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Newcastle Disease (ND) vaccinators in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha state in India can today look towards bright prospects. The demand for their services has not only spawned new employment opportunities within their locales, but has also helped farmers protect their poultry flocks which would routinely be ravaged by Newcastle Disease outbreaks. In addition, the chance to become a poultry vaccinator and the income that comes along with it has empowered rural women, who can now use their hard earned money to invest in a better future for their families. Access to ND vaccination training in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha has been facilitated by the Bhodal Milk Producers Co-operative Society (BMPCS), a local NGO, and Heifer International in partnership with non-profit Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines (GALVmed).
Thirty-seven-year-old, Govardhan Naik from Suryapada always wanted to set up his own business. A university graduate, he first heard of an opportunity to be an ND vaccinator through a friend. After a four day training course that covered vaccination and first aid, he ventured into the field as a trained vaccinator. This was about four years ago.
Govardhan gets his supplies of the ND vaccine from a market at a nearby town, Kosta. He has also procured a refrigerator to store the vaccines and a motorcycle to help him reach the farmers. He serves around 400 households vaccinating close to 5,000 chickens every month. Providing additional services such as deworming and first aid, Govardhan brings home a net income averaging INR 8,000 (US $ 122) monthly, which has positively contributed to the economic well-being of his family.
His work as a vaccinator has brought him recognition from the locals and several of his friends have now shown an interest in the occupation, with one of them now an active vaccinator. “I will continue as a vaccinator even after this current project ends,” he says, referring to the ongoing GALVmed sponsored initiative, much to the relief of numerous households who are grateful for his services and want him to continue.
The effects of the poultry vaccinators’ work on the local economy are visible. When Govardhan first began vaccinating, an average village consisting of about 20 households would have a maximum of 70-80 chickens. After the first year of vaccination, the number skyrocketed to over 1,000. Farmers’ earnings from poultry rearing increased.
“If you work as a vaccinator, you can have an independent enterprise,” he adds.
A vial of the ND vaccine costs between INR 75 (US $1.16) and INR 100 (US $1.55). One vial can vaccinate up to 100 chickens. A vaccinator can charge INR 2 (US $ 0.03) per vaccination. There is also additional income derived from services such as deworming and first aid. For example, Govardhan earns another INR 3,000 or (US $46) from these additional services.
The involvement of women as vaccinators has also contributed to their economic empowerment and participation in decision making within the family unit and their communities. Mamata Mandal, 42, from Tikayatpur village in Ras Gobindpur block, is one such vaccinator. Mamata first got to know about vaccination from Anup Behra, the team leader of Unnayana, a local NGO. Coming from a family that has traditionally reared poultry and having witnessed high mortality of the birds, she readily took up the occupation.
Mamata procures her supplies from a small shop, about 7 km away from her village. Carrying a cool box to store the vaccines, she serves around 250 households in a 3km radius and vaccinates around 5,000 birds. Her services get her an income of INR 3,000 (US $ 46) every month. “With this income I can school my children and buy agricultural inputs for the farm,” she says.
BMPCS started the programme with just 7,500 families in 2011. By December 2016, the NGO had already reached more than 175,000 households. Today BMPCS supports more than 320 vaccinators in the project area.
Heifer International’s project was launched in September 2015. By May 2017, they had served as many as 62,316 households. Today, Heifer International supports more than 218 active vaccinators in the field.
Newcastle disease vaccination has helped turn around the lives of many individuals in Mayurbhanj. The vaccinators stand at the frontlines in the fight against the deadly poultry disease and their services are benefitting many smallholder farmers. And with a stable demand for their services, the vaccinators can hope for a better future.
Written by: Deepak Bhadana and edited by Prasenjit De of Alternatives for GALVmed.
Photography by Prasenjit De.
Massive involvement of paratracheal, hilar and subcarinal lymph nodes as well as two vertebral bodies.
Hard metal lung disease is caused by occupational exposure to hard metal, a synthetic material that combines tungsten carbide with cobalt and a small amount of other metals. The underlying pathology in many individuals with hard metal lung disease is giant cell interstitial pneumonia (GIP) which is illustrated in this image. The giant cells in the airspaces, as seen in this image, have been described as "cannabalistic" because they contain ingested cells that appear to be macrophages.
The influenza pandemic was the country’s worst disease outbreak, striking New Zealand from October to December 1918. Over 8600 people died from the epidemic.
On 7 November, 1918, the ‘Talune’, a New Zealand passenger and cargo ship, transmitted the disease to Samoa, with tragic outcomes.
Pneumonic influenza spread quickly through the population. Approximately 22% of Samoa’s population died as a result of the pandemic, generating much grief among Samoa’s residents, and resentment towards New Zealand authorities.
An Army medical despatch observes, “I regret to say that there is a very bitter feeling amongst the Samoans, which I hope time will modify, with reference to the introduction of the disease by the “Talune”.
Title: Medical - Influenza - Samoa - Outbreak of (R22434382)
Archives New Zealand reference: AAYS 8638 AD1 Box 988 49/891/3
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Caption information from NZ History: 'Influenza in Samoa', URL: www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/1918-influenza-pandemic/samoa , (Ministry for Culture and Heritage), updated 20-Dec-2012
Material from Archives New Zealand
For rural women in Uganda Newcastle Disease vaccine is more than just protecting chickens
In the rural villages of central Uganda’s Mukono and Mityana districts and eastern Uganda’s Iganga district, thanks to the introduction of the Newcastle Disease vaccine (I-2 ND) which protects poultry against this deadly disease, women have been taking on more roles in their households and communities. Through the income they get from selling their chickens at market, small, informal women-led business enterprises are popping up around the region.
