural fields. Further away, prescribed burning would have been used in forest and prairie areas.[102]
Many crops first domesticated by indigenous Americans are now produced and used globally. Chief among these is maize or "corn", arguably the most important crop in the world.[103] Other significant crops include cassava, chia, squash (pumpkins, zucchini, marrow, acorn squash, butternut squash), the pinto bean, Phaseolus beans including most common beans, tepary beans and lima beans, tomatoes, potatoes, avocados, peanuts, cocoa beans (used to make chocolate), vanilla, strawberries, pineapples, Peppers (species and varieties of Capsicum, including bell peppers, jalapeños, paprika and chili peppers) sunflower seeds, rubber, brazilwood, chicle, tobacco, coca, manioc and some species of cotton.
Studies of contemporary indigenous environmental management, including agro-forestry practices among Itza Maya in Guatemala and hunting and fishing among the Menominee of Wisconsin, suggest that longstanding "sacred values" may represent a summary of sustainable millennial traditions.[104]
Culture[edit]
Further information: Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of North America
Quechua woman and child in the Sacred Valley, Andes, Peru
Cultural practices in the Americas seem to have been shared mostly within geographical zones where unrelated peoples adopted similar technologies and social organizations. An example of such a cultural area is Mesoamerica, where millennia of coexistence and shared development among the peoples of the region produced a fairly homogeneous culture with complex agricultural and social patterns. Another well-known example is the North American plains where until the 19th century several peoples shared the traits of nomadic hunter-gatherers based primarily on buffalo hunting.
Writing systems[edit]
See also: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics, Cherokee syllabary, and Quipu
Maya glyphs in stucco at the Museo de sitio in Palenque, Mexico
The development of writing is counted among the many achievements and innovations of pre-Columbian American cultures. Independent from the development of writing in other areas of the world, the Mesoamerican region produced several indigenous writing systems beginning in the 1st millennium BCE. What may be the earliest-known example in the Americas of an extensive text thought to be writing is by the Cascajal Block. The Olmec hieroglyphs tablet has been indirectly dated from ceramic shards found in the same context to approximately 900 BCE, around the time that Olmec occupation of San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán began to wane.[105]
The Maya writing system was a combination of phonetic syllabic symbols and logograms — that is, it was a logosyllabic writing system. It is the only pre-Columbian writing system known to represent completely the spoken language of its community. In total, the script has more than one thousand different glyphs, although a few are variations of the same sign or meaning, and many appear only rarely or are confined to particular localities. At any one time, no more than about five hundred glyphs were in use, some two hundred of which (including variations) had a phonetic or syllabic interpretation.[106][107][108]
Aztec codices (singular codex) are books written by pre-Columbian and colonial-era Aztecs. These codices provide some of the best primary sources for Aztec culture. The pre-Columbian codices differ from European codices in that they are largely pictorial; they were not meant to symbolize spoken or written narratives.[109] The colonial era codices not only contain Aztec pictograms, but also Classical Nahuatl (in the Latin alphabet), Spanish, and occasionally Latin.
Spanish mendicants in the sixteenth century taught indigenous scribes in their communities to write their languages in Latin letters, and there is a large number of local-level documents in Nahuatl, Zapotec, Mixtec, and Yucatec Maya from the colonial era, many of which were part of lawsuits and other legal matters. Although Spaniards initially taught indigenous scribes alphabetic writing, the tradition became self-perpetuating at the local level.[110] The Spanish crown gathered such documentation, and contemporary Spanish translations were made for legal cases. Scholars have translated and analyzed these documents in what is called the New Philology to write histories of indigenous peoples from indigenous viewpoints.[111]
The Wiigwaasabak, birch bark scrolls on which the Ojibwa (Anishinaabe) people wrote complex geometrical patterns and shapes, can also be considered a form of writing, as can Mi'kmaq hieroglyphics.
Aboriginal syllabic writing, or simply syllabics, is a family of abugidas used to write some Aboriginal Canadian languages of the Algonquian, Inuit, and Athabaskan language families.
