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Junonia coenia, known as the common buckeye or buckeye, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. Its range covers much of North America and some of Central America, including most of the eastern half of the US, the lower to middle Midwest, the Southwest (including most of California), southern Canada, and Mexico. Its habitat is open areas with low vegetation and some bare ground. Its original ancestry has been traced to Africa, which then experiences divergence in Asia. The species Junonia grisea, the gray buckeye, is found west of the Rocky Mountains and was formerly a subspecies of Junonia coenia.
Galapagos Islands
Ecuador
South America
Santa Cruz Island.
The Galápagos tortoise or Galápagos giant tortoise (Chelonoidis nigra) is the largest living species of tortoise and 10th-heaviest living reptile, reaching weights of over 400 kg (880 lb) and lengths of over 1.8 meters (5.9 ft). With life spans in the wild of over 100 years, it is one of the longest-lived vertebrates. A captive individual lived at least 170 years.
The closest living relative (though not a direct ancestor) of the Galápagos giant tortoise is the Argentine tortoise (Chelonoidis chilensis), a much smaller species from South America. The divergence between C. chilensis and C. nigra probably occurred 6–12 million years ago, an evolutionary event preceding the volcanic formation of the oldest modern Galápagos Islands 5 million years ago.
Mitochondrial DNA analysis indicates that the oldest existing islands (Española and San Cristóbal) were colonized first, and that these populations seeded the younger islands via dispersal in a "stepping stone" fashion via local currents. Restricted gene flow between isolated islands then resulted in the independent evolution of the populations into the divergent forms observed in the modern subspecies. The evolutionary relationships between the subspecies thus echo the volcanic history of the islands.
Despite a rebound, the species is classified as "vulnerable" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Now Listed as Endangered. – Wikipedia
Diversité ou divergences d'opinions.
LACPIXEL - 2021
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Great Potoo - Wild - At Pantanal - MT.
With its characteristic drawn-out moaning growl, the vocalizations of the Great Potoo are among the most exciting and perhaps most unsettling nocturnal sounds in the Neotropics. Apart from its vocalizations, the Great Potoo is an intriguing species. Great Potoos are nocturnal and feed on large flying insects, and occasionally bats, which they capture in sallies from a high perch. During the day, they remain motionless in mimic of broken tree branches. The Great Potoo is distributed throughout humid and semihumid forested habitats in Central and South America. Across this vast region, there is little geographic variation in size or in plumage; two subspecies sometimes are recognized, but these do not differ greatly from each other. Despite the lack of conspicuous geographic variation, populations on either side of the Andes have been found to be very distinct genetically. This level of divergence is similar to the genetic divergence found between other species of potoo, pointing the possibility for ‘cryptic’ species within the Great Potoo lineage. neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/Species-Account/nb/species/...
Happy Thursday!
Thanks a lot for your visits, comments, faves, invites, etc. Very much appreciated!
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Junonia coenia, known as the common buckeye or buckeye, is a butterfly in the Nymphalidae family. Its original ancestry has been traced to Africa, which then experiences divergence in Asia
The peregrine's breeding range includes land regions from the Arctic tundra to the tropics. It can be found nearly everywhere on Earth, except extreme polar regions, very high mountains, and most tropical rainforests; the only major ice-free landmass from which it is entirely absent is New Zealand. This makes it the world's most widespread raptor, and one of the most widely found bird species. In fact, the only land-based bird species found over a larger geographic area is not always naturally occurring, but one widely introduced by humans, the rock pigeon, which in turn now supports many peregrine populations as a prey species. The peregrine is a highly successful example of urban wildlife in much of its range, taking advantage of tall buildings as nest sites and an abundance of prey such as pigeons and ducks. Both the English and scientific names of this species mean "wandering falcon," referring to the migratory habits of many northern populations. Experts recognize 17 to 19 subspecies, which vary in appearance and range; disagreement exists over whether the distinctive Barbary falcon is represented by two subspecies of Falco peregrinus, or is a separate species, F. pelegrinoides. The two species' divergence is relatively recent, during the time of the last ice age, therefore the genetic differential between them (and also the difference in their appearance) is relatively tiny. They are only about 0.6–0.8% genetically differentiated.
