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Kingfisher - Alcedo Atthis
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The common kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) also known as the Eurasian kingfisher, and river kingfisher, is a small kingfisher with seven subspecies recognized within its wide distribution across Eurasia and North Africa. It is resident in much of its range, but migrates from areas where rivers freeze in winter.
This sparrow-sized bird has the typical short-tailed, large-headed kingfisher profile; it has blue upperparts, orange underparts and a long bill. It feeds mainly on fish, caught by diving, and has special visual adaptations to enable it to see prey under water. The glossy white eggs are laid in a nest at the end of a burrow in a riverbank.
The female is identical in appearance to the male except that her lower mandible is orange-red with a black tip. The juvenile is similar to the adult, but with duller and greener upperparts and paler underparts. Its bill is black, and the legs are also initially black. Feathers are moulted gradually between July and November with the main flight feathers taking 90–100 days to moult and regrow. Some that moult late may suspend their moult during cold winter weather.
The flight of the kingfisher is fast, direct and usually low over water. The short rounded wings whirr rapidly, and a bird flying away shows an electric-blue "flash" down its back.
The common kingfisher is widely distributed over Europe, Asia, and North Africa, mainly south of 60°N. It is a common breeding species over much of its vast Eurasian range, but in North Africa it is mainly a winter visitor, although it is a scarce breeding resident in coastal Morocco and Tunisia. In temperate regions, this kingfisher inhabits clear, slow-flowing streams and rivers, and lakes with well-vegetated banks. It frequents scrubs and bushes with overhanging branches close to shallow open water in which it hunts. In winter it is more coastal, often feeding in estuaries or harbours and along rocky seashores. Tropical populations are found by slow-flowing rivers, in mangrove creeks and in swamps.
Like all kingfishers, the common kingfisher is highly territorial; since it must eat around 60% of its body weight each day, it is essential to have control of a suitable stretch of river. It is solitary for most of the year, roosting alone in heavy cover. If another kingfisher enters its territory, both birds display from perches, and fights may occur, in which a bird will grab the other's beak and try to hold it under water. Pairs form in the autumn but each bird retains a separate territory, generally at least 1 km (0.62 mi) long, but up to 3.5 km (2.2 mi) and territories are not merged until the spring.
Very few birds live longer than one breeding season. The oldest bird on record was 21 years.
They are also listed as a Schedule 1 species under the Wildlife and Countryside Act offering them additional protection.
Population:
UK breeding:
3,800-6,400 pairs
(NO FAVES WITHOUT LEAVING A COMMENT)
(NO PREFERITI SENZA LASCIARE UN COMMENTO)
(NO FAVORITA SIN COMENTARIO)
(PAS DE FAVORI SANS COMMENTAIRE)
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See also.........
La Ceja, Colombia; 2.300 meters above sea
Icterus chrysater
(Yellow-backed Oriole / Turpial Montañero)
The Yellow-backed Oriole is well-named, as it is one of the very few species of orioles with a yellow back. Indeed, this oriole shows only two colors, yellow and black: the wings are entirely black, the feathers lacking the white or yellow feather margins that are shown by most other species of oriole.
The Yellow-backed Oriole has an oddly discontinuous distribution: it occurs from southern Mexico south to northeastern Nicaragua, and again from Panama south to northern Colombia and Venezuela, but is absent from Costa Rica and from most of Nicaragua. This oriole has a very broad elevational range, ranging up to 2500 m in Central America and almost to 2700 m in Colombia.
neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p...
Lysimachia punctata, the dotted loosestrife,[1] large yellow loosestrife,[2] circle flower,[3] or spotted loosestrife, is a flowering plant species in the family Primulaceae.
Description
Lysimachia punctata is a rhizomatous perennial herbaceous plant growing up to about 1.2m in height. The flowers have five petals, sepals and stamens and are produced in dense groups in the axils of leaves. The leaves are opposite and ovate. Both the leaves and the flower parts are hairy.[4]: 519 The petals are fringed with hairs and the hairy sepals all-green, without the orange margin of L. vulgaris.[5]: 114
Distribution
It is native to SE Europe east to the Caucasus,[6][4] introduced as a garden plant and widely naturalized as a garden escape on rough ground, roadsides and damp places. Wikipedia
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Distribution according to Wikipedia: Portugal, Spain and around the Mediterranean, Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, North Africa, the Canary Islands, the Caucasus, Eastern parts of Afrotropical region to South Africa, Nepal, Northern Pakistan, Iran, and Northern India.[1] Introduced to parts of North America (California and Florida).
