View allAll Photos Tagged diversification
On our way home we decided to Explore some of the back roads, what an incredibly diversified land!! First we traveled through three densely forested national parks then a half an hour later I felt like we were somewhere in the plains, the Rocky Mountains were all around us ,as our friend called them "The Fourteeners"there are soooo many mountains with elevations of 14 thousand feet and more !!!This is somewhere off of Hwy 285 a place called Mineral Hot Springs thanks for the GPS on the smart phone and this image as well! Explored # 320 7-23-13 thnkyou one and all!
A crew from Diversified Rail Services, led by Gary Bensman, is nearing completion of a multi-year restoration on the former Chesapeake & Ohio locomotive which will see it return to the rails to pull the scenic’s 16 mile excursion train from Cumberland to Frostburg, MD. The next major step of the rebuild involves the two sets of wheels being placed under the locomotive. The project will utilize two cranes to lift the locomotive's massive boiler into the air.
Village de l'ethnie Pokot
Région du lac Baringo, Kenya.
Les Pokot se répartissent entre l'Ouganda et le Kenya où ils forment une communauté d'environ 200. 000 personnes . Ils sont agro-pasteurs sédentaires, et ont développé traditionnellement une organisation socio-politique fondée sur huit classes d'âge , mais sans cérémonies de transmission de pouvoir pour le changement de statut de chaque classe, hormis le rite d'entrée par la circoncision.
Leur langue appartient au groupe des langues nilotiques
Il existe deux sous-groupes principaux selon leur localisation et leur mode de vie. Le premier groupe est constitué des Pokot qui vivent dans les hautes terres pluvieuses de l'ouest et du centre-sud et sont principalement des agriculteurs et des éleveurs. Le deuxième groupe est constitué des Pokot des plaines qui vivent dans les plaines sèches et infertiles, avec leur bétail.
La plupart des Pokot sont nomades et ont donc interagi avec différents peuples, intégrant leurs coutumes sociales et .déterminant la formation de systèmes syncrétiques très diversifiés .
Pokot village
Lake Baringo region, Kenya.
The Pokot are distributed between Uganda and Kenya, where they form a community of approximately 200,000 people. They are sedentary agro-pastoralists and have traditionally developed a socio-political organization based on eight age classes, but without ceremonies for the transfer of power for each class, other than the entry rite of circumcision.
Their language belongs to the Nilotic language group.
There are two main subgroups based on their location and lifestyle. The first group is the Pokot, who live in the rainy highlands of the west and south-central regions and are primarily farmers and pastoralists. The second group is the Lowland Pokot, who live in the dry, infertile plains with their livestock.
Most Pokot are nomadic and have therefore interacted with different peoples, integrating their social customs and determining the formation of highly diverse syncretic systems.
Converse with the Universe
Diversify
Come to your life as an echo
Resounding your truths inside
Core out a hole to worm in
Eat your way to the moon
Enter the dragon
Enter the gate
Chew up your cud
Green, purple, blue
Spitting out a version that will live with you
Yes, there is no method to the madness
When touched with love,
Dive right into the heart of knowing
Converse with the Universe
Diversify
© 1989 by Nicole Raisin Stern
Pacific Grove, CA
Bulbophyllum cf. popayanense in situ. Du genre le plus diversifié au monde avec 2182 espèces actuellement connues. Beaucoup plus commun et diversifié dans le sud-est asiatique y en Afrique, mais également présent en Amérique Latine. En Colombie, environ 10 espèces ont été recensées. Département du Valle del Cauca, Colombie.
Bulbophyllum cf. popayanense in situ. From the more diversified genus in the world with 2182 species already known. Much more diversified and common in south-east Asia and Africa, but also present in Latin America. In Colombia, around 10 species have been registered. Valle del Cauca department, Colombia.
Bulbophyllum cf. popayanense in situ. Del género más diversificado del mundo con 2182 especies actualmente conocidas. Mucho más común y diversificado en el sudeste asiático y en África, pero también presente en Latinoamérica. En Colombia, alrededor de 10 especies han sido registradas. Departamento del Valle del Cauca, Colombia.
Iceland[4][5] i/ˈaɪslənd/ (Icelandic: Ísland, IPA: [ˈislant]; see Names for Iceland), officially called Republic of Iceland[6][7][8] and sometimes its counterpart Lýðveldið Ísland in Icelandic (for example this is a part of the name of the Constitution of Iceland, Stjórnarskrá lýðveldisins Íslands), is a Nordic European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.[9] The country has a population of about 320,000 and a total area of 103,000 km2 (40,000 sq mi).[10] The capital and largest city is Reykjavík,[11] with the surrounding areas in the southwestern region of the country being home to two-thirds of the country's population. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active. The interior mainly consists of a plateau characterised by sand fields, mountains and glaciers, while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle.
According to Landnámabók, the settlement of Iceland began in AD 874 when the chieftain Ingólfur Arnarson became the first permanent Norse settler on the island.[12] Others had visited the island earlier and stayed over winter. Over the following centuries, Norsemen settled Iceland, bringing with them thralls (serfs) of Gaelic origin. From 1262 to 1918 Iceland was part of the Norwegian and later the Danish monarchies. Until the 20th century, the Icelandic population relied largely on fisheries and agriculture. Industrialisation of the fisheries and Marshall Aid brought prosperity in the years after World War II. In 1994, Iceland became party to the European Economic Area, which made it possible for the economy to diversify into economic and financial services.
Iceland has a free market economy with relatively low taxes compared to other OECD countries,[13] while maintaining a Nordic welfare system providing universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens.[14] In recent years, Iceland has been one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. In 2011, it was ranked as the 14th most developed country in the world by the United Nations' Human Development Index,[3] and the fourth most productive country per capita.[15] In 2008, the nation's entire banking system systemically failed and there was substantial resulting political unrest.
Icelandic culture is founded upon the nation's Norse heritage. Most Icelanders are descendants of Norse (particularly from Western Norway) and Gaelic settlers. Icelandic, a North Germanic language, is closely related to Faroese and some West Norwegian dialects. The country's cultural heritage includes traditional Icelandic cuisine, poetry, and the medieval Icelanders' sagas. Currently, Iceland has the smallest population among NATO members and is the only one with no standing army.
Camera: Canon EOS 5D Mark II
Lens: Canon EF 24-105mm f/4 L IS
Focal Length: 65mm
Aperture: f/20.0
Shutter Speed : 30 seconds
ISO: 100
Exposure: Manual
The company has been diversifying into coach hire recently, and the rear of the new buses has been used to advertise this.
Still trying to diversify my subjects a bit.
I've always been in awe before those steam monster but really didn't knew first thing about trains, let alone Lego trains.
So after enlightening myself a bit I started building and went for an original design to have less constraints. Still I was strongly inspired by the PRR K4 as well as some German Kriegslok'
My camera doesn't have a video function so I can't show off as much as I would like, but know the gear are working, it's motorised & it can take turns, no problems ^^
Enjoy !
The post-World War II years saw diversification in the packaging of Coca-Cola and the development or acquisition of new products.
The trademark “Coke,” first used in advertising in 1941, was registered in 1945.
Now my cynical mind suggests that they knew exactly what they were doing when they changed the name.
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Cocaine (coke) is a powerful and generally illegal drug that has a long and complicated history.
The intoxicant is extracted from the coco plant, which originated in the Andean highlands of South America. Natives chewed the leaves or brewed them into a tea to combat fatigue for thousands of years before the Spaniards arrived on their doorstep.2 The pure chemical of cocaine hydrochloride was first extracted in the mid 1900s, and it was popular for both medical and legal recreational use for decades after.
In the early 1900s, medical professionals began to become alarmed at the negative health effects and addictions associated with this miracle powder, and its recreational use became illegal in 1914. Medical use is still legal in some circumstances, but it’s highly restricted.
Cocaine use dwindled for many years following this regulation, but a market for the drug exploded in the 1970s and 1980s, devastating communities. Soon after this, a new, cheaper form of cocaine emerged called crack cocaine that was more accessible to low-income individuals. More susceptible to drug abuse and addiction, many of these communities became trapped in a cycle of poverty, gang violence, and addiction. Today, according to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 1.4 million Americans struggle with cocaine abuse and addiction, though its general use appears to be on the decline.