While its diet consists almost exclusively of medium-sized birds, the peregrine will occasionally hunt small mammals, small reptiles, or even insects. Reaching sexual maturity at one year, it mates for life and nests in a scrape, normally on cliff edges or, in recent times, on tall human-made structures. The peregrine falcon became an endangered species in many areas because of the widespread use of certain pesticides, especially DDT. Since the ban on DDT from the early 1970s, populations have recovered, supported by large-scale protection of nesting places and releases to the wild.
The peregrine falcon is a well respected falconry bird due to its strong hunting ability, high trainability, versatility, and – in recent years – availability via captive breeding. It is effective on most game bird species, from small to large.
It's quite a long time since my last photographic expedition. Sometimes life gets in the way of Flickr (Hi, Flemming :)... this is a kind of private joke). So, as a kind of last resource I tried a promenade through my 2nd choice archives and decided to give a chance to this one. somehow it completes my Stochastic series with which some of you are already familiar. I hope to have some extra time available soon.
The lack of monophyly in the earlier starling genera has led to this species being placed variously under genus Sturnia, Sturnus and Temenuchus in the past (Zuccon et al., 2006) and studies have suggested the reuse of an old name Temenuchus for members of this clade. Later studies have suggested placement in the genus Sturnia.
There are two subspecies of the chestnut-tailed starling:
S. m. malabarica: North-eastern India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and north-western Burma
S. m. nemoricola: Southern China, Taiwan, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia
Both the nominate subspecies and nemoricola are known to perform some poorly understood movements (e.g. S. m. malabarica has been recorded from Pakistan and in central and southern India).
The taxon blythii is now usually (e.g. Rasmussen & Anderton, 2005) considered a valid species, the Malabar white-headed starling or white-headed myna (Sturnia blythii), instead of a subspecies of Sturnia malabarica. As S. m. malabarica only visits the range of blythii during the non-breeding period (winter), the two are not known to interbreed. However a molecular study found the genetic divergence between S. m. blythii not significantly greater (between 0.2% and 0.8%) than between the sisters S. m. malabarica of northern India and S. m. nemoricola of Burma and Vietnam
Excerpt from Wikipedia:
Poison dart frog (also known as dart-poison frog, poison frog or formerly known as poison arrow frog) is the common name of a group of frogs in the family Dendrobatidae which are native to tropical Central and South America. These species are diurnal and often have brightly colored bodies. This bright coloration is correlated with the toxicity of the species, making them aposematic. Some species of the family Dendrobatidae exhibit extremely bright coloration along with high toxicity, while others have cryptic coloration with minimal to no amount of observed toxicity. The species that have great toxicity derive this feature from their diet of ants, mites and termites. However, other species that exhibit cryptic coloration, and low to no amounts of toxicity, eat a much larger variety of prey. Many species of this family are threatened due to human infrastructure encroaching on their habitats.
These amphibians are often called "dart frogs" due to the Native Americans' use of their toxic secretions to poison the tips of blowdarts. However, out of over 170 species, only four have been documented as being used for this purpose (curare plants are more commonly used for Native American darts) all of which come from the genus Phyllobates, which is characterized by the relatively large size and high levels of toxicity of its members.
Most species of poison dart frogs are small, sometimes less than 1.5 cm (0.59 in) in adult length, although a few grow up to 6 cm (2.4 in) in length. They weigh 1 oz. on average. Most poison dart frogs are brightly colored, displaying aposematic patterns to warn potential predators. Their bright coloration is associated with their toxicity and levels of alkaloids. For example, frogs of the genus Dendrobates have high levels of alkaloids, whereas Colostethus species are cryptically colored and are not toxic.
Poison dart frogs are an example of an aposematic organism. Their bright coloration advertises unpalatability to potential predators. Aposematism is currently thought to have originated at least four times within the poison dart family according to phylogenetic trees, and dendrobatid frogs have since undergone dramatic divergences – both interspecific and intraspecific – in their aposematic coloration. This is surprising given the frequency-dependent nature of this type of defense mechanism.
Adult frogs lay their eggs in moist places, including on leaves, in plants, among exposed roots, and elsewhere. Once the eggs hatch, the adult piggybacks the tadpoles, one at a time, to suitable water: either a pool, or the water gathered in the throat of bromeliads or other plants. The tadpoles remain there until they metamorphose, in some species fed by unfertilized eggs laid at regular intervals by the mother.