Clitoria ternatea is a fast growing climber with beautiful blue and sometimes white flowers. A drought hardy plant which can be used as a fast growing screen along fences. Attracts butterflies. Considered to be pantropic in distribution with an uncertain country of origin. Fabaceae (Pea) family.
The White Butterfly Pea ( Clitoria ternatea ) is cooling, acrid, purgative, diuretic, laxative, alexiteric, anthelmintic and tonic to the brain. It is useful in treatment of eye-diseases, ulcers of the cornea, tuberculous glands, elephantiasis, headache, ascites, leucoderma, burning sensation, pains, biliousness and ulcers.
In traditional Ayurvedic medicine, it has been used for centuries as a memory enhancer, nootropic, antistress, anxiolytic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, tranquilizing and sedative agent. In Southeast Asia the flowers are used to colour food. In Malay cooking, an aqueous extract is used to colour glutinous rice (from wikipedia.).
The Lapland Longspur has an Arctic distribution, breeding in northern Europe and Asia as well as in the New World. The birds winter to the south in their home continents. This image of a breeding male was taken near Travers Reservoir in southern Alberta, Canada. The bill of this individual does not show the typical yellow.
Seldom seen in daylight this time of year, Ohio Street's second shift workhorse Y233 delivers a single box car (ex-Amtrak) to the Sonwil Distribution Center, off of Ship Canal Pkwy near Tifft.
Sonwil is one of two customers located on "The Lehigh" (the other being CertainTeed), which connects Ohio Street Yard and CP Draw at the north end to Seneca Yard and the South Buffalo Railway to the south. This connection is used daily by CN L531, the daily Canadian transfer train from Port Robinson, ON to South Buffalo, and a few times a week by CSX to either serve their customers or as part of a wye move to turn covered hoppers for General Mills. (Certain hoppers can only be unloaded from one side inside their plant.) The lone box car here is a far cry from the 10 spots available, which have been known to be completely full at times. Neighboring Sonwil to the left is their newly finished Four Square warehouse, which seems to finally have been completed in the last year. However, despite having been laid two and a half years ago, the brand new track alongside the building remains untouched, having yet to see any rail traffic. In fact, directly behind me was a mound of snow covering the start of that track. The lack of any cars here continues to be a puzzling move, following the discontinuation of rail service in September 2023 at their Depew location on the A Industrial, siding in favor of starting up the new warehouse. With locations connected by rail also in Niagara Falls and West Seneca via NS, there's certainly no lack of options for them. Of note, neither of those locations are rail active either, but the infrastructure exists. In the case of Niagara Falls, the track which leads to that location is presently out of service, near the end of the Junction Industrial line downtown. The building Sonwil occupies was formerly part of the Niagara Falls Nabisco plant, whose silos still stand empty today 20+ years since their last usage. Ironically this time last year in January 2024, the West Seneca location was actually looking to reactivate with NS, citing displeasure with delays in switching by CSX at Tifft. NS cleaned the track up and made sure it was in ready condition, but Sonwil never once received a car there either all year long. The West Seneca location was known to previously receive refrigerated box cars. For one reason or another, it's as if Sonwil can't seem to make up their minds on what they want, despite the railroads' willingness to work with them. In the meantime 'ol reliable at Tifft seems to get the job done just fine. To see some more rail traffic generated on their behalf would be a bright spot in a region which continues to lose a couple customers every year.
A typical fruiteater with a scattered distribution from Venezuela south as far as Bolivia. Can be tricky to find as they often perch inconspicuously in the middle or upper levels of Andean cloud forest.
