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Iron Shell, LLC
415 N Plumer Ave, Tucson, AZ 85719
520-207-9043
ecorp.azcc.gov/Details/Corp?corpId=L17508699
Patent - CURABLE COMPOSITION, PASTE, AND OXIDATIVELY CARBONATED COMPOSITION
Strain energy and process zone based fracture characterization
of a novel iron carbonate binding material.
Iron Shell, LLC has developed a carbon-negative, iron-based binder for use with recycled materials — as an alternative to regular concrete. Their green product, Ferrock-TM, uses sustainable materials and has reduced environmental impact, greater flexural strength and resistance to salt water corrosion.
Maquillaje y peluquería: Clara Bejarano, Gonzalo, Lucía, Beatriz.
- Realización de prótesis de cuernos en espuma rígida de poliuretano y prótesis de orejas en silicona de platino (moldes,modelado etc.)
- Saliente de los cuernos en sculpt gel y dar textura a pincel
- Maquillaje de aerógrafo en distintas tonalidades degradadas de rosa, maquillaje graso y maquillaje a pincel, pestañas postizas etc.
Para ver la sesión completa/ More in: www.flickr.com/photos/lauraivorra/
Photographer and stylist: lauraivorra.
Characterization make-up: Ana Lahoz.
Make-up: Paula de Barón.
Models: Celia Verdú, Jaime Vicedo, Fran de la Torre, Yolanda Lopez y Marcos Abad.
Wednesday, June 21, 2023, Albany Oregon; Alloy Development and Manufacture- Computational Materials with Youhai Wen; Geology & Geospatial Analysis - Geosciences Analysis, Interpretation and assessment (GAIA) with Jen Bauer & Mackenzie Mark-Moser; Materials and Geomaterials Characterization - Analytical Physics - Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with Circe Verba; CO2 Storage Stability, Seal Integrity, Drilling Fluid Performance, Corrosion, Critical Minerals, and REE - High Pressure Immersion and Reactive Transport lab (HiPert) with Circe Verba; Participants: Stephanie Strain, Galya Vicnansky, Jonathan Prout, Chris Slaton, Araceli Lara, Nicole Gonzalez Ceballos
Mickey Leland research associate Diana Alvarado working in the lab with mentor Biswanath Dutta. Diana is working on the Reaction Engineering Team at NETL studying Synthesis and Characterization of high-energy-surface structures/facets for alkane dehydrogenation reactions. In this research, Diana will learn how to conduct database searching and how to use NETL supercomputer Joule 2.0 to perform density functional theory (DFT) calculations and lattice phonon dynamics simulation with existing software packages (VASP, PhonoPy, etc.). This project is directly related to our research tasks of the on-going NETL Carbon Capture FWP on developing CO2 capture & utilization technologies for fighting global warming.
Wednesday, June 21, 2023, Albany Oregon; Alloy Development and Manufacture- Computational Materials with Youhai Wen; Geology & Geospatial Analysis - Geosciences Analysis, Interpretation and assessment (GAIA) with Jen Bauer & Mackenzie Mark-Moser; Materials and Geomaterials Characterization - Analytical Physics - Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with Circe Verba; CO2 Storage Stability, Seal Integrity, Drilling Fluid Performance, Corrosion, Critical Minerals, and REE - High Pressure Immersion and Reactive Transport lab (HiPert) with Circe Verba; Participants: Stephanie Strain, Galya Vicnansky, Jonathan Prout, Chris Slaton, Araceli Lara, Nicole Gonzalez Ceballos
My friend Eric and I went out to an alley way downtown. We were lucky that no one bothered us to leave. This was for a characterization project in my portraiture class. I chose Bond, James Bond. Pretty awesome shoot. It's nice to shoot with another photographer, he understood my concept and what I wanted to do. You can find Eric's work here.
Strobist:
1 AlienBee 1600 camera left with a large octabox.
1 AlienBee 800 over Eric's head with a homemade cardboard grid.
1 AlienBee 800 bare head behind subject
1 Canon 580exII low and left barehead.
All fired with pocket wizards.
"Well, George, I must say that I am deeply hurt over your sloppy, ideologically addled mis-characterization of me and my business in this little 'moving picture' of yours.
I say I have enjoyed more balanced representations of the private sector in third-rate Federal Theatre Project plays acted from the back of a pick-up truck in some farmer's field.
For that matter, the worst of your...Mr...Stalin's...state theatre portrays me and my brethren in a fairer light.
You... admire...that...Mr.... Stalin..., don't you, George?"
Well, you once called me a warped, frustrated old man. Well look at me now; I'm an illustration in New York Magazine's hit piece on Governor Christie. " Go ahead, George, click the link: nymag.com/daily/intel/2011/07/punchiminhishead.html
Wednesday, June 21, 2023, Albany Oregon; Alloy Development and Manufacture- Computational Materials with Youhai Wen; Geology & Geospatial Analysis - Geosciences Analysis, Interpretation and assessment (GAIA) with Jen Bauer & Mackenzie Mark-Moser; Materials and Geomaterials Characterization - Analytical Physics - Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with Circe Verba; CO2 Storage Stability, Seal Integrity, Drilling Fluid Performance, Corrosion, Critical Minerals, and REE - High Pressure Immersion and Reactive Transport lab (HiPert) with Circe Verba; Participants: Stephanie Strain, Galya Vicnansky, Jonathan Prout, Chris Slaton, Araceli Lara, Nicole Gonzalez Ceballos
We were here last fall- the trail of tears back east for the holidays started here, at least by Sharon's characterization. It's maybe 5 miles north of Plaskett Creek campground, and on the ocean side of the Pacific Coast Highway, so instead of a little glimpse of the ocean through the trees you have a panoramic view from 170 feet above the water,. This view is almost straight west, and the coast here goes SE to NW. Sharon insisted on this very non-level campsite the first night we were here, which was so bad the refrigerator barely worked. We moved to a much better spot the next morning.
Mickey Leland intern Jessica Spears and mentor Jonathan Tucker studying the material Characterization of Granular Powders
Suspended Animation Classic #616
First published October 15, 2000 (#42) (Dates are approximate)
The First
By Michael Vance
The Good. The Bad. The Ugly.
The First.
The Good: The art on The First, the newest comic book from Crossgen, is exceptional. Dynamic. Engaging. Flawless visual storytelling. Its artist, Bart Sears, is among the best in the artform today.
The Bad: Characterization is overwhelmed by melodramatic plot and dialog. Art is emphasized over story. The first First is simply an extended fight scene.
The Ugly: It will not attract the huge non-comics reading public to the artform, one of the stated and important goals of its publisher.
The First is the epic tale of two warring nations and the gods who created and manipulate them. Look under Homer in your local library.
They are a nation of people who embrace heroic poses against magnificent backgrounds, They are an extremely literate people who say things like: “Gods of the world and spirit, this unworthy one humbly begs your notice!” Briefly, they are a Wagnerian opera without music or the movie Braveheart without the nuances of human personality or natural dialog.
Hopefully, those human nuances will develop in the second or following issues of this new series. If they do not, this title will fail. My guess is that, regrettably, the stilted dialog is there to stay.
It is a regret because comic books desperately need to expand their audience, and the talent to attract that audience can definitely be found in The First. Without the excessively grandiose poses and dialog, and with a focus on character over plot, there is no reason it should not reach the same adult audience that made Braveheart a success.
Until the editorial philosophy that underlies the industry recognizes this, and a few other marketing problems are overcome, The First and most other comic book titles still fixated on superheroes will remain second class media citizens.
The First is recommended for readers who enjoy epic fantasy.
The First #1/$2.95 and 27 pages/words: Barb Kesel/sold in comics shops and by mail.
Dedicada al otoño ... :) Mostrando el tocado
Estilismo: Lidia Aparicio y Saray Leadger
Fotografía: Ashary
Maquillaje: Lidia Aparicio
Peluquería: Saray Cheveux
Modelo: Anónimo
Mickey Leland research associate Diana Alvarado working in the lab with mentor Biswanath Dutta. Diana is working on the Reaction Engineering Team at NETL studying Synthesis and Characterization of high-energy-surface structures/facets for alkane dehydrogenation reactions. In this research, Diana will learn how to conduct database searching and how to use NETL supercomputer Joule 2.0 to perform density functional theory (DFT) calculations and lattice phonon dynamics simulation with existing software packages (VASP, PhonoPy, etc.). This project is directly related to our research tasks of the on-going NETL Carbon Capture FWP on developing CO2 capture & utilization technologies for fighting global warming.
Mickey Leland research associate Diana Alvarado working in the lab with mentor Biswanath Dutta. Diana is working on the Reaction Engineering Team at NETL studying Synthesis and Characterization of high-energy-surface structures/facets for alkane dehydrogenation reactions. In this research, Diana will learn how to conduct database searching and how to use NETL supercomputer Joule 2.0 to perform density functional theory (DFT) calculations and lattice phonon dynamics simulation with existing software packages (VASP, PhonoPy, etc.). This project is directly related to our research tasks of the on-going NETL Carbon Capture FWP on developing CO2 capture & utilization technologies for fighting global warming.