Music and art[edit]
Main articles: Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas and Native American music
Apache fiddle made by Chesley Goseyun Wilson (San Carlos Apache)
Chimu culture feather pectoral, feathers, reed, copper, silver, hide, cordage, ca. 1350–1450 CE
Textile art by Julia Pingushat (Inuk, Arviat, Nunavut Territory, Canada), wool, embroidery floss, 1995
Native American music in North America is almost entirely monophonic, but there are notable exceptions. Traditional Native American music often centers around drumming. Rattles, clappersticks, and rasps were also popular percussive instruments. Flutes were made of rivercane, cedar, and other woods. The tuning of these flutes is not precise and depends on the length of the wood used and the hand span of the intended player, but the finger holes are most often around a whole step apart and, at least in Northern California, a flute was not used if it turned out to have an interval close to a half step. The Apache fiddle is a single stringed instrument.[citation needed]
The music of the indigenous peoples of Central Mexico and Central America was often pentatonic. Before the arrival of the Spaniards and other Europeans, music was inseparable from religious festivities and included a large variety of percussion and wind instruments such as drums, flutes, sea snail shells (used as a trumpet) and "rain" tubes. No remnants of pre-Columbian stringed instruments were found until archaeologists discovered a jar in Guatemala, attributed to the Maya of the Late Classic Era (600–900 CE), which depicts a stringed musical instrument which has since been reproduced. This instrument is one of the very few stringed instruments known in the Americas prior to the introduction of European musical instruments; when played, it produces a sound that mimics a jaguar's growl.[112]
Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas comprise a major category in the world art collection. Contributions include pottery, paintings, jewellery, weavings, sculptures, basketry, carvings, and beadwork.[113] Because too many artists were posing as Native Americans and Alaska Natives[114] in order to profit from the cachet of Indigenous art in the United States, the U.S. passed the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, requiring artists to prove that they are enrolled in a state or federally recognized tribe. To support the ongoing practice of American Indian, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian arts and cultures in the United States,[115] the Ford Foundation, arts advocates and American Indian tribes created an endowment seed fund and established a national Native Arts and Cultures Foundation in 2007.[116][117]
Demography of contemporary populations[edit]
This map shows the percentage of indigenous population in different countries of the Americas.
The following table provides estimates for each country in the Americas of the populations of indigenous people and those with partial indigenous ancestry, each expressed as a percentage of the overall population. The total percentage obtained by adding both of these categories is also given.
Note: these categories are inconsistently defined and measured differently from country to country. Some figures are based on the results of population-wide genetic surveys while others are based on self-identification or observational estimation
Iceland[4][5] i/ˈaɪslənd/ (Icelandic: Ísland, IPA: [ˈislant]; see Names for Iceland), officially called Republic of Iceland[6][7][8] and sometimes its counterpart Lýðveldið Ísland in Icelandic (for example this is a part of the name of the Constitution of Iceland, Stjórnarskrá lýðveldisins Íslands), is a Nordic European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.[9] The country has a population of about 320,000 and a total area of 103,000 km2 (40,000 sq mi).[10] The capital and largest city is Reykjavík,[11] with the surrounding areas in the southwestern region of the country being home to two-thirds of the country's population. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active. The interior mainly consists of a plateau characterised by sand fields, mountains and glaciers, while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle.
According to Landnámabók, the settlement of Iceland began in AD 874 when the chieftain Ingólfur Arnarson became the first permanent Norse settler on the island.[12] Others had visited the island earlier and stayed over winter. Over the following centuries, Norsemen settled Iceland, bringing with them thralls (serfs) of Gaelic origin. From 1262 to 1918 Iceland was part of the Norwegian and later the Danish monarchies. Until the 20th century, the Icelandic population relied largely on fisheries and agriculture. Industrialisation of the fisheries and Marshall Aid brought prosperity in the years after World War II. In 1994, Iceland became party to the European Economic Area, which made it possible for the economy to diversify into economic and financial services.
Iceland has a free market economy with relatively low taxes compared to other OECD countries,[13] while maintaining a Nordic welfare system providing universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens.[14] In recent years, Iceland has been one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. In 2011, it was ranked as the 14th most developed country in the world by the United Nations' Human Development Index,[3] and the fourth most productive country per capita.[15] In 2008, the nation's entire banking system systemically failed and there was substantial resulting political unrest.
Icelandic culture is founded upon the nation's Norse heritage. Most Icelanders are descendants of Norse (particularly from Western Norway) and Gaelic settlers. Icelandic, a North Germanic language, is closely related to Faroese and some West Norwegian dialects. The country's cultural heritage includes traditional Icelandic cuisine, poetry, and the medieval Icelanders' sagas. Currently, Iceland has the smallest population among NATO members and is the only one with no standing army.