Powder cocaine is the most commonly used stimulant in the UK and the second most prevalent drug overall. In the most recent surveys available, use in the last year was reported at 2.9% in England and Wales, the highest figure since 2008 to 2009
Regardless what you call it, cocaine is an addictive substance associated with a number of harmful health issues.
A crew from Diversified Rail Services, led by Gary Bensman, is nearing completion of a multi-year restoration on the former Chesapeake & Ohio locomotive which will see it return to the rails to pull the scenic’s 16 mile excursion train from Cumberland to Frostburg, MD. The next major step of the rebuild involves the two sets of wheels being placed under the locomotive. The project will utilize two cranes to lift the locomotive's massive boiler into the air.
Hullo. I thought I would provide you with a natural landscape to somewhat diversify from the urban landscapes throughout December. Although nearly 100 miles (161km) southeast of Seattle, Mount Rainier is a well recognized “local" landmark, especially when the days are crystal clear and one can see Rainier dominating above the Cascade Mountains along the horizon. The tallest mountain in Washington State -- and dormant volcano (hasn’t erupted since the late 19th century) -- Rainier has an elevation of 14,411 ft (4,392 m). Because of its prominence, on those clear days, Rainier can be seen from as far away as Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada as well as Portland, Oregon.
Some of you are familiar with Steve’s work -- he’s a photographer and very much a nature guy. When he found out I had never been to Rainier since I moved to Seattle, he took it upon himself to change that reality! Result? We took a five-mile hike (one-way) to get to this spot, Spray Lake, at Mount Rainier National Park back in August. This was the reward at sunset after some serious climbing, knee-scraping, and being eaten alive from the mosquitos that accompanied us! ;o) We also saw two large brown bears about a mile (1.6 km) away -- a safe distance to admire them.
Some of the laziest frogs I have ever encountered in my life were basking beneath the surface of this lake. Didn’t move a muscle when I approached them to take photos; also didn’t bother to help us with reducing the mosquito population. Cute frogs, but lazy!
It was completely dark on the hike back. I tripped over rocks and branches many times. I still don’t know how Steve managed to navigate, even with the tiny flashlights tied around our heads. Nevertheless, after constantly dripping sweat for more than three hours, I’m not ashamed to admit that I had never been happier to see my own car in my entire life. (Definitely worth it, but the story would not be as interesting if I didn’t complain a little bit).
Have a good weekend!
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"You know, Barkley, the market’s down again. I told them to diversify—bones, biscuits, and at least a few chew toys in crypto, but nooo."
"Smart. Speaking of which, is the 42B ever coming? These Oxfords are killing my paws."
Image imagined in MidJourney AI and finished with Topaz Studio and Lightroom Classic.
Ryanair Holdings Group has several airlines, including Ryanair UK, Ryanair DAC, Ryanair Sun, and Laudamotion. This comes partly through acquisitions, and partly in order to set up different business units in different countries to diversify as much as possible and establish the lowest cost basis possible.
Ryanair Sun was established at the beginning of 2018, and has its own Polish Air Operator’s Certificate (AOC). The airline started with a fleet of just five aircraft in summer 2018, operating flights for Polish tour-operators. However, the airline has grown to include 17 aircraft, and plans to grow to 25 aircraft by summer 2019. The airline now operates both charter and scheduled flights.
As of fall 2019, Ryanair Sun was be rebranded as Buzz.
Bazaar of Kashan (Persian: بازار کاشان Bāzār-e Kāshān) is an old bazaar in the center of the city of Kashan, Iran. It is thought to have been built in the Seljuk era with renovations during the Safavid period.
Text: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaar_of_Kashan (CC BY-SA)
Iceland[4][5] i/ˈaɪslənd/ (Icelandic: Ísland, IPA: [ˈislant]; see Names for Iceland), officially called Republic of Iceland[6][7][8] and sometimes its counterpart Lýðveldið Ísland in Icelandic (for example this is a part of the name of the Constitution of Iceland, Stjórnarskrá lýðveldisins Íslands), is a Nordic European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.[9] The country has a population of about 320,000 and a total area of 103,000 km2 (40,000 sq mi).[10] The capital and largest city is Reykjavík,[11] with the surrounding areas in the southwestern region of the country being home to two-thirds of the country's population. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active. The interior mainly consists of a plateau characterised by sand fields, mountains and glaciers, while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle.
According to Landnámabók, the settlement of Iceland began in AD 874 when the chieftain Ingólfur Arnarson became the first permanent Norse settler on the island.[12] Others had visited the island earlier and stayed over winter. Over the following centuries, Norsemen settled Iceland, bringing with them thralls (serfs) of Gaelic origin. From 1262 to 1918 Iceland was part of the Norwegian and later the Danish monarchies. Until the 20th century, the Icelandic population relied largely on fisheries and agriculture. Industrialisation of the fisheries and Marshall Aid brought prosperity in the years after World War II. In 1994, Iceland became party to the European Economic Area, which made it possible for the economy to diversify into economic and financial services.
Iceland has a free market economy with relatively low taxes compared to other OECD countries,[13] while maintaining a Nordic welfare system providing universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens.[14] In recent years, Iceland has been one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. In 2011, it was ranked as the 14th most developed country in the world by the United Nations' Human Development Index,[3] and the fourth most productive country per capita.[15] In 2008, the nation's entire banking system systemically failed and there was substantial resulting political unrest.
Icelandic culture is founded upon the nation's Norse heritage. Most Icelanders are descendants of Norse (particularly from Western Norway) and Gaelic settlers. Icelandic, a North Germanic language, is closely related to Faroese and some West Norwegian dialects. The country's cultural heritage includes traditional Icelandic cuisine, poetry, and the medieval Icelanders' sagas. Currently, Iceland has the smallest population among NATO members and is the only one with no standing army.
Camera: Canon EOS 5D Mark II
Lens: Canon EF 16-35mm f/2.8 L II USM
Focal Length: 18mm
Aperture: f/5.6
Shutter Speed : 1/60
ISO: 100
Exposure: Manual
The much loved Castle's Butchers with its 3 gables, now diversified into a trendier sounding 'farm-shop'; 15th or early 16th century. To its left, the pink washed building is late 15th century, It has old Tudor windows, now blocked in on both its upper floors. It is famous for its vaulted crypt, a good picture of which is in its listing in BLB. britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101224036-london-housethe-cr...
To the right is the side of The Tolsey.
A crew from Diversified Rail Services, led by Gary Bensman, is nearing completion of a multi-year restoration on the former Chesapeake & Ohio locomotive which will see it return to the rails to pull the scenic’s 16 mile excursion train from Cumberland to Frostburg, MD. The next major step of the rebuild involves the two sets of wheels being placed under the locomotive. The project will utilize two cranes to lift the locomotive's massive boiler into the air.
I looked through the scope this morning and was thrilled to see a Hooded Merganser pair swimming toward one of our duck boxes. We had a Merganser successfully nest here in 2007 and 2008, and have had a few others try since then, but their boxes were taken over by Wood Ducks and Black-bellied Whistling Ducks. She looked like she was headed straight for the box, so I started filming through the living room window. She landed on top, surveyed the situation, and then entered the box. While she was likely laying an egg, the male waited outside performing what I’ve always interpreted to be a courtship display. After about seven minutes she rejoined her mate in the water. An Anhinga in the background surfaced with a bream, and after briefly beating it on a log, swallowed it whole. Although a Wood Duck hen landed on top to the box after the Merganser exited - looking like she was definitely going to go in, she and her mate left without disturbing the new egg. Just a few minutes later the Merganser entered a SECOND box, likely laying another egg! I only got video of her leaving the box, greeted by a group of curious Canada Geese. I’m going to have to keep a close eye on these two boxes to see if we have any mixed Wood Duck and Merganser broods.
Trying to diversify my portfolio a little bit with some editorial and fashion-like shoots. Zara was nice enough to strike some hot poses for me and melt my camera a little.
Ventura, Ca
Summer of 2014
Guemes Channel.
Built in 2017 by Diversified Marine Incorporated of Portland, for Harley Marine Services of Seattle.
German company NSU was founded in 1873, initially manufacturing knitting machines. The company diversified into bicycles in 1880, and motorcycles in 1901. The first NSU automobile debuted in 1905.