As we explore states for wildlife and interesting places, we often learn some of the unique characterizations of the people.
With many bodies of water in the state of Maine, homes are frequently seen along water. In this case, the lake was behind my back as I took this photo. As a result, these homes are often designed to be integrated with nature. This house shows some of that integration. Notice the green roof, the brown horizontal log siding, the deciduous and evergreen trees in the rear, the rough rock foundation covering, etc. All in all, with the two flags in front, (U.S. and U.S. Marine Corp.) the property caught my eye.
We think this house is in the Eagle Lake area of northern Maine.
Image extracted from: Polyphasic characterization of Trichocoleus desertorum sp. nov. (Pseudanabaenales, Cyanobacteria) from desert soils and phylogenetic placement of the genus Trichocoleus by Radka Muhlsteinova, Jeffrey R. Johansen, Nicole Pietrasiak, Michael P. Martin, Karina Osorio-Santos, Steven D. Warren. Phytotaxa (2014) doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.163.5.1 licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC-BY) creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
Mickey Leland research associate Diana Alvarado working in the lab with mentor Biswanath Dutta. Diana is working on the Reaction Engineering Team at NETL studying Synthesis and Characterization of high-energy-surface structures/facets for alkane dehydrogenation reactions. In this research, Diana will learn how to conduct database searching and how to use NETL supercomputer Joule 2.0 to perform density functional theory (DFT) calculations and lattice phonon dynamics simulation with existing software packages (VASP, PhonoPy, etc.). This project is directly related to our research tasks of the on-going NETL Carbon Capture FWP on developing CO2 capture & utilization technologies for fighting global warming.
solar cell characterization
Customer - Soldaduras Avanzadas - Spain
Quinta Ingenieria develop custom tester equipment in automatic, semiautomatic and manual mode, including electrical testing, computer vision, measurement of torque, angle, size, etc. ...
We have developed test equipment and quality control (hardware and software) for automotive, solar and electronics in general
New 5-star review calls Elysian Fields “a masterpiece … must-read . . . Laugh-out-loud comedy in characterization, dialogue, and situation. Near-Proustian sensory evocations of moods and remembrances through place description, and characters one might find in The Confederacy of Dunces, Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil . . . and the novels of Dickens. This book is also a penetrating meditation on the difficulty of living the life of the mind, and the manner in which one comes to know oneself and gain wisdom only by slow accretion of life experiences.”
Click here to read the full review:
www.amazon.com/Elysian-Fields-Mark-LaFlaur/product-review...
Characterization and sequence analysis of GhMKK1.(A) Multiple amino acid sequence alignment of GhMKK1 (HQ828075) with AtMKK1 (NP_974619), NtMEK1 (CAC24705), LeMKK1 (AAU04433), and PcMKK2 (AAS21304). Identical and similar amino acids are shaded in black, and the docking domain is shaded in grey. The Roman numbers (I-XI) on the bottom indicate conserved subdomains, and a double-head arrow marks the active site motif. The serine and/or threonine residues in the conserved consensus motif, S/TXXXXXS/T, between subdomains VII and VIII of the MAPKKs are underlined, and the conserved consensus motif GXGXXG is boxed. The dots above the sequences represent activating sites, and asterisks indicate substrate specificity. (B) The phylogenetic relationships between GhMKK1 and other plant MAPKK proteins. The neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree was created using Clustal W and MEGA 4.0 software. The numbers above or below the branches indicate the bootstrap values (>50%) from 500 replicates. GhMKK1 is highlighted in grey. Each gene name is followed by its protein ID. The species of origin is indicated by the abbreviation before the gene names: Pc, Petroselinum crispum; Le, Lycopersicon esculentum; Gh, Gossypium hirsutum; At, Arabidopsis thaliana; Os, Oryza sativa; Zm, Zea mays; Nt, Nicotiana tabacum; Ms, Medicago sativa; and Nb, Nicotiana benthamiana. A, B, C, and D indicate the MAPKK group.
THIS MARKS THE 100TH SHIPMENT OF ROCKY FLATS TRANSURANIC WASTE THAT TRAVELED SAFELY TO WIPP.
IN THE SPRING OF 2001, DOE ROCKY FLATS ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY SITE COMPLETED ITS 100TH SHIPMENT OF TRANSURANIC WASTE TO THE WASTE ISOLATION PILOT PLANT (WIPP) IN CARLSBAD, N.M. WASTE DRUMS DESTINED FOR WIPP MUST BE PACKAGED IN ACCORDANCE WITH STRICT QUALITY CONTROLS. CHARACTERIZATION OF A SINGLE DRUM OF TRANSURANIC WASTE CAN TAKE TWO TO FOUR WEEKS.
For more information or additional images, please contact 202-586-5251.
Flint is the state gemstone of Ohio. "Flint" is sometimes used as a lithologic term by modern geologists, but it is a synonym for chert. Flint and chert are the same - they are cryptocrystalline, quartzose sedimentary rocks. Rockhounds often assert that flint is high-quality while chert is low-quality. Some geologists assert that "flint" implies a biogenic origin and "chert" implies a chemical origin.
Many cherts do have a chemical origin - chert nodules are moderately common in some limestone units. The nodules form during diagenesis - pre-existing silica components in the carbonate sediments are dissolved, mobilized, and reprecipitated as chert masses. Some cherts do have a biogenic origin - for example, radiolarian cherts (rich in radiolarian microfossils) or spicular cherts (rich in siliceous sponge spicules).
The most famous flint deposit in Ohio is Flint Ridge, in Licking County. At this locality, the Middle Pennsylvanian-aged Vanport Flint is exposed in several places. The geologic literature on the Vanport Flint is relatively sparse, with inaccurate, incomplete descriptions and characterizations. For example, the literature describes the Vanport as a sheet of flint at Flint Ridge - it's actually a meganodule horizon. Other descriptions refer to the chert as the remains of siliceous sponges. In reality, siliceous sponge spicules are quite scarce in Vanport samples.
Two graduate student projects during the 2000s, conducted at two different universities, had very different conclusions & interpretations about the origin of the Vanport Flint. A 2003 study concluded that chert at Flint Ridge is biogenic in origin. A 2006 study concluded that the chert is chemical in origin.
Modern flint knappers value the Vanport Flint for being multicolored and high-quality (= very few impurities). With artificial heating, the flint is more easily knapped into arrowheads, spear points, and other objects. Prehistoric American Indians quarried the Vanport Flint at many specific sites on Flint Ridge. Old flint pits can be seen in Flint Ridge State Park. Many authentic artifacts found in Ohio (arrowheads & spearpoints - "projectile points") and elsewhere are composed of Vanport Flint.
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Info. from park signage:
FLINT RIDGE
For more than 10,000 years, Flint Ridge was one of the most important flint quarries in eastern North America. The flint formed at the bottom of a shallow ocean 300 million years ago. The softer rocks surrounding the flint have washed away, leaving the hard flint exposed near the surface. Prehistoric people came here to quarry the flint, which they crafted into a variety of stone tools. Hundreds of quarry pits and workshops are scattered for miles along this ridge. The beautiful rainbow-colored flint was especially prized by the Hopewell culture that built the nearby Newark Earthworks. Artifacts crafted from Flint Ridge flint may be found throughout eastern North America. In more recent times, local industries quarried the flint for use as grindstones.
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FLINT RIDGE
Flint Ridge is a chain of long, narrow hills extending from a few miles east of Newark almost to Zanesville, a distance of more than twenty miles. The surface of these hills is underlaid with an irregular layer of flint, which may be only a few inches or several feet in thickness and varies greatly in color and texture. In many places along this ridge, the soil has been eroded, revealing the underlying flint. You are standing at one of these outcroppings.
Flint is formed by a geologic process whereby the softer limestones and shales are replaced with much harder silica. Due to its high quartz content, flint polishes beautifully and exceptional pieces of jewelry can be made from it. The 106th General Assembly designated flint as Ohio's offical gem stone in 1965 because of its occurrence in several parts of Ohio, particularly Flint Ridge, and because of its importance as a semi-precious gem stone.
Flint is both hard and brittle and thus can be broken into pieces that have razor sharp edges. For this reason, Indians as long as 9000 years ago traveled to this ridge to secure the rock for making projectile points, knives, and scrapers. The area is now covered with hundreds of shallow pits from which flint has been quarries through the ages; several are visible along the trails. The prehistoric Indians broke off chunks of flint with stone mauls and pried them out of the pits with wooden poles. They broke the chunks into usable pieces with hammerstones and then proceeded to chip the flint for various purposes.
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FLINT RIDGE
The history of American Indians in Licking County goes back 14,000 years, and countless generations of native people spent full and varied lives in this area. Probably the best known are those whom archaeologists identify as the Hopewell, who left their imprint in the form of monumental earthworks, including the Newark Earthworks located just 11 miles from here.