By selling their increased flocks of chicken at local village markets or to buyers who come for them at their homes, they have created a surplus in their income, which provides the business capital to start small informal businesses. These businesses are helping women diversify their livelihoods, contributing to their households’ income in times of distress.
Among these women, there are several who are excelling in poultry husbandry and their healthy, growing flocks are admired in their communities. Since 2014 when the I-2 ND vaccine was introduced in Uganda, they have been keenly vaccinating their chickens; and their flocks have flourished and multiplied in numbers. As a result, they are being sought by other groups of women in their villages, to train them on proper chicken rearing and vaccinate for them.
When Janet Mailuba from Buwolomena Village in Nabaale Sub County of Central Uganda began vaccinating her five chickens against Newcastle disease in 2013, her only aim was their survival. This 41-year-old mother of ten never imagined standing confidently in front of small groups of women in her village to train them on basic chicken rearing techniques and explain the importance of vaccination.
By following the recommended ND vaccination cycle, every three months, and adopting improved chicken rearing, Mailuba now has 30 chickens and two goats and she is one of Brentec Vaccines Limited’s model farmers in her village. During the holidays she sells off mature chickens when the demand and prices are high and earns up to UGX 25,000 (US $6.97) per chicken.
Brentec, through a partnership with the non-profit organisation Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines (GALVmed), manufactures and distributes the I-2 ND vaccine locally known as Kukustar, to poultry farmers like Mailuba in rural Ugandan villages. Through GALVmed’s partnership over 25 million I-2 ND vaccine doses have been delivered to poultry farmers.
According to Dr Mamta Dhawan, GALVmed’s gender focal point, it’s important that poultry vaccinations are inclusive of male and female poultry keepers. “When we talk of farmers, the general mindset is that they are men, but women are also farmers and shouldn’t be left out,” said Dr Dhawan. The goal of GALVmed’s gender policy is to ensure that GALVmed-supported projects take into account gender perspectives to maximise impact on the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in developing countries.
With the vaccine protecting her chickens against the disease, Mailuba has a new source of income. Every time she sells one chicken, she earns between UGX 20,000 and UGX 25,000 (US $5.57-6.96). From the income, Mailuba is sharing the household expense burdens with her brick-layer husband by buying soap, food, medicine, uniforms and books for their children.
“My husband now respects me and we live in harmony,” says Mailuba. She has also partnered with four women to form a welfare group for diversifying their livelihoods means, and every week they each save UGX 6,000 (US $1.67) in the group’s kitty. The group has also obtained goats after bartering some of their chicken at the local market – each goat is bartered for seven mature chickens.
Mailuba now has two goats and is planning to buy a Friesian cow, so that she can improve her household nutrition and income through milk consumption and sales respectively. As a result of her being a Brentec model poultry farmer, three women groups in her village have been inviting Mailuba to train them on chicken rearing and vaccination.
Susan Nandiyi from Nambale Village in Iganga district is also a model poultry farmer whose increased income from poultry has provided the opportunity for her take up more household responsibilities. The mother of ten in her late thirties has 30 chickens, but before she began vaccinating two years ago, she had at most five birds at a time. Almost all of Nandiyi’s chickens would succumb to Newcastle Disease and the burden of providing to her family was left to her husband. Today, through improved income from selling chickens, she pays for school fees for their children and buys medicine and food for the family when her husband is unable to or when their crops fail.
“When I see a need in the household I sell one chicken to buy what’s required,” said Nandiyi. Her contribution has added to the wellbeing of the family. She is also happy she can regularly slaughter a chicken for her family at least once a month, without costing her much. This gives her family much needed protein. Like Mailuba, she plans to buy a cow and goats with her savings from selling the chickens.
Nandiyi also encourages women in her village to vaccinate their chickens, having witnessed the benefits first hand. She and other women in her village have also secured consistent chicken buyers so they don’t struggle to market them.
For 36-year-old Harriet Mutesi also from Nambale, the income she gets selling chickens now ensures that her husband includes her in household decision making. “It makes me proud to sit down with him and plan,” said Mutesi. The mother of five buys pens and uniforms for her children and her husband buys books and pays school fees. “I used to feel bad when I couldn’t contribute anything to my children’s education, but now I’m happy,” said Mutesi. Between her and her husband they also decide every school term whose turn it is to pay the fees.
Having been a tailor all her life, 71-year-old Magdalene Muyango from Ngulolo village in Mityana district, decided to rear chickens two years ago to supplement her income. The mother of eight almost quit when she once lost 15 out of her 25 birds in a single week. Through a radio advertisement she learned of the Kukustar vaccine and had her chickens vaccinated first a year agoand every three months since then, by local para-veterinary professionals.
Since vaccinating, Muyango has not lost any chicken to Newcastle disease; currently she has 20 growing chickens. These provide her with eggs for home consumption and selling. The secondary income she gets from the chickens she saves in a local saving group called Mayirye Development Group. The 40 member welfare group consists of both men and women.
“Every week I save UGX 5,000 (US $1.39) and the chickens have really helped me to be getting that money,” said Muyango. The extra income she gets from the chickens has also helped relieve her husband from the burden of providing basic household needs. “I’m happy to see him rested,” said Muyango.