The Himalayan brown bear consists of a single clade that is the sister group to all other brown bears (and polar bears). The dating of the branching event, estimated at 658,000 years ago, corresponds to the period of a Middle Pleistocene episode of glaciation on the Tibetan plateau, suggesting that during this Nyanyaxungla glaciation the lineage that would give rise to the Himalayan brown bear became isolated in a distinct refuge, leading to its divergence.
The specific alpestris is Latin and means "of the high mountains", from Alpes, the Alps.
The horned lark was originally classified in the genus Alauda.
The horned lark Is suggested to have diverged from Temnick's lark around the Early-Middle Pleistocene, according to genomic divergence estimates.[3][4] The Horned lark is known from around a dozen localities of Late Pleistocene age, including those in Italy,[5] Russia, The United Kingdom and the United States. The earliest known fossil is from the Calabrian of Spain, around 1–0.8 million years old. In 2020 a 46,000 year old frozen specimen was described from the Russian Far East.
Recent genetic analysis has suggested that the species consists of six clades that in the future may warrant recognition as separate species. A 2020 study also suggested splitting of the species, but into 4 species instead, the Himalayan Horned Lark E. longirostris, Mountain Horned Lark E. penicillata, Common Horned Lark E. alpestris (sensu stricto), alongside Temnick's Lark..
As a photographer i always strive to get as near as safely possible to my subject, to glean every last bit of detail I can.
Sometimes though it is nice to step back, (OK I confess I couldn't get any closer) and take the subject from a distance showing it's natural environment.
So today's posts are a divergence from the norm. I hope you like them.
Chiffchaff - Phylloscopus collybita
Danefield Otley Chevin - Leeds
Many thanks as always to those kind enough to comment and fave my photos or even to drop by for a quick peek. It is very much appreciated.
DSC_3478
Solanum rostratum, Buffalobur Nightshade (Solanaceae) is native to the United States and northern and central Mexico.
It is an annual, self-compatible herb that forms a tumbleweed. Declared noxious and invasive in many states, it is a highly toxic plant to livestock and humans. Its seeds are important to ground feeding birds. Solanum rostratum has been used as a drug by southwest American indigenous peoples, especially as an infusion of powdered root taken for 'sick stomach.'
The flowers exhibit heteranthery, i.e. they bear two sets of anthers of unequal size, possibly distinct colouration (as in the photo), and divergence in ecological function between pollination and feeding large bees and bumblebees. This species represents one of the latter scientific interests of famed biologist Charles Darwin, who just over a week prior to his death had ordered seeds from a colleague in America, so as to investigate their heteranthery, a topic he was interested in.
Solanum rostratum is the ancestral host plant of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, but this pest adopted the potato, Solanum tuberosum as a new (and more succulent) host, a fact first reported in eastern Nebraska in 1859. (Wikipedia)
Some of think a little differently
Experience sensations differently
Learn a little differently
Love a little differently
Appear prickly in all the wrong places
Or right places.
Are any two people ever the same (even twins?)
Or are we all actually divergent?
**All photos are copyrighted**
Another from last week's trip to the Copper Coast in Co Waterford.
Long exposure at Kilfarrasy beach.
The pedestrian underpass tunnels beneath Liverpool Street in Hobart, Tasmania. This shot is looking towards the two tunnels that connect to either side of Liverpool Street. Directly behind these paths converge to connect to the railway roundabout fountain.
Galapagos Islands
Ecuador
South America
Santa Cruz Island.
The Galápagos tortoise or Galápagos giant tortoise (Chelonoidis nigra) is the largest living species of tortoise and 10th-heaviest living reptile, reaching weights of over 400 kg (880 lb) and lengths of over 1.8 meters (5.9 ft). With life spans in the wild of over 100 years, it is one of the longest-lived vertebrates. A captive individual lived at least 170 years.
The closest living relative (though not a direct ancestor) of the Galápagos giant tortoise is the Argentine tortoise (Chelonoidis chilensis), a much smaller species from South America. The divergence between C. chilensis and C. nigra probably occurred 6–12 million years ago, an evolutionary event preceding the volcanic formation of the oldest modern Galápagos Islands 5 million years ago.