Camera: Canon EOS 5D Mark II
Lens: Canon EF 24-105mm f/4 IS USM
Focal Length: 50mm
Aperture: f/5.6
Shutter Speed : 1/100
ISO: 160
Exposure: Manual
FR :
J'ai revu en profondeur, la soute de fret/de débarquement. J'ai maximisé les détails. J'ai également revu les véhicules de la soute, pour les diversifier.
les 4 véhicules :
1/- Le Space Scooter, grand standard du Classic Space
2/- Le Space Buggy, un tout petit peu différent, et grand standard du Classic Space
3/- Un Heavy Space Buggy avec :
[*] - Mini Parabole de communication
[*] - Caméra
[*] - Capteurs frontaux
[*] - Trousse à outils rouge entre les 2 sièges
[*] - 2 Panneaux de contrôle / d'informations de données
[*] - 2 Sièges en brick build
[*] - Bras articulé à l'arrière
[*] - 2 outils capteurs à main
[*] - 1 conteneur pour mettre des roches
[*] - 1 talkie walkie
[*] - Panneau de contrôle du bras articulé
[*] - Calculateur de charge du bras articulé
[*] - Juge de pression du bras articulé
[*] - 2 extincteurs
[*] - 1 petit outil de réparation entre le bras et les extincteurs
4/- Le Space Buggy avec sa remorque composée de :
[*] - 2 bonhommes d'air (airtank)
[*] - 2 sacs
[*] - 1 caméra
[*] - 1 paire de jumelle
[*] - 2 outils capteurs à main
[*] - 1 réacteur dorsal (il se voit mal, car entre les bonbonnes d'air et les sac, et les antennes repliées)
[*] - 1 sac à dos noir (incrusté entre les 2 sacs gris, et légèrement décalé en dessous)
C'est bon, je crois que je suis paré pour l'exploration Lunaire ! :)
===============================
EN :
I thoroughly reviewed the cargo / disembarkation hold. I maximized the details. I also reviewed the vehicles in the hold, to diversify them.
The 4 vehicles:
1/- The Space Scooter, great standard of Classic Space
2/- The Space Buggy, a little different, and standard of the Classic Space
3/- A Heavy Space Buggy with:
[*] - Mini communication dish
[*] - Camera
[*] - Front sensors
[*] - Red tool kit between the 2 seats
[*] - 2 Control / data information panels
[*] - 2 seats-brick build
[*] - Articulated arm at the rear
[*] - 2 hand sensor tools
[*] - 1 container to put rocks
[*] - 1 Talkie walkie
[*] - Control panel of the articulated arm
[*] - Articulated arm load calculator
[*] - Articulated arm pressure judge
[*] - 2 fire extinguishers
[*] - 1 small repair tool between the arm and the extinguishers
4/ - The Space Buggy with its trailer composed of:
[*] - 2 airtanks
[*] - 2 bags
[*] - 1 camera
[*] - 1 pair of binoculars
[*] - 2 hand sensor tools
[*] - 1 dorsal reactor (it is difficult to see itself, because between the airtanks and the bags, and the antennas folded up)
[*] - 1 black backpack (inlaid between the 2 gray bags, and slightly offset below)
It's okay, I think I'm ready for Lunar exploration ! :)
Iceland[4][5] i/ˈaɪslənd/ (Icelandic: Ísland, IPA: [ˈislant]; see Names for Iceland), officially called Republic of Iceland[6][7][8] and sometimes its counterpart Lýðveldið Ísland in Icelandic (for example this is a part of the name of the Constitution of Iceland, Stjórnarskrá lýðveldisins Íslands), is a Nordic European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.[9] The country has a population of about 320,000 and a total area of 103,000 km2 (40,000 sq mi).[10] The capital and largest city is Reykjavík,[11] with the surrounding areas in the southwestern region of the country being home to two-thirds of the country's population. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active. The interior mainly consists of a plateau characterised by sand fields, mountains and glaciers, while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle.