During the implementation of projects, GALVmed ensures its community engagement activities are structured so as to be convenient for women attending according to Dr Dhawan. That means meetings are not scheduled during lunch time or late in the evening when women are busy attending to their households.
Gender discrimination has been found to be a cause of poverty and interventions aimed at poverty reduction need to be gender sensitive, according to GALVmed’s Gender Policy.
(Words and photos by James Karuga.)
(Image: Jared Rodriguez / Truthout)
Image paired with the article:
Lyme Disease Guidelines Panelists Engage in Coordinated Propaganda Campaign
www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/33098-lyme-disease-guideli...
Getting better! Woke up feeling much better, only one or two new lesions, face seems to be healing nicely. Am still not 100%, but nice to feel that I'm on the mend (see me smiling?)
Citrus black spot is a fungal disease characterized by dark, speckled spots or blotches on the rinds of the fruit. As one of the most devastating fungal diseases of citrus worldwide, it causes early fruit drop, reduces crop yield and leaves the highly blemished fruit unsuitable for sale.
USDA Photo
Vaccination against measles —from Medical Coding Career Guide
MEASLES
* Measles vaccination & cases in the United Kingdom, 1950 – 2004.
* Countries where vaccination has declined: resurgence of measles, pertussis, or polio.
* resurgence of measles in Ireland and the United States (California).
* Decline in disease cases worldwide, 20th Century: smallpox, diphtheria, pertussis/whooping cough, tetanus/lockjaw, paralytic polio, measles, mumps, rubella, congenital rubella, haemophilus influenzae (flu).
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IANPHI PRESIDENCY AND SECRETARY GENERAL
Mauricio Hernandez-Avila
IANPHI President
Director
National Public Health Institute, Mexico
Mwelecele Malecela
IANPHI Vice-President
Director General
National Institute for Medical Research, Tanzania
Jean-Claude Desenclos
IANPHI Secretary General
Chief Scientist
Deputy to the Director General
Santé publique France
IANPHI FOUNDATION
Pekka Puska
IANPHI Foundation Chair
Immediate Past IANPHI President
Director General, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland (2003-2013)
IANPHI MEMBERS
AFGHANISTAN
Bashir Noormal
Director General
National Public Health Institute
ARMENIA
Aleksandr Bazarchyan
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Zelveian National Institute of Health
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Myriam Sneyers
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Scientific Institute of Public Health
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Director/Advisor
Global Health Centre
FIOCRUZ
BURUNDI
Pierre Claver Kazihise
Director General
National Institute of Public Health
CAMBODIA
Chhea Chhorvann
Director
National Institute of Public Health
CAMEROON
Georges Alain Etoundi Mballa
Director
Direction de La Lutte Contre la Maladie, les Epidémies, et Les Pandémies (DLMEP)
CANADA
Siddika Mithani
President
Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)
Alain Poirier
Vice-President Knowledge mobilization and Communications Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ) (National Institute of Public Health – Québec)
CHINA
Yu Wang
Director
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
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Kwok Po Ng
Principal Medical & Health Officer for NCDs
Centre for Health Protection (CHP)
Hong Kong
COLOMBIA
Martha Lucía Ospina Martínez
Director
National Institute of Health
COTE D'IVOIRE
Kouassi Dinard
Director
National Institute of Public Health (INSP)
CUBA
Jorge Pérez Avila
Director
Institute of Tropical Medicine 'Pedro Kouri'
DENMARK
Morten Grønbæk
Director
National Institute of Public Health
EL SALVADOR
Mauricio Salazar
Director
National Institute of Public Health
ETHIOPIA
Amha Kebede
Director
Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI)
EB Member
FINLAND
Juhani Eskola
Director General
National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL)
GEORGIA
Amiran Gamkrelidze
Director General
National Center for Disease Control and Public Health
GERMANY
Lothar Wieler
President
Robert Koch Institute
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Robert Koch Institute (2010-2015)
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GUINEA
Lamine Koivogui
Director
National Institute of Public Health
GUINEA-BISSAU
Placido Cardoso
President
National Institute of Public Health (INASA)
INDIA
Venkatesh Srinivasa Raghavan
Director
National Centre of Disease Control
ITALY
Pietro Comba
Head, Department of Environment and Primary Prevention
Instituto Superiore di Sanita
JAPAN
Kazuya Shimmura
Director
National Institute of Public Health
Mari Asami
Chief Senior Researcher
National Institute of Public Health
KENYA
Jackson Kioko
Director of Medical Services
Ministry of Health
MALAWI
Ben Chilima
Acting Director
Public Health Institute of Malawi
MEXICO
Mauricio Hernandez-Avila
Director
National Public Health Institute
IANPHI President
MONGOLIA
Tsogtbaatar Byambaa
Director
Public Health Institute of Mongolia
MOROCCO
Naima El Mdaghri
Director
Pasteur Institute of Morocco
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Mohamed Rhajaoui
Director
National Institute of Hygiene
Mohammed Hassar
Emeritus Director
Pasteur Institute of Morocco
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MOZAMBIQUE
Eduardo Samo Gudo
Scientific Director
National Institute of Health (INS)
NEPAL
Nilambar Jha
Director
B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences
NETHERLANDS
André van der Zande
Director General
National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM)
NIGERIA
Chikwe Ihekweazu
Director
Nigeria Centre for Disease Control
Innocent Ujah
Former Director General
Nigerian Institute of Medical Research
Oni Idigbe
Research Planning and Management Coordinator
Nigerian Institute of Medical Research