Motorcycle production resumed after WWII, followed by the new Prinz automobile in 1957. The Prinz was a small rear-engine car, powered by a 583 cc twin-cylinder producing 20 hp (15 kW)
The Sport Prinz was a 2-seater sports coupe variant. It was designed by Franco Scaglione at Bertone studios in Turin. 20,831 were manufactured between 1958 and 1968. The first 250 bodies were built by Bertone in Turin. The rest were built in Heilbronn at Karrosseriewerke Drauz which was later bought by NSU.
The Sport Prinz was initially powered by the 583 cc (35.6 cu in) Prinz 50 straight-twin engine but a maximum speed of 160 km/h (99 mph) was nevertheless claimed. From late 1962 a 598 cc (36.5 cu in) engine was fitted.
The NSU Spider was a Wankel rotary powered two-seater roadster based on the Sport Prinz platform.
Iceland[4][5] i/ˈaɪslənd/ (Icelandic: Ísland, IPA: [ˈislant]; see Names for Iceland), officially called Republic of Iceland[6][7][8] and sometimes its counterpart Lýðveldið Ísland in Icelandic (for example this is a part of the name of the Constitution of Iceland, Stjórnarskrá lýðveldisins Íslands), is a Nordic European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.[9] The country has a population of about 320,000 and a total area of 103,000 km2 (40,000 sq mi).[10] The capital and largest city is Reykjavík,[11] with the surrounding areas in the southwestern region of the country being home to two-thirds of the country's population. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active. The interior mainly consists of a plateau characterised by sand fields, mountains and glaciers, while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle.
According to Landnámabók, the settlement of Iceland began in AD 874 when the chieftain Ingólfur Arnarson became the first permanent Norse settler on the island.[12] Others had visited the island earlier and stayed over winter. Over the following centuries, Norsemen settled Iceland, bringing with them thralls (serfs) of Gaelic origin. From 1262 to 1918 Iceland was part of the Norwegian and later the Danish monarchies. Until the 20th century, the Icelandic population relied largely on fisheries and agriculture. Industrialisation of the fisheries and Marshall Aid brought prosperity in the years after World War II. In 1994, Iceland became party to the European Economic Area, which made it possible for the economy to diversify into economic and financial services.
Iceland has a free market economy with relatively low taxes compared to other OECD countries,[13] while maintaining a Nordic welfare system providing universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens.[14] In recent years, Iceland has been one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. In 2011, it was ranked as the 14th most developed country in the world by the United Nations' Human Development Index,[3] and the fourth most productive country per capita.[15] In 2008, the nation's entire banking system systemically failed and there was substantial resulting political unrest.
Icelandic culture is founded upon the nation's Norse heritage. Most Icelanders are descendants of Norse (particularly from Western Norway) and Gaelic settlers. Icelandic, a North Germanic language, is closely related to Faroese and some West Norwegian dialects. The country's cultural heritage includes traditional Icelandic cuisine, poetry, and the medieval Icelanders' sagas. Currently, Iceland has the smallest population among NATO members and is the only one with no standing army.
Camera: Canon EOS 5D Mark II
Lens: Canon EF 16-35mm f/2.8 L II USM
Focal Length: 17mm
Aperture: f/11.0
Shutter Speed : 30
ISO: 100
Exposure: Manual
Willows California. Where to go with that lawn mower and troublesome unplucked duck!
Rolleiflex 3.5E/Planar
Kodak Portra 400 medium format
“The American Locomotive Company diversified into the automobile business in 1906, producing French Berliet designs under license. Two years later, the Berliet license was abandoned, and the company began to produce its own designs instead. An ALCO racing car won the Vanderbilt Cup in both 1909 and 1910. They abandoned automobile manufacture in 1913. “ Wikipedia
The wonderful Owls Head Transportation Museum is a short drive from Rockland, Maine. owlshead.org
Iceland[4][5] i/ˈaɪslənd/ (Icelandic: Ísland, IPA: [ˈislant]; see Names for Iceland), officially called Republic of Iceland[6][7][8] and sometimes its counterpart Lýðveldið Ísland in Icelandic (for example this is a part of the name of the Constitution of Iceland, Stjórnarskrá lýðveldisins Íslands), is a Nordic European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.[9] The country has a population of about 320,000 and a total area of 103,000 km2 (40,000 sq mi).[10] The capital and largest city is Reykjavík,[11] with the surrounding areas in the southwestern region of the country being home to two-thirds of the country's population. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active. The interior mainly consists of a plateau characterised by sand fields, mountains and glaciers, while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle.
According to Landnámabók, the settlement of Iceland began in AD 874 when the chieftain Ingólfur Arnarson became the first permanent Norse settler on the island.[12] Others had visited the island earlier and stayed over winter. Over the following centuries, Norsemen settled Iceland, bringing with them thralls (serfs) of Gaelic origin. From 1262 to 1918 Iceland was part of the Norwegian and later the Danish monarchies. Until the 20th century, the Icelandic population relied largely on fisheries and agriculture. Industrialisation of the fisheries and Marshall Aid brought prosperity in the years after World War II. In 1994, Iceland became party to the European Economic Area, which made it possible for the economy to diversify into economic and financial services.
Iceland has a free market economy with relatively low taxes compared to other OECD countries,[13] while maintaining a Nordic welfare system providing universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens.[14] In recent years, Iceland has been one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. In 2011, it was ranked as the 14th most developed country in the world by the United Nations' Human Development Index,[3] and the fourth most productive country per capita.[15] In 2008, the nation's entire banking system systemically failed and there was substantial resulting political unrest.
Icelandic culture is founded upon the nation's Norse heritage. Most Icelanders are descendants of Norse (particularly from Western Norway) and Gaelic settlers. Icelandic, a North Germanic language, is closely related to Faroese and some West Norwegian dialects. The country's cultural heritage includes traditional Icelandic cuisine, poetry, and the medieval Icelanders' sagas. Currently, Iceland has the smallest population among NATO members and is the only one with no standing army.
Camera: Canon EOS 5D Mark II
Lens: Canon EF 16-35mm f/2.8 L II USM
Focal Length: 16mm
Aperture: f/22.0
Shutter Speed : 10 seconds
ISO : 100
Exposure: Manual
I
suggest you diversify the menu and please your loved ones with an exquisite potato gratin dish.
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This is a classic, fascinating 😋with its extraordinary taste and mouth-watering appearance.
I'm sharing my favorite recipe with you.
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So, there is nothing complicated in the preparation of gratin. It consists of simple ingredients: potatoes, cream, garlic and nutmeg.
The main thing is to choose a good potato, large, oblong, so that it is easy to cut.
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And it is also important not to lose starch, because it turns cream into sauce, acting as a natural thickener.
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The slices should be thin and translucent (you can use a special grater for this).
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When the potatoes are sliced, prepare the baking dish by pre-greasing it with butter.
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Spread the potatoes in layers, alternating with garlic and nutmeg, then pour the cream so that the mold is one-third full and cover it tightly with foil.
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Then send it to the oven preheated to 180 ° C.
Make sure that the potatoes do not dry out and are not raw. When you notice that it is almost ready, remove the foil from the mold, pour a little more cream and put a few pieces of butter on top. Increase the temperature and bake until golden brown, which makes gratin a real gratin.
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Ph: @safronoviv_photo
Md & retouch: @safronovajv
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#Moscowphotostudio #moskvafotograph #familyphotoMoscow #arm #dress #fashion #joint #neck #onepiecegarment #plant #shoulder #smile #textile #NikonD850 #safronoviv_photo
Red indian.... a member of the race of people living in America when Europeans arrived
The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the descendants of the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas. Pueblos indígenas (indigenous peoples) is a common term in Spanish-speaking countries. Aborigen (aboriginal/native) is used in Argentina, whereas "Amerindian" is used in Quebec, The Guianas, and the English-speaking Caribbean.[21][22][23][24] Indigenous peoples are commonly known in Canada as Aboriginal peoples, which include First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples.[25] Indigenous peoples of the United States are commonly known as Native Americans or American Indians, and Alaska Natives.[26]
According to the prevailing theories of the settlement of the Americas, migrations of humans from Asia (in particular North Asia)[27][28] to the Americas took place via Beringia, a land bridge which connected the two continents across what is now the Bering Strait. The majority of experts agree that the earliest pre-modern human migration via Beringia took place at least 13,500 years ago.[29] These early Paleo-Indians spread throughout the Americas, diversifying into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes. According to the oral histories of many of the indigenous peoples of the Americas, they have been living there since their genesis, described by a wide range of creation myths.
