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130913-N-BB534-173 SAN DIEGO (Sept. 13, 2013) Chief Cryptographic Technician Maintenance Thomas Kaminsky places Chief Ship’s Serviceman Shannon Hipperson’s cover during a pinning ceremony for Sailors assigned to amphibious transport dock ship USS Green Bay (LPD 20). Green Bay is currently in BAE Systems San Diego Ship Repair undergoing a scheduled maintenance availability. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Elizabeth Merriam/Released)
130913-N-BB534-670 SAN DIEGO (Sept. 13, 2013) Chief Cryptographic Technician Technical Ebony Seymoure embraces a fellow chief after her pinning ceremony for Sailors assigned to amphibious transport dock ship USS Green Bay (LPD 20). Green Bay is currently in BAE Systems San Diego Ship Repair undergoing a scheduled maintenance availability. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Elizabeth Merriam/Released)
The CEC1702 is a full-featured ARM® Cortex®-M4-based microcontroller with a complete hardware cryptography-enabled solution in a single package.
Turing memorial in Sackville Park, Manchester. He ended up being an icon for computer science, cryptography and gay rights.
Note the fingernails - being memorialized close to a school is risky.
Taken at the National Cryptologic Museum, NSA.
Creative Commons photo courtesy of ideonexus, please feel free to use for your own purposes.
The full IBM 4758 mainboard that handles the sensitive cryptographic material. This consists of the UltraCypher chip from IBM (custom, the CBGA package) and an AMD ELAN SC4xx. The former contains DES, MD5 and RSA acceleration functionality.
VIA Embedded demo's end-to-end application cryptography and secure boot using a VIA ARTiGO 2000 media server at Computex 2009
Mathematics is the core discipline of the National Security Agency. Algebra, number theory, real and complex analysis, probability theory and statistics are used on a daily basis to solve challenging problems in information security and communications technology.
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Taken at the National Cryptologic Museum, NSA.
Creative Commons photo courtesy of ideonexus, please feel free to use for your own purposes.
Commander Denniston's Office:
Commander Alexander (Alastair) Denniston was the first Operational Director of the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS), and it was in this office that the “special relationship” between the UK and USA is said to have been born.
In early 1941, before they had entered the war, the first party of US officers arrived at Bletchley Park to understand more of the work undertaken there. They visited in high secrecy and Denniston told his secretary, Barbara Abernethy, to bring in the sherry and then depart and never breathe a word that they had entertained Americans.
It was also here that Commander Denniston welcomed all new recruits to the Top Secret Bletchley Park. Following meetings with the Polish Cypher Bureau in 1938, Denniston had recognised the need for academics and in particular mathematicians, to be involved in cryptographic work. He subsequently began planning for a proposed expansion of GC&CS by drawing up a list of so-called ‘men of the professor type’ who agreed in the event of war, to report to GC&CS’s new wartime base at Bletchley Park. This list included Codebreakers Alan Turing and Gordon Welchman but also, intriguingly, The Hobbit and Lord of the Rings author, JRR Tolkein who declined his place at GC&CS.
Pictures taken on a visit to Bletchley Park
Bletchley Park was the central site for Britain's codebreakers during World War Two. Run by the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS), it regularly penetrated the secret communications of the Axis Powers – most importantly the German Enigma and Lorenz ciphers. The official historian of World War II British Intelligence has written that the "Ultra" intelligence produced at Bletchley shortened the war by two to four years, and that without it the outcome of the war would have been uncertain
charismathics exhibits at Infosecurity Europe, London, UK - 19-21 April 2011
www.charismathics.com/products/software/ienigma/
Get rid of your standard authentication media, your smart card, your USB token, your reader and be free to move around with your inseparable companions only, your smart phone and your laptop. With them alone you can fully benefit of strong authentication mechanisms thanks to iEnigma® by charismathics®. The latest cutting edge technology delivered with a completely new user experience. Stop waiting for the IT administrator to set some weird architecture for you, do it independently yourself with some few clicks from your smart phone.
Organizations have enforced smart card authentication in recent years; however this technology is perceived as cryptic and cumbersome by many. iEnigma by charismathics simplifies strong authentication by using smart phones instead. The software is compatible with most PKI applications on computers and smart phones, maintaining the exact security standards. With iEnigma the user can log into his system, sign emails and documents, encrypt communications just as before, saving on buying other hardware and opening new ranges of use cases.
iEnigma is a mobile PKI security solution, absolutely unique and thus patented. Comparable products are either OTP or password based. Companies did not invest in architectures securing the communication between smart phone and laptop or mirroring the strong authentication and digital signature functionalities like a smart card does. With iEnigma, charismathics has translated standard APIs into Bluetooth language, reproducing the exact PKI authentication environment. Providing full TMS compatibility, enabling secure PIN entry and secure channel messaging by default, the software is immediately available for Windows Mobile. iEnigma will soon run on Android, RIM and Apple, also supporting NFC enabled units.
