Beyond the New World: Colonialism
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The MCA (Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago) is now featuring the visual artist Nick Cave in an exhibit called Forothermore, in which Nick Cave explores beauty and devastation, everything from colonialism and racism to rescue dogs and fashion. It is very colorful and textural with a moving and powerful message and great sound recordings of Nick Cave speaking about many of the works. This exhibit just opened yesterday and will be running until October 2cnd, 2022. For more information about the exhibit:
mcachicago.org/exhibitions/2022/nick-cave-forothermore
For more information about Soundsuits:
noma.org/object-lesson-soundsuits-by-nick-cave/
**All photos are copyrighted**
An artist birdhouse's exhibit @BBG, NYC
"Spanish for “to the field,” Pal’ campo is a re-creation of Kevin Quiles Bonilla’s grandmother’s home in the countryside of Puerto Rico. Recreating a mosaic of small rocks and pebbles, the wallpaper covering the birdhouse mimics the pattern of the floor tiles within his childhood home. “I was interested in the idea of birds and humans as migratory beings,” Quiles Bonilla says, “the memories we keep during our travels and the notion of what home is to those who move from one place to another.”
"Kevin Quiles Bonilla (b. 1992, Puerto Rico) is an interdisciplinary artist born in San Juan. He’s the recipient of an Emerging Artist Award from the Kennedy Center (2017). He has presented his work at the Brooklyn Museum, Queens Museum, Lincoln Center, and the Leslie-Lohman Museum’s Project Space. He explores ideas around power, colonialism, and history with his identity as context. He currently lives and works between Puerto Rico and New York."
Moroccan desserts are based on the produce and spices of Morocco, including ingredients such as dates, almonds, pistachios and oranges, and spices such as cinnamon, fennel, nutmeg, ginger and anise. And with the influence of French colonialism, Moroccans have perfected French pastries including croissants, crêpes and éclairs.
theculturetrip.com/africa/morocco/articles/the-best-moroc...
Upper quarter of the Saint Augustine Church of Paoay in Ilocos, Philippines
Featured in this fine gallery:
www.flickr.com/photos/bob_cates/galleries/72157682432853094/
fun on the beach!
Puducherry or Pondicherry first established by French Colonialism way back in 1700 is a beautiful stretch of ocean body offering unspoiled beaches with turquoise water and soft white sand. The weather is beautiful year-round, making it a great travel destination if you are looking for sun and warmth.
If you stay near Puducherry you will have a variety of attractions nearby to fill your days with history, shopping, adventure, sports or nature. (very famous for Auroville and Ashram of Rishi Aurobinda)
20120829NL Tanja J. (Surinam Social Democrat candidate for the Netherlands parliament) at a migrant's meeting in Den Haag Holland #blackandwhite #239 #colonialism #surinam #ssd #denhaag #knownknowns&unknownknowns #art #realpeople #reallives #truestories #portraits #b&w #photography #instagram #street hughes-photography.eu www.flickr.com/photos/michael_hughes www.hughes.berlin#knownknowns&unknownknowns #art #realpeople #reallives #truestories #portraits #b&w #photography #instagram #street hughes-photography.eu www.flickr.com/photos/michael_hughes www.hughes.berlin
One of the great mansions of Cambridgeshire, now owned by the National Trust. Built in the middle of the 17th century, the Hall got its neo-classical makeover in the 18th century. At that time, its owners were politically influential and were active too in making sure that the slave trade flourished and the profits made by the East India Company were put on a politically permanent basis (sc. colonialism). The lead statue of Samson slaying the Philistine, probably a copy from a 16th century Italian original, says it all. Don't forget that Samson is killing here somebody who threatens life in the Promised Land. Land promised for those in power. Fuji X-E2.
Three years ago I posted a photo of this flower still in bud (www.flickr.com/photos/87453322@N00/45799333455/in/photoli...). The darkness of January is today upon us as it was then but this photo shows the flowers more fully. Something of a gift on this first day of the opening of the Hortus after our strict lockdown.
Since 2019 I've learned a bit more about the history of our plant and its first describers. On the basis of their scientific description in 1914, I gathered it had been collected in July 1910 by Perrier de la Bâthie himself; but possibly those words are by Raymond-Hamet, Perrier's co-author. Another source says it had been sent to Perrier by the collector-duo Madame and Monsieur Daigremont; and thus it was named for them.
Joseph Marie Henry Alfred Perrrier de la Bâthie (1873-1958) was indeed an intrepid plant collector himself. He'd made his way to Madagascar in the wake of France's annexation of that island in 1896 (after the long Franco-Hova colonial wars since 1883). Initially he was a geologist ( in search of gold). Later he became an adviser to the colonial authorities about anything to do with nature. He is today known as a naturalist and also a conservationist, But much as he loved nature, he attempted to set it to colonial standards. He went so far as to introduce an insect, a cochinella, Dactylopius sp., to southern Madagascar in 1923 to eradicate Opuntia raketa (Prickly Pear) that made colonial farming difficult. The native population, though, needed that plant as fodder for their cattle. The plant gone, a terrible famine ensued killing half of the indigenous people of the area.
It's a chilling history described in detail by Karen Middleton, 'Who killed Malagasy Cactus?', Ethnohistory 25 (1999), 215-248.
This was the sweetest little outdoor cafe in the ancient Peruvian fortress of Ollantaytambo. This popular destination dates from the late 15th century and has some of the oldest continuously occupied dwellings in South America. This is a superb location to hike and explore Inca ruins and see an original, intact, Inca built community.
WARNING. The following writing contains content, that is of an adult nature.
I am a fan of the movie Pan’s Labyrinth, and for those of you who don’t know it, here is a link to its trailer.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVZRnnVSQ8k
It is a haunting movie, that is both childlike in its fantasy, and extremely adult, in the bleakness of its reality, and a warning should be given, as the content of the movie is at times brutal. It is one of over 700 movies I watched after 9 11, as I gave up watching TV, after that event. No doubt a little inspired by Pan’s Labyrinth I started to or tried to recently, read up on Basque folk law, and disappointingly, I found not much of anything, except a description of a female deity’s influence over the weather. This lack of easily accessible recorded history of Basque folk law, seemed to me to be a shame, and as always and not surprisingly, there was a reference to the Church as to why it did not survive. Strangely it was backed up in the wiki entry, that the deities name helped acclimatized the Basque people to the church.
As the story would go, or have it, the deity and her lover would influence the weather based on their actions. And it seemed like they had the upmost power, as they influenced life and or death. They had control over water, fire, earth and the sun, which I presume would have been the main influences on man and woman, pre-Basque conversion to Christianity.