According to Landnámabók, the settlement of Iceland began in AD 874 when the chieftain Ingólfur Arnarson became the first permanent Norse settler on the island.[12] Others had visited the island earlier and stayed over winter. Over the following centuries, Norsemen settled Iceland, bringing with them thralls (serfs) of Gaelic origin. From 1262 to 1918 Iceland was part of the Norwegian and later the Danish monarchies. Until the 20th century, the Icelandic population relied largely on fisheries and agriculture. Industrialisation of the fisheries and Marshall Aid brought prosperity in the years after World War II. In 1994, Iceland became party to the European Economic Area, which made it possible for the economy to diversify into economic and financial services.
Iceland has a free market economy with relatively low taxes compared to other OECD countries,[13] while maintaining a Nordic welfare system providing universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens.[14] In recent years, Iceland has been one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. In 2011, it was ranked as the 14th most developed country in the world by the United Nations' Human Development Index,[3] and the fourth most productive country per capita.[15] In 2008, the nation's entire banking system systemically failed and there was substantial resulting political unrest.
Icelandic culture is founded upon the nation's Norse heritage. Most Icelanders are descendants of Norse (particularly from Western Norway) and Gaelic settlers. Icelandic, a North Germanic language, is closely related to Faroese and some West Norwegian dialects. The country's cultural heritage includes traditional Icelandic cuisine, poetry, and the medieval Icelanders' sagas. Currently, Iceland has the smallest population among NATO members and is the only one with no standing army.
Camera: Canon EOS 5D Mark II
Lens: Canon EF 16-35mm f/2.8 L II USM
Focal Length: 24mm
Aperture: f/9.0
Shutter Speed : 1/100
ISO : 100
Exposure: Manual
From my recent Project „Discover the Night - Twilight Milky Way Photography at the Canary Islands“
Minas de San José is a diversified volcanic landscape in the middle of Tenerifes Cañadas - filled with comparatively small and beautiful shaped lava pillars. Its a perfect spot for hanging out, stargazing and on the very top of my future photo exploration list. In 2020, I only had a few hours where I tested my hydrogen-alpha modified Nikon D800 for the very first time. So here we are.
Hydrogen-Alpha, H-Alpha or Hα „is a specific deep-red visible spectral line in the Balmer series with a wavelength of 656.28 nm in air; it occurs when a hydrogen electron falls from its third to second lowest energy level. H-alpha light is the brightest hydrogen line in the visible spectral range. It is important to astronomers as it is emitted by many emission nebulae and can be used to observe features in the Sun's atmosphere, including solar prominences and the chromosphere.“ Wikipedia
In short, a modified camera is more sensitive for visible and invisible red light to increase the level of details and colors in Milky Way and night sky images.
Since it was the first time, I didn’t realize I was shooting in JPEG instead of recommended RAW format and was very limited in adjusting my white-balance in post-production (the Image was very pinkish-red). In the end, I got a pink sky while the landscape is in natural colors. It was my first h-alpha image and for half a year I considered it to be a failure.
Now I realized, that this is incredibly beautiful and surreal, so I am absolutely going for it in the future as a new sideproject!
EXIF
Nikon D800A + AF-S 50 mm f/1.8
ISO 800 - f/3.5 - 8s
HOW TO DIVERSIFY STORIES
⠀
Statistics show that most users in Instagramwatch stories. Some people may sometimes scroll through the feed. And there are those who in their free time like to watch more lively a person, not just a photo.
⠀
How ♂this is to make our stories more interesting?
⠀
📌Save post to not lose!
⠀
▪This is your day in 15 seconds. Capture the moments that happen to you throughout the day. Brewed coffee ☕ this morning-took a small piece. Went to wash 🚿 the dog, also removed a piece. Then, from all the material, mount the video for 15 seconds. In accelerated mode.
⠀
▪️Until/After. There are many options. It can be processing photos, and makeup, and cleaning the apartment 🏠. This option is always of interest to users.
⠀
▪It's amazing life hacks💡. If you use something that makes your life easier, share it with your followers.
⠀
▪️Games. Find differences 🎊in the photo. To raise statistics, you can divide two photos into two stories. Also has a good effect on the statistics of the game, "guess where the photoshop", flipping through photos forward and backward.
⠀
▪️Backstage
Show what remains behind the scenes. If this is a difficult съем shooting, tell us what difficulties you encountered.
⠀
▪I remove the small manual. How to do "....". Share what you do best.
⠀
▪This is jokes, funny memes. Many specifically subscribe to accounts where the sea of jokes.
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💬Share in the comments, what you are viewing, tape or history?