Application of the term "Indian" originated with Christopher Columbus, who, in his search for Asia, thought that he had arrived in the East Indies.[30][31][32][33][34][35] The Americas came to be known as the "West Indies", a name still used to refer to the islands of the Caribbean Sea. This led to the names "Indies" and "Indian", which implied some kind of racial or cultural unity among the aboriginal peoples of the Americas. This unifying concept, codified in law, religion, and politics, was not originally accepted by indigenous peoples but has been embraced by many over the last two centuries.[citation needed] Even though the term "Indian" does not include the Aleuts, Inuit, or Yupik peoples, these groups are considered indigenous peoples of the Americas.
Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in Amazonia, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigenous to the Americas.[36] Although some societies depended heavily on agriculture, others practiced a mix of farming, hunting, and gathering. In some regions the indigenous peoples created monumental architecture, large-scale organized cities, chiefdoms, states, and empires.
A Navajo man on horseback in Monument valley, Arizona.
Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru. At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guaraní, Mayan languages, and Nahuatl, count their speakers in millions. Many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees, including religion, social organization, and subsistence practices. Like most cultures, over time, cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects, but also cater to modern needs. Some indigenous peoples still live in relative isolation from Western culture and a few are still counted as uncontacted peoples.
Migration into the continents[edit]
For more details on theories of the migrations of the Paleo-Indians, see settlement of the Americas.
The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the exact dates and routes traveled, provide the subject of ongoing research and discussion.[37][38] According to archaeological and genetic evidence, North and South America were the last continents in the world with human habitation.[37] During the Wisconsin glaciation, 50–17,000 years ago, falling sea levels allowed people to move across the land bridge of Beringia that joined Siberia to north west North America (Alaska).[39][40] Alaska was a glacial refugia because it had low snowfall, allowing a small population to exist. The Laurentide Ice Sheet covered most of North America, blocking nomadic inhabitants and confining them to Alaska (East Beringia) for thousands of years.[41][42]
Indigenous genetic studies suggest that the first inhabitants of the Americas share a single ancestral population, one that developed in isolation, conjectured to be Beringia.[43][44] The isolation of these peoples in Beringia might have lasted 10–20,000 years.[45][46][47] Around 16,500 years ago, the glaciers began melting, allowing people to move south and east into Canada and beyond.[38][48][49] These people are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct Pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran Ice Sheets.[50]
Another route proposed involves migration - either on foot or using primitive boats - along the Pacific Northwest coast to South America.[51] Evidence of the latter would have been covered by a sea level rise of more than 120 meters since the last ice age.[52]
The time range of 40,000–16,500 years ago is debatable and probably will remain so for years to come.[37][38] The few agreements achieved to date include:[29][53]
the origin from Central Asia
widespread habitation of the Americas during the end of the last glacial period, or more specifically what is known as the Late Glacial Maximum, around 16,000–13,000 years before present
Stone tools, particularly projectile points and scrapers, are the primary evidence of the earliest human activity in the Americas. Crafted lithic flaked tools are used by archaeologists and anthropologists to classify cultural periods.[54] The Clovis culture, the earliest definitively-dated Paleo-Indians in the Americas, appears around 11,500 RCBP (radiocarbon years Before Present[55]), equivalent to 13,500 to 13,000 calendar years ago.
In 2014, the autosomal DNA of a 12,500+-year-old infant from Montana found in close association with several Clovis artifacts was sequenced.[56] These are the Anzick-1 remains from the Anzick Clovis burial in Montana. The data indicate that the individual was from a population ancestral to present South American and Central American Native American populations, and closely related to present North American Native American populations. The implication is that there was an early divergence between North American and Central American plus South American populations. Hypotheses which posit that invasions subsequent to the Clovis culture overwhelmed or assimilated previous migrants into the Americas were ruled out.[56]
Similarly, the skeleton of a teenage girl (named 'Naia', after a water nymph from Greek mythology) found in the underwater caves called sistema Sac Actun in Mexico's eastern Yucatán Peninsula in 2007 has had DNA extracted, and at 13,000 years old is considered the oldest genetically intact human skeleton ever found in the Americas. The DNA indicates she was from a lineage derived from Asian origins that is represented in the modern native population's DNA.[57]
Pre-Columbian era[edit]
Main article: Pre-Columbian era
See also: Archaeology of the Americas
Language families of North American indigenous peoples
The Pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European and African influences on the American continents, spanning the time of the original arrival in the Upper Paleolithic to European colonization during the early modern period.[58]
While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492 to 1504, in practice the term usually includes the history of American indigenous cultures until Europeans either conquered or significantly influenced them, even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus' initial landing.[59] "Pre-Columbian" is used especially often in the context of discussing the great indigenous civilizations of the Americas, such as those of Mesoamerica (the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacano, the Zapotec, the Mixtec, the Aztec, and the Maya civilizations) and those of the Andes (Inca Empire, Moche culture, Muisca Confederation, Cañaris).
Ethnic groups circa 1300-1535
Paleo-Indians hunting a glyptodont
Many pre-Columbian civilizations established characteristics and hallmarks which included permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, civic and monumental architecture, and complex societal hierarchies.[60] Some of these civilizations had long faded by the time of the first significant European and African arrivals (ca. late 15th–early 16th centuries), and are known only through oral history and through archaeological investigations. Others were contemporary with this period, and are also known from historical accounts of the time. A few, such as the Mayan, Olmec, Mixtec, and Nahua peoples, had their own written records. However, the European colonists of the time worked to eliminate non-Christian beliefs, and Christian pyres destroyed many pre-Columbian written records. Only a few documents remained hidden and survived, leaving contemporary historians with glimpses of ancient culture and knowledge.
According to both indigenous American and European accounts and documents, American civilizations at the time of European encounter had achieved many accomplishments.[61] For instance, the Aztecs built one of the largest cities in the world, Tenochtitlan, the ancient site of Mexico City, with an estimated population of 200,000. American civilizations also displayed impressive accomplishments in astronomy and mathematics. The domestication of maize or corn required thousands of years of selective breeding.
Inuit, Alaskan Native, and American Indian creation myths tell of a variety of origins of their respective peoples. Some were "always there" or were created by gods or animals, some migrated from a specified compass point, and others came from "across the ocean".[62]
European colonization[edit]
Main article: European colonization of the Americas
See also: Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas and Columbian Exchange
Cultural areas of North America at time of European contact
The European colonization of the Americas forever changed the lives and cultures of the peoples of the continents. Although the exact pre-contact population of the Americas is unknown, scholars estimate that Native American populations diminished by between 80 and 90% within the first centuries of contact with Europeans. The leading cause was disease. The continent was ravaged by epidemics of diseases such as smallpox, measles, and cholera, which were brought from Europe by the early explorers and spread quickly into new areas even before later explorers and colonists reached them. Native Americans suffered high mortality rates due to their lack of prior exposure to these diseases. The loss of lives was exacerbated by conflict between colonists and indigenous people. Colonists also frequently perpetrated massacres on the indigenous groups and enslaved them.[63][64][65] According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census (1894), the North American Indian Wars of the 19th century cost the lives of about 19,000 whites and 30,000 Native Americans.[66]
The first indigenous group encountered by Columbus were the 250,000 Taínos of Hispaniola who represented the dominant culture in the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas. Within thirty years about 70% of the Taínos had died.[67] They had no immunity to European diseases, so outbreaks of measles and smallpox ravaged their population.[68] Increasing punishment of the Taínos for revolting against forced labour, despite measures put in place by the encomienda, which included religious education and protection from warring tribes,[69] eventually led to the last great Taíno rebellion.
Following years of mistreatment, the Taínos began to adopt suicidal behaviors, with women aborting or killing their infants and men jumping from the cliffs or ingesting untreated cassava, a violent poison.[67] Eventually, a Taíno Cacique named Enriquillo managed to hold out in the Baoruco Mountain Range for thirteen years, causing serious damage to the Spanish, Carib-held plantations and their Indian auxiliaries.[70] Hearing of the seriousness of the revolt, Emperor Charles V (also King of Spain) sent captain Francisco Barrionuevo to negotiate a peace treaty with the ever-increasing number of rebels. Two months later, after consultation with the Audencia of Santo Domingo, Enriquillo was offered any part of the island to live in peace.