iEnigma simplifies strong authentication opening it to wider range of user groups. Already using smart cards, iEnigma enhances IT security by design, maintaining compatibility to investments made before. Introducing strong authentication, it extensively saves on hardware and is more flexible to use. Organizations save on constantly lost or damaged hardware.
iEnigma bridges user credentials from phones into computers, encrypting the communication channel, allowing PIN entry on the smart phone itself, thus enhancing the security compared to standard smart cards. By supporting applications on the phone, it works remotely as well. The full PKI compatibility allows for unchanged internal processes.
iEnigma re-invents the smart card and is the first strong authentication product that incorporates the expected permutation of corporate IT systems. Supporting common smart phone platforms, it supports applications both on the computer and the smart phone, putting all credentials together in a secure data container on the phone, whether it is the key chain, flash memory, SIM card or additional secure microSD cards such as the Secure Element for NFC operations. All current products are proprietary or represent a niche - no one offers an iEnigma-like 2-in-1 solution and with side benefits such as: full PKI compatibility; significant reductions in hardware cost by replacing tokens and readers using the phone instead; allowing encrypted communication; secure PIN entry; flexible credentials manageable by the user. iEnigma makes full use of the advantages of smart phones and is still fully compatible with all standard processes, APIs, cryptography algorithms and identity management systems. There is no other product opening the range of contactless authentication applications for PKI, such as in hospitals or transportation or payment schemes. The simple user interface opens up strong authentication to small organizations and the single user, reducing identity thefts and phishing attacks within day-to-day use.
Taken at the National Cryptologic Museum, NSA.
Creative Commons photo courtesy of ideonexus, please feel free to use for your own purposes.
Mathematics is the core discipline of the National Security Agency. Algebra, number theory, real and complex analysis, probability theory and statistics are used on a daily basis to solve challenging problems in information security and communications technology.
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Taken at the National Cryptologic Museum, NSA.
Creative Commons photo courtesy of ideonexus, please feel free to use for your own purposes.
Elements of Cryptanalysis by William F. Friedman
Published in 1923. this book was the first official publication on the subject of cryptology in the United States. William Friedman, known as the father of modern American cryptology, developed this book based on his teaching of cryptology to US Army personnel. Over time it became a major influence in the field, using the terms "Cryptanalysis" and "Cryptology" for the first time.
Source of material : National Cryptologic Museum
Some other source material on Friedman
See "William W. Friedman: Principal Cryptologist" at the Huachuca History Program under "Masters of the Intelligence Art": huachuca-www.army.mil/History/html/SiteMap.html.
Clark, Ronald W. The Man Who Broke Purple: The Life of Colonel William F. Friedman, Who Deciphered the Japanese Code in World War II. Boston: Little, Brown, 1977. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1977.
Friedman, William F. Elements of Cryptanalysis. Laguna Hills, CA: Aegean Park Press, 1976.Petersen: "Reprint of 1924 Army training publication."
Friedman, William F. History of the Use of Codes. Laguna Hills, CA: Aegean Park Press, 1977. [http://carlisle-www.army.mil/usamhi/RefBibs/intell/crypto.htm]
Friedman, William F. The Index of Coincidence and Its Applications in Cryptography. Laguna Hills, CA: Aegean Park Press, 1986.
Source intellit.muskingum.edu/cryptography_folder/friedman.html
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Kevin McGown (left) teaches in his Cryptography (MATH 317) class on Wednesday, March 9, 2022 in Chico, Calif.
(Jason Halley/University Photographer/Chico State)
Here are the Enigma machine rotors in place with their cover removed. The code of the day specifies which set of four rotors (from a larger set) should be used and in what order they must be placed. The Enigma machine is completely symmetrical, so all that the message recipient needed to do was set their machine according to the same codebook and to type in the encoded message. The original message emerged, perhaps a little corrupted by human error and noise on the radio.
Photo showing the project "Tele_Code" by Sara Koniarek (AT) at the Loops of Wisdom Exhibition at Kunstuni Campus.
For centuries cryptography was used to ensure information secrecy and safe communication. Historically, queer people have had to use various codes and signals to indicate their sexual orientation to each other without being put in danger. Tele_Code aims to shine a light on these hidden parts of history. Inspired by Anne Lister, who used a substitution cypher to write about her relationships with women within her almost 5 million word diaries, the single-player video game takes the player into a maze full of encoded teletext pages, where they must find hints that reveal parts of the cypher and unlock the secret last page.
Credit: tom mesic
Michele Reilly is a scientist, an artist, and a systems thinker whose work resists easy classification. She trained in architecture and art at Cooper Union, where she began building intelligent machines and quickly became fascinated by the logic behind them. That curiosity drew her into mathematics, cryptography, macroeconomics, and eventually quantum physics. Her path has been shaped less by credentials than by the depth of her questions.
At MIT, where she teaches in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michele works at the intersection of computation and the structure of spacetime. She explores how information flows through the universe, drawing from Claude Shannon’s foundational theories and extending them into the quantum realm. Her research is ambitious, but it is rooted in careful thinking. She is not interested in speculation for its own sake. She wants to know what can be built, what can be measured, and what will last.