#Green #Standing #Pink #Photography #Sitting #Temple #Digital_compositing #Visual_arts #NikonD4
Dec. 13–Boca Raton's first downtown hotel — the 200-room Hyatt Place Boca Raton/Downtown– is welcoming its first guests.
The Hyatt Place Boca's room offerings include 17 suites. The onsite amenities include a fitness center, rooftop pool and terrace, lobby bar, a Coffee-to-Cocktails bar and snack counter, and 4,000 square feet of flexible meeting and function space.
The hotel opened for business Tuesday. A grand opening is planned for Jan. 11. By mid-January, a Louie Bossi Restaurant is slated to open, in time for its official grand opening, said Audra Durham, director of sales.
Introductory rates for the Hyatt Place Boca start at $159 per night, noted Durham. Guest parking in the hotel's 200-space parking garage is an extra $19 per day.
"The business mix of room sales is expected to be about 50 percent corporate, 30 percent group and the rest leisure," Durham said during a tour of the property.
Developer Kolter Group of West Palm Beach had originally projected an opening for August or September after breaking ground on the new hotel at 100 E. Palmetto Park Road in May 2015. But rainy weather and site preparations for a possible strike by Hurricane Matthew led to construction delays.
"We probably lost about three or four weeks because of the hurricane, not because of damage," said James Hansen, vice president sales for Kolter Hospitality, the developer's hotel management and operations arm. He said it took a considerable amount of time to dismantle and remove equipment ahead of the storm, and then reassemble it after Matthew brushed past South Florida.
Kolter Hospitality also operates the Hyatt Place West Palm Beach, Hyatt Place Delray Beach and Hyatt Place Fort Lauderdale 17th Street Convention Center.
The Boca hotel was built by general contractor Kast Construction of West Palm Beach.
Chicago-based Hyatt Hotels Corp. launched its Hyatt Place brand in 2006. The hotels are designed to appeal to the 24/7 multitasking traveler, and offer large guest rooms with sofa sleepers, free Wi-Fi and a free hotel breakfast.
"We are so excited to open the doors of the Hyatt Place Boca Raton and show off what is going to be the coolest hotel in the city," said Scott Webb, president of Kolter Hospitality, the hotel's operator. in a statement Tuesday. "We acquired the most coveted location in Boca and have built a stunning hotel located in the center of this booming downtown."
For information on Hyatt Place Boca, visit bocaraton.place.hyatt.com.
Credit for the data above is given to the following websites:
www.constructionjournal.com/companies/details/pages/DCES-...
www.hotel-online.com/press_releases/release/boca-ratons-f...
www.travelweekly.com/Hotels/Boca-Raton-FL/Hyatt-Place-Boc...
www.hyatt.com/brands/hyatt-place
fau4u2.wordpress.com/2015/04/28/construction-commences-fo...
© All Rights Reserved - you may not use this image in any form without my prior permission.
Iceland[4][5] i/ˈaɪslənd/ (Icelandic: Ísland, IPA: [ˈislant]; see Names for Iceland), officially called Republic of Iceland[6][7][8] and sometimes its counterpart Lýðveldið Ísland in Icelandic (for example this is a part of the name of the Constitution of Iceland, Stjórnarskrá lýðveldisins Íslands), is a Nordic European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.[9] The country has a population of about 320,000 and a total area of 103,000 km2 (40,000 sq mi).[10] The capital and largest city is Reykjavík,[11] with the surrounding areas in the southwestern region of the country being home to two-thirds of the country's population. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active. The interior mainly consists of a plateau characterised by sand fields, mountains and glaciers, while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle.
According to Landnámabók, the settlement of Iceland began in AD 874 when the chieftain Ingólfur Arnarson became the first permanent Norse settler on the island.[12] Others had visited the island earlier and stayed over winter. Over the following centuries, Norsemen settled Iceland, bringing with them thralls (serfs) of Gaelic origin. From 1262 to 1918 Iceland was part of the Norwegian and later the Danish monarchies. Until the 20th century, the Icelandic population relied largely on fisheries and agriculture. Industrialisation of the fisheries and Marshall Aid brought prosperity in the years after World War II. In 1994, Iceland became party to the European Economic Area, which made it possible for the economy to diversify into economic and financial services.