The Laws of Burgos, 1512-1513, were the first codified set of laws governing the behavior of Spanish settlers in America, particularly with regard to native Indians. The laws forbade the maltreatment of natives and endorsed their conversion to Catholicism.[71] The Spanish crown found it difficult to enforce these laws in a distant colony.
Drawing accompanying text in Book XII of the 16th-century Florentine Codex (compiled 1540–1585), showing Nahuas of conquest-era central Mexico suffering from smallpox
Various theories for the decline of the Native American populations emphasize epidemic diseases, conflicts with Europeans, and conflicts among warring tribes. Scholars now believe that, among the various contributing factors, epidemic disease was the overwhelming cause of the population decline of the American natives.[72][73] Some believe that after first contacts with Europeans and Africans, Old World diseases caused the death of 90 to 95% of the native population of the New World in the following 150 years.[74] Smallpox killed up to one third of the native population of Hispaniola in 1518.[75] By killing the Incan ruler Huayna Capac, smallpox caused the Inca Civil War. Smallpox was only the first epidemic. Typhus (probably) in 1546, influenza and smallpox together in 1558, smallpox again in 1589, diphtheria in 1614, measles in 1618—all ravaged the remains of Inca culture.
Smallpox had killed millions of native inhabitants of Mexico.[76][77] Unintentionally introduced at Veracruz with the arrival of Pánfilo de Narváez on April 23, 1520, smallpox ravaged Mexico in the 1520s,[78] possibly killing over 150,000 in Tenochtitlán alone (the heartland of the Aztec Empire), and aiding in the victory of Hernán Cortés over the Aztec Empire at Tenochtitlan (present-day Mexico City) in 1521.[citation needed]
Over the centuries, the Europeans had developed high degrees of immunity to these diseases, while the indigenous Americans had no immunity.[79]
Explorations of the Caribbean led to the discovery of the Arawaks of the Lesser Antilles. The culture was destroyed by 1650. Only 500 had survived by the year 1550, though the bloodlines continued through to the modern populace. In Amazonia, indigenous societies weathered centuries of colonization.[80]
Indians visiting a Brazilian farm plantation in Minas Gerais ca. 1824
Contact with European diseases such as smallpox and measles killed between 50 and 67 per cent of the Aboriginal population of North America in the first hundred years after the arrival of Europeans.[81] Some 90 per cent of the native population near Massachusetts Bay Colony died of smallpox in an epidemic in 1617–1619.[82] In 1633, in Plymouth, the Native Americans there were exposed to smallpox because of contact with Europeans. As it had done elsewhere, the virus wiped out entire population groups of Native Americans.[83] It reached Lake Ontario in 1636, and the lands of the Iroquois by 1679.[84][85] During the 1770s, smallpox killed at least 30% of the West Coast Native Americans.[86] The 1775–82 North American smallpox epidemic and 1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic brought devastation and drastic population depletion among the Plains Indians.[87][88] In 1832, the federal government of the United States established a smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans (The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832).[89][90]
The Indigenous peoples in Brazil declined from a pre-Columbian high of an estimated three million[91] to some 300,000 in 1997.[dubious – discuss][not in citation given][92]
The Spanish Empire and other Europeans brought horses to the Americas. Some of these animals escaped and began to breed and increase their numbers in the wild.[93] The re-introduction of the horse, extinct in the Americas for over 7500 years, had a profound impact on Native American culture in the Great Plains of North America and of Patagonia in South America. By domesticating horses, some tribes had great success: horses enabled them to expand their territories, exchange more goods with neighboring tribes, and more easily capture game, especially bison.
Agriculture[edit]
See also: Agriculture in Mesoamerica and Incan agriculture
A bison hunt depicted by George Catlin
Over the course of thousands of years, American indigenous peoples domesticated, bred and cultivated a large array of plant species. These species now constitute 50–60% of all crops in cultivation worldwide.[94] In certain cases, the indigenous peoples developed entirely new species and strains through artificial selection, as was the case in the domestication and breeding of maize from wild teosinte grasses in the valleys of southern Mexico. Numerous such agricultural products retain their native names in the English and Spanish lexicons.
The South American highlands were a center of early agriculture. Genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars and wild species suggests that the potato has a single origin in the area of southern Peru,[95] from a species in the Solanum brevicaule complex. Over 99% of all modern cultivated potatoes worldwide are descendants of a subspecies indigenous to south-central Chile,[96] Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum, where it was cultivated as long as 10,000 years ago.[97][98] According to George Raudzens, "It is clear that in pre-Columbian times some groups struggled to survive and often suffered food shortages and famines, while others enjoyed a varied and substantial diet."[99] The persistent drought around 850 AD coincided with the collapse of Classic Maya civilization, and the famine of One Rabbit (AD 1454) was a major catastrophe in Mexico.[100]
Andenes in the Sacred Valley of the Incas, Peru. The Incan agricultural terraces are still used by many of the Incas' descendents, Quechua-speaking Andean farmers.
Natives of North America began practicing farming approximately 4,000 years ago, late in the Archaic period of North American cultures. Technology had advanced to the point that pottery was becoming common and the small-scale felling of trees had become feasible. Concurrently, the Archaic Indians began using fire in a controlled manner. Intentional burning of vegetation was used to mimic the effects of natural fires that tended to clear forest understories. It made travel easier and facilitated the growth of herbs and berry-producing plants, which were important for both food and medicines.[101]
In the Mississippi River valley, Europeans noted Native Americans' managed groves of nut and fruit trees not far from villages and towns and their gardens and agricultural fields. Further away, prescribed burning would have been used in forest and prairie areas.[102]
Many crops first domesticated by indigenous Americans are now produced and used globally. Chief among these is maize or "corn", arguably the most important crop in the world.[103] Other significant crops include cassava, chia, squash (pumpkins, zucchini, marrow, acorn squash, butternut squash), the pinto bean, Phaseolus beans including most common beans, tepary beans and lima beans, tomatoes, potatoes, avocados, peanuts, cocoa beans (used to make chocolate), vanilla, strawberries, pineapples, Peppers (species and varieties of Capsicum, including bell peppers, jalapeños, paprika and chili peppers) sunflower seeds, rubber, brazilwood, chicle, tobacco, coca, manioc and some species of cotton.
Studies of contemporary indigenous environmental management, including agro-forestry practices among Itza Maya in Guatemala and hunting and fishing among the Menominee of Wisconsin, suggest that longstanding "sacred values" may represent a summary of sustainable millennial traditions.[104]
Culture[edit]
Further information: Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of North America
Quechua woman and child in the Sacred Valley, Andes, Peru
Cultural practices in the Americas seem to have been shared mostly within geographical zones where unrelated peoples adopted similar technologies and social organizations. An example of such a cultural area is Mesoamerica, where millennia of coexistence and shared development among the peoples of the region produced a fairly homogeneous culture with complex agricultural and social patterns. Another well-known example is the North American plains where until the 19th century several peoples shared the traits of nomadic hunter-gatherers based primarily on buffalo hunting.
Writing systems[edit]
See also: Canadian Aboriginal syllabics, Cherokee syllabary, and Quipu
Maya glyphs in stucco at the Museo de sitio in Palenque, Mexico
The development of writing is counted among the many achievements and innovations of pre-Columbian American cultures. Independent from the development of writing in other areas of the world, the Mesoamerican region produced several indigenous writing systems beginning in the 1st millennium BCE. What may be the earliest-known example in the Americas of an extensive text thought to be writing is by the Cascajal Block. The Olmec hieroglyphs tablet has been indirectly dated from ceramic shards found in the same context to approximately 900 BCE, around the time that Olmec occupation of San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán began to wane.[105]
The Maya writing system was a combination of phonetic syllabic symbols and logograms — that is, it was a logosyllabic writing system. It is the only pre-Columbian writing system known to represent completely the spoken language of its community. In total, the script has more than one thousand different glyphs, although a few are variations of the same sign or meaning, and many appear only rarely or are confined to particular localities. At any one time, no more than about five hundred glyphs were in use, some two hundred of which (including variations) had a phonetic or syllabic interpretation.[106][107][108]
Aztec codices (singular codex) are books written by pre-Columbian and colonial-era Aztecs. These codices provide some of the best primary sources for Aztec culture. The pre-Columbian codices differ from European codices in that they are largely pictorial; they were not meant to symbolize spoken or written narratives.[109] The colonial era codices not only contain Aztec pictograms, but also Classical Nahuatl (in the Latin alphabet), Spanish, and occasionally Latin.