Flint - specifically, Vanport or Flint Ridge flint - contributed significantly to this rich human history. As you stand here today at Flint Ridge Ancient Quarries & Nature Preserve, you're standing a few feet above a layer of flint 10-12 feet thick that stretches for 8 miles from east to west and for 3 miles from north to south. This flint deposit is so large that it actually shapes the landscape of Flint Ridge. First, it influences how and where trees grown and fall. Second, 14,000 years' worth of quarrying by the people who originally lived here changed the area's ecology.
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THIS QUARTER-MILE TRAIL SHARES THE STORY OF FLINT RIDGE
FLINT: "OHIO'S GEMSTONES", BUT WHY?
Vanport flint formed at the bottom of an ocean millions of years ago, and its unique properties made it a valuable source of material for crafting tools for ancient American Indians and early European settlers. Today, Vanport flint, with its rich and varied colors, is prized as Ohio's state gemstone.
TECHNOLOGY: MINING AND CRAFTING FLINT
The quarries and workshops at Flint Ridge are the traces of Ohio's first industry. The flint was dug from the ground and shaped into many kinds of tools.
THE PEOPLE OF THE RIDGE
Studying flint tools found in this area - how they were made and how they were used - provides insight into the American Indian people who lived in central Ohio prior to European contact.
NATURAL HISTORY: FOR EVERYTHING THERE IS A SEASON
The ancient flint quarries have becom vernal pools (temporary wetlands) that are now home to a variety of plants and animals. In addition, the presence of the flint layer just a few feet underneath the soil greatly influences the ways that trees in the area grow.
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OHIO'S GEMSTONE
VANPORT FLINT
The flint deposits at Flint Ridge are found in rocks of the geologic era known as the Pennsylvanian Period (299-320 million years ago). These deposits are the largest and purest occurrence of flint in the state. Technically called "Vanport Flint", Flint Ridge flint occurs in layers from 10 to 12 feet thick at this site. Vanport flint is particularly notable for its array of colors. Flint ranges in color from white to black, but is usually light gray to milky white and often mottled with patches and streaks. Other colors, however, such as bright red, yellow, green, and blue make Vanport flint unique. It can be so colorful that it's commonly referred to as Ohio's "rainbow" flint. The unusual beauty and historical importance of Flint Ridge flint earned it the title of Ohio's official gemstone in 1965.
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WHAT IS FLINT?
Flint is a sedimentary rock - it formed from sediment, material that settled millions of years ago to the bottom of the seas that covered what is now Ohio. Flint is a type of the common mineral quartz. It's one of the "microcrystalline" forms of quartz, meaning that its crystals are so small they can't be seen without magnification. The crystals are also tightly locked together, which gives flint its even consistency and hardness. These and other properties of flint make it an ideal material for creating sharp, durable tools.
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PEOPLE AT FLINT RIDGE THROUGH TIME
During the Middle Woodland Period (2,000 to 1,500 years ago), Ohio's American Indian culture began to quarry Flint Ridge flint on a more industrial scale. They still used the flint to make the tools needed for the tasks of daily living, but now they began to create specialty items, such as bladelet cores and teardrop-shaped knives. These were signature artifacts of the Hopewell culture (1-450 A.D.), and Hopewell people used these beautiful objects, as burial offerings, ceremonial gifts, and trade items for distribution from special places such as the Newark Earthworks.
After the decline of the Hopwell culture, later residents focused on using tool materials closer to their homes, and the use of Flint Ridge flint fell sharply. When Europeans introduced their trade goods to American Indians in the 1700s, Flint Ridge was all but abandoned. For a brief period in the 1800s to the 1920s, however, European Americans quarried Flint Ridge flint to make millstones and sandpaper.
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PEOPLE AND TECHNOLOGY
MINING AND CRAFTING FLINT
At Flint Ridge, ancient American Indians quarried the flint from pits they laboriously dug by hand into the bedrock. Many of these pits are still visible along the park trails. Once the flint was exposed, it was struck with hammer stones to break it into large chunks, which where then pried out of the surrounding rock with wooden poles.
Favorable pieces of flint were carried off to be knapped - expertly chipped and worked into tools. When flint is struck, it breaks into chunks withe edges as sharp as glass, and a skilled flint worker, or "knapper", can shape raw flint into precisely formed tools such as spear points, knives, scrapers, and drills. Ancient flint workers sometims used fire to heat the flint, which made it easier to knap. Heating flint also made its colors more vibrant.
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PEOPLE AT FLINT RIDGE THROUGH TIME
From the Paleoindian Period of North American history, which began around 14,000 years ago, through the Early Woodland Period, which ended about 2,000 years ago, ancient American Indians came to Flint Rigde when they needed flint to make new tools to replace those that were worn or broken. These early Americans probably came to the quarries at the same time each year, and their gatherings were not only an opportunity to obtain the needed flint, but also to meet friends and relatives they hadn't seen for many months.
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FOR EVERYTHING THERE IS A SEASON
The extensive flint deposits at Flint Ridge and the quarrying by early residents influenced the local ecosystem, including how nonhuman inhabitants thrive here and how trees grow in the area. Mining activities at Flint Ridge ceased hundreds of years ago, but the flint pits dug by ancient Americans remained.
The ancient flint quarries have become vernal pools (temporary wetlands) that are now home to a variety of plants and animals. The flint layer just a few feet beneath the soil hinders drainage, which influences the species of trees living here.
At Flint Ridge, the vernal pools are critical breeding grounds for 10 species of salamander. Several native species are unusual for the area, including the four-toed salamander, which is a "Species of Concern" in Ohio. Thriving and diverse native amphibian populations, such as those found at Flint Ridge, indicate that an ecosystem is healthy.
In addition to numerous animals, this seasonal forested wetland supports several kinds of trees. American beech trees prefer wet areas, and you can see a number of them neaby. Look for their smooth, gray "elephant leg" tunks and cigar-shaped buds. Other species that thrive in this ecosystem include oak, maple, hickory, sycamore, dogwood, redbud, hop hornbeam, cherry, elm, and sweetgum.
The trees' lives may be shortened because the flint underneath the soil blocks downward root growth, making the trees less stable.
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Stratigraphy: Vanport Flint, Allegheny Group, upper Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: prehistoric flint pit, Flint Ridge State Park ("Flint Ridge State Memorial"; "Flint Ridge Ancient Quarries & Nature Preserve"), southeastern side of the Flint Ridge Road-Brownsville Road intersection, southeastern Licking County, east-central Ohio, USA (vicinity of 39° 59' 15.01" North latitude, 82° 15’ 44.39" West longitude)
Hanuman is a Hindu god and an ardent devotee of Rama. He is a central character in the Indian epic Ramayana and its various versions. He also finds mentions in several other texts, including Mahabharata, the various Puranas and some Jain texts. A vanara, Hanuman participated in Rama's war against the demon king Ravana. Several texts also present him as an incarnation of Lord Shiva. He is the son of Kesari, and is also described as the son of Vayu, who according to several stories, played a role in his birth. Several sects including Arya Samaj believe that Hanuman was a human and not vanara.
ETYMOLOGY & OTHER NAMES
The Sanskrit texts mention several legends about how Sri Hanuman got his name. One legend is that Indra, the king of the deities, struck Sri Hanuman's jaw during his childhood (see below). The child received his name from the Sanskrit words Hanu ("jaw") and -man (or -mant, "prominent" or "disfigured"). The name thus means "one with prominent or disfigured jaw". Another theory says the name derives from the Sanskrit words Han ("killed" or "destroyed") and maana (pride); the name implies "one whose pride was destroyed". Some Jain texts mention that Sri Hanuman spent his childhood on an island called Hanuruha, which is the origin of his name.
According to one theory, the name "Hanuman" derives from the proto-Dravidian word for male monkey (ana-mandi), which was later Sanskritized to "Hanuman" (see historical development below). Linguistic variations of "Hanuman" include Hanumat, Anuman (Tamil), Anoman (Indonesian), Andoman (Malay) and Hunlaman (Lao).
Hanuman came to be regarded as an avatar (incarnation) of Shiva by the 10th century CE (this development possibly started as early as in the 8th century CE). Hanuman is mentioned as an avatar of Shiva or Rudra in the Sanskrit texts like Mahabhagvata Purana, Skanda Purana, Brhaddharma Purana and Mahanataka among others. This development might have been a result of the Shavite attempts to insert their ishta devata (cherished deity) in the Vaishnavite texts, which were gaining popularity. The 17th century Oriya work Rasavinoda by Divakrsnadasa goes on to mention that the three gods – Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva – combined take to the form of Hanuman.
Hanuman became more important in the medieval period, and came to be portrayed as the ideal devotee (bhakta) of Rama. His characterization as a lifelong brahmachari (celibate) was another important development during this period. The belief that Hanuman's celibacy is the source of his strength became popular among the wrestlers in India. The celibacy or brahmacharya aspect of Hanuman is not mentioned in the original Ramayana.