NORWAY
Camilla Stoltenberg
Director General
Norwegian Institute of Public Health
Bjørn Iversen
Director, International Public Health
Norwegian Institute of Public Health
Anne Bergh
Specialist Director
Norwegian Institute of Public Health
Therese Oegaard
Specialist Director Strategy & Organization
Norwegian Institute of Public Health
PAKISTAN
Ahmad Mukhtar
Director
National Institute of Health
PALESTINE
Rand Salman
Director
National Institute of Public Health
Gerald Rockenschaub
Head of Office
World Health Organization/Palestine
KINGDOM SAUDI ARABIA
Ali Al Barrak
Director
Saudi Center for Disease Control & Prevention
SOUTH AFRICA
Natalie Mayet
Co-Director
South Africa Regional Global Disease Detection Centre
National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD)
SPAIN
Isabel Noguer
Director
National Centre of Epidemiology
Institute of Health Carlos III
SUDAN
Abdalla Sid Ahmed
Director
Sudan Public Health Institute
SWEDEN
Johan Carlson
Director General
Public Health Agency of Sweden
TANZANIA
Mwelecele Malecela
Director General
National Institute for Medical Research
IANPHI Vice President
TOGO
Abiba Banla
Director
National Institute of Hygiene
UNITED KINGDOM
Public Health England
Duncan Selbie
Chief Executive
Gemma Lien
Head of Global Health Strategy
Public Health Wales
Quentin Sandifer
Executive Director of Public Health Services
Mark Bellis
Director of Policy Research and International Development
UNITED STATES
Shelly Bratton
NPHI Program Lead
Center for Global Health
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Ezra Barzilay
Medical Epidemiologist
Center for Global Health
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Rachel Idowu
CDC Technical Advisor to the Africa CDC, Center for Global Health
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
John Nkengasong
Acting Principal Deputy Director
Center for Global Health
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Henry Vandi
Evaluation Specialist
NPHI Program
Center for Global Health,
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
ZAMBIA
Maximilian Bweupe
Director
National Public Health Institute
2016 ANNUAL MEETING HOST INSTITUTE, CHINA – INVITED GUESTS
FENG Yong
Deputy Director General
Department of International Cooperation, National Health and Family Planning Commission,
P. R. China
LIANG Xiaofeng
Deputy Director General
China CDC
ZHOU Xiaonong
Director
National Institute of Parasitic Disease
China CDC
WANG Xiaoqi
Director
Office of International Cooperation
China CDC
WANG Xiaochun
Acting Director
Center for Global Public Health
China CDC
QI Xiaopeng
Deputy Director
Center for Public Health Surveillance
& Information Services
China CDC
YIN Dapeng
Deputy Director
Office of Directors
China CDC
HU Yiyun
Director
Division of Exchange and Cooperation
National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention
China CDC
FENG Ning
Senior health specialist
National Center for Women and Children's Health
China CDC
DENG Ying
Director General
Beijing Municipal CDC, China
LIN Changying
Senior Researcher
Beijing Municipal CDC
WU Fan
Director General
Shanghai Municipal CDC
ZHANG Yonghui
Director General
Guangdong Provincial CDC
YIN Hui
Lecturer
Department of Global Health
School of Public Health,
Peking University
YANG Xiaoguang
Lecturer
School of Public Health
Fudan University
WANG Chen
Institute of Development Cooperation
Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation
Ministry of Commerce, P. R. China
YANG Weizhong
Vice President, Secretary General
Chinese Preventive Medicine Association
YI Heya
Deputy Director, Office of Internal Relations
Chinese Preventive Medicine Association
TANG Kun
China Medical Board
IANPHI GUESTS AND PARTNERS
Andrea Ammon
Acting Director
European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)
Sweden
Alex Riolexus Ario
Director
National Institute of Public Health
Uganda
Carlos Brito
Director
Department for Disease and Epidemic Control
West African Health Organization (WAHO)
Ana Sofia Charvel
Head of Academic Department of Law, Autonomous Technical Institute of Mexico
Kwami Dadji
Health Officer
African Union, Africa CDC
Ethiopia
Mosoka Fallah
Director
Liberian Public Health Institute
Liberia
Matt Hanson
Senior Program Officer
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
USA
David Harper
Senior Consulting Fellow
Chatham House
United Kingdom
Haruna Baba Jibril
Deputy Permanent Secretary Preventive Health Services
Ministry of Health
Botswana
Richard Nchabi Kamwi
African Union Representative to the Africa CDC
Former Minister of Health, Namibia
Ruediger Krech
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Health Systems and Innovation
Office of the Assistant Director-General
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Valerie McCormack
Scientist
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
France
Nicolas Meda
Director General
Center MURAZ
Burkina Faso
Jeffery Minton
Director/Senior Designer
Design for Others/HDR
USA
Virginia Murray
Public Health Consultant in Global Disaster Risk Reduction
UK
Thomas Samba
District Medical Officer for Western Area
Sierra Leone
Htay Htay Tin
Deputy Director General
National Health Laboratory
Myanmar
Main Office
Santé Publique France, France
Anne-Catherine Viso
Deputy
Office for Science and International Affairs
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Emory University, USA
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Program Manager
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Director of Programs
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Communications Specialist
Celebrating IANPHI: 10 Stories from the First Decade (Plenary Session)
From the seed of an idea planted in 2006, IANPHI has taken root and flourished over 10 years into a vigorous force for improved global health through development of and linkages among the world’s NPHIs. In this session, we hear from ten champions who were there from the beginning -- offering their memories, insights, and inspiration.