Did the Spanish experience of the Basque, effect the spread of Spanish Catholicism? Was it a contributary factor in the failure of Catholicism to extinguish tribal, native or indigenous spirituality in its entirety. Had this event in Basque country, effected the tribes and cultures of the Spanish new world? With the official university narrative, (and if you don’t know, a narrative, is a story). The story is that it was the church, as in the Catholic church, had caused as part of colonialism the genocide of indigenous religions, and or peoples. And it must be stated here, before l go on, that they did play a significant role in colonisation. And at times that colonisation was brutal. The destruction of Chthonic religions, or their history was a loss. The loss of our belief systems based on as the Greeks would say of the earth or soil. But this article or consideration is not about loss. In this extension of my diary entry, I celebrate the failure of the Catholics. Yes, I celebrate, that pretty much everywhere they went, when it came to cultural genocide, that despite the best attempts by some groups to implement the act in its totality, if there was a significant Catholic influence it had failed.
What had happened in Basque country? Why had it failed to happen in other places? What made it so that it, cultural genocide had not happened, in other societies around the world? What happened where the Church, or to be more specific Catholicism had miraculously failed to exterminate, folk law, and the indigenous spiritualities and or religions, in their entirety. Had the Basques surrendered part of themselves and effected the world? Maybe they didn’t surrender anything at all, because that does not seem like a Basque quality. Maybe the entropy of their pre-Christianity existence pushed back, on the thing that influenced them. And maybe that event had altered at least in part, that vector of change forever.
My respect is just not lip service, as once, when l was presented with an extremely difficult situation, someone suggested I smells the earth, as it was. I thought they were referencing that I would be joining it soon. I doubled down, on what I presume was and ancient saying, and process, one that I presume had been tested repeatedly. One of acclimatization as to where I would hopefully rest. Like most humans one way or another do. An event, like everyone, except those that cast their bodies from the Earth into space will experience.
These considerations of death, and or genocide, led me to study it in the arts. As a result, of that intellectual journey, I found myself talking to an Australian Aboriginal woman at university, we talked about Truganini. This wonderful person informed me, that Truganini had wanted to be burnt after her death or to be cremated. We spoke a little more about her. We spoke about her corpse exhibited like a taxidermized animal, cursed to be gazed upon. We discussed the topic a little, and I expressed, that what she had asked to have done, would have been a very heavy spiritual thing to do. She would spread through the air, through the water, then back into the earth, and her entropy would affect everything. And everything would react to her entropy for ever. To me, it seemed like she would never rest, and I wept a little, in front of my new friend. I wept a little, as the thought of eternal work is not, and never should be taken lightly. I wondered, I wondered about the people who would do such a thing, and how she, Truganini would, or could, have been condemned to have her imaged used as a spectacle, for what must seem like an eternity. It appeared to me that even without burning her body, she had hexed those through her fate. A karma of sorts, not for her, but for those that did not consider her human enough to be left alone after death. All that would look at her, or upon her, would suffer a fate. She had cast a spell on those that gazed on her, to look a little into themselves, changing something in all who saw her. And despite the offer to look at her, it was a visual, I never wanted, or want to see. I said to her, my confidant of the briefest time, that “...Some things should not be looked at….”
And soon after, instead of smelling the earth, I tasted it.
Vista del ponte di Via Libia ,costruito negli anni 30' dello scorso secolo, da un angolo inusuale, View of the Via Libia bridge, built in the 1930s, from an unusual angle. Quartiere Cirenaica. Bologna 2021
Whitby's east side, with the ruins of the Abbey and St. Mary's perched on top of the cliff, seen from the Lighthouse on the West Pier. Whereas the Abbey was intentionally demolished in the 1540s, St. Mary's became the helpless victim of modernising transformations, mostly in the 18th century. You may spot the gravestones surrounding St. Mary's. Two graves you will not find here: Dracula's, because he did not exist, and James Cook's, because he was killed in Hawaii in 1779 by indigenous people. In today's terms, we would call the events surrounding his death a "cultural misunderstanding". So was colonialism in general.
This image is dedicated to Patsy, an indigenous woman who allowed us on to her country and shared some of her mob's traditions of hunting, gathering and cooking in this magic landscape.
Sixty thousand years of indigenous culture confronted my white privilege head-on in this one beautiful evening.
Thank you Patsy for giving me a better understanding of what it means to be a white fella.
The realisation is not all good.
I have told you stories about how I found a guide for my travels in Myanmar and the timing of my trip. Luckily, it was before the wave of tourists descended on the country and yet Myanmar was a comfortable country for a traveller. I booked my own hotels. None were disappointing.
In fact, the hotel where I stayed in Yangon remains foremost in my memories. It was the Hotel Savoy. Filled with Burmese antiques and having a lovely small swimming pool, surrounded by a patio, lined with wonderful tropical plants, it was a small quiet oasis for weary sightseers. One of my fondest memories was having a peaceful breakfast by the swimming pool and being taken back in time to the colonial days of the country. ( I'm not glamorizing colonialism, but merely saying that there was charm in the unhurried things of the past.)
My guide and I toured Yangon and it was decided that we would add Kandawgyi Park to our visits. This is where the Royal Barge is located. I have shown numerous images of the stunning golden boat before and they are always favorites. There are other images of the park I cherish as well. The fog in this capture added to the mystique of an Asian country frozen in time.
Victory is Not an Option, 2019
Maurizio Cattelan
"A great walkway of British Union Jack fags leads up to
Blenheim Palace, welcoming you on arrival. The sight
can be as warmly familiar as it can be alienating. With this
site-specifc artwork, Cattelan questions the meanings
we attribute to flags and nationality, their power to inspire
both love and hatred, to evoke feelings of belonging and
difference.
Winston Churchill – who was born at Blenheim Palace in
1874 – was vocal about his mistrust of the Union Jack’s
symbolism, implying once that it was an imperialist symbol full
of ‘flag-planting’ connotations, alluding to Britain’s history of
colonialism and political confict.
As a national monument steeped in British heritage and
tradition, Blenheim Palace itself represents a quintessential
‘British-ness’, making it a poignant place to question what it
means to be British, both historically and today".
inews.co.uk/culture/arts/maurizio-cattelan-at-blenheim-pa...
A hike through the salt pan terraces in the Sacred Valley above the Urubamba River near Maras, Peru, is a step back in Inca history. Families extract the salt from each terrace area sifting the salt with their feet then bag and transport the salt to the valley below where it is sold by the community and the profits returned to the workers and family owners. Opportunities for incredible views, photographs, plus learning about Inca culture and history make the salt mines of Maras unique. The salt mines of Maras are recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.
El río Saguía el Hamra, que significa en español: la "Acequia Roja" es un barranco y torrente que se encuentra en el noreste del territorio del Sahara Occidental, antigua provincia española y ahora ocupado ilegalmente por Marruecos.
En la imagen el río a su paso por la ciudad de El Aaiún.