BIRTH & CHILDHOOD
Hanuman was born to the vanaras. His mother Anjana was an apsara who was born on earth due to a curse. She was redeemed from this curse on her giving birth to a son. The Valmiki Ramayana states that his father Kesari was the son of Brihaspati and that Kesari also fought on Rama's side in the war against Ravana. Anjana and Kesari performed intense prayers to Shiva to get a child. Pleased with their devotion, Shiva granted them the boon they sought. Hanuman, in another interpretation, is the incarnation or reflection of Shiva himself.
Hanuman is often called the son of the deity Vayu; several different traditions account for the Vayu's role in Hanuman's birth. One story mentioned in Eknath's Bhavartha Ramayana (16th century CE) states that when Anjana was worshiping Shiva, the King Dasharatha of Ayodhya was also performing the ritual of Putrakama yagna in order to have children. As a result, he received some sacred pudding (payasam) to be shared by his three wives, leading to the births of Rama, Lakshmana, Bharata, and Shatrughna. By divine ordinance, a kite snatched a fragment of that pudding and dropped it while flying over the forest where Anjana was engaged in worship. Vayu, the Hindu deity of the wind, delivered the falling pudding to the outstretched hands of Anjana, who consumed it. Hanuman was born to her as a result. Another tradition says that Anjana and her husband Kesari prayed Shiva for a child. By Shiva's direction, Vayu transferred his male energy to Anjana's womb. Accordingly, Hanuman is identified as the son of the Vayu.
Another story of Hanuman's origins is derived from the Vishnu Purana and Naradeya Purana. Narada, infatuated with a princess, went to his lord Vishnu, to make him look like Vishnu, so that the princess would garland him at swayamvara (husband-choosing ceremony). He asked for hari mukh (Hari is another name of Vishnu, and mukh means face). Vishnu instead bestowed him with the face of a vanara. Unaware of this, Narada went to the princess, who burst into laughter at the sight of his ape-like face before all the king's court. Narada, unable to bear the humiliation, cursed Vishnu, that Vishnu would one day be dependent upon a vanara. Vishnu replied that what he had done was for Narada's own good, as he would have undermined his own powers if he were to enter matrimony. Vishnu also noted that Hari has the dual Sanskrit meaning of vanara. Upon hearing this, Narada repented for cursing his idol. But Vishnu told him not repent as the curse would act as a boon, for it would lead to the birth of Hanuman, an avatar of Shiva, without whose help Rama (Vishnu's avatar) could not kill Ravana.
BIRTH PLACE
Multiple places in India are claimed as the birthplace of Hanuman.
According to one theory, Hanuman was born on 'Anjaneya Hill', in Hampi, Karnataka. This is located near the Risyamukha mountain on the banks of the Pampa, where Sugreeva and Rama are said to have met in Valmiki Ramayana's Kishkinda Kanda. There is a temple that marks the spot. Kishkinda itself is identified with the modern Anegundi taluk (near Hampi) in Bellary district of Karnataka.
Anjan, a small village about 18 km away from Gumla, houses "Anjan Dham", which is said to be the birthplace of Hanuman. The name of the village is derived from the name of the goddess Anjani, the mother of Hanuman. Aanjani Gufa (cave), 4 km from the village, is believed to be the place where Anjani once lived. Many objects of archaeological importance obtained from this site are now held at the Patna Museum.
The Anjaneri (or Anjneri) mountain, located 7 km from Trimbakeshwar in the Nasik district, is also claimed as the birthplace of Hanuman.
According to Anjan Dham, Hanuman was born on Lakshka Hill near Sujangarh in Churu district, Rajasthan.
CHILDHOOD
As a child, believing the sun to be a ripe mango, Hanuman pursued it in order to eat it. Rahu, a Vedic planet corresponding to an eclipse, was at that time seeking out the sun as well, and he clashed with Hanuman. Hanuman thrashed Rahu and went to take sun in his mouth.[18] Rahu approached Indra, king of devas, and complained that a monkey child stopped him from taking on Sun, preventing the scheduled eclipse. This enraged Indra, who responded by throwing the Vajra (thunderbolt) at Hanuman, which struck his jaw. He fell back down to the earth and became unconscious. A permanent mark was left on his chin (हनुः hanuḥ "jaw" in Sanskrit), due to impact of Vajra, explaining his name. Upset over the attack, Hanuman's father figure Vayu deva (the deity of air) went into seclusion, withdrawing air along with him. As living beings began to asphyxiate, Indra withdrew the effect of his thunderbolt. The devas then revived Hanuman and blessed him with multiple boons to appease Vayu.
Brahma gave Hanuman a boon that would protect him from the irrevocable Brahma's curse. Brahma also said: "Nobody will be able to kill you with any weapon in war." From Brahma he obtained the power of inducing fear in enemies, of destroying fear in friends, to be able to change his form at will and to be able to easily travel wherever he wished. From Shiva he obtained the boons of longevity, scriptural wisdom and ability to cross the ocean. Shiva assured safety of Hanuman with a band that would protect him for life. Indra blessed him that the Vajra weapon will no longer be effective on him and his body would become stronger than Vajra. Varuna blessed baby Hanuman with a boon that he would always be protected from water. Agni blessed him with immunity to burning by fire. Surya gave him two siddhis of yoga namely "laghima" and "garima", to be able to attain the smallest or to attain the biggest form. Yama, the God of Death blessed him healthy life and free from his weapon danda, thus death would not come to him. Kubera showered his blessings declaring that Hanuman would always remain happy and contented. Vishwakarma blessed him that Hanuman would be protected from all his creations in the form of objects or weapons. Vayu also blessed him with more speed than he himself had. Kamadeva also blessed him that the sex will not be effective on him.So his name is also Bala Bramhachari.
On ascertaining Surya to be an all-knowing teacher, Hanuman raised his body into an orbit around the sun and requested to Surya to accept him as a student. Surya refused and explained claiming that he always had to be on the move in his chariot, it would be impossible for Hanuman to learn well. Undeterred, Hanuman enlarged his form, with one leg on the eastern ranges and the other on the western ranges, and facing Surya again pleaded. Pleased by his persistence, Surya agreed. Hanuman then learned all of the latter's knowledge. When Hanuman then requested Surya to quote his "guru-dakshina" (teacher's fee), the latter refused, saying that the pleasure of teaching one as dedicated as him was the fee in itself. Hanuman insisted, whereupon Surya asked him to help his (Surya's) spiritual son Sugriva. Hanuman's choice of Surya as his teacher is said to signify Surya as a Karma Saakshi, an eternal witness of all deeds. Hanuman later became Sugriva's minister.
Hanuman was mischievous in his childhood, and sometimes teased the meditating sages in the forests by snatching their personal belongings and by disturbing their well-arranged articles of worship. Finding his antics unbearable, but realizing that Hanuman was but a child, (albeit invincible), the sages placed a mild curse on him by which he became unable to remember his own ability unless reminded by another person. The curse is highlighted in Kishkindha Kanda and he was relieved from the curse by the end of Kishkindha Kanda when Jambavantha reminds Hanuman of his abilities and encourages him to go and find Sita and in Sundara Kanda he used his supernatural powers at his best.
ADVANTURES IN RAMAYANA
The Sundara Kanda, the fifth book in the Ramayana, focuses on the adventures of Hanuman.
MEETING WITH RAMA
Hanuman meets Rama during the Rama's 14-year exile. With his brother Lakshmana, Rama is searching for his wife Sita who had been abducted by Ravana. Their search brings them to the vicinity of the mountain Rishyamukha, where Sugriva, along with his followers and friends, are in hiding from his older brother Vali.
Having seen Rama and Lakshmana, Sugriva sends Hanuman to ascertain their identities. Hanuman approaches the two brothers in the guise of a brahmin. His first words to them are such that Rama says to Lakshmana that none could speak the way the brahmin did unless he or she had mastered the Vedas. He notes that there is no defect in the brahmin's countenance, eyes, forehead, brows, or any limb. He points out to Lakshmana that his accent is captivating, adding that even an enemy with sword drawn would be moved. He praises the disguised Hanuman further, saying that sure success awaited the king whose emissaries were as accomplished as he was.
When Rama introduces himself, the brahman identitifies himself as Hanuman and falls prostrate before Rama, who embraces him warmly. Thereafter, Hanuman's life becomes interwoven with that of Rama. Hanuman then brings about friendship and alliance between Rama and Sugriva; Rama helps Sugriva regain his honour and makes him king of Kishkindha. Sugriva and his vanaras, most notably Hanuman, help Rama defeat Raavana and reunite with Sita.
In their search for Sita, a group of Vanaras reaches the southern seashore. Upon encountering the vast ocean, every vanara begins to lament his inability to jump across the water. Hanuman too is saddened at the possible failure of his mission, until the other vanaras and the wise bear Jambavantha begin to extol his virtues. Hanuman then recollects his own powers, enlarges his body, and flies across the ocean. On his way, he encounters a mountain that rises from the sea, proclaims that it owed his father a debt, and asks him to rest a while before proceeding. Not wanting to waste any time, Hanuman thanks the mountain, touches it briefly, and presses on. He then encounters a sea-monster, Surasa, who challenges him to enter her mouth. When Hanuman outwits her, she admits that her challenge was merely a test of his courage. After killing Simhika, a rakshasi, he reaches Lanka.