Moderator:
Jeffrey Koplan, Vice President, Emory Global Health Institute, USA
Panel:
Margaret Chan, WHO (via video)
Pekka Puska, Former Director, National Institute for Health & Welfare, Finland
Jeffrey Koplan, Vice President, Emory Global Health Institute, USA
Matt Hanson, Senior Program Officer, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, USA
Augusto Paulo Silva, Director, Global Health Centre, FIOCRUZ, Brazil
Placido Cardoso, President, INASA, Guinea-Bissau
Jeffery Minton, Senior Designer, HDR Inc., USA
Camilla Stoltenberg, Director-General, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
Mwele Malecela, Director-General, National Institute of Medical Research, Tanzania
Mauricio Hernandez, IANPHI President, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico
Illustration of ichthyosis, plate 63: Clinique de l'Hôpital Saint-Louis; ou, Traité complet des maladies de la peau, contenant la description de ces maladies et leurs meilleurs modes de traitement by Jean-Louis-Marie Alibert (Paris: Cormon et Blanc, 1833).
The second edition of a classic work on dermatology by the French physician and dermatologist, Jean-Louis-Marie Alibert (1768-1837), including his pictorial family tree of skin diseases: Arbre des dermatoses.
SPEC Anatomy 20 from the Anatomical atlases collection, Special Collections and Archives, University of Liverpool.
Historical Medical images of infections
While all commercial citrus is susceptible to citrus black spot, lemon and late-maturing citrus varieties like Valencia are most vulnerable. The disease is transmitted through spores released from fallen, decomposing citrus leaves.
USDA Photo
Community nurse Rose Igwora vaccinates a young boy at a mobile clinic on Ringiti Island, located in Nyanza province, Kenya.
Photo by Jacqueline Koch.
Citrus Black Spot symptoms are frequently numerous and irregularly distributed on the fruit peel such as on this sweet orange fruit.
USDA Photo
Common condition of those with religious delusions of which Ted Cruz suffers terribly with demented visions of the USA as a Theocracy and he as the Head Evangelical Pudwanker. #TedCruz #Cruzcountry #religiousfanatic #evangelical #facebook #religiosadeliriousum #45 #WhiteHouseEasterEggRoll #BillO’Reilly #Easter #EasterPussyHunt #WillyWonka #TrumpBombsSyria #CruiseMissle #Syria #ChemicalWeapons #LateNightWithSethMeyers #SethMeyers #SpicerIsland #Wiretapping #WireTap #Tapp #AngelaMerkel #TinFoilHat #ConspiracyTherory #DonaldTrump #KellyanneConway #SeanSpicer #SteveBannon #MikePence #Twitter #WashingtonDC #MamaAyeshas #wallofpresidents #CIA #GOP #KKK #ISIS #FBI #BLM #LGBT #Russia #VladimirPutin #Russianinterference #AlternativeFacts #sexdrugsandrockandroll #HillaryClinton #BernieSanders #BarackObama #PresidentoftheUnited #plannedparenthood #bigot #OsamabinLaden #DumpTrump #NotMyPresident #Dontee #DonteesInferno #thewalkingdead #republican #pedophile #WomensMarch #badhombre #conservative #rape #RiencePriebus #DonaldMcGahn #FrankGaffney #JeffSessions #GeneralJamesMattis #GeneralJohnKelly #StevenMnuchin #AndyPuzder #WilburRoss #CathyMcMorrisRodgers #MitchMcConnell #KTMcFarland #MikePompeo #NikkiHaley #LtGenMichaelFlynn #BenCarson #BetsyDeVos #TomPrice #ScottPruitt #SeemaVerma #PaulRyan #TrumpTower #MarriageEquality #KuKluxKlan #NewYorkCity #Hanksy #MelaniaTrump #BarronTrump #IvankaTrump #TiffanyTrump #EricTrump #DonaldTrumpJr #JaredKushner #conflictofinterest #emolument #RiggedElection #TemperTantrum #Tweet #Twitter #Twit #ManChild #DiaperBlowout #Trump #poop #turd #bigbaby #manindiapers #Inauguration #ScottBaio #TedNugent #TheRockettes #RadioCityMusicHall #MormonTabernacleChoir #Medusa #breitbart #lies #NationalEnquirer #douchebag #POS #Pussy #PussyGrabber #clown #killerclowns #jihad #terrorist #Taliban #MexicanWall #racism #nobannowall #confederateflag #Nazi #Islam #Freedom #AmericanNaziParty #TheRollingStones #Democrat #CivilRights #Idiot #abortion #tinfoilhatsociety #tyrant #foxnews #MerylStreep #Liberal #SaturdayNightLive #AlecBaldwin #MelissaMcCarthy #AdolfHitler #BenitoMussolini #Dictator #Megalomaniac #KingComplex #Demagogue #Narcissist #Delusional #Nuts #Oligarch #Populist #tyrant #Narcissistic #Autocracy #Oligarchy #DelusionsofGrandeur #GodComplex #MangoMussolini #DerPumpkinfuhrer #Apocalypse #NuclearButton #OvalOffice #civilliberties #goldenshowers #tinyhands #discrimination #TrumpGate #freedomandjusticeforall #TheBible #JesusChrist #The12Apostles #FredPhelps #GodHatesFags #WestboroBaptistChurch #RedNeck #ScienceFiction, #rapistsandmurderers #antiGay #homophobe #dinosaurs #religiousright #AmericanFamilyAssociation #hategroup #BruceJenner #CaitlynJenner #BarbieandKen #Mattel #PopeFrancis #QueenElizabeth #KeepYourPeckerUp #PatRobertson #BatteredWomanSyndrome #FranklinGraham #Cracker #JudyGarland #TheWizardofOz #BarbraStreisand #BettyWhite #MarilynMonroe #ValleyoftheDolls #PeytonPlace #DowntonAbbey #MaggieSmith #JudyDench #EvaGreen #MissPeregrine #DarylDixon #jabbathehutt #EmperorPalpatine #StarWars #StarTrek #RickGrimes #TeaParty #GlennBeck #RushLimbaugh #fakeNews #politicallyincorrect #BillMaher #AngelaMerkel #TheresaMay #RosieODonnell #MegynKelly #TheManchurianCandidate #BadCombOver #commemorativecoin #collectorsitem #ebay #buffalonewyork #artvoice #carlpaladino #byecarl #OutrageFatigue