Iceland has a free market economy with relatively low taxes compared to other OECD countries,[13] while maintaining a Nordic welfare system providing universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens.[14] In recent years, Iceland has been one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. In 2011, it was ranked as the 14th most developed country in the world by the United Nations' Human Development Index,[3] and the fourth most productive country per capita.[15] In 2008, the nation's entire banking system systemically failed and there was substantial resulting political unrest.
Icelandic culture is founded upon the nation's Norse heritage. Most Icelanders are descendants of Norse (particularly from Western Norway) and Gaelic settlers. Icelandic, a North Germanic language, is closely related to Faroese and some West Norwegian dialects. The country's cultural heritage includes traditional Icelandic cuisine, poetry, and the medieval Icelanders' sagas. Currently, Iceland has the smallest population among NATO members and is the only one with no standing army.
Camera: Canon EOS 5D Mark II
Lens: Canon EF 16-35mm f/2.8 L II USM
Focal Length: 18mm
Aperture: f/22.0
Shutter Speed : 1.6
ISO : 100
Exposure: Manual
Iceland[4][5] i/ˈaɪslənd/ (Icelandic: Ísland, IPA: [ˈislant]; see Names for Iceland), officially called Republic of Iceland[6][7][8] and sometimes its counterpart Lýðveldið Ísland in Icelandic (for example this is a part of the name of the Constitution of Iceland, Stjórnarskrá lýðveldisins Íslands), is a Nordic European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.[9] The country has a population of about 320,000 and a total area of 103,000 km2 (40,000 sq mi).[10] The capital and largest city is Reykjavík,[11] with the surrounding areas in the southwestern region of the country being home to two-thirds of the country's population. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active. The interior mainly consists of a plateau characterised by sand fields, mountains and glaciers, while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle.
According to Landnámabók, the settlement of Iceland began in AD 874 when the chieftain Ingólfur Arnarson became the first permanent Norse settler on the island.[12] Others had visited the island earlier and stayed over winter. Over the following centuries, Norsemen settled Iceland, bringing with them thralls (serfs) of Gaelic origin. From 1262 to 1918 Iceland was part of the Norwegian and later the Danish monarchies. Until the 20th century, the Icelandic population relied largely on fisheries and agriculture. Industrialisation of the fisheries and Marshall Aid brought prosperity in the years after World War II. In 1994, Iceland became party to the European Economic Area, which made it possible for the economy to diversify into economic and financial services.
Iceland has a free market economy with relatively low taxes compared to other OECD countries,[13] while maintaining a Nordic welfare system providing universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens.[14] In recent years, Iceland has been one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. In 2011, it was ranked as the 14th most developed country in the world by the United Nations' Human Development Index,[3] and the fourth most productive country per capita.[15] In 2008, the nation's entire banking system systemically failed and there was substantial resulting political unrest.
Icelandic culture is founded upon the nation's Norse heritage. Most Icelanders are descendants of Norse (particularly from Western Norway) and Gaelic settlers. Icelandic, a North Germanic language, is closely related to Faroese and some West Norwegian dialects. The country's cultural heritage includes traditional Icelandic cuisine, poetry, and the medieval Icelanders' sagas. Currently, Iceland has the smallest population among NATO members and is the only one with no standing army.
Camera: Canon EOS 5D Mark II
Lens: Canon EF 24-105mm f/4 L IS
Focal Length: 45mm
Aperture: f/4.0
Shutter Speed : 0.25 sec (1/4)
ISO: 100
Exposure: Manual
I'm not diversifying into modern trams; this was a special request by Howard Piltz, who provided the source image. The Manchester Metrolink is unique amongst UK street tramway systems in operating high-floor trams, which require raised railway-style platforms. The Bombardier M5000 is the second generation of Metrolink tram. All were delivered in a striking new silver and yellow livery that has replaced the older scheme carried by their predecessors and which, ironically, bore more than a passing resemblance to franchised operator RAPTs own bus fleet in Paris. Apparently, some enthusiast's prefer the older scheme - here it is an M5000 for you to decide (07-Apr-15).
All rights reserved. Follow the link below for terms and conditions, additional information about my work; and to request work from me:
www.flickr.com/photos/northernblue109/6046035749/in/set-7...
you have two jobs and you're poor, you're moonlighting :-) "Changing Times"
HPPS!!
sarah p duke gardens, duke university, durham, north carolina
DBS 66181 trundles through Wymondham on 6L39 0637 Mountsorrel to Norwich Trowse loaded hoppers.A nice station but the up side houses The Dirty Dogs Stop grooming salon and the down side The Station Bistro so there is no space left for a waiting room,and on a day like today not somewhere you want to be out in the elements.Fellow Flickr member Adam H is taking a photo and kept me up to date with RTT.