FINDING SITA
Hanuman reaches Lanka through flight and marvels at its beauty. After he finds Sita in captivity in a garden, Hanuman reveals his identity to her, reassures her that Rama has been looking for her, and uplifts her spirits. He offers to carry her back to Rama, but she refuses his offer, saying it would be an insult to Rama as his honour is at stake. In order to give Sita faith, Hanuman gives her a ring that Rama wanted Hanuman to give her. After meeting Sita, Hanuman begins to wreak havoc, gradually destroying the palaces and properties of Lanka. He kills many rakshasas, including Jambumali and Aksha Kumar. To subdue him, Ravana's son Indrajit uses the Brahmastra. Though immune to the effects of this weapon Hanuman, out of respect to Brahma, allows himself be bound. Deciding to use the opportunity to meet Ravana, and to assess the strength of Ravana's hordes, Hanuman allows the rakshasa warriors to parade him through the streets. He conveys Rama's message of warning and demands the safe return of Sita. He also informs Ravana that Rama would be willing to forgive him if he returns Sita honourably.
Enraged, Ravana orders Hanuman's execution, whereupon Ravana's brother Vibhishana intervenes, pointing out that it is against the rules of engagement to kill a messenger. Ravana then orders Hanuman's tail be lit afire. As Ravana's forces attempted to wrap cloth around his tail, Hanuman begins to lengthen it. After frustrating them for a while, he allows it to burn, then escapes from his captors, and with his tail on fire he burns down large parts of Lanka. After extinguishing his flaming tail in the sea, he returns to Rama.
SHAPESHIFTING
In the Ramayana Hanuman changes shape several times. For example, while he searches for the kidnapped Sita in Ravana's palaces on Lanka, he contracts himself to the size of a cat, so that he will not be detected by the enemy. Later on, he takes on the size of a mountain, blazing with radiance, to show his true power to Sita.
Also he enlarges & immediately afterwards contracts his body to out-wit Surasa, the she-demon, who blocked his path while crossing the sea to reach Lanka. Again, he turns his body microscopically small to enter Lanka before killing Lankini, the she-demon guarding the gates of Lanka.
He achieved this shape-shifting by the powers of two siddhis; Anima and Garima bestowed upon him in his childhood by Sun-God, Surya.
MOUNTAIN LIFTING
When Lakshmana is severely wounded during the battle against Ravana, Hanuman is sent to fetch the Sanjivani, a powerful life-restoring herb, from Dronagiri mountain in the Himalayas, to revive him. Ravana realises that if Lakshmana dies, a distraught Rama would probably give up, and so he dispatches the sorcerer Kalanemi to intercept Hanuman. Kalanemi, in the guise of a sage, deceives Hanuman, but Hanuman uncovers his plot with the help of an apsara, whom he rescues from her accursed state as a crocodile.
Ravana, upon learning that Kalanemi has been slain by Hanuman, summons Surya to rise before its appointed time because the physician Sushena had said that Lakshmana would perish if untreated by daybreak. Hanuman realizes the danger, however, and, becoming many times his normal size, detains the Sun God to prevent the break of day. He then resumes his search for the precious herb, but, when he finds himself unable to identify which herb it is, he lifts the entire mountain and delivers it to the battlefield in Lanka. Sushena then identifies and administers the herb, and Lakshmana is saved. Rama embraces Hanuman, declaring him as dear to him as his own brother. Hanuman releases Surya from his grip, and asks forgiveness, as the Sun was also his Guru.
Hanuman was also called "langra veer"; langra in Hindi means limping and veer means "brave". The story behind Hanuman being called langra is as follows. He was injured when he was crossing the Ayodhya with the mountain in his hands. As he was crossing over Ayodhya, Bharat, Rama's young brother, saw him and assumed that some Rakshasa was taking this mountain to attack Ayodhya. Bharat then shot Hanuman with an arrow, which was engraved with Rama's name. Hanuman did not stop this arrow as it had Rama's name written on it, and it injured his leg. Hanuman landed and explained to Bharat that he was moving the mountain to save his own brother, Lakshmana. Bharat, very sorry, offered to fire an arrow to Lanka, which Hanuman could ride in order to reach his destination more easily. But Hanuman declined the offer, preferring to fly on his own, and he continued his journey with his injured leg.
PATALA INCIDENT
In another incident during the war, Rama and Lakshmana are captured by the rakshasa Mahiravana and Ahiravan), brother of Ravana, who held them captive in their palace in Patala (or Patalpuri) - the netherworld. Mahiravana keeps them as offerings to his deity. Searching for them, Hanuman reaches Patala, the gates of which are guarded by a young creature called Makardhwaja (known also as Makar-Dhwaja or Magar Dhwaja), who is part reptile and part Vanara.
The story of Makardhwaja's birth is said to be that when Hanuman extinguished his burning tail in the ocean, a drop of his sweat fell into the waters, eventually becoming Makardhwaja, who perceives Hanuman as his father. When Hanuman introduces himself to Makardhwaja, the latter asks his blessings. Hanuman enters Patala.
Upon entering Patala, Hanuman discovers that to kill Mahiravana, he must simultaneously extinguish five lamps burning in different directions. Hanuman assumes the Panchamukha or five-faced form of Sri Varaha facing north, Sri Narasimha facing south, Sri Garuda facing west, Sri Hayagriva facing the sky and his own facing the east, and blows out the lamps. Hanuman then rescues Rama and Lakshmana. Afterwards, Rama asks Hanuman to crown Makardhwaja king of Patala. Hanuman then instructs Makardhwaja to rule Patala with justice and wisdom.
To date Chandraloak Devpuri mandir is located at Dugana a small village 17 km from Laharpur,Sitapur district,Uttar Pradesh. A divine place where Chakleswar Mahadev situated.
HONOURS
Shortly after he is crowned Emperor upon his return to Ayodhya, Rama decides to ceremoniously reward all his well-wishers. At a grand ceremony in his court, all his friends and allies take turns being honoured at the throne. Hanuman approaches without desiring a reward. Seeing Hanuman come up to him, an emotionally overwhelmed Rama embraces him warmly, declaring that he could never adequately honour or repay Hanuman for the help and services he received from the noble Vanara. Sita, however, insists that Hanuman deserved honour more than anyone else, and Sita gives him a necklace of precious stones adorning her neck.
When he receives it, Hanuman immediately takes it apart, and peers into each stone. Taken aback, many of those present demand to know why he is destroying the precious gift. Hanuman answers that he was looking into the stones to make sure that Rama and Sita are in them, because if they are not, the necklace is of no value to him. At this, a few mock Hanuman, saying his reverence and love for Rama and Sita could not possibly be as deep as he implies. In response, Hanuman tears his chest open, and everyone is stunned to see Rama and Sita literally in his heart.
HANUMAN RAMAYANA
After the victory of Rama over Ravana, Hanuman went to the Himalayas to continue his worship of the Lord Rama. There he scripted a version of the Ramayana on the Himalayan mountains using his nails, recording every detail of Rama's deeds. When Maharishi Valmiki visited him to show him his own version of the Ramayana, he saw Hanuman's version and became very disappointed.
When Hanuman asked Valmiki the cause of his sorrow, the sage said that his version, which he had created very laboriously, was no match for the splendour of Hanuman's, and would therefore go ignored. At this, Hanuman discarded his own version, which is called the Hanumad Ramayana. Maharishi Valmiki was so taken aback that he said he would take another birth to sing the glory of Hanuman which he had understated in his version.
Later, one tablet is said to have floated ashore during the period of Mahakavi Kalidasa, and hung at a public place to be deciphered by scholars. Kalidasa is said to have deciphered it and recognised that it was from the Hanumad Ramayana recorded by Hanuman in an extinct script, and considered himself very fortunate to see at least one pada of the stanza.
AFTER RAMAYANA WAR
After the war, and after reigning for several years, the time arrived for Rama to depart to his supreme abode Vaikuntha. Many of Rama's entourage, including Sugriva, decided to depart with him. Hanuman, however, requested from Rama that he will remain on earth as long as Rama's name was venerated by people. Sita accorded Hanuman that desire, and granted that his image would be installed at various public places, so he could listen to people chanting Rama's name. He is one of the immortals (Chiranjivi) of Hinduism.
MAHABHARATA
Hanuman is also considered to be the brother of Bhima, on the basis of their having the same father, Vayu. During the Pandavas' exile, he appears disguised as a weak and aged monkey to Bhima in order to subdue his arrogance. Bhima enters a field where Hanuman is lying with his tail blocking the way. Bhima, unaware of his identity, tells him to move it out of the way. Hanuman, incognito, refuses. Bhima then tries to move the tail himself but he is unable, despite his great strength. Realising he is no ordinary monkey, he inquires as to Hanuman's identity, which is then revealed. At Bhima's request, Hanuman is also said to have enlarged himself to demonstrate the proportions he had assumed in his crossing of the sea as he journeyed to Lanka and also said that when the war came, he would be there to protect the Pandavas. This place is located at Sariska National Park in the Alwar District of the State of Rajasthan and named as Pandupole (Temple of Hanuman ji).Pandupole is very famous tourist spot of Alwar.