Mitochondrial DNA analysis indicates that the oldest existing islands (Española and San Cristóbal) were colonised first, and that these populations seeded the younger islands via dispersal in a "stepping stone" fashion via local currents. Restricted gene flow between isolated islands then resulted in the independent evolution of the populations into the divergent forms observed in the modern subspecies. The evolutionary relationships between the subspecies thus echo the volcanic history of the islands.
Despite a rebound, the species as a whole is classified as "vulnerable" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Now Listed as Endangered. – Wikipedia
Three big GE six axle units - a C30-7 and two older U30Cs - lead a westbound empty coal train through Aurora IL on 1 July 1989. A this point the Racetrack ends. The tracks on the left lead to the passenger station and storage yard, while the main line on the right continues on toward Galesburg.
I stumbled into an article written by a Chinese scholar who has been living in America for forty years - it was in Chinese and this is essentially a machine translation :
I mentioned in my last article that Britain had dominated the world earlier than the United States by 100 years. But Britain has now outlived her ultimate prosperity being stagnant overall but nonetheless wealthy. On the other hand, the way United States took over the world's hegemony was more abrupt, and it's decline is so much faster. In terms of major social, political, and economic indicators, the degree of zombification and decay in US has left the United Kingdom way behind.
What I mean by zombification is particularly relevant in terms of vertical mobility as far as the whole economy is concerned. The chance of the children from the lower class getting into the middle class, with the middle class students merging with the elites are so slim. By elites, I am not referring to the cultural elites, either scholarly or ideologically, but the oligarchs who dominate and monopolize all the economic achievements, what the Americans call the "top 1% ". Ever since the late stage of Cold War, American society, which originally exemplify high vertical mobility, geared into a reversal. After the Cold War, this process continued to accelerate. Today, the United States is stuck with the lowest social mobility among the the advanced countries. To make things worse, not only is there a wide and deep divergence dividing the classes up, actually not only is the lower class but even the middle class are also being ransacked systemically, so that the gap is getting wider and wider. Say for instance, the median income as a whole in US has become basically stagnant for the past 30 years. And more than 90% of the economic growth in the period went into the pocket of the top 1%. Such phenomena also happened in the United Kingdom, but only to a lesser extent by far.
I have been saying for the last few years that such a change started in early 1970s when the American oligarchs pushed back against President Johnson ’s “Great Society" policies. Actually, there were three main axis:
1) Deteriorating quality of the public education has left the middle and lower class students with a higher hurdle when competing for university placement, so they are categorically excluded from the elite class. This problem comes not only from the lousy Libtard "education experts" but also through the encouragement and indulgence of the vested class both by means of propaganda and political shaping. The United Kingdom has at least recognized the severity and has set about making reforms; the United States is devoid of both the will and the capability to reform.
2) De-industrialization and financialization of the economy came just too rapid, making the transition of the middle class impossible. Financial sector is inherently disposed to monopolize the whole of market profits. Globalization has further promoted the outsourcing of manufacturing jobs, a great impetus to give up employment in lieu of higher profits. Under Liberal Economics-led policies, both countries are pushed to the extreme in the pursuit of forever higher return rate. Britain and US work from shoulder to shoulder in this respect. As such, the salaried class are left with no choice other than either unemployment or the impotence to demand any salary increase or both. Britain has at least universal health insurance and other welfare protections whereas the United States is somewhat inferior to the Third World countries in these aspects.
3) The rotting of the ruling class and the foolishness of voters from the lower and lower middle class complement each other, ensuring that any reforming force is "turned the other way round", cracking and deepening the division even further. I have already illustrated this process several times before logically and with supporting evidence, but the development of the past two years, and the retrogression especially after the election of President Trump ( such thing as tax cuts for the wealthy people), nonetheless is beyond the imagination of any people of the right mind. Such historic populism is phenomenal, it's a great leap forward from quantitative to qualitative change !
***
See w th your own Eyes How Viruses Spread in Air : you can jump in from min.2 onwards
www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WOiVqbWzIc&t=201s
Michelangeli plays Galuppi - Sonata
(1962)
www.youtube.com/watch?v=sRVg_qqcRSw
(? year )
www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDVEihRst1c
(1965, remastered)
www.youtube.com/watch?v=SraXVQRpIZg
Scarlatti by Clara Haskil
www.youtube.com/watch?v=277kOiSj8QQ
www.youtube.com/watch?v=PYX26WNq6w0
Erik Satie : Paris in Oil Paintings