Sahara Occidental es uno de los diecisiete territorios no autónomos bajo supervisión del Comité Especial de Descolonización de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, con el fin de terminar el colonialismo.
La potencia administradora de iure es España, y como tal, hasta que finalice el periodo de la descolonización, tiene las obligaciones recogidas en los artículos 73 y 74 de la Carta de Naciones Unidas.
Su proceso de descolonización fue interrumpido en 1976, cuando España abandonó el Sahara Occidental en manos de Marruecos y Mauritania —tras la marcha verde y conforme a lo dispuesto en los Acuerdos de Madrid (1975), no válidos según el Derecho internacional—.
El territorio está ocupado actualmente en su mayor parte por Marruecos, aunque la soberanía marroquí no es reconocida por las Naciones Unidas y es rechazada por el Frente Polisario, que proclamó su independencia en 1976 creando la República Árabe Saharaui Democrática, RASD, reconocida hasta el momento por ochenta y dos países. Esta, administra la región al este no controlada por Marruecos, la cual denomina Zona Libre o Territorios Liberados. En 1991, ambas partes firmaron ante la ONU un alto al fuego con el fin de preparar la celebración de autodeterminación en el que la población saharaui pudiera decidir su futuro. Sin embargo, las hostilidades se reanudaron en noviembre de 2020, una vez que Marruecos obstaculizó de forma reiterada la celebración de dicha consulta.
The Saguía el Hamra River, which means "Red Ditch" in English, is a ravine and stream located in the northeast of Western Sahara, a former Spanish province now illegally occupied by Morocco.
The image shows the river as it passes through the city of El Aaiún.
Western Sahara is one of the seventeen non-self-governing territories under the supervision of the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization, which aims to end colonialism.
The "iure" administering power is Spain, and as such, until the end of the decolonization period, it has the obligations set forth in Articles 73 and 74 of the United Nations Charter.
Its decolonization process was interrupted in 1976, when Spain abandoned Western Sahara to Morocco and Mauritania—following the Green March and in accordance with the provisions of the Madrid Accords (1975), which are invalid under international law.
The territory is currently largely occupied by Morocco, although Moroccan sovereignty is not recognized by the United Nations and is rejected by the Polisario Front, which declared its independence in 1976, creating the Saharan Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), recognized to date by eighty-two countries. The latter administers the eastern region not controlled by Morocco, which it calls the Free Zone or Liberated Territories. In 1991, both sides signed a ceasefire agreement before the UN in preparation for the self-determination process, in which the Saharan population could decide their future. However, hostilities resumed in November 2020 after Morocco repeatedly obstructed the holding of the consultation.
Carretera que une El Aaiún, su capital, con el aeropuerto.
Sahara Occidental es uno de los diecisiete territorios no autónomos bajo supervisión del Comité Especial de Descolonización de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, con el fin de terminar el colonialismo.
La potencia administradora de iure es España, y como tal, hasta que finalice el periodo de la descolonización, tiene las obligaciones recogidas la Carta de Naciones Unidas.
Su proceso de descolonización fue interrumpido en 1976, cuando España abandonó el Sahara Occidental en manos de Marruecos y Mauritania —tras la marcha verde y conforme a lo dispuesto en los Acuerdos de Madrid (1975), no válidos según el Derecho internacional—.
El territorio está ocupado actualmente en su mayor parte por Marruecos, aunque la soberanía marroquí no es reconocida por las Naciones Unidas y es rechazada por el Frente Polisario, que proclamó su independencia en 1976 creando la República Árabe Saharaui Democrática, RASD,
Esta, administra la región al este no controlada por Marruecos.
En 1991, ambas partes firmaron ante la ONU un alto al fuego con el fin de preparar la celebración de un referendum de autodeterminación en el que la población saharaui pudiera decidir su futuro. Sin embargo, las hostilidades se reanudaron en noviembre de 2020, una vez que Marruecos obstaculizó de forma reiterada la celebración de dicha consulta.
Road that connects El Aaiún, its capital, with the airport.
Western Sahara is one of the seventeen non-self-governing territories under the supervision of the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization, with the aim of ending colonialism.
The "iure" administering power is Spain, and as such, until the end of the decolonization period, it has the obligations set forth in the United Nations Charter.
Its decolonization process was interrupted in 1976, when Spain abandoned Western Sahara to Morocco and Mauritania—following the Green March and in accordance with the provisions of the Madrid Agreements (1975), which are not valid under international law.
The territory is currently occupied for the most part by Morocco, although Moroccan sovereignty is not recognized by the United Nations and is rejected by the Polisario Front, which proclaimed its independence in 1976, creating the Saharan Arab Democratic Republic (RASD).
The RASD administers the eastern region not controlled by Morocco.
In 1991, both sides signed a ceasefire agreement with the UN in preparation for a self-determination referendum in which the Sahrawi population could decide their future.
However, hostilities resumed in November 2020, after Morocco repeatedly obstructed the holding of the consultation.
Islote de Herne, o del Dragón, en la bahía de Río de Oro en el antiguo Sahara Español. Ese es el lugar en el que la leyenda sitúa una de las colonias fundadas por el cartaginés Hanon en el siglo V a. C.
Río de Oro fue una de las dos divisiones territoriales del Sahara Español con capital en Villa Cisneros, actualmente Dakhla. Abarcaba una superficie de 184 000 km².
Sahara Occidental, antes Sahara Español, es uno de los diecisiete territorios no autónomos bajo supervisión del Comité Especial de Descolonización de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, con el fin de terminar con el colonialismo. Se encuentra en su mayor parte ocupado ilegalmente por Marruecos, mientras que la zona este del mismo es habitada por el pueblo saharahui que proclamó la República Árabe Saharahui Democrática y lucha por recuperar la zona actualmente invadida.
Islet of Herne, or the Dragon, in the bay of Río de Oro in the former Spanish Sahara. This is the place where legend places one of the colonies founded by the Carthaginian Hanon in the 5th century BC.
Río de Oro was one of the two territorial divisions of Spanish Sahara with its capital in Villa Cisneros, currently Dakhla. It covered an area of 184,000 km².
Western Sahara is one of the seventeen non-self-governing territories under the supervision of the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization, which aims to end colonialism. It is largely illegally occupied by Morocco, while the eastern part is inhabited by the Sahrawi people, who proclaimed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and are fighting to recover the currently invaded area.
Antigua Avenida del Ejército de El Aaiún, donde todavía permanecen las viviendas con cubiertas hemiesféricas o "tipo huevo", construidas en la época en la que era una provincia española.
El capitán Enrique Alonso Allustante es considerado el introductor de esta forma de construcción en la zona. Se trata de edificaciones con muros de mampostería ordinaria, generalmente de una sola planta, con tejados de forma hemiesférica para mantener la estancia más fresca al subir el calor al hueco superior.