During the great battle of Kurukshetra, Arjuna entered the battlefield with a flag displaying Hanuman on his chariot. The incident that led to this was an earlier encounter between Hanuman and Arjuna, wherein Hanuman appeared as a small talking monkey before Arjuna at Rameshwaram, where Rama had built the great bridge to cross over to Lanka to rescue Sita. Upon Arjuna's wondering aloud at Rama's taking the help of monkeys rather than building a bridge of arrows, Hanuman challenged him to build a bridge capable of bearing him alone; Arjuna, unaware of the vanara's true identity, accepted. Hanuman then proceeded to repeatedly destroy the bridges made by Arjuna, who decided to take his own life. Krishna smiled and placed his divine discus beneath the bridge,and this time hanuman could no longer break it.Vishnu then appeared before them both after originally coming in the form of a tortoise, chiding Arjuna for his vanity and Hanuman for making Arjuna feel incompetent. As an act of penitence, Hanuman decided to help Arjuna by stabilizing and strengthening his chariot during the imminent great battle. After, the battle of Kurukshetra was over, Krishna asked Arjuna, that today you step down the chariot before me. After Arjuna got down, Krishna followed him and thanked Hanuman for staying with them during the whole fight in the form of a flag on the chariot. Hanuman came in his original form, bowed to Krishna and left the flag, flying away into the sky. As soon as he left the flag, the chariot began to burn and turned into ashes. Arjuna was shocked to see this, then Krishna told Arjuna, that the only reason his chariot was still standing was because of the presence of Himself and Hanuman, otherwise, it would have burnt many days ago due to effects of celestial weapons thrown at it in the war.
According to legend, Hanuman is one of the four people to have heard the Bhagwad Gita from Krishna and seen his Vishvarupa (universal) form, the other three being Arjuna, Sanjaya and Barbarika, son of Ghatotkacha.
OTHER TEXTS
Apart from Ramayana and Mahabharata, Hanuman is mentioned in several other texts. Some of these stories add to his adventures mentioned in the earlier epics, while others tell alternative stories of his life.
Paumacariya (also known as Pauma Chariu or Padmacharit), the Jain version of Ramayana written by Vimalasuri, mentions Hanuman as a Vidyadhara (a supernatural being), who is the son of Pavangati and Anjana Sundari. Anjana gives birth to Hanuman in a forest cave, after being banished by her in-laws. Her maternal uncle rescues her from the forest; while boarding his vimana, Anjana accidentally drops her baby on a rock. However, the baby remains uninjured while the rock is shattered. The baby is raised in Hanuruha, his great uncle's island kingdom, from which Hanuman gets his name. In this version, Hanuman is not celibate. He marries princess Anangakusuma, the daughter of Kharadushana and Ravana's sister Chandranakha. Ravana also presents Hanuman one of his nieces as a second wife. After becoming an ally of Sugriva, Hanuman acquires a hundred more wives. Hanuman is originally enraged at Rama for murdering his father-in-law Kharadushana. However, he becomes a supporter of Rama after meeting him and learning about Sita's kidnapping by Ravana. He goes to Lanka on Rama's behalf, but is unable to convince Ravana to surrender. Ultimately, he joins Rama in the war against Ravana and performs several heroic deeds. After the victory and subsequent celebrations, both Rama and Hanuman take Jaineshwari Diksha and become Jain Munis and achieve salvation. Later Jain texts such as Uttarapurana (9th century CE) by Gunabhadra and Anjana-Pavananjaya (12th century CE) tells the same story.
The Brahma Purana mentions that the vanaras built several Shiva lingams in Kishkindha. After his return to Ayodhya, Rama asks Hanuman to destroy these lingams, as they are no longer required. However, when Hanuman is unable to uproot these lingams, Rama orders them to worshipped permanently. The Skanda Purana mentions a variant of this story, which happens in Rameswaram. The Narada Purana describes Hanuman as a master of vocal music, and as an embodiment of the combined power of Shiva and Vishnu.
Apart from the Puranas, the Agama Saunaka Samhitha, and Agastya Sara Samhitha explains certain stories which are not mentioned in other Hindu texts along with the worship rituals of Hanuman. Recently a simple English Translation of some of stories are released as a book named Tales Of Hanuman: Tales from the eternal life of Hanuman
The 16th-century Indian poet Tulsidas wrote Hanuman Chalisa, a devotional song dedicated to Hanuman. He claimed to have visions where he met face to face with Hanuman. Based on these meetings, he wrote Ramcharitmanas, an Awadhi language version of Ramayana. The Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple (Varanasi) is said to be located on the spot where Tulsidas had these visions. The works of Tulsidas played an important role in increasing the popularity of Hanuman worship in North India.
Durga Chalisa mentions that Hanuman leads and welcomes the procession of the ferocious lion-riding Bhavani.
The non-Indian versions of Ramayana, such as the Thai Ramakien, mention that Hanuman had relationships with multiple women, including Svayamprabha, Benjakaya (Vibhisana's daughter), Suvannamaccha and even Ravana's wife Mandodari. According to these versions of the Ramayana, Macchanu is son of Hanuman borne by Suvannamaccha, daughter of Ravana. The Jain text Paumacariya also mentions that Hanuman married Lankasundari, the daughter of Lanka's chief defender Bajramukha. Another legend says that a demigod named Matsyaraja (also known as Makardhwaja or Matsyagarbha) claimed to be his son. Matsyaraja's birth is explained as follows: a fish (matsya) was impregnated by the drops of Hanuman's sweat, while he was bathing in the ocean.
PROPHECY & LEGACY
A number of religious leaders have claimed to have seen Hanuman over the course of the centuries, notably Madhvacharya (13th century CE), Tulsidas (16th century), Samarth Ramdas (17th century), Raghavendra Swami (17th century) and Swami Ramdas (20th century).
Swaminarayan, founder of the Hindu Swaminarayan sects, holds that other than worship of God through the Narayana Kavacha, Hanuman is the only deity who may be worshiped in the event of trouble by evil spirits.
Others have also asserted his presence wherever the Ramayana is read.
“Bow down to Hanumān, who is the slayer of demons, and who is present with head bowed and eyes full of flowing tears wherever the fame of Rāma is sung.”
This can be found in other texts such as the Vinaya Patrika by Tulsidas and the Mahabharta, and in other texts with only slight variation in language. During the readings of the Ramayana (Ramayanpath), a special puja and space (asan) are reserved for Hanuman.
TEMPLES
Hanuman is worshipped by villagers as a boundary guardian, by Shaiva ascetics as a Yogi, and by wrestlers for his strength. There are numerous temples for Hanuman, and his images are usually installed at all temples where images of avatars of Vishnu are installed. Hanuman temples are believed to keep the area and surroundings free of rakshasas (demons) and other evil beings. Hanuman idols are found on mountain roads because it is believed that he protects people from accidents.
Jakhu temple is a famous temple at Shimla, the capital of Himachal Pradesh. The word "Jakhu" is derived from "Yaku"/"Yaksha". The hill is the legendary abode of Yaksha, Kinners Nagas and Asuras. The temple was founded on a plain where, according to legend, Hanuman's sudden landing flattened a hill. A 33-metre statue of Hanuman has been erected at the top of the 2,591-metre tall Jakhu Hill, the highest point in Shimla.
According to the Ramayana, during the battle between Lord Rama and Ravana at Lanka, Lakshmana, brother of Lord Rama, was mortally wounded by an arrow. To save his life, Hanuman journeyed to the Himalayas to retrieve the Sanjeevani herb. En route, he encountered a meditating sage on Jakhu mountain; as he paused to inquire about the herb, Hanuman's landing on the mountain compressed the earth, changing the shape of the mountain to its present state. In his haste to depart, Hanuman is said to have left his friends behind, and they are said to continue to roam the area even today. A temple honoring Lord Hanuman was constructed by the Jakhu sage.
The oldest known independent Hanuman statue is the one at Khajuraho, which has an inscription dated Sam. 940 (AD 883) mentioning that it was erected by Gahil's son Gollak.
Sankat Mochan Shri Hanuman Mandir, located in the Punjab town of Phillaur is one of the popular temples of Hanuman. Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple, Varanasi, believed to be built by Tulsidas, is second most popular temple in the city.
Namakkal Anjaneyar temple is located in the town of Namakkal, Tamil Nadu. There is an 18-feet idol of Sri Hanuman in the temple facing east, worshipping Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swami (one of the avatar of god Vishnu) in this temple. Anjenayar idol is Swayambu, believed to be growing in height; thus, temple has no roof enclosing.