In 2016, she co-founded Turing, a quantum technology startup focused on building portable quantum memories and tools for long-distance quantum communication. She works closely with physicist Seth Lloyd on designing the scalable, robust systems needed to move quantum computing from theory into practice. The work is intricate and deliberate, building slowly toward a future that she sees as both beautiful and unfamiliar.
Michele is also a storyteller. Her science fiction series Steeplechase has received awards at Cannes and other international festivals. It reflects her belief that narrative and science are not separate pursuits, but parallel ways of exploring the unknown. In her teaching, she brings these strands together, guiding students through exercises that combine quantum theory, creative writing, and world-building. One of her courses, supported by MIT’s Center for Art, Science and Technology, invites students to imagine speculative futures grounded in scientific inquiry.
On her arm is a tattoo of Alan Turing. It is not ornamental. It is a quiet tribute to a thinker whose life and work continue to shape her own. Turing’s dedication to truth, structure, and the ethical weight of technology is a constant presence in her thinking. She carries it with her, quite literally.
The portrait above was made at The Interval at the Long Now Foundation in San Francisco. Michele is seated beside a polished table that reflects her image. Behind her stands the Orrery, a planetary model designed to keep time for ten thousand years. The setting reflects the spirit of her work. She is grounded in the present but always thinking forward, asking how we might live in ways that honor complexity, care, and continuity. She does not speak often about legacy. She speaks about attention, about precision, and about the discipline of staying with difficult questions until they begin to yield something real.
Blog: makaylalewis.co.uk/2013/11/13/sketchnotes-introduction-to...
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These photographs are presented here for viewing purposes ONLY. They are NOT royalty free images and may not be used for commercial or private use. Any such use of these images is strictly prohibited. Specifically, these images may not be copied, manipulated, be reproduced by any other means nor sold without prior written consent by the author.
The Postcard
A postcard published by A.S. bearing an early image of Hill Street and the Town Hall in Richmond, Surrey.
The card was posted in Chelsea on Friday the 15th. June 1906 to:
Monsieur Albert Bach,
8, Via San Nicolao,
Milano,
Italia.
Gordon Welchman
So what else happened on the day that the card was posted?
Well, on the 15th. June 1906, Gordon Welchman was born in Fishponds, Bristol. He was an English mathematician, university professor, Second World War code breaker and author.
Welchman was educated at Marlborough College He then studied mathematics as a scholar at Trinity College Cambridge, from 1925 to 1928.
In 1929, he became a Research Fellow in Mathematics at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, a Fellow in 1932, and later Dean of the College.
Bletchley Park
Just before the Second World War, Welchman was invited by Commander Alastair Denniston to join the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park, in the event of war.
He was one of four early recruits (the others being Alan Turing, Hugh Alexander and Stuart Milner-Barry), who all made significant contributions at Bletchley and who became known as "The Wicked Uncles".
They were also the four signatories to an influential letter, delivered to Winston Churchill in October 1941, asking for more resources for the code breaking work at Bletchley Park. Churchill responded with one of his "Action This Day" written comments.
Welchman devised an enhancement to Alan Turing's improved design of the Polish electromechanical Enigma cipher-breaking machine, the Bombe.
Welchman's enhancement, the "Diagonal Board", which exploited the self-reciprocity of the German Enigma machine, made the device substantially more efficient. The Diagonal Board cut decipher times down from days to mere hours when attacking ciphers generated by the Enigma machine.
Welchman was head of Hut Six, the section at Bletchley Park responsible for breaking German Army and Air Force Enigma ciphers. During his time at Bletchley, Welchman opposed engineer Tommy Flowers' efforts on the Colossus computer (the world's first programmable electronic computer) because Colossus used large numbers of vacuum tubes which were potentially prone to failure.
In 1943, he became assistant director in charge of mechanisation, and also had responsibility for cryptographic liaison with the US.
After WW2
Welchman moved to the United States in 1948 where he taught the first computer course at MIT. He followed this by employment with Remington Rand and Ferranti. Welchman became a naturalised US citizen in 1962.
In 1982 his book 'The Hut Six Story' was published. The U.S. National Security Agency disapproved. The book was not banned, but Welchman was devastated to lose his security clearance and to be forbidden to discuss either the book or his wartime work.
Welchman died on the 8th. October 1985 aged 79 in Newburyport, Massachusetts. His final conclusions and corrections to the story of wartime code breaking were published posthumously in 1986 in the paper "From Polish Bomba to British Bombe: the Birth of Ultra".
The paper was included in the revised edition of 'The Hut Six Story' published in 1997 by M & M Baldwin.
cryptocurrency next generation digital asset is designed to perform the secured transactions using cryptography. Some popular Cryptocurrencies are Bitcoin & Ethereum. The digital currencies can be exchange & transfer from peer to peer without any intervention of Government, Financial Institutions & Banks.