Sahara Occidental es uno de los diecisiete territorios no autónomos bajo supervisión del Comité Especial de Descolonización de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, con el fin de terminar con el colonialismo. Se encuentra en su mayor parte ocupado ilegalmente por Marruecos, mientras que la zona este del mismo es habitada por el pueblo saharahui que proclamó la República Árabe Saharahui Democrática y lucha por recuperar la zona actualmente invadida.
Former Army Avenue in El Aaiún, where homes with hemispherical or "egg-shaped" roofs still remain. They were built during the time that Western Sahara was a Spanish Province.
Captain Enrique Alonso Allustante is considered the pioneer of this construction style in the area. These buildings feature ordinary masonry walls, generally single-story, with hemispherical roofs to keep the room cooler as heat rises to the upper void.
Western Sahara is one of the seventeen non-self-governing territories under the supervision of the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization, which aims to end colonialism. It is largely illegally occupied by Morocco, while the eastern part is inhabited by the Sahrawi people, who proclaimed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and are fighting to recover the currently invaded area.
Agradable plaza para tomar un té en el Aaiún.
Sahara Occidental, antes Sahara Español, es uno de los diecisiete territorios no autónomos bajo supervisión del Comité Especial de Descolonización de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, con el fin de terminar con el colonialismo. Se encuentra en su mayor parte ocupado ilegalmente por Marruecos, mientras que la zona este del mismo es habitada por el pueblo saharahui que proclamó la República Árabe Saharahui Democrática y lucha por recuperar la zona actualmente invadida.
Cozy square to have tea in El Aaiún.
Western Sahara is one of the seventeen non-self-governing territories under the supervision of the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization, which aims to end colonialism. It is largely illegally occupied by Morocco, while the eastern part is inhabited by the Sahrawi people, who proclaimed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and are fighting to recover the currently invaded area.
Cuartel de Sidi Buya, sede hasta 1975 del Tercio Sahariano D. Juan de Austria, 3º de la Legión.
Actualmente lo ocupa el ejército marroquí.
Sidi Buya fue un magnífico acuartelamiento legionario, amplio, limpio, funcional, con dependencias cómodas, dormitorios de tropa suficientes y espaciosos. Su campo exterior era vasto, dilatado y suficientemente variado ya que contenía llanuras y barrancos sobre la Saguia el Hamra, o Río Rojo, el cual rodea la ciudad de El Aaiún.
Sahara Occidental es uno de los diecisiete territorios no autónomos bajo supervisión del Comité Especial de Descolonización de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, con el fin de terminar con el colonialismo. Se encuentra en su mayor parte ocupado ilegalmente por Marruecos, mientras que la zona este del mismo es habitada por el pueblo saharahui que proclamó la República Árabe Saharahui Democrática y lucha por recuperar la zona actualmente invadida.
Sidi Buya Barracks, headquarters of the D. Juan de Austria Saharan Regiment, 3rd Legion, until 1975.
It is currently occupied by the Moroccan army.
Sidi Buya was a magnificent legionary barracks, spacious, clean, and functional, with comfortable quarters and sufficient and spacious dormitories. Its outer terrain was vast, extensive, and sufficiently varied, containing plains and ravines overlooking the Saguia el Hamra, or Red River, which surrounds the city of El Aaiún.
Western Sahara is one of the seventeen non-self-governing territories under the supervision of the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization, which aims to end colonialism. It is largely illegally occupied by Morocco, while the eastern part is inhabited by the Sahrawi people, who proclaimed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and are fighting to recover the currently invaded area.
Delfines nadando cerca del pequeño islote de Herne, o del Dragón, en la bahía de Río de Oro en el antiguo Sahara Español. Ese es el lugar en el que la leyenda sitúa una de las colonias fundadas por el cartaginés Hanon en el siglo V a. C.
Río de Oro fue una de las dos divisiones territoriales del Sahara Español con capital en Villa Cisneros, actualmente Dakhla. Abarcaba una superficie de 184 000 km².
Sahara Occidental, antes Sahara Español, es uno de los diecisiete territorios no autónomos bajo supervisión del Comité Especial de Descolonización de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, con el fin de terminar con el colonialismo. Se encuentra en su mayor parte ocupado ilegalmente por Marruecos, mientras que la zona este del mismo es habitada por el pueblo saharahui que proclamó la República Árabe Saharahui Democrática y lucha por recuperar la zona actualmente invadida.
Dolphins swimming near the small islet of Herne, or the Dragon, in the bay of Río de Oro in the former Spanish Sahara. This is the place where legend places one of the colonies founded by the Carthaginian Hanon in the 5th century BC.
Río de Oro was one of the two territorial divisions of Spanish Sahara with its capital in Villa Cisneros, currently Dakhla. It covered an area of 184,000 km².
Western Sahara is one of the seventeen non-self-governing territories under the supervision of the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization, which aims to end colonialism. It is largely illegally occupied by Morocco, while the eastern part is inhabited by the Sahrawi people, who proclaimed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and are fighting to recover the currently invaded area.
El río Saguía el Hamra, que significa en español: la "Acequia Roja" es un barranco y torrente que se encuentra en el noreste del territorio del Sahara Occidental, antigua provincia española y ahora ocupado ilegalmente por Marruecos.
En la imagen el río a su paso por la ciudad de El Aaiún.
Sahara Occidental es uno de los diecisiete territorios no autónomos bajo supervisión del Comité Especial de Descolonización de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, con el fin de terminar el colonialismo.
La potencia administradora de iure es España, y como tal, hasta que finalice el periodo de la descolonización, tiene las obligaciones recogidas la Carta de Naciones Unidas.
Su proceso de descolonización fue interrumpido en 1976, cuando España abandonó el Sahara Occidental en manos de Marruecos y Mauritania —tras la marcha verde y conforme a lo dispuesto en los Acuerdos de Madrid (1975), no válidos según el Derecho internacional—.
El territorio está ocupado actualmente en su mayor parte por Marruecos, aunque la soberanía marroquí no es reconocida por las Naciones Unidas y es rechazada por el Frente Polisario, que proclamó su independencia en 1976 creando la República Árabe Saharaui Democrática, RASD, la cual administra la región al este no controlada por Marruecos.
En 1991, ambas partes firmaron ante la ONU un alto al fuego con el fin de preparar la celebración de un referendum de autodeterminación en el que la población saharaui pudiera decidir su futuro. Sin embargo, las hostilidades se reanudaron en noviembre de 2020, una vez que Marruecos obstaculizó de forma reiterada la celebración de dicha consulta.
The Saguía el Hamra River, which means "Red Ditch" in English, is a ravine and stream located in the northeast of Western Sahara, a former Spanish province now illegally occupied by Morocco.
The image shows the river as it passes through the city of El Aaiún.