Sholinghur Sri Yoga Narasimha swami temple and Sri Yoga Anjaneyar temple, located in Sholinghur, a town which is about 30 km from Arakkonam of Vellore District.Sri yoga Anjaneyar temple located over small hill containing 480 steps from ground. Lord Anjaneyar with Sathurpujam (sathur=four, pujam=arms) Sri Sangu and Sri Chakaram 2 hands and Jabba Malai and Jaba Shankaram in other two respectively facing Sri yoga Narasimha swami and Yoga Amurthavalli Thayar present over hill (periya malai= big hill) with 1305 steps from ground. Sholinghur shetram one among 108 divya desams also one of most famous temple of our Lord Anjaneya.
Ragigudda Anjaneya temple is a Hanuman temple located in JP Nagar Bangalore. The temple is located on a hillock.
The Hanuman temple at Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India is situated inside SIES complex. The Hanuman idol is 10 m tall and is installed on a pedestal of height 4 m, bringing the total height to 14 m. In the picture shown, Hanuman has silver coverings (Silver Kavasam). The 33 feet Hanuman idol is carved out of single granite stone. This is the tallest single granite stone Hanuman idol in India as per the temple.
Similarly, a 10 m idol of Sri Anjaneyar was entrenched in 1989 at Nanganallur in Chennai, India. The distinguishing factor of the idol is that it was molded out of a single rock.
An 26-m Karya Siddhi Hanuman statue was installed at Carapichaima in Trinidad and Tobago, by Avadhoota Dattapeetham's Pontiff Ganapathy Sachchidananda. It is the tallest in the Western hemisphere and second tallest in the world. One has also built a Karya Siddhi Hanuman Temple in Frisco, Texas in the U.S.
The tallest Hanuman statue is the Veera Abhaya Anjaneya Hanuman Swami, standing 135 feet tall at Yerravaram, 46 km from Rajahmundry in Andhra Pradesh, installed in 2003.
The image of Hanuman is said to have come alive and moved when installed at the Shri Hanuman Mandir, Sarangpur. The temple is noted for getting rid of evil spirits.
Suchindram temple is a pious place lying about 14 km from Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu. The temple is famous for it 18 feet tall Hanuman idol. This idol is decorated fully with butter (Vennai kappu in Tamil) and Sandalwood paste (Chandana kappu in Tamil).
In Rajasthan,Hanuman Temples at Mehendipur Balaji in Dausa district (80 km from Jaipur) and Salasar dhaam in Churu district (160 km from Jaipur) attract a large number of devotees from all over India. [{Chandraloak Devpuri Balaji}] is located in Dugana 17 km from Laharpur district-sitapur,UttarPradesh
Bhaktha Anjaneyar is Temple is located in Vedasandur, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu.
Kaviyoor is a small village about 5–6 km from the town of Thiruvalla, Kerala The Kaviyoor Mahadevar Temple here is about 100 years old and the Hanuman temple inside the Shiva temple is considered as very auspicious by devotees. Hanuman idol consecrated here is made of Panchaloha and is depicting him telling the story of Ramayana to Sita in the Asoka Vana.
Yalagur, a small village about 30–35 km from the town of Bagalkot in Karnataka, also has a temple dedicated to Hanuman.
Sri Baktha Hanuman Temple, Ramboda.Sri Lanka. Ramboda is a place where Hanuman was searching for Sita Devi.
WORSHIP
Some of the prayers, songs, mantras, shlokas, devoted to Hanuman include Hanuman Chalisa, Bajranga Baan, Maruti Strotam, Anjaneya Dandakam, Vadvanal Strotam, Hanuman Sathhika, Hanuman Bahuk, Hanuman Dwadesha, Bhimrupi Strotam, Sundara Kanda, Maruti Gayatri Mantra, Hanumansahasranam stotra (Stotra of thousand names of Hanuman), Ek-mukhi Hanuman Raksha Kavacham, Pancha-mukhi Hanuman Raksha Kavacham and Sapta-mukhi Hanuman Raksha Kavacham.
"Ram Raksha Strotam", the Sanskrit Strota, a Shield of Rama has lines devoted to Hanuman, saying, whoever, reads this, will be protected by Hanuman.
PANCHAMUKHA SRI HANUMAN
Sri Hanuman assumed Panchamukha or five-faced form to kill Ahiravana, a powerful rakshasa black-magician and practitioner of the dark arts during the Ramayana war. Ahiravana, brother of Ravana, had taken Lord Rama and Lakshmana to netherworld as captive, and the only way to kill him was to extinguish five lamps burning in different directions, all at the same instant. Sri Hanuman assumed His Panchamukha form and accomplished the task, thus killing the rakshasa, and freeing Rama and Lakshmana.
This form of Sri Hanuman is very popular, and is also known as Panchamukha Anjaneya and Panchamukhi Anjaneya. (Anjaneya, which means "son of Anjana", is another name of Sri Hanuman). These faces show there is nothing in the world which does not come under any the influence of any of the five faces, symbolic of his all around security to all devotees. This also signifies vigilance and control over the five directions - north, south, east, west and the upward direction/zenith.
There are five ways of prayer, Naman, Smaran, Keerthanam, Yachanam and Arpanam. The five faces depict these five forms. Lord Sri Hanuman always used to Naman, Smaran and Keerthanam of Lord Sri Rama. He totally surrendered (Arpanam) to his Master Sri Rama. He also begged (yachanam) Sri Rama to bless him the undivided love.
The weapons are a parashu, a Khanda, a chakra, a dhaalam, a gada, a trishula, a kumbha, a Katar, a plate filled with blood and again a big Gada.
Chitrakoot in Central India is claimed to be the resting place of Sri Hanuman. The Hanuman Dhara Temple is situated on the peak of mountain where there is natural rock formation image of Shri Hanuman inside the cave and a natural stream of water falling on the tail. It is believed that after the coronation of Lord Rama, Sri Hanuman requested for a permanent place to settle in the Kingdom of Lord Rama, where his Injury of burns on his tails will be cured. Lord Rama, then with his arrow, spurred a stream of water on the tip of mountain and asked Sri Hanuman to rest there with water of the stream falling on his tail to cool down burning sensation in his tail. The access to the cave temple is through stairs starting from bottom of the mountain to its top. It takes roughly 30 to 40 minutes to reach the temple. Over time the temple has gained a new name, namely Hanuman Dhara.
Sri Panchamukha Anjaneya Swami was the main deity of Sri Raghavendra Swami. The place where he meditated on this five-faced form of Sri Hanuman is now known as Panchamukhi, wherein a temple for him has been built. There is also a shrine for Panchamukha Anjaneya Swami at Kumbakonam in Tamil Nadu, India. A 12 m tall monolithic green granite murti of Sri Panchamukha Hanuman has been installed in Thiruvallur, also in Tamil Nadu. This place was known as Rudravanam in olden times when many saints and seers had blessed this place with their presence. The Panchamukha Hanuman Ashram itself was established by a saint called Venkatesa Battar. A four foot image of Panchmukha Hanuman has been consecrated West of Lusaka, Zambia in Oye Kapi farm.
RELATION WITH SHANI
In Hinduism, Hanuman is one of the few deities not afflicted by Shani. Hanuman is the one of the deities in Hindu religion, over whom Shani could not cast his spell. Shani could not overcome Hanuman and as such people worship Hanuman to get rid of malefic effects of Shani.
In the Ramayana, Hanuman is said to have rescued Shani, from the clutches of Ravana.
In gratitude, Shani promised Hanuman that those who prayed him (Hanuman) would be rescued from the painful effects of Saturn, which in Hindu astrology, is said to produce malefic effects on one's life when one is afflicted "negatively" with Saturn.
Another version of the encounter between Lord Hanuman and Shani Bhagavan is that the latter once climbed on to Lord Hanuman's shoulder, implying that he (Hanuman) was coming under the effects of the influence of Shani. At this, Hanuman assumed a large size, and Shani was caught painfully between Hanuman's shoulders and the ceiling of the room they were in. As the pain was unbearable, Shani requested Hanuman to release him, promising that he (Shani) would moderate the malefic effects of his influence on a person praying to Hanuman. Hanuman released Shani thereafter.
In the verse with a thousand Names of Hanuman the Hanumansahasranam stotra, Shani is one of the Names of Hanuman. In some regions of India, Hanuman is also seen sporting an iron whip akin to Shani.
WIKIPEDIA
Cuando los polos opuestos se conjugan para crear un equilibrio en perfecta armonía ... por eso un diablo blanco, por eso lo soñaba, lo temía y lo amaba ...
１２月２日からハワイで行われた国際会議9th International Symposium on Atomic Level Characterizations for New Materials and Devices 2013 (ALC13)でSiti ZulaikhaさんがStudent Awardを受賞しました。受賞テーマは有機EL素子の新しい非線形光学分析法に関するもので、水谷研と村田研の共同研究に基づく成果です。
（水谷研究室より提供）
19-21 March 2012, Rome, Italy.
The Expert Consultation provided important insights into the current state of thinking and practice regarding key issues that can influence whether family farmers benefit from the AIS approach such as characterization of actors in AIS and identifying the important players in AIS as well as their incentives.