OLALLA is an unincorporated settlement in the South Okanagan region of the Southern Interior of British Columbia, Canada, located southwest of Penticton (the nearest large city) and just north of Keremeos. Kaleden, just northeast beyond Olalla along BC Highway 3A, occupies the pass dividing the Okanagan Valley beyond and the Similkameen Country of which Olalla is a part. Olalla's name is a local adaptation of the Salish and Chinook word for "berries", a reference to locally abundant Saskatoon berries. The word is listed as olallie or ollalie in many Chinook Jargon lexicons. Olalla was the site of a mining boom in the 1890s. Briefly it was the bustling centre for several productive mines, but ore deposits did not meet expectations; the town faded and it became a small collection of homes on the highway between Keremeos and Penticton.
- from 1908 "Lovell's Gazetteer of the Dominion of Canada" - OLALLA, a post and mining settlement In Yale District, B.C., on Keremeos Creek, which empties into Okanagan Lake, 26 miles below Penticton. It contains 1 store, 1 hotel, assay office, and the Olalla Co.'s mining camp, which turns out largely a high grade of cooper-gold ore. The company also owns, adjoining the Settlement, smelter and water-power sites, which are about to be made practically available at an early day. The population in 1908 was 50.
OLALLA, population 355, in the South OKANAGAN VALLEY, 6 km north of KEREMEOS, was the site of a COPPER mining boom in the 1890s. Briefly it was the bustling centre for several productive mines, but ore deposits did not meet expectations; the town faded and it became a small collection of homes on the highway between Keremeos and PENTICTON. The name comes from a CHINOOK JARGON word for BERRIES, a reference to locally abundant Saskatoon berries. (written by Andrew Scott)
The OLALLA Post Office was established (first opening) - 1 March 1900 and closed - 10 January 1912 - (second opening) - 1 May 1921 and closed - 24 October 1942 - (third opening) - 12 December 1949 and closed - 11 October 1960 for rural mail delivery.
LINK to a list of the Postmasters who served at the OLALLA Post Office - central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=posoffposmas&id=2...
The Postmaster at OLALLA during the time this water card was posted was Jearub "Jerry" Goodkey (not Goodkay as shown on the Post Offices and Postmasters website) - he served as Postmaster from - 13 October 1954 to 13 September 1958.
(b. 15 August 1902 in Maynooth, Ontario - d. 20 September 1965 at age 66 in Penticton, British Columbia / Oliver, British Columbia) - occupation - truck driver / carpenter.
His wife - Grace Marie (nee Burtch) Goodkey / Hartwell - they were married - 8 July 1933 in Kelowna, British Columbia.
- water card sent from - / OLALLA / AM / IX 55 (year) / 5 (day) / B.C. / - cds cancel - (RF C).
Addressed to: District Engineer, / Water Resources Division, / 744 West Hastings Street, / Vancouver 1, B.C. /
Observations of Water Height on Keremeos Creek at Olalla, B.C. - the Water Height Observer was Wm. Hall.
William Nicholson Hall
(b. 10 June 1892 in Forton, Lancashire, England - d. 9 July 1975 at age 83 in Penticton, British Columbia / Olalla, British Columbia) - occupation - diversified farmer.
His wife - Dorothy Helen Sophia (nee Horton) Hall
(b. 30 November 1899 in Northleigh, England - d. 15 January 1992 at age 92 in Pentiction, British Columbia / Okanagon Falls, British Columbia) - occupation - school teacher - they were married - 13 April 1925 in Olalla, British Columbia.
Family owned Briggs Coaches of Swansea has diversified from minicoaches to full-size coaches and buses in recent years. The varied fleet now contains a number of Dennis Javelins, a King Long, a Noge Catalan-bodied MAN, a Beulas-bodied Iveco, a Mercedes Tourino, an Optare Tempo, a Plaxton Centro-bodied MAN and a little Plaxton Primo.
The latest acquisitions are a pair of head turning 15m Plaxton Elite-bodied Volvo B12BTs. These were new to Parks of Hamilton, and have susequently operated for Skills of Nottingham as 'stop gap' National Express coaches, and more recently with Gardiners of Spennymoor, whose livery they retain.