Western Sahara is one of the seventeen non-self-governing territories under the supervision of the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization, with the aim of ending colonialism.
The "iure" administering power is Spain, and as such, until the end of the decolonization period, it has the obligations set forth in the United Nations Charter.
Its decolonization process was interrupted in 1976, when Spain abandoned Western Sahara to Morocco and Mauritania—following the Green March and in accordance with the provisions of the Madrid Agreements (1975), which are not valid under international law.
The territory is currently occupied for the most part by Morocco, although Moroccan sovereignty is not recognized by the United Nations and is rejected by the Polisario Front, which proclaimed its independence in 1976, creating the Saharan Arab Democratic Republic (RASD).
The RASD administers the eastern region not controlled by Morocco.
In 1991, both sides signed a ceasefire agreement with the UN in preparation for a self-determination referendum in which the Sahrawi population could decide their future.
However, hostilities resumed in November 2020, after Morocco repeatedly obstructed the holding of the consultation.
Carretera que une la ciudad de El Aaiún con su aeropuerto.
Sahara Occidental es uno de los diecisiete territorios no autónomos bajo supervisión del Comité Especial de Descolonización de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, con el fin de terminar con el colonialismo. Se encuentra en su mayor parte ocupado ilegalmente por Marruecos, mientras que la zona este del mismo es habitada por el pueblo saharahui que proclamó la República Árabe Saharahui Democrática y lucha por recuperar la zona actualmente invadida.
Road that connects the city of El Aaiún with its airport.
Western Sahara is one of the seventeen non-self-governing territories under the supervision of the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization, which aims to end colonialism. It is largely illegally occupied by Morocco, while the eastern part is inhabited by the Sahrawi people, who proclaimed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and are fighting to recover the currently invaded area.
Catedral de San Francisco de Asís, o simplemente Catedral Española, es un templo católico de la prefectura apostólica del Sahara Occidental.
La iglesia fue construida en 1954, durante la soberanía española del territorio. En la actualidad, la catedral está a cargo de los Misioneros Oblatos de María Inmaculada y sirve a la pequeña comunidad española que sigue presente en la ciudad y al personal de la misión de la ONU en el país.
Es obra del arquitecto Diego Méndez, autor del Valle de los Caídos. Fue ampliada en 1960. De planta rectangular y bóveda de medio punto, la fachada presenta celosías para la entrada de la luz.
Sahara Occidental es uno de los diecisiete territorios no autónomos bajo supervisión del Comité Especial de Descolonización de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, con el fin de terminar con el colonialismo. Se encuentra en su mayor parte ocupado ilegalmente por Marruecos, mientras que la zona este del mismo es habitada por el pueblo saharahui que proclamó la República Árabe Saharahui Democrática y lucha por recuperar la zona actualmente invadida.
Cathedral of Saint Francis of Assisi, or simply the Spanish Cathedral, a Catholic church of the Apostolic Prefecture of Western Sahara.
The church was built in 1954, during the Spanish sovereignty of the territory. Currently, the cathedral is under the care of the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate. It serves the small Spanish community still present in the city and the personnel of the UN mission in the country.
It is the work of architect Diego Méndez, designer of the Valle de los Caídos, Madrid. It was expanded in 1960. With a rectangular floor plan and a semicircular vault, the façade features lattices to allow in light.
Western Sahara is one of the seventeen non-self-governing territories under the supervision of the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization, which aims to end colonialism. It is largely illegally occupied by Morocco, while the eastern part is inhabited by the Sahrawi people, who proclaimed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and are fighting to recover the currently invaded area.
Antigua Avenida del Ejército de El Aaiún, donde todavía permanecen las viviendas con cubiertas hemiesféricas o "tipo huevo", construidas en la época en la que era una provincia española.
El capitán Enrique Alonso Allustante es considerado el introductor de esta forma de construcción en la zona. Se trata de edificaciones con muros de mampostería ordinaria, generalmente de una sola planta, con tejados de forma hemiesférica para mantener la estancia más fresca al subir el calor al hueco superior.
Sahara Occidental es uno de los diecisiete territorios no autónomos bajo supervisión del Comité Especial de Descolonización de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, con el fin de terminar con el colonialismo. Se encuentra en su mayor parte ocupado ilegalmente por Marruecos, mientras que la zona este del mismo es habitada por el pueblo saharahui que proclamó la República Árabe Saharahui Democrática y lucha por recuperar la zona actualmente invadida.
Former Army Avenue in El Aaiún, where homes with hemispherical or "egg-shaped" roofs still remain. They were built during the time that Western Sahara was a Spanish Province.
Captain Enrique Alonso Allustante is considered the pioneer of this construction style in the area. These buildings feature ordinary masonry walls, generally single-story, with hemispherical roofs to keep the room cooler as heat rises to the upper void.
Western Sahara is one of the seventeen non-self-governing territories under the supervision of the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization, which aims to end colonialism. It is largely illegally occupied by Morocco, while the eastern part is inhabited by the Sahrawi people, who proclaimed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and are fighting to recover the currently invaded area.
En el centro de la imagen vemos el faro de Villa Cisneros (también llamado faro de Arciprés) que está situado en un promontorio conocido como Arciprés Grande, cercano a la ciudad de Villa Cisneros, actual Dakhla, en el antiguo Sahara Español (hoy Sahara Occidental).
Este faro sustituye al antiguo, mucho más pequeño que vemos a la izquierda de la imagen y que data del año 1920.
Está compuesto por una torre de hormigón cilíndrica con linterna y galería y pintado con bandas horizontales negras.
Sahara Occidental, antes Sahara Español, es uno de los diecisiete territorios no autónomos bajo supervisión del Comité Especial de Descolonización de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, con el fin de terminar con el colonialismo. Se encuentra en su mayor parte ocupado ilegalmente por Marruecos, mientras que la zona este del mismo es habitada por el pueblo saharahui que proclamó la República Árabe Saharahui Democrática y lucha por recuperar la zona actualmente invadida.
In the center of the image, we see the Villa Cisneros Lighthouse (also called the Arciprés Lighthouse), located on a promontory known as Arciprés Grande, near the town of Villa Cisneros, present-day Dakhla, in the former Spanish Sahara (now Western Sahara).
This lighthouse replaced the older, much smaller one, seen on the left of the image, dating from 1920.
It consists of a cylindrical concrete tower with a lantern and gallery, painted with black horizontal bands.
Western Sahara is one of the seventeen non-self-governing territories under the supervision of the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization, which aims to end colonialism. It is largely illegally occupied by Morocco, while the eastern part is inhabited by the Sahrawi people, who proclaimed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and are fighting to recover the currently invaded area.
Bar de carretera para hacer un descanso y tomar algo en Daora, cerca de la frontera entre el antiguo Sahara Español y la frontera sur de Marruecos.