One of the birds I most wanted to see on this trip and despite hearing them a couple of times earlier it wasn't until we were at Refugio Paz de las Aves near Mindo (Pichincha/Ecuador) that our guide picked it up - what we assume was a family group (male/female/single juv) quietly working through a fruiting tree. Although quite close the dense foliage made it difficult to get a whole bird in focus without too many leaves in the way! This is the adult female.
Cyrtochilum undulatum in situ, une des espèces les plus belles et colorées du genre, ici juste une ramification de l'inflorescence mesurant environ 5 mètres de long. Département du Tolima, Colombie. Distribution: Colombie, Equateur et Pérou de 1500 á 3500 m anm.
Cyrtochilum undulatum in situ, one of the nicest and more colored species of the genus, here just a ramification of the inflorescence measuring around 4 to 5 metres long. Tolima department, Colombia. Distribution: Colombia, Ecuador abd Perú from 1500 to 3500 m asl.
Cyrtochilum undulatum in situ, una de las especies más llamativas y coloridas del género, acá se ve solamente una ramificación de la inflorescencia que puede medir hasta 4 o 5 m de largo ! Departamento del Tolima, Colombia. Distribución: Colombia, Ecuador y Perú desde 1500 á+hasta 3500 m snm.
Hypericum
Genus of flowering plants known as St. John's worts
For the racehorse, see Hypericum (horse).
Hypericum /ˌhaɪˈpiːrɪkəm/ is a genus of flowering plants in the family Hypericaceae (formerly considered a subfamily of Clusiaceae). The genus has a nearly worldwide distribution, missing only from tropical lowlands, deserts and polar regions. Many Hypericum species are regarded as invasive species and noxious weeds. All members of the genus may be referred to as St. John's wort, and some are known as goatweed. The white or pink flowered marsh St. John's worts of North America and eastern Asia are generally accepted as belonging to the separate genus Triadenum Raf.
Quick Facts Scientific classification, Species ...
Hypericum
Temporal range: Eocene - recent
PreꞒꞒOSDCPTJKPgN
Hypericum perforatum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Rosids
Order:
Malpighiales
Family:
Hypericaceae
Tribe:
Hypericeae
Genus:
Hypericum
L.
Species
c. 510
Synonyms
List
Adenotrias Jaub. & Spach
Androsaemum Duhamel
Androsemum Link
Ascyrum L.
Lianthus N.Robson
Olympia Spach
Sanidophyllum Small
Santomasia N.Robson
Sarothra L.
Takasagoya Y.Kimura
Triadenia Spach
Close
Hypericum is unusual for a genus of its size because a worldwide taxonomic monograph was produced for it by Norman Robson (working at the Natural History Museum, London). Robson recognizes 36 sections within Hypericum.
Description
Hypericum hidcoteense
Ripe berries of Hypericum androsaemum
Hypericum species are quite variable in habit, occurring as trees, shrubs, annuals, and perennials. Trees in the sense of single stemmed woody plants are rare, as most woody species have multiple stems arising from a single base. Shrubs have erect or spreading stems but never root from nodes that touch the ground. However, perennial herbs tend to root from these horizontal nodes, especially those that occur in wet habitats. Annual herbs tend to have taproots with a developed system of secondary hair roots. Many species of Hypericum are completely glabrous, others have simple uniseriate hairs, and some species have long, fine hairs.
Glandular dots on a leaf of Hypericum perforatum
Two types of glands form the characteristic punctiform patterns of Hypericum, "dark glands" and "pale glands". Dark glands consist of clusters of cells with a distinct black to reddish color. Their hue is indicative of a presence of naphthodianthrone, either hypericin or pseudohypericin, or both. These glands occur in about two-thirds of Hypericum sections and are usually restricted to certain organs. When these glands are crushed, the naphthodianthrones give a red stain. Paracelsus called the red secretions "Johannes-blut" in the 16th century, linking the plant to the martyr St. John and giving rise to the English and German common names of "St. John's wort". The pale glands, forming the pellucid dots, are each a schizogenous intracellular space lined with flattened cells that secrete oils and phloroglucinol derivates, including hyperforin. The distribution of these hypericin glands dissuades generalist herbivores from feeding on the plants. When generalist insects feed on Hypericum perforatum, 30-100% more naphthodianthrones are produced, repelling the insects.