Spanish mendicants in the sixteenth century taught indigenous scribes in their communities to write their languages in Latin letters, and there is a large number of local-level documents in Nahuatl, Zapotec, Mixtec, and Yucatec Maya from the colonial era, many of which were part of lawsuits and other legal matters. Although Spaniards initially taught indigenous scribes alphabetic writing, the tradition became self-perpetuating at the local level.[110] The Spanish crown gathered such documentation, and contemporary Spanish translations were made for legal cases. Scholars have translated and analyzed these documents in what is called the New Philology to write histories of indigenous peoples from indigenous viewpoints.[111]
The Wiigwaasabak, birch bark scrolls on which the Ojibwa (Anishinaabe) people wrote complex geometrical patterns and shapes, can also be considered a form of writing, as can Mi'kmaq hieroglyphics.
Aboriginal syllabic writing, or simply syllabics, is a family of abugidas used to write some Aboriginal Canadian languages of the Algonquian, Inuit, and Athabaskan language families.
Music and art[edit]
Main articles: Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas and Native American music
Apache fiddle made by Chesley Goseyun Wilson (San Carlos Apache)
Chimu culture feather pectoral, feathers, reed, copper, silver, hide, cordage, ca. 1350–1450 CE
Textile art by Julia Pingushat (Inuk, Arviat, Nunavut Territory, Canada), wool, embroidery floss, 1995
Native American music in North America is almost entirely monophonic, but there are notable exceptions. Traditional Native American music often centers around drumming. Rattles, clappersticks, and rasps were also popular percussive instruments. Flutes were made of rivercane, cedar, and other woods. The tuning of these flutes is not precise and depends on the length of the wood used and the hand span of the intended player, but the finger holes are most often around a whole step apart and, at least in Northern California, a flute was not used if it turned out to have an interval close to a half step. The Apache fiddle is a single stringed instrument.[citation needed]
The music of the indigenous peoples of Central Mexico and Central America was often pentatonic. Before the arrival of the Spaniards and other Europeans, music was inseparable from religious festivities and included a large variety of percussion and wind instruments such as drums, flutes, sea snail shells (used as a trumpet) and "rain" tubes. No remnants of pre-Columbian stringed instruments were found until archaeologists discovered a jar in Guatemala, attributed to the Maya of the Late Classic Era (600–900 CE), which depicts a stringed musical instrument which has since been reproduced. This instrument is one of the very few stringed instruments known in the Americas prior to the introduction of European musical instruments; when played, it produces a sound that mimics a jaguar's growl.[112]
Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas comprise a major category in the world art collection. Contributions include pottery, paintings, jewellery, weavings, sculptures, basketry, carvings, and beadwork.[113] Because too many artists were posing as Native Americans and Alaska Natives[114] in order to profit from the cachet of Indigenous art in the United States, the U.S. passed the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, requiring artists to prove that they are enrolled in a state or federally recognized tribe. To support the ongoing practice of American Indian, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian arts and cultures in the United States,[115] the Ford Foundation, arts advocates and American Indian tribes created an endowment seed fund and established a national Native Arts and Cultures Foundation in 2007.[116][117]
Demography of contemporary populations[edit]
This map shows the percentage of indigenous population in different countries of the Americas.
The following table provides estimates for each country in the Americas of the populations of indigenous people and those with partial indigenous ancestry, each expressed as a percentage of the overall population. The total percentage obtained by adding both of these categories is also given.
Note: these categories are inconsistently defined and measured differently from country to country. Some figures are based on the results of population-wide genetic surveys while others are based on self-identification or observational estimation
Iceland[4][5] i/ˈaɪslənd/ (Icelandic: Ísland, IPA: [ˈislant]; see Names for Iceland), officially called Republic of Iceland[6][7][8] and sometimes its counterpart Lýðveldið Ísland in Icelandic (for example this is a part of the name of the Constitution of Iceland, Stjórnarskrá lýðveldisins Íslands), is a Nordic European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.[9] The country has a population of about 320,000 and a total area of 103,000 km2 (40,000 sq mi).[10] The capital and largest city is Reykjavík,[11] with the surrounding areas in the southwestern region of the country being home to two-thirds of the country's population. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active. The interior mainly consists of a plateau characterised by sand fields, mountains and glaciers, while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle.
According to Landnámabók, the settlement of Iceland began in AD 874 when the chieftain Ingólfur Arnarson became the first permanent Norse settler on the island.[12] Others had visited the island earlier and stayed over winter. Over the following centuries, Norsemen settled Iceland, bringing with them thralls (serfs) of Gaelic origin. From 1262 to 1918 Iceland was part of the Norwegian and later the Danish monarchies. Until the 20th century, the Icelandic population relied largely on fisheries and agriculture. Industrialisation of the fisheries and Marshall Aid brought prosperity in the years after World War II. In 1994, Iceland became party to the European Economic Area, which made it possible for the economy to diversify into economic and financial services.
Iceland has a free market economy with relatively low taxes compared to other OECD countries,[13] while maintaining a Nordic welfare system providing universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens.[14] In recent years, Iceland has been one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. In 2011, it was ranked as the 14th most developed country in the world by the United Nations' Human Development Index,[3] and the fourth most productive country per capita.[15] In 2008, the nation's entire banking system systemically failed and there was substantial resulting political unrest.
Icelandic culture is founded upon the nation's Norse heritage. Most Icelanders are descendants of Norse (particularly from Western Norway) and Gaelic settlers. Icelandic, a North Germanic language, is closely related to Faroese and some West Norwegian dialects. The country's cultural heritage includes traditional Icelandic cuisine, poetry, and the medieval Icelanders' sagas. Currently, Iceland has the smallest population among NATO members and is the only one with no standing army.
Camera: Canon EOS 5D Mark II
Lens: Canon EF 16-35mm f/2.8 L II USM
Focal Length: 23mm
Aperture: f/22.0
Shutter Speed : 1.3
ISO: 50
Exposure: Manual
Iceland[4][5] i/ˈaɪslənd/ (Icelandic: Ísland, IPA: [ˈislant]; see Names for Iceland), officially called Republic of Iceland[6][7][8] and sometimes its counterpart Lýðveldið Ísland in Icelandic (for example this is a part of the name of the Constitution of Iceland, Stjórnarskrá lýðveldisins Íslands), is a Nordic European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.[9] The country has a population of about 320,000 and a total area of 103,000 km2 (40,000 sq mi).[10] The capital and largest city is Reykjavík,[11] with the surrounding areas in the southwestern region of the country being home to two-thirds of the country's population. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active. The interior mainly consists of a plateau characterised by sand fields, mountains and glaciers, while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle.
According to Landnámabók, the settlement of Iceland began in AD 874 when the chieftain Ingólfur Arnarson became the first permanent Norse settler on the island.[12] Others had visited the island earlier and stayed over winter. Over the following centuries, Norsemen settled Iceland, bringing with them thralls (serfs) of Gaelic origin. From 1262 to 1918 Iceland was part of the Norwegian and later the Danish monarchies. Until the 20th century, the Icelandic population relied largely on fisheries and agriculture. Industrialisation of the fisheries and Marshall Aid brought prosperity in the years after World War II. In 1994, Iceland became party to the European Economic Area, which made it possible for the economy to diversify into economic and financial services.
Iceland has a free market economy with relatively low taxes compared to other OECD countries,[13] while maintaining a Nordic welfare system providing universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens.[14] In recent years, Iceland has been one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. In 2011, it was ranked as the 14th most developed country in the world by the United Nations' Human Development Index,[3] and the fourth most productive country per capita.[15] In 2008, the nation's entire banking system systemically failed and there was substantial resulting political unrest.
Icelandic culture is founded upon the nation's Norse heritage. Most Icelanders are descendants of Norse (particularly from Western Norway) and Gaelic settlers. Icelandic, a North Germanic language, is closely related to Faroese and some West Norwegian dialects. The country's cultural heritage includes traditional Icelandic cuisine, poetry, and the medieval Icelanders' sagas. Currently, Iceland has the smallest population among NATO members and is the only one with no standing army.