Sahara Occidental es uno de los diecisiete territorios no autónomos bajo supervisión del Comité Especial de Descolonización de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, con el fin de terminar el colonialismo.
La potencia administradora de iure es España, y como tal, hasta que finalice el periodo de la descolonización, tiene las obligaciones recogidas en los artículos 73 y 74 de la Carta de Naciones Unidas.
Su proceso de descolonización fue interrumpido en 1976, cuando España abandonó el Sahara Occidental en manos de Marruecos y Mauritania —tras la marcha verde y conforme a lo dispuesto en los Acuerdos de Madrid (1975), no válidos según el Derecho internacional—.
El territorio está ocupado actualmente en su mayor parte por Marruecos, aunque la soberanía marroquí no es reconocida por las Naciones Unidas y es rechazada por el Frente Polisario, que proclamó su independencia en 1976 creando la República Árabe Saharaui Democrática, RASD, reconocida hasta el momento por ochenta y dos países y que administra la región al este no controlada por Marruecos.
En 1991, ambas partes firmaron ante la ONU un alto el fuego con el fin de preparar la celebración de autodeterminación en el que la población saharaui pudiera decidir su futuro. Sin embargo, las hostilidades se reanudaron en noviembre de 2020, una vez que Marruecos obstaculizó de forma reiterada la celebración de dicha consulta.
Roadside bar for a break and a drink in Daora, near the border between the former Spanish Sahara and the southern of Morocco.
Western Sahara is one of the seventeen non-self-governing territories under the supervision of the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization, with the aim of ending colonialism.
The de jure administering power is Spain, and as such, until the end of the decolonization period, it has the obligations set forth in Articles 73 and 74 of the United Nations Charter.
Its decolonization process was interrupted in 1976, when Spain abandoned Western Sahara to Morocco and Mauritania—following the Green March and in accordance with the provisions of the Madrid Agreements (1975), which are invalid under international law.
The territory is currently largely occupied by Morocco, although Moroccan sovereignty is not recognized by the United Nations and is rejected by the Polisario Front, which declared its independence in 1976, creating the Saharan Arab Democratic Republic (RASD), recognized to date by eighty-two countries and which administers the eastern region not controlled by Morocco.
In 1991, both parties signed a ceasefire agreement with the UN to prepare for the self-determination process, in which the Saharan population could decide their future. However, hostilities resumed in November 2020 after Morocco repeatedly obstructed the consultation.
"An Israeli air attack on a Palestinian refugee camp in southern Lebanon has killed 13 people and wounded several.... Israel’s military has carried out several air strikes in parts of southern Gaza’s Rafah and Khan Younis." 19/XI/25 + www.newarab.com/news/israeli-massacre-lebanon-kills-14-dr...
"to name racism [in looking at health inequality] provides space for flawed interpretations assigning ethnicity, culture, behaviour, or an inappropriately biologized understanding of race – rather than racism – as the relevant risk factors (...) a common practice within the extant literature on PCI health inequities in Israel as has been comprehensively noted by scholars (...) Because the purpose of describing racial health inequities is to ultimately change them, utilising the most accurate framework is crucial for designing appropriate interventions. Naming racism as the root cause radically reconfigures potential solutions, which might otherwise tend to be superficial, race-blind, or victim-blaming rather than transformative. When utilising a critical analysis of the root causes of health inequity in Israel – settler colonialism and resultant structural racism – the inadequacy of many existing explanations for worse health outcomes becomes clear, and prior research highlighting social determinants of PCI health that lack explicit discussions of racism can and should be recast as evidence of its pervasiveness." - www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17441692.2023.221460...
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Kastell Rostormel/ Restormel Castle - Kernow/ Cornwall
"Restormel Castle (Cornish: Kastel Rostorrmel)[1] lies by the River Fowey near Lostwithiel in Cornwall, England, UK. It is one of the four chief Norman castles of Cornwall, the others being Launceston, Tintagel and Trematon. The castle is notable for its perfectly circular design. Once a luxurious residence of the Earl of Cornwall, the castle was all but ruined by the 16th century. It was briefly reoccupied and fought over during the English Civil War, but was subsequently abandoned. It is now in the care of English Heritage and open to the public." en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restormel_Castle
Faro situado en el cabo Bojador en el antiguo territorio del Sahara Español, construido por España en el siglo XX.
Sahara Occidental es uno de los diecisiete territorios no autónomos bajo supervisión del Comité Especial de Descolonización de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, con el fin de terminar con el colonialismo. Se encuentra en su mayor parte ocupado ilegalmente por Marruecos, mientras que la zona este del mismo es habitada por el pueblo saharahui que proclamó la República Árabe Saharahui Democrática y lucha por recuperar la zona actualmente invadida.
Lighthouse located at Cape Bojador in the former territory of Spanish Sahara, built by Spain in the 20th century.
Western Sahara is one of the seventeen non-self-governing territories under the supervision of the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization, which aims to end colonialism. It is largely illegally occupied by Morocco, while the eastern part is inhabited by the Sahrawi people, who proclaimed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and are fighting to recover the currently invaded area.
Avenida del Ejército en la ciudad de El Aaiún, capital del antiguo Sahara Español.
Sahara Occidental es uno de los diecisiete territorios no autónomos bajo supervisión del Comité Especial de Descolonización de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, con el fin de terminar con el colonialismo. Se encuentra en su mayor parte ocupado ilegalmente por Marruecos, mientras que la zona este del mismo es habitada por el pueblo saharahui que proclamó la República Árabe Saharahui Democrática y lucha por recuperar la zona actualmente invadida.
Avenida del Ejército in El Aaiún, capital city of the former Spanish Sahara.
Western Sahara is one of the seventeen non-self-governing territories under the supervision of the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization, which aims to end colonialism. It is largely illegally occupied by Morocco, while the eastern part is inhabited by the Sahrawi people, who proclaimed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and are fighting to recover the currently invaded area.
Antigua Avenida del Ejército de El Aaiún, donde todavía permanecen las viviendas con cubiertas hemiesféricas o "tipo huevo", construidas en la época en la que era una provincia española.
El capitán Enrique Alonso Allustante es considerado el introductor de esta forma de construcción en la zona. Se trata de edificaciones con muros de mampostería ordinaria, generalmente de una sola planta, con tejados de forma hemiesférica para mantener la estancia más fresca al subir el calor al hueco superior.
Sahara Occidental es uno de los diecisiete territorios no autónomos bajo supervisión del Comité Especial de Descolonización de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, con el fin de terminar con el colonialismo. Se encuentra en su mayor parte ocupado ilegalmente por Marruecos, mientras que la zona este del mismo es habitada por el pueblo saharahui que proclamó la República Árabe Saharahui Democrática y lucha por recuperar la zona actualmente invadida.