Artist: William Holmes, Wellington from the corner of Government House, 1863, Reference: B-159-003
Published in the Capital Times, 8 February 2012
Local school teacher William Holmes painted this watercolour in 1863. It shows the corner of Lambton Quay and Molesworth Street, looking along the Quay at low tide. Just out of frame to the right was old Government House (where the Beehive is now), soon to be replaced by a grand new Governor’s residence when Parliament and central Government moved to Wellington.
It is a charming scene, a suitable vista for a Governor. But it was not always quite so pleasant. Wellington, an editorial in the Evening Post declared about this time, “is rapidly approaching that state when it will be able to vie with any city in the world for stinks”. Open sewers and drains were the problem. It was worst on a warm, still day but the wind did not always help. Sometimes a good northerly just blew the refuse back on shore.
Nothing much was done, although reclamations moved some of the problem away from the Quay. Then in 1889 a typhoid outbreak almost killed the Governor’s young son. That finally brought some municipal action. The long-delayed sewerage system was completed and the city became a more fragrant place.
Permission of the National Library of New Zealand Te Puna Mātauranga O Aotearoa, must be obtained before any reuse of this image.
Wellingtonians: From the Turnbull Collections contains revised and expanded entries, and some new ones too. This high-quality publication is available for just $29.99. You can pick it up from from good bookshops or get it straight from the publisher, Steele Roberts.
Vaccination against tetanus, also called lockjaw —from Medical Coding Career Guide
Tetanus is caused by a soil bacterium, which can enter the body through a scratch or puncture wound. It attacks the nerves, causing the muscles to become rigid; hence the old name. By the time the symptoms appear, it is too late. Tetanus is reported to be the one of the most painful deaths of all.
TETANUS / LOCKJAW
* Decline in disease cases worldwide, 20th Century: smallpox, diphtheria, pertussis/whooping cough, tetanus/lockjaw, paralytic polio, measles, mumps, rubella, congenital rubella, haemophilus influenzae (flu).
Jason and I decided to go looking for an interesting place to shoot recently and we found ourselves wandering into a rather creepy old nursing home. We found some pretty cool things which had been left behind.
Strobist: Sunpak 433D at 1/8 power bounced off of wall/ceiling cam left
It's a disease and they're all green.
It emminates from their being.
A satiation with occupation.
And like weeds with big leaves.
Stealing light from what's beneath.
Where they have more. Still they take more.
Well, I know, then I don't.
There's a stowaway with my throat.
It's deceiving. I don't believe him.
We can scream out our doors.
Behind the wall a fat man snores.
In his dreams he's choking tea leaves.
Well I guess there's nothing wrong with what you say.
But don't sell me, "There can't be better ways."
Tell the captain "This boat's not safe, and we're drowning."
Turns out he's the one making waves. Waves. Waves.
I said there's nothing wrong with what you say.
Believe me just asking you to sway.
No white or black just grey.
Can you feel this world with your heart and not your brain?
Albert Park
Auckland, New Zealand
My mom has psoriasis, she feels embarrased all the time.
Hope one day people would know that this disease is not contagious.
It is caused by stress, it is not infectious.
Montana Department of Livestock (MDOL) Veterinary Microbiologist performing brucellosis Standard Plate Test at the MDOL Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory.
USDA photo by R. Anson Eaglin
Already in December of the year 1678 occurred in the then suburban "Leopoldstadt" the first cases of plague, but they were covered up and trivialized by the authorities. The disease spread rapidly in other suburbs, which were outside the imperial capital. Thus, the poorer classes belonged to its first victims. Although the number of deaths from month to month rose, all warnings and criticisms of pleague doctor, Paul de Sorbait, on the inadequate situation of the medical service and the hygiene remained unheard.
The dedicated physician had already published in January 1679 a "plague-order", which provided extensive measures to protect the population during an outbreak of plague. In this plague-order Paul de Sorbait described the former knowledge about the disease and described it: "the most part of those so caught by it, with bumps, glands, swelling marks or with splenic fever, brown and black spots and kale, pest lumps in addition to great interior heat and within a few days or hours fatally ends".