SN10 JRU, new as HSK 647, is seen on Oystermouth Road, Swansea in mid November 2018 when returning to base after undertaking a morning school contract.
In small towns, you have to diversify. Here, in Centerville, Utah, Rick dabbled in both video rental and travel. I wonder if his travel documentaries section was the best of its kind, if it was legendary. How could it not be?
Did he offer tours of famous filming locations? If you were renting Indiana Jones, would you get discounts to Petra and Tunisia? Maybe Rick would give you a deal on a stay in Martha’s Vineyard if you rented Jaws a few times.
Hate Illinois Nazis? When you rent the Blues Brothers, you get a discount tour of Chicago, starting at the Joliet Correctional Center where you get to pick up a real life Jim Belushi who gives you a tour of all the places his brother made movie history.
During the Holloween season, he could push his horror section, complete with packages taking the traveler to various spooky haunts. If you rent The Shining, you get a steep discount to the Timberline Lodge weekend! Renting the original Friday the 13th? Then Rick will SLASH the prices for your trip to Camp No-Be-So-Sco, the location used for Crystal Lake!
Of course, Rick couldn’t forget Utah itself! This is the real deal here, folks. Thrill to the sights of Lehi, Goblin Valley, and Monument Valley when you rent the Utah triple-threat: Footloose, Galaxy Quest, and Austin Powers’ Goldmember!
Curiously, I shot this photo on Kodak Vision3 – the only motion picture stock still in production. It will hopefully face a brighter future than Rick’s Video and Travel Agency.
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‘The Very Word’
Camera: Bolsey Jubilee (c1955)
Film: Kodak Vision3 250D
Process: DIY ECN-2 (Bleach Bypass)
Centerfield, Utah
So. After BSBT19 it was clear that when you are not running trains in a loop and the traffic is diversified, the track layout is more than important.
What I mean by track layout? Passing loops, side tracks and space for engines awaiting engagement.
Not a problem, you might think. Partially.
I like the idea of having huge fiddle yard somewhere. I like the idea of having fiddle yard integrated with my layout even more! :)
The idea is big. I mean - I build my layout on my own, so I can tell this is huge for me.
I want to have:
- 2 tracks of main lines with access to the platform (two directions)
- 2 tracks on side lines with access to the platform
- two passing loops each direction
- side tracks for engines / rest area
- shunting rest areas (at least 50 studs)
- shunting/fiddle yards that can be easily extended
So here it comes. It uses FxBricks 40L points and is thought to be 9V compatible. It is also intended to be MILS compatible.
As for now: most of the buildings exists. It is the matter of rebuilding the landscaping so it fits MILS standard when it comes to track head height over the baseplate and general geometry.
The plan is to have significant part of it ready for BSBT20. As much as possible, at least from the post office to the railway crossing.
Still open is the question of how to interconnect the main lines. As for now there is one point but ideally it will be to have crossings on the ends of the station.
What can go wrong...?!? ;)
Medic 67 - 2022 Ram 5500 4x4 / Wheeled Coach with a Diversified Products Push Bumper
Medic 14 - 2022 Ram 5500 4x4/Road Rescue with a Buckstop Truckware Steel Bumper
Remains of barley (Hordeum vulgare) grains found at archaeological sites in the Fertile Crescent indicate that about 10,000 years ago the crop was domesticated there from its wild relative Hordeum spontaneum. The domestication history of barley is revisited based on the assumptions that DNA markers effectively measure genetic distances and that wild populations are genetically different and they have not undergone significant change since domestication. The monophyletic nature of barley domestication is demonstrated based on allelic frequencies at 400 AFLP polymorphic loci studied in 317 wild and 57 cultivated lines. The wild populations from Israel-Jordan are molecularly more similar than are any others to the cultivated gene pool. The results provided support for the hypothesis that the Israel-Jordan area is the region in which barley was brought into culture. Moreover, the diagnostic allele I of the homeobox gene BKn-3, rarely but almost exclusively found in Israel H. spontaneum, is pervasive in western landraces and modern cultivated varieties. In landraces from the Himalayas and India, the BKn-3 allele IIIa prevails, indicating that an allelic substitution has taken place during the migration of barley from the Near East to South Asia. Thus, the Himalayas can be considered a region of domesticated barley diversification.