Former Army Avenue in El Aaiún, where homes with hemispherical or "egg-shaped" roofs still remain. They were built during the time that Western Sahara was a Spanish Province.
Captain Enrique Alonso Allustante is considered the pioneer of this construction style in the area. These buildings feature ordinary masonry walls, generally single-story, with hemispherical roofs to keep the room cooler as heat rises to the upper void.
Western Sahara is one of the seventeen non-self-governing territories under the supervision of the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization, which aims to end colonialism. It is largely illegally occupied by Morocco, while the eastern part is inhabited by the Sahrawi people, who proclaimed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and are fighting to recover the currently invaded area.
Frutería en El Aaiún.
Sahara Occidental es uno de los diecisiete territorios no autónomos bajo supervisión del Comité Especial de Descolonización de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, con el fin de terminar con el colonialismo. Se encuentra en su mayor parte ocupado ilegalmente por Marruecos, mientras que la zona este del mismo es habitada por el pueblo saharahui que proclamó la República Árabe Saharahui Democrática y lucha por recuperar la zona actualmente invadida.
Fruit shop in El Aaiún.
Western Sahara is one of the seventeen non-self-governing territories under the supervision of the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization, which aims to end colonialism. It is largely illegally occupied by Morocco, while the eastern part is inhabited by the Sahrawi people, who proclaimed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and are fighting to recover the currently invaded area.
En 2005, Villa Cisneros, actual Dakhla, se convirtió en el escenario de graves protestas en contra de la ocupación por parte de Marruecos. El 25 de mayo de 2005, la Policía marroquí disolvió la manifestación pacífica en apoyo a la independencia y al Frente Polisario en el marco de las protestas en las calles de los principales núcleos urbanos del Sahara Occidental junto a las protestas prosaharauis en algunos centros universitarios marroquíes. Las autoridades marroquíes fueron acusadas de detenciones improcedentes, torturas y violaciones de los derechos humanos.
Sahara Occidental es uno de los diecisiete territorios no autónomos bajo supervisión del Comité Especial de Descolonización de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, con el fin de terminar con el colonialismo. Se encuentra en su mayor parte ocupado ilegalmente por Marruecos, mientras que la zona este del mismo es habitada por el pueblo saharahui que proclamó la República Árabe Saharahui Democrática y lucha por recuperar la zona actualmente invadida.
In 2005, Villa Cisneros, now Dakhla, became the scene of serious protests against the Moroccan occupation. On 25 May 2005, the Moroccan police broke up a peaceful demonstration in support of independence and the Polisario Front, which took place in the streets of major urban centres in Western Sahara, along with pro-Sahrawi protests in some Moroccan universities. The Moroccan authorities were accused of unlawful arrests, torture and human rights violations.
Western Sahara is one of the seventeen non-self-governing territories under the supervision of the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization, which aims to end colonialism. It is largely illegally occupied by Morocco, while the eastern part is inhabited by the Sahrawi people, who proclaimed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and are fighting to recover the currently invaded area.
It's been about six years since we last went to Port Townsend. It was a pleasure to see and photograph the beautiful Hastings Building again.
En 2005, Villa Cisneros, actual Dakhla, se convirtió en el escenario de graves protestas en contra de la ocupación por parte de Marruecos. El 25 de mayo de 2005, la Policía marroquí disolvió la manifestación pacífica en apoyo a la independencia y al Frente Polisario en el marco de las protestas en las calles de los principales núcleos urbanos del Sahara Occidental junto a las protestas prosaharauis en algunos centros universitarios marroquíes. Las autoridades marroquíes fueron acusadas de detenciones improcedentes, torturas y violaciones de los derechos humanos.
Sahara Occidental es uno de los diecisiete territorios no autónomos bajo supervisión del Comité Especial de Descolonización de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, con el fin de terminar con el colonialismo. Se encuentra en su mayor parte ocupado ilegalmente por Marruecos, mientras que la zona este del mismo es habitada por el pueblo saharahui que proclamó la República Árabe Saharahui Democrática y lucha por recuperar la zona actualmente invadida.
In 2005, Villa Cisneros, now Dakhla, became the scene of serious protests against the Moroccan occupation. On 25 May 2005, the Moroccan police broke up a peaceful demonstration in support of independence and the Polisario Front, which took place in the streets of major urban centres in Western Sahara, along with pro-Sahrawi protests in some Moroccan universities. The Moroccan authorities were accused of unlawful arrests, torture and human rights violations.
Western Sahara is one of the seventeen non-self-governing territories under the supervision of the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization, which aims to end colonialism. It is largely illegally occupied by Morocco, while the eastern part is inhabited by the Sahrawi people, who proclaimed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and are fighting to recover the currently invaded area.
Costa del antiguo Sahara Español en el océano Atlántico.
Sahara Occidental es uno de los diecisiete territorios no autónomos bajo supervisión del Comité Especial de Descolonización de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, con el fin de terminar con el colonialismo. Se encuentra en su mayor parte ocupado ilegalmente por Marruecos, mientras que la zona este del mismo es habitada por el pueblo saharahui que proclamó la República Árabe Saharahui Democrática y lucha por recuperar la zona actualmente invadida.
Coast of the former Spanish Sahara on the Atlantic Ocean.
Western Sahara is one of the seventeen non-self-governing territories under the supervision of the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization, which aims to end colonialism. It is largely illegally occupied by Morocco, while the eastern part is inhabited by the Sahrawi people, who proclaimed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and are fighting to recover the currently invaded area.
Delfines nadando cerca del pequeño islote de Herne, o del Dragón, en la bahía de Río de Oro en el antiguo Sahara Español. Ese es el lugar en el que la leyenda sitúa una de las colonias fundadas por el cartaginés Hanon en el siglo V a. C.
Río de Oro fue una de las dos divisiones territoriales del Sahara Español con capital en Villa Cisneros, actualmente Dakhla. Abarcaba una superficie de 184 000 km².
Sahara Occidental, antes Sahara Español, es uno de los diecisiete territorios no autónomos bajo supervisión del Comité Especial de Descolonización de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, con el fin de terminar con el colonialismo. Se encuentra en su mayor parte ocupado ilegalmente por Marruecos, mientras que la zona este del mismo es habitada por el pueblo saharahui que proclamó la República Árabe Saharahui Democrática y lucha por recuperar la zona actualmente invadida.
Dolphins swimming near the small islet of Herne, or the Dragon, in the bay of Río de Oro in the former Spanish Sahara. This is the place where legend places one of the colonies founded by the Carthaginian Hanon in the 5th century BC.
Río de Oro was one of the two territorial divisions of Spanish Sahara with its capital in Villa Cisneros, currently Dakhla. It covered an area of 184,000 km².