In July of the same year the "spark of pestilence" (Pestilenzfunken) jumped over the city walls: A terrible and great death began within the city of Vienna. A chronicler reported, "at last she (= plague) but took the audacity, penetrated into the city itself and caused a shocking defeat among the rich and aristocratic nobility in the palaces and stately buildings. There you saw whole carts full of noble and ignoble, rich and poor, young and old of both sexes, carried out by all alleys to the door."
The people in town were full horror and panic: The bodies lay for days on the road, because there was a lack of infirmary servants and gravediggers. Quick released prisoners then took over those services. Instead of single burials large pits were created outside of the city to accommodate the dead in mass graves. Those who could afford it, fled from the city. Emperor Leopold I and his family left Vienna on 17 August. He first went on a pilgrimage to Mariazell (Styria) and then fled to Prague. As there the plague also broke out, he retreated to Linz, where he remained until the final extinction of the plague in 1680.
The exact number of people who died in 1679 from the plague in Vienna probably never will be determined. The gigantic death rates of contemporary reports, oscillating between 70000 and 120000 dead, from the still preserved coroner's reports can not be proved. According to those records, the disease about 8,000 inhabitants would kill. But it is questionable whether in the prevailing confusion all cases of death were reported to the coroners and how many died on the run.
Plague in Vienna
Detail of the woodcut "Dance of Death"
Hans Holbein the Younger
(public domain)
The great dying - The plague or the "Black Death" in Europe
The plague is one of the severe acute bacterial infectious diseases that today already in case of suspicion are reportable. Only a little more than 100 years ago, at the occasion of the plague epidemics in Hong Kong and India set in the modern pest investigation: The Swiss tropical doctor Alexander Yersin discovered in 1894 the plague pathogen: The bacillus received after this researcher the name "Yersina pestis". Already at that time, the science recognized the role of certain rodents in the pathogenesis of plague epidemics and the participation of the rat flea or human flea as possibilities of transmission of plague to humans.
Since ancient times, the plague was one of the heaviest and most frequent epidemics. However, one designated for a long time also other epidemics such as smallpox or dysentery as pest because they equally were associated with high mortality. The term "pest" but meant in a figurative sense misfortune and ruin. The word therefore in the past has been avoided as far as possible, and the historians tried to express it with other words as "tiresome disease", "burning fever" or "contagion" (= contamination, infection).
In the years 1348 to 1352, Europe was overrun by the worst plague in history. The disease, which evolved to become a pneumonic plague, destroyed a third of the population at that time. According to the estimations, thus around 25 million people were fallen victim to the "Black Death". The pneumonic plague was not transmitted by flea bites - like the bubonic pest - but by highly infectious droplets containing bacilli with coughing and sneezing from person to person. In Vienna this plague epidemic reached its peak in 1349.
In the next 400 years followed at irregular intervals ever new plagues and spread fear, terror and death. Effective drugs were missing, and since the disease by the Catholic Church was interpreted as God's punishment, the population put itself under the protection of many plague saints, the Holy Trinity or the Virgin Mary. Eloquent testimonies of those efforts are still churches and chapels, pest altars, pest crosses and plague columns. The adoration of the Holy Trinity in the time of need of the 17th century especially by newly founded religious brotherhoods was disseminated - thus, also in Vienna in 1679 a Trinity Column was erected - the Plague Column at the Graben. As a monument to the last plague in Vienna in 1713 today reminds the Charles Church, which is, however, devoted to the plague saint Charles Borromeo.
As medical measures against a Pest disease recommended doctors sweating cures, bloodletting, chewing of juniper berries or Angelica roots, but also the administration of theriac, a popular drug of the Middle Ages. Frequently, garlic, laurel, rue, and a mixture of sulfur powder are listed in the prescriptions. The recipes, however, differ as to whether they are used for poor or rich Pest patients. One of the few effective medical attendances was the opening of the bumps (buboes) to drain the pus, which also the sufferers felt as a blessing. As a miracle drug was considered the applying of an impaled toad on the bumps, previously put in vinegar or wine bath. Such prepared toads were also attributed great healing power during the plague in 1679 in Vienna.
Quotes:
From Vienna "plague-order" of pest doctor Paul de Sorbait, 1679
"after the experience brings with it that cleanliness is a strange useful and necessary means, both to prevent the intrusion of infection, as well as the same to avert. Herentwegen (= hence) uncleanliness causes such evil and keeps it. So is our earnest command, that firstly no blood, viscera, heads and leggs of the killed cattle, nor herb leaves, crabs, snails, egg shells or other filth (= waste, manure) on those streets and squares (must be) poured out: ditto (Ingleichen) no dead dog, cats or poultry are thrown into the streets, but all of them carried out of the city".
From "Merck's Wienn" of preacher Abraham a Sancta Clara, 1680
"As a whole, there is not a lane or a road wich the raging death had not crossed. Throughout the month, in Vienna and around Vienna one saw nothing else but wearing the dead, conducting the dead, dragging the dead and burying the dead".
"From what the plague was caused but I know all of that/ that this poisonous arrow (= plague) mehristen Theil (= for the most part) from the hand of God is abgetruckt (= shot)/how its diverse testimony proves the divine Scripture (= Bible). From which apparently manifest and obvious/that the pestilence was a ruthe (= rod)/so the sublime hand of God wreaths I trust but leastwise the tree to show /from which God the rod braids. This tree is the sin".