Camera: Canon EOS 5D Mark II
Lens: Canon EF 24-105mm f/4 IS USM
Focal Length: 50mm
Aperture: f/5.6
Shutter Speed : 1/100
ISO: 160
Exposure: Manual
FR :
J'ai revu en profondeur, la soute de fret/de débarquement. J'ai maximisé les détails. J'ai également revu les véhicules de la soute, pour les diversifier.
les 4 véhicules :
1/- Le Space Scooter, grand standard du Classic Space
2/- Le Space Buggy, un tout petit peu différent, et grand standard du Classic Space
3/- Un Heavy Space Buggy avec :
[*] - Mini Parabole de communication
[*] - Caméra
[*] - Capteurs frontaux
[*] - Trousse à outils rouge entre les 2 sièges
[*] - 2 Panneaux de contrôle / d'informations de données
[*] - 2 Sièges en brick build
[*] - Bras articulé à l'arrière
[*] - 2 outils capteurs à main
[*] - 1 conteneur pour mettre des roches
[*] - 1 talkie walkie
[*] - Panneau de contrôle du bras articulé
[*] - Calculateur de charge du bras articulé
[*] - Juge de pression du bras articulé
[*] - 2 extincteurs
[*] - 1 petit outil de réparation entre le bras et les extincteurs
4/- Le Space Buggy avec sa remorque composée de :
[*] - 2 bonhommes d'air (airtank)
[*] - 2 sacs
[*] - 1 caméra
[*] - 1 paire de jumelle
[*] - 2 outils capteurs à main
[*] - 1 réacteur dorsal (il se voit mal, car entre les bonbonnes d'air et les sac, et les antennes repliées)
[*] - 1 sac à dos noir (incrusté entre les 2 sacs gris, et légèrement décalé en dessous)
C'est bon, je crois que je suis paré pour l'exploration Lunaire ! :)
===============================
EN :
I thoroughly reviewed the cargo / disembarkation hold. I maximized the details. I also reviewed the vehicles in the hold, to diversify them.
The 4 vehicles:
1/- The Space Scooter, great standard of Classic Space
2/- The Space Buggy, a little different, and standard of the Classic Space
3/- A Heavy Space Buggy with:
[*] - Mini communication dish
[*] - Camera
[*] - Front sensors
[*] - Red tool kit between the 2 seats
[*] - 2 Control / data information panels
[*] - 2 seats-brick build
[*] - Articulated arm at the rear
[*] - 2 hand sensor tools
[*] - 1 container to put rocks
[*] - 1 Talkie walkie
[*] - Control panel of the articulated arm
[*] - Articulated arm load calculator
[*] - Articulated arm pressure judge
[*] - 2 fire extinguishers
[*] - 1 small repair tool between the arm and the extinguishers
4/ - The Space Buggy with its trailer composed of:
[*] - 2 airtanks
[*] - 2 bags
[*] - 1 camera
[*] - 1 pair of binoculars
[*] - 2 hand sensor tools
[*] - 1 dorsal reactor (it is difficult to see itself, because between the airtanks and the bags, and the antennas folded up)
[*] - 1 black backpack (inlaid between the 2 gray bags, and slightly offset below)
It's okay, I think I'm ready for Lunar exploration ! :)
Iceland[4][5] i/ˈaɪslənd/ (Icelandic: Ísland, IPA: [ˈislant]; see Names for Iceland), officially called Republic of Iceland[6][7][8] and sometimes its counterpart Lýðveldið Ísland in Icelandic (for example this is a part of the name of the Constitution of Iceland, Stjórnarskrá lýðveldisins Íslands), is a Nordic European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.[9] The country has a population of about 320,000 and a total area of 103,000 km2 (40,000 sq mi).[10] The capital and largest city is Reykjavík,[11] with the surrounding areas in the southwestern region of the country being home to two-thirds of the country's population. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active. The interior mainly consists of a plateau characterised by sand fields, mountains and glaciers, while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle.
According to Landnámabók, the settlement of Iceland began in AD 874 when the chieftain Ingólfur Arnarson became the first permanent Norse settler on the island.[12] Others had visited the island earlier and stayed over winter. Over the following centuries, Norsemen settled Iceland, bringing with them thralls (serfs) of Gaelic origin. From 1262 to 1918 Iceland was part of the Norwegian and later the Danish monarchies. Until the 20th century, the Icelandic population relied largely on fisheries and agriculture. Industrialisation of the fisheries and Marshall Aid brought prosperity in the years after World War II. In 1994, Iceland became party to the European Economic Area, which made it possible for the economy to diversify into economic and financial services.
Iceland has a free market economy with relatively low taxes compared to other OECD countries,[13] while maintaining a Nordic welfare system providing universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens.[14] In recent years, Iceland has been one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. In 2011, it was ranked as the 14th most developed country in the world by the United Nations' Human Development Index,[3] and the fourth most productive country per capita.[15] In 2008, the nation's entire banking system systemically failed and there was substantial resulting political unrest.
Icelandic culture is founded upon the nation's Norse heritage. Most Icelanders are descendants of Norse (particularly from Western Norway) and Gaelic settlers. Icelandic, a North Germanic language, is closely related to Faroese and some West Norwegian dialects. The country's cultural heritage includes traditional Icelandic cuisine, poetry, and the medieval Icelanders' sagas. Currently, Iceland has the smallest population among NATO members and is the only one with no standing army.
Camera: Canon EOS 5D Mark II
Lens: Canon EF 16-35mm f/2.8 L II USM
Focal Length: 24mm
Aperture: f/9.0
Shutter Speed : 1/100
ISO : 100
Exposure: Manual
From my recent Project „Discover the Night - Twilight Milky Way Photography at the Canary Islands“
Minas de San José is a diversified volcanic landscape in the middle of Tenerifes Cañadas - filled with comparatively small and beautiful shaped lava pillars. Its a perfect spot for hanging out, stargazing and on the very top of my future photo exploration list. In 2020, I only had a few hours where I tested my hydrogen-alpha modified Nikon D800 for the very first time. So here we are.
Hydrogen-Alpha, H-Alpha or Hα „is a specific deep-red visible spectral line in the Balmer series with a wavelength of 656.28 nm in air; it occurs when a hydrogen electron falls from its third to second lowest energy level. H-alpha light is the brightest hydrogen line in the visible spectral range. It is important to astronomers as it is emitted by many emission nebulae and can be used to observe features in the Sun's atmosphere, including solar prominences and the chromosphere.“ Wikipedia
In short, a modified camera is more sensitive for visible and invisible red light to increase the level of details and colors in Milky Way and night sky images.
Since it was the first time, I didn’t realize I was shooting in JPEG instead of recommended RAW format and was very limited in adjusting my white-balance in post-production (the Image was very pinkish-red). In the end, I got a pink sky while the landscape is in natural colors. It was my first h-alpha image and for half a year I considered it to be a failure.
Now I realized, that this is incredibly beautiful and surreal, so I am absolutely going for it in the future as a new sideproject!
EXIF
Nikon D800A + AF-S 50 mm f/1.8
ISO 800 - f/3.5 - 8s
HOW TO DIVERSIFY STORIES
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Statistics show that most users in Instagramwatch stories. Some people may sometimes scroll through the feed. And there are those who in their free time like to watch more lively a person, not just a photo.
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How ♂this is to make our stories more interesting?
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📌Save post to not lose!
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▪This is your day in 15 seconds. Capture the moments that happen to you throughout the day. Brewed coffee ☕ this morning-took a small piece. Went to wash 🚿 the dog, also removed a piece. Then, from all the material, mount the video for 15 seconds. In accelerated mode.
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▪️Until/After. There are many options. It can be processing photos, and makeup, and cleaning the apartment 🏠. This option is always of interest to users.
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▪It's amazing life hacks💡. If you use something that makes your life easier, share it with your followers.
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▪️Games. Find differences 🎊in the photo. To raise statistics, you can divide two photos into two stories. Also has a good effect on the statistics of the game, "guess where the photoshop", flipping through photos forward and backward.
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▪️Backstage
Show what remains behind the scenes. If this is a difficult съем shooting, tell us what difficulties you encountered.
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▪I remove the small manual. How to do "....". Share what you do best.