Western Sahara is one of the seventeen non-self-governing territories under the supervision of the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization, which aims to end colonialism. It is largely illegally occupied by Morocco, while the eastern part is inhabited by the Sahrawi people, who proclaimed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and are fighting to recover the currently invaded area.
Visitors can be seen walking far down in the Almannagjá Gorge in Þingvellir National Park in southwest Iceland. The entire Þingvellir region is located in a rift valley created by the drifting apart of the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates. The tectonic plates are drifting in opposite directions at the rate of 7 mm (0.276 in) annually. Almannagjá lies along the North American plate on the west side of the valley. It measures 7.7 km long and 64 m wide at its maximum. The gorge’s cliffs lie along a fault with a maximum throw of 30-40 m. Geologists believe the Þingvellir faults (fissures) to be the surface expressions of deeply rooted normal faults. Basalt from cooled lava flows make up the cliffs and valley floor. About two thousand years ago, the basalt erupted from near by fissures. At the top of the photo, the base of Ármannsfell, a volcanic mountain, dominates the horizon.
This unique geology became the backdrop for some of Iceland's most important political and cultural events. Iceland’s settlement by The Norse began with the arrival of Ingólfur Arnarson in 874. Historians refer to the next 56 years, as ‘The Settlement Period’. Driven away from a newly united Norway under King Harald Fairhair, settlers from many different clans settled all around the island’s shores. Though the new arrivals shared an ancestral home, religion and language, difference sprang up because each clan had its own leaders and customs. Violence broke out from time to time between these clans both over their beliefs and for the limited resources their new island had to offer. In order to address these issues the people decided to hold a general assembly with members from each clan.
A man called Grímur Geitskör was given the tasks of gathering representatives from each clan and finding a suitable meeting location. As Geitskör was searching for a location, a man who owned a sheltered piece of land accessible from all corners of the country was convicted of murder, and his property turned public. This sheltered place was in the rift valley at Þingvellir. People from all over Iceland could reach the assembly place with no more than seventeen days of traveling. In 930 AD, over thirty ruling chiefs met for the first time at Þingvellir to discuss law on the island and to create a Viking commonwealth. Their meeting place was within the Almannagjá Gorge.
Þingvellir translated literally means "Assembly Plains”. The Parliament, called The Alþing, met at Þingvellir from 930 to 1798 AD. Many important historic and cultural events occurred here while Parliment was in session which makes it one of the most imporant places in Icelandic History. In 1799 the Alþing stopped meeting due to Danish colonialism. The Alþing started meeting again sporadically in 1848 in Reykjavik but was given only limited powers by the King of Denmark. It was 1907 before the Alþing started meeting regularly also in Reykjavik. In 1928, just before the 1000 anniversary of the foundation of Alþingi in 1930, the parliament made Þingvellir a National Park. When Iceland declared it independence from Denmark in 1944, the declaration was made at Þingvellir. Today, hundreds of thousands visit Þingvellir National Park every year and most of those visitors walk the Almannagjá.
References:
icelandroadguide.com/items/hakid/
guidetoiceland.is/connect-with-locals/jorunnsg/ingvellir-...
notendur.hi.is/oi/geology_of_thingvellir.htm
www.thingvellir.is/en/history-nature/history/
icelandmag.is/article/9-essential-things-know-about-thing...
Descenso del avión para aterrizar en el aeropuerto de El Aaiún, capital de la antigua provincia española del Sahara.
Sahara Occidental es uno de los diecisiete territorios no autónomos bajo supervisión del Comité Especial de Descolonización de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, con el fin de terminar el colonialismo.
La potencia administradora de iure es España, y como tal, hasta que finalice el periodo de la descolonización, tiene las obligaciones recogidas en los artículos 73 y 74 de la Carta de Naciones Unidas. Esta posición ha sido ratificada por los órganos jurisdiccionales españoles, los cuales en alguna ocasión se han declarado competentes para conocer de los delitos cometidos en el territorio.
Su proceso de descolonización fue interrumpido en 1976, cuando España abandonó el Sahara Occidental en manos de Marruecos y Mauritania —tras la marcha verde y conforme a lo dispuesto en los Acuerdos de Madrid (1975), no válidos según el Derecho internacional—. El territorio está ocupado actualmente en su mayor parte por Marruecos, que lo llama sus Provincias Meridionales, aunque la soberanía marroquí no es reconocida por las Naciones Unidas y es rechazada por el Frente Polisario, que proclamó su independencia en 1976 creando la República Árabe Saharaui Democrática, RASD, reconocida hasta el momento por ochenta y dos países de los cuales cincuenta y uno han congelado o cancelado su relación con ella. Esta, administra la región al este no controlada por Marruecos, la cual denomina Zona Libre o Territorios Liberados. En 1991, ambas partes firmaron ante la ONU un alto al fuego con el fin de preparar la celebración de autodeterminación en el que la población saharaui pudiera decidir su futuro. Sin embargo, las hostilidades se reanudaron en noviembre de 2020, una vez que Marruecos obstaculizó de forma reiterada la celebración de dicha consulta.
The plane descent to land at El Aaiún Airport, capital of the former Spanish province of Western Sahara.
Western Sahara is one of the seventeen non-self-governing territories under the supervision of the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization, with the aim of ending colonialism.
The "iure" administering power is Spain, and as such, until the end of the decolonization period, it has the obligations set forth in Articles 73 and 74 of the United Nations Charter. This position has been ratified by Spanish judicial bodies, which have occasionally declared themselves competent to hear crimes committed in the territory.
Its decolonization process was interrupted in 1976, when Spain abandoned Western Sahara to Morocco and Mauritania—following the Green March and in accordance with the provisions of the Madrid Agreements (1975), which are not valid under international law. The territory is currently occupied for the most part by Morocco, which calls it its Southern Provinces, although Moroccan sovereignty is not recognized by the United Nations and is rejected by the Polisario Front, which proclaimed its independence in 1976, creating the Sahraui Arab Democratic Republic (RASD), recognized so far by eighty-two countries, of which fifty-one have frozen or canceled their relations with it. The RASD administers the eastern region not controlled by Morocco, which it calls the Free Zone or Liberated Territories. In 1991, both parties signed a ceasefire agreement before the UN in order to prepare for the celebration of self-determination in which the Sahraui population could decide their future. However, hostilities resumed in November 2020, after Morocco repeatedly obstructed the holding of the consultation.
Monument to George Grivas-Dhigenis (d. 1974), the commander of the Cypriot struggle for independence from British colonial rule (1955-59), in Paphos-Pegeias. After 300 years of Ottoman rule, Cyprus did not experience freedom, it was colonised by the British. Have you forgotten? The liberation struggle was bloody (and the British being accused of torture and rape as means of warfare). Did you know that Britain paid £ one million as compensation to the surviving victims (without accepting any guilt of course). When? In 2019.