The four-lined stem of Hypericum subalatum
The four thin ridges of tissue along the stems are closely to the opposite-decussate leaves of Hypericum. The ridges can be minor, just being called "ridges", or prominent, being called "wings". Terete, two-lined, and six-lined stems can occur occasionally. When a species has a tree or shrub habit, the internodes become mostly terete with age, though some trace of lines can still be detected in mature plants. The number of lines is an important distinguishing characteristic; for example, H. perforatum and Hypericum maculatum are easily confused save for H. perforatum having two lines and H. maculatum having four. The pale and dark glands are present on stems of various species, and other various species have stems without any glands. In section Hypericum, the glands are only present on stem lines, and in other sections, including Origanifolia and Hirtella, the glands are distributed across the stems.
Nearly all leaves of Hypericum species are arranged opposite and decussate, an exception being section Coridium in which whorls of three to four leaves occur. The leaves lack stipules and can be sessile or shortly petiolar, though long petioles exist in sections Adenosepalum and Hypericum. Basal articulation can be present, in which case leaves are deciduous above the articulation, or absent, in which case the leaves are persistent. Some species in sections Campylosporus and Brathys have an auricle-like, reflexed leaf base, whereas true auricles only exist in sections Drosocarpium, Thasia, and Crossophyllum. Laminar venation is highly variable, being dichotomous to pinnate to densely reticulate. Leaves are typically ovoid to elongate to linear in shape. Leaves are typically shorter than the internodes. Pale or dark glands can be present on or near the leaf margin and on the main leaf surface.
Typically there are four or five sepals, though in section Myriandra there are rarely three. When five sepals are present they are quincuncial, and when four sepals are present they are opposite and decussate. Sepals can be equal or unequal. Sepals can be united at their base, as seen in sections Hirtella, Taeniocarpium, and Arthrophyllum. The margins are variable, having marginal glands, teeth, or hairs. The presence or absence of dark glands on the sepals is a useful distinguishing characteristic.
Yellow petals of Hypericum x hidcoteense 'Hidcote'
Almost all Hypericum petals are yellow, though a range of color exists from a pale lemony hue to a deep orangish-yellow. Exceptions include the white or pinkish petals of Hypericum albiflorum var. albiflorum and H. geminiflorum. Many species have petals that are lined or tinged with red, including the deep crimson petals of H. capitatum var. capitatum. Petal lengths can be equal or unequal. The petals are mostly asymmetrical except those of sections Adenotrias and Elodes. In those two sections, sterile bodies have developed between the stamen fascicles, working as lodicules to spread the petals of the pseudotubular flower, a specialized pollination mechanism. Nearly all species have glands on their petals; only section Adenotrias has completely eglandular petals. It has been hypothesized that the intensity of red on the petals is correlated with the hypericin content of the glands, but other pigments including skyrin derivatives can create a red color.
Hypericum flowers have four or five fascicles that have, in total, five to two hundred stamens. The fascicles can be free or fused in various ways, often into three apparent fascicles. In sections Myriandra, Brathys, and some of Trigynobrathys, the stamens form a ring. Though stamens are usually persistent, some are deciduous. The stamens have an anther gland on the connective tissue, varying in color from amber to black.
The ovaries are three or five-merous, occasionally two-merous, with a corresponding number of free or united styles. Developing seeds are borne on axile or parietal placentae, with at least two ovules per placenta. Hypericum fruits are dissimilar to most of Hypericaceae, being capsular and dehisce from the apex. The capsule can be dry or remain fleshy when mature. The capsules have elongate or punctate glands on their surface that create various shapes and patterns. These glands are typically pale amber, though in section Drosocarpium the glands are reddish-black. Extractions of these glands in certain species yielded phloroglucinol and terpenoid derivatives, suggesting a connection between these glands and the pale glands of vegetative tissue. Seeds of Hypericum species are small and range in color from a yellowish brown to dark purplish brown. The seeds are cylindric to ellipsoid and may have narrow wings. In some seeds, a basal ridge may be present, and rarely in section Adenotrias an apical caruncle is present which attracts ants to disperse seeds. Some species have highly specific germination and survival condition requirements. For example, H. lloydii is susceptible to a fungal infection as a seedling if conditions are too moist, whereas other species including H. chapmanii can grow underwater.