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▪This is jokes, funny memes. Many specifically subscribe to accounts where the sea of jokes.
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💬Share in the comments, what you are viewing, tape or history?
#Green #Standing #Pink #Photography #Sitting #Temple #Digital_compositing #Visual_arts #NikonD4
Dec. 13–Boca Raton's first downtown hotel — the 200-room Hyatt Place Boca Raton/Downtown– is welcoming its first guests.
The Hyatt Place Boca's room offerings include 17 suites. The onsite amenities include a fitness center, rooftop pool and terrace, lobby bar, a Coffee-to-Cocktails bar and snack counter, and 4,000 square feet of flexible meeting and function space.
The hotel opened for business Tuesday. A grand opening is planned for Jan. 11. By mid-January, a Louie Bossi Restaurant is slated to open, in time for its official grand opening, said Audra Durham, director of sales.
Introductory rates for the Hyatt Place Boca start at $159 per night, noted Durham. Guest parking in the hotel's 200-space parking garage is an extra $19 per day.
"The business mix of room sales is expected to be about 50 percent corporate, 30 percent group and the rest leisure," Durham said during a tour of the property.
Developer Kolter Group of West Palm Beach had originally projected an opening for August or September after breaking ground on the new hotel at 100 E. Palmetto Park Road in May 2015. But rainy weather and site preparations for a possible strike by Hurricane Matthew led to construction delays.
"We probably lost about three or four weeks because of the hurricane, not because of damage," said James Hansen, vice president sales for Kolter Hospitality, the developer's hotel management and operations arm. He said it took a considerable amount of time to dismantle and remove equipment ahead of the storm, and then reassemble it after Matthew brushed past South Florida.
Kolter Hospitality also operates the Hyatt Place West Palm Beach, Hyatt Place Delray Beach and Hyatt Place Fort Lauderdale 17th Street Convention Center.
The Boca hotel was built by general contractor Kast Construction of West Palm Beach.
Chicago-based Hyatt Hotels Corp. launched its Hyatt Place brand in 2006. The hotels are designed to appeal to the 24/7 multitasking traveler, and offer large guest rooms with sofa sleepers, free Wi-Fi and a free hotel breakfast.
"We are so excited to open the doors of the Hyatt Place Boca Raton and show off what is going to be the coolest hotel in the city," said Scott Webb, president of Kolter Hospitality, the hotel's operator. in a statement Tuesday. "We acquired the most coveted location in Boca and have built a stunning hotel located in the center of this booming downtown."
For information on Hyatt Place Boca, visit bocaraton.place.hyatt.com.
Credit for the data above is given to the following websites:
www.constructionjournal.com/companies/details/pages/DCES-...
www.hotel-online.com/press_releases/release/boca-ratons-f...
www.travelweekly.com/Hotels/Boca-Raton-FL/Hyatt-Place-Boc...
www.hyatt.com/brands/hyatt-place
fau4u2.wordpress.com/2015/04/28/construction-commences-fo...
© All Rights Reserved - you may not use this image in any form without my prior permission.
Iceland[4][5] i/ˈaɪslənd/ (Icelandic: Ísland, IPA: [ˈislant]; see Names for Iceland), officially called Republic of Iceland[6][7][8] and sometimes its counterpart Lýðveldið Ísland in Icelandic (for example this is a part of the name of the Constitution of Iceland, Stjórnarskrá lýðveldisins Íslands), is a Nordic European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.[9] The country has a population of about 320,000 and a total area of 103,000 km2 (40,000 sq mi).[10] The capital and largest city is Reykjavík,[11] with the surrounding areas in the southwestern region of the country being home to two-thirds of the country's population. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active. The interior mainly consists of a plateau characterised by sand fields, mountains and glaciers, while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle.
According to Landnámabók, the settlement of Iceland began in AD 874 when the chieftain Ingólfur Arnarson became the first permanent Norse settler on the island.[12] Others had visited the island earlier and stayed over winter. Over the following centuries, Norsemen settled Iceland, bringing with them thralls (serfs) of Gaelic origin. From 1262 to 1918 Iceland was part of the Norwegian and later the Danish monarchies. Until the 20th century, the Icelandic population relied largely on fisheries and agriculture. Industrialisation of the fisheries and Marshall Aid brought prosperity in the years after World War II. In 1994, Iceland became party to the European Economic Area, which made it possible for the economy to diversify into economic and financial services.
Iceland has a free market economy with relatively low taxes compared to other OECD countries,[13] while maintaining a Nordic welfare system providing universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens.[14] In recent years, Iceland has been one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. In 2011, it was ranked as the 14th most developed country in the world by the United Nations' Human Development Index,[3] and the fourth most productive country per capita.[15] In 2008, the nation's entire banking system systemically failed and there was substantial resulting political unrest.
Icelandic culture is founded upon the nation's Norse heritage. Most Icelanders are descendants of Norse (particularly from Western Norway) and Gaelic settlers. Icelandic, a North Germanic language, is closely related to Faroese and some West Norwegian dialects. The country's cultural heritage includes traditional Icelandic cuisine, poetry, and the medieval Icelanders' sagas. Currently, Iceland has the smallest population among NATO members and is the only one with no standing army.
Camera: Canon EOS 5D Mark II
Lens: Canon EF 16-35mm f/2.8 L II USM
Focal Length: 18mm
Aperture: f/22.0
Shutter Speed : 1.6
ISO : 100
Exposure: Manual
Iceland[4][5] i/ˈaɪslənd/ (Icelandic: Ísland, IPA: [ˈislant]; see Names for Iceland), officially called Republic of Iceland[6][7][8] and sometimes its counterpart Lýðveldið Ísland in Icelandic (for example this is a part of the name of the Constitution of Iceland, Stjórnarskrá lýðveldisins Íslands), is a Nordic European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.[9] The country has a population of about 320,000 and a total area of 103,000 km2 (40,000 sq mi).[10] The capital and largest city is Reykjavík,[11] with the surrounding areas in the southwestern region of the country being home to two-thirds of the country's population. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active. The interior mainly consists of a plateau characterised by sand fields, mountains and glaciers, while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle.
According to Landnámabók, the settlement of Iceland began in AD 874 when the chieftain Ingólfur Arnarson became the first permanent Norse settler on the island.[12] Others had visited the island earlier and stayed over winter. Over the following centuries, Norsemen settled Iceland, bringing with them thralls (serfs) of Gaelic origin. From 1262 to 1918 Iceland was part of the Norwegian and later the Danish monarchies. Until the 20th century, the Icelandic population relied largely on fisheries and agriculture. Industrialisation of the fisheries and Marshall Aid brought prosperity in the years after World War II. In 1994, Iceland became party to the European Economic Area, which made it possible for the economy to diversify into economic and financial services.
Iceland has a free market economy with relatively low taxes compared to other OECD countries,[13] while maintaining a Nordic welfare system providing universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens.[14] In recent years, Iceland has been one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. In 2011, it was ranked as the 14th most developed country in the world by the United Nations' Human Development Index,[3] and the fourth most productive country per capita.[15] In 2008, the nation's entire banking system systemically failed and there was substantial resulting political unrest.
Icelandic culture is founded upon the nation's Norse heritage. Most Icelanders are descendants of Norse (particularly from Western Norway) and Gaelic settlers. Icelandic, a North Germanic language, is closely related to Faroese and some West Norwegian dialects. The country's cultural heritage includes traditional Icelandic cuisine, poetry, and the medieval Icelanders' sagas. Currently, Iceland has the smallest population among NATO members and is the only one with no standing army.
Camera: Canon EOS 5D Mark II
Lens: Canon EF 24-105mm f/4 L IS
Focal Length: 45mm
Aperture: f/4.0
Shutter Speed : 0.25 sec (1/4)
ISO: 100
Exposure: Manual
I'm not diversifying into modern trams; this was a special request by Howard Piltz, who provided the source image. The Manchester Metrolink is unique amongst UK street tramway systems in operating high-floor trams, which require raised railway-style platforms. The Bombardier M5000 is the second generation of Metrolink tram. All were delivered in a striking new silver and yellow livery that has replaced the older scheme carried by their predecessors and which, ironically, bore more than a passing resemblance to franchised operator RAPTs own bus fleet in Paris. Apparently, some enthusiast's prefer the older scheme - here it is an M5000 for you to decide (07-Apr-15).
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