* Song of dear Augustine
Oh du (you) lieber (dear) Augustin
S'money is gone, d'joy is gone,
Oh du lieber Augustin,
Everything is gone!
Oh, and even the rich Vienna
poor now as Augustine
Sighs with me in the same sense
Everything is gone!
Every day otherwise was a feast,
Now what? Plague, the plague!
Now only a huge nest of corpses,
That's the rest!
Oh du lieber Augustin,
Lie only down into the grave you,
Oh my dear Vienna
Everything is gone!
Text source: Rathauskorrespondenz
Plague in Vienna
Plague doctor - through these clothes the doctors during the plague epidemic of 1656 in Rome hoped to protect themselves from the pest contamination. They wore a wax jacket, a type of protective eyewear and gloves. In the beak there were "wolriechende Specerey (odoriferous specialties)".
(public domain)
www.wien-konkret.at/sehenswuerdigkeiten/pestsaeule/pest-i...
-Yue, eu prometo que vou ficar do seu lado para sempre para cuidar de vc sempre que ficar doente!
-Jura? Vc não vai ter nojo de mim nem ficar com medo de se contaminar também???
-Eu juro!!! Vou cuidar muito bem de vc e vou fazer tudo o que precisar para você sarar logo!
-É? Vc vai fazer o q for preciso???
-Sim!
Montana Department of Livestock (MDOL) Veterinary Microbiologist performing brucellosis Card Test at the MDOL Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory.
USDA photo by R. Anson Eaglin
Photo: Karin Lecuona/Dept. of Ophthalmology University of Cape Town.
Published in: Community Eye Health Journal Vol. 18 No. 55 OCTOBER 2005 www.cehjournal.org
Munsen’s sign to demonstrate a conical cornea.
© ICEH. Published by the International Centre for Eye Health www.iceh.org.uk, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, a type of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2).[6] The disease was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, the capital of China's Hubei province, and has since spread globally, resulting in the ongoing 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic.[7][8] Common symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.[9] Other symptoms may include muscle pain, sputum production, diarrhea, sore throat, loss of smell, and abdominal pain.[4][10][11] While the majority of cases result in mild symptoms, some progress to viral pneumonia and multi-organ failure.[7][12] As of 2 April 2020, more than 998,000[5] cases of COVID-19 have been reported in more than two hundred countries and territories[13], resulting in over 51,300 deaths.[5] More than 208,000 people have recovered.[5]
The virus is spread mainly through close contact and via respiratory droplets produced when people cough or sneeze.[14][15] Respiratory droplets may be produced during breathing but the virus is not generally airborne.[14][16] People may also contract COVID-19 by touching a contaminated surface and then their face.[14][15] It is most contagious when people are symptomatic, although spread may be possible before symptoms appear.[15] The virus can survive on surfaces up to 72 hours.[17] Time from exposure to onset of symptoms is generally between two and fourteen days, with an average of five days.[9][18] The standard method of diagnosis is by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) from a nasopharyngeal swab.[19] The infection can also be diagnosed from a combination of symptoms, risk factors and a chest CT scan showing features of pneumonia.[20][21]
Recommended measures to prevent infection include frequent hand washing, social distancing (maintaining physical distance from others, especially from those with symptoms), covering coughs and sneezes with a tissue or inner elbow, and keeping unwashed hands away from the face.[22][23] The use of masks is recommended for those who suspect they have the virus and their caregivers.[24] Recommendations for mask use by the general public vary, with some authorities recommending against their use, some recommending their use, and others requiring their use.[25][26][27] Currently, there is no vaccine or specific antiviral treatment for COVID-19. Management involves treatment of symptoms, supportive care, isolation, and experimental measures.[28]
The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC)[29][30] on 30 January 2020, and a pandemic on 11 March 2020.[8] Local transmission of the disease has been recorded in many countries across all six WHO regions.[31]
Yellow sticky traps used for Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) sampling in kaffir lime trees, Coachella Valley, CA. ACP are the vector of huanglongbing, also known as citrus greening. The traps can indicate if there is ACP in an area and thus indicate the appropriate management strategies.
USDA photo by David Bartels
Vaccination against rubella, also called German measles —from Medical Coding Career Guide
RUBELLA / GERMAN MEASLES
* Abortions due to Congenital Rubella Syndrome or viral exposure, England & Wales, 1971 – 1994.
* Congenital Rubella Syndrome births and abortions, England & Wales, 1971 – 2003.
* Decline in disease cases worldwide, 20th Century: smallpox, diphtheria, pertussis/whooping cough, tetanus/lockjaw, paralytic polio, measles, mumps, rubella, congenital rubella, haemophilus influenzae (flu).
Behçet's disease is a disease that destroys blood vessels through systemic inflammation, manifesting as painful oral and genital ulcers, as well as vision destroying inflammation of the eyes. NHGRI researchers from Dan Kastner, M.D. Ph.D.'s group in the Inflammatory Disease Section of the Division of Intramural Research investigated the genetics using Illumina's Immunochip. This genotyping chip can identify the specific single changes in DNA that correlate with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. They found novel DNA changes that are correlated with disease susceptibility, many of which are involved in immune response to invading pathogens.
Credit: Darryl Leja, NHGRI.