Food & Wine's characterization of a "bright, chunky sauce" is right on; it complemented the wild Alaskan salmon perfectly
The Malaria Program and the Institute for Biomedical Sciences in Suriname (MWI) are cooperating on conducting scientific studies of molecular screening with Real-Time PET PCR for malaria identification (even with very low parasitaemia). In addition the MWI explores the potential use of malaria serology in Suriname and introduce serological testing to allow the country to gradually declare areas of the territory free from malaria. In addition the emerging of Artemisinin resistance can be assessed through molecular characterizations and drug sensitivity studies.
The Malaria program receives technical support from individual infectious disease expert from the Academic Hospital.
*** WINNER Best Animated Short Slamdance 2010 ***
An egg and an apple build competing broadcast towers that vie for the attention of a transistor radio. With its complex characterization and narrative of animal evolution, competition and reproduction, SEED is a beautiful and sinister stop-motion story about the struggle to survive.
Directed & Animated by Ben Richardson & Daniel Bird
Produced by Josh Hetzler
Story by Daniel Bird
Cinematography by Ben Richardson
twitter.com/benrichardson
Check out Ben's Sundance 2012 feature debut as cinematographer at www.beastsofthesouthernwild.com
Watch this video on Vimeo. Video created by Seed Movie.
This was our group when we went to see "Little Hitler," or "Little William", I can't remember what it was called. It was this new two-person play about William Patrick Hitler, Adolf Hitler's younger Irish cousin, or nephew. It was very interesting, combining photos, letters, "commercials" and characterization.
Old pictures newly discovered.
ROTC Cadet Sgt. Ian Buterbaugh, University of Arizona, works at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory for four-weeks this summer with mentor Dr. Tomoko Sano.
The goal of his project is to “conduct microstructural characterization of two alumina ceramics with different compositions to correlate the properties, deformation, and fracture mechanism to the microstructure,” Sano said.
The internship is a new program with ARL and the Army Cadet Command to provide experience with cutting-edge scientific work and exposing the Army Research Laboratory capabilities to future military leaders.
Mickey Leland research associate Diana Alvarado working in the lab with mentor Biswanath Dutta. Diana is working on the Reaction Engineering Team at NETL studying Synthesis and Characterization of high-energy-surface structures/facets for alkane dehydrogenation reactions. In this research, Diana will learn how to conduct database searching and how to use NETL supercomputer Joule 2.0 to perform density functional theory (DFT) calculations and lattice phonon dynamics simulation with existing software packages (VASP, PhonoPy, etc.). This project is directly related to our research tasks of the on-going NETL Carbon Capture FWP on developing CO2 capture & utilization technologies for fighting global warming.
Mickey Leland research associate Diana Alvarado working in the lab with mentor Biswanath Dutta. Diana is working on the Reaction Engineering Team at NETL studying Synthesis and Characterization of high-energy-surface structures/facets for alkane dehydrogenation reactions. In this research, Diana will learn how to conduct database searching and how to use NETL supercomputer Joule 2.0 to perform density functional theory (DFT) calculations and lattice phonon dynamics simulation with existing software packages (VASP, PhonoPy, etc.). This project is directly related to our research tasks of the on-going NETL Carbon Capture FWP on developing CO2 capture & utilization technologies for fighting global warming.
Flint is the state gemstone of Ohio. "Flint" is sometimes used as a lithologic term by modern geologists, but it is a synonym for chert. Flint and chert are the same - they are cryptocrystalline, quartzose sedimentary rocks. Rockhounds often assert that flint is high-quality while chert is low-quality. Some geologists assert that "flint" implies a biogenic origin and "chert" implies a chemical origin.
Many cherts do have a chemical origin - chert nodules are moderately common in some limestone units. The nodules form during diagenesis - pre-existing silica components in the carbonate sediments are dissolved, mobilized, and reprecipitated as chert masses. Some cherts do have a biogenic origin - for example, radiolarian cherts (rich in radiolarian microfossils) or spicular cherts (rich in siliceous sponge spicules).
The most famous flint deposit in Ohio is Flint Ridge, in Licking County. At this locality, the Middle Pennsylvanian-aged Vanport Flint is exposed in several places. The geologic literature on the Vanport Flint is relatively sparse, with inaccurate, incomplete descriptions and characterizations. For example, the literature describes the Vanport as a sheet of flint at Flint Ridge - it's actually a meganodule horizon. Other descriptions refer to the chert as the remains of siliceous sponges. In reality, siliceous sponge spicules are quite scarce in Vanport samples.
Two graduate student projects during the 2000s, conducted at two different universities, had very different conclusions & interpretations about the origin of the Vanport Flint. A 2003 study concluded that chert at Flint Ridge is biogenic in origin. A 2006 study concluded that the chert is chemical in origin.
Modern flint knappers value the Vanport Flint for being multicolored and high-quality (= very few impurities). With artificial heating, the flint is more easily knapped into arrowheads, spear points, and other objects. Prehistoric American Indians quarried the Vanport Flint at many specific sites on Flint Ridge. Old flint pits can be seen in Flint Ridge State Park. Many authentic artifacts found in Ohio (arrowheads & spearpoints - "projectile points") and elsewhere are composed of Vanport Flint.
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Info. from park signage:
FLINT RIDGE
For more than 10,000 years, Flint Ridge was one of the most important flint quarries in eastern North America. The flint formed at the bottom of a shallow ocean 300 million years ago. The softer rocks surrounding the flint have washed away, leaving the hard flint exposed near the surface. Prehistoric people came here to quarry the flint, which they crafted into a variety of stone tools. Hundreds of quarry pits and workshops are scattered for miles along this ridge. The beautiful rainbow-colored flint was especially prized by the Hopewell culture that built the nearby Newark Earthworks. Artifacts crafted from Flint Ridge flint may be found throughout eastern North America. In more recent times, local industries quarried the flint for use as grindstones.
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FLINT RIDGE
Flint Ridge is a chain of long, narrow hills extending from a few miles east of Newark almost to Zanesville, a distance of more than twenty miles. The surface of these hills is underlaid with an irregular layer of flint, which may be only a few inches or several feet in thickness and varies greatly in color and texture. In many places along this ridge, the soil has been eroded, revealing the underlying flint. You are standing at one of these outcroppings.
Flint is formed by a geologic process whereby the softer limestones and shales are replaced with much harder silica. Due to its high quartz content, flint polishes beautifully and exceptional pieces of jewelry can be made from it. The 106th General Assembly designated flint as Ohio's offical gem stone in 1965 because of its occurrence in several parts of Ohio, particularly Flint Ridge, and because of its importance as a semi-precious gem stone.
Flint is both hard and brittle and thus can be broken into pieces that have razor sharp edges. For this reason, Indians as long as 9000 years ago traveled to this ridge to secure the rock for making projectile points, knives, and scrapers. The area is now covered with hundreds of shallow pits from which flint has been quarries through the ages; several are visible along the trails. The prehistoric Indians broke off chunks of flint with stone mauls and pried them out of the pits with wooden poles. They broke the chunks into usable pieces with hammerstones and then proceeded to chip the flint for various purposes.
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FLINT RIDGE
The history of American Indians in Licking County goes back 14,000 years, and countless generations of native people spent full and varied lives in this area. Probably the best known are those whom archaeologists identify as the Hopewell, who left their imprint in the form of monumental earthworks, including the Newark Earthworks located just 11 miles from here.
Flint - specifically, Vanport or Flint Ridge flint - contributed significantly to this rich human history. As you stand here today at Flint Ridge Ancient Quarries & Nature Preserve, you're standing a few feet above a layer of flint 10-12 feet thick that stretches for 8 miles from east to west and for 3 miles from north to south. This flint deposit is so large that it actually shapes the landscape of Flint Ridge. First, it influences how and where trees grown and fall. Second, 14,000 years' worth of quarrying by the people who originally lived here changed the area's ecology.
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THIS QUARTER-MILE TRAIL SHARES THE STORY OF FLINT RIDGE
FLINT: "OHIO'S GEMSTONES", BUT WHY?
Vanport flint formed at the bottom of an ocean millions of years ago, and its unique properties made it a valuable source of material for crafting tools for ancient American Indians and early European settlers. Today, Vanport flint, with its rich and varied colors, is prized as Ohio's state gemstone.
TECHNOLOGY: MINING AND CRAFTING FLINT
The quarries and workshops at Flint Ridge are the traces of Ohio's first industry. The flint was dug from the ground and shaped into many kinds of tools.
THE PEOPLE OF THE RIDGE
Studying flint tools found in this area - how they were made and how they were used - provides insight into the American Indian people who lived in central Ohio prior to European contact.
NATURAL HISTORY: FOR EVERYTHING THERE IS A SEASON
The ancient flint quarries have becom vernal pools (temporary wetlands) that are now home to a variety of plants and animals. In addition, the presence of the flint layer just a few feet underneath the soil greatly influences the ways that