Taxonomy
Main articles: List of Hypericum species and List of Hypericum nothospecies
There are over 490 species in the genus. The name hypericum derives from ὑπέρεικος hypereikos (variants: ὑπέρεικον hypereikon and ὑπερικόν hyperikon), i.e. the Greek name for Hypericum crispum and Hypericum revolutum, itself possibly meaning "above pictures", for its use over shrines to repel evil spirits, though some have translated it as "above the heath".
Bumped into a squad of these little guys in a tree outside a hospital I visited again this week so as they were so obliging I had to return & see them again the same day. Suffice to say the tree was soon stripped of berries. Stocking up for Christmas no doubt ;)
Nikon D800E | Nikon 500mm f/4G VR IF-ED | 1/320th | f/4 | ISO 800
© Ben Stacey All Rights Reserved - Any use, reproduction or distribution of this image without my explicit permission is strictly prohibited.
TA2 Australia.
Trans Am Racing at Sydney Motorsport Park for the Australian Motor Racing Series.
(1/3) #44, Greg Willis, Chev Camaro, Thunder Road Racing Team Australia
(2/3) #14, Cameron Sendall, Chev Camaro, PBR Distributions.
(3/3) #4, Mark Crutcher, Chev Camaro, Crutcher Developments Racing Team.
Sydney Motorsport Park, Eastern Creek, New South Wales, Australia.
Catharanthus roseus
Species of flowering plant in the family Apocynaceae
Catharanthus roseus, commonly known as bright eyes, Cape periwinkle, graveyard plant, Madagascar periwinkle, old maid, pink periwinkle, rose periwinkle, is a perennial species of flowering plant in the family Apocynaceae. It is native and endemic to Madagascar, but is grown elsewhere as an ornamental and medicinal plant, and now has a pantropical distribution. It is a source of the drugs vincristine and vinblastine, used to treat cancer. It was formerly included in the genus Vinca as Vinca rosea.
Quick Facts Scientific classification, Binomial name ...
White flower with yellow center
It has many vernacular names among which are arivotaombelona or rivotambelona, tonga, tongatse or trongatse, tsimatiririnina, and vonenina.
Taxonomy
Two varieties are recognized
Catharanthus roseus var. roseus
Synonymy for this variety
Catharanthus roseus var. angustus Steenis ex Bakhuizen f.
Catharanthus roseus var. albus G.Don
Catharanthus roseus var. occellatus G.Don
Catharanthus roseus var. nanus Markgr.
Lochnera rosea f. alba (G.Don) Woodson
Lochnera rosea var. ocellata (G.Don) Woodson
Catharanthus roseus var. angustus (Steenis) Bakh. f.
Synonymy for this variety
Catharanthus roseus var. nanus Markgr.
Lochnera rosea var. angusta Steenis
Description
Close-up view of flower in morning
In morning
Catharanthus roseus is an evergreen subshrub or herbaceous plant growing 1 m (39 in) tall. The leaves are oval to oblong, 2.5–9 cm (1.0–3.5 in) long and 1–3.5 cm (0.4–1.4 in) wide, glossy green, hairless, with a pale midrib and a short petiole 1–1.8 cm (0.4–0.7 in) long; they are arranged in opposite pairs. The flowers range from white with a yellow or red center to dark pink with a darker red center, with a basal tube 2.5–3 cm (1.0–1.2 in) long and a corolla 2–5 cm (0.8–2.0 in) diameter with five petal-like lobes. The fruit is a pair of follicles 2–4 cm (0.8–1.6 in) long and 3 mm (0.1 in) wide. [
Ecology
In its natural range along the dry coasts of southern Madagascar, Catharanthus roseus is considered weedy and invasive, often self-seeding prolifically in disturbed areas along roadsides and in fallow fields. It is also, however, widely cultivated and is naturalized in subtropical and tropical areas of the world such as Australia, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Pakistan, and the United States. It is so well adapted to growth in Australia that it is listed as a noxious weed in Western Australia and the Australian Capital Territory, and also in parts of eastern Queensland.
Pale Pink with Red Centre Cultivar
Cultivation
As an ornamental plant, it is appreciated for its hardiness in dry and nutritionally deficient conditions, popular in subtropical gardens where temperatures never fall below 5–7 °C (41–45 °F), and as a warm-season bedding plant in temperate gardens. It is noted for its long flowering period, throughout the year in tropical conditions, and from spring to late autumn, in warm temperate climates. Full sun and well-drained soil are preferred. Numerous cultivars have been selected, for variation in flower colour (white, mauve, peach, scarlet, and reddish-orange), and also for tolerance of cooler growing conditions in temperate regions.
Notable cultivars include 'Albus' (white flowers), 'Grape Cooler' (rose-pink; cool-tolerant), the Ocellatus Group (various colours), and 'Peppermint Cooler' (white with a red centre; cool-tolerant).
In the U.S. it often remains identified as "Vinca" although botanists have shifted its identification and it often can be seen growing along roadsides in the south.
In the United Kingdom it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017).
Uses
Traditional
In Ayurveda (Indian traditional medicine) the extracts of its roots and shoots, although poisonous, are used against several diseases. In traditional Chinese medicine, extracts from it have been used against numerous diseases, including diabetes, malaria, and Hodgkin's lymphoma. In the 1950s, vinca alkaloids, including vinblastine and vincristine, were isolated from Catharanthus roseus while screening for anti-diabetic drugs. This chance discovery led to increased research into the chemotherapeutic effects of vinblastine and vincristine. Conflict between historical indigenous use, and a patent from 2001 on C. roseus-derived drugs by western pharmaceutical companies, without compensation, has led to accusations of biopiracy.
Medicinal
Vinblastine and vincristine, chemotherapy medications used to treat several types of cancers, are found in the plant and are biosynthesised from the coupling of the alkaloids catharanthine and vindoline. The newer semi-synthetic chemotherapeutic agent vinorelbine, used in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer, can be prepared either from vindoline and catharanthine or from the vinca alkaloid leurosine, in both cases via anhydrovinblastine. The insulin-stimulating vincoline has been isolated from the plant.
A periwinkle shrub
Dark pink colour
Research
Despite the medical importance and wide use, the desired alkaloids (vinblastine and vincristine) are naturally produced at very low yields. Additionally, it is complex and costly to synthesize the desired products in a lab, resulting in difficulty satisfying the demand and a need for overproduction. Treatment of the plant with phytohormones, such as salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate, have been shown to trigger defense mechanisms and overproduce downstream alkaloids. Studies using this technique vary in growth conditions, choice of phytohormone, and location of treatment. Concurrently, there are various efforts to map the biosynthetic pathway producing the alkaloids to find a direct path to overproduction via genetic engineering.
C. roseus is used in plant pathology as an experimental host for phytoplasmas. This is because it is easy to infect with a large majority of phytoplasmas, and also often has very distinctive symptoms such as phyllody and significantly reduced leaf size.
In 1995 and 2006 Malagasy agronomists and American political ecologists studied the production of Catharanthus roseus around Fort Dauphin and Ambovombe and its export as a natural source of the alkaloids used to make vincristine, vinblastine and other vinca alkaloid cancer drugs. Their research focused on the wild collection of periwinkle roots and leaves from roadsides and fields and its industrial cultivation on large farms.
Biology
Rosinidin is the pink anthocyanidin pigment found in the flowers of C. roseus. Lochnericine is a major alkaloid in roots.
Toxicity
C. roseus can be extremely toxic if consumed orally by humans, and is cited (under its synonym Vinca rosea) in the Louisiana State Act 159. All parts of the plant are poisonous. On consumption, symptoms consist of mild stomach cramps, cardiac complications, hypotension, systematic paralysis eventually leading to death.
According to French botanist Pierre Boiteau, its poisonous properties are made known along generations of Malagasy people as a poison consumed in ordeal trials, even before the tangena fruit was used. This lent the flower one of its names vonenina, from Malagasy: vony enina meaning "flower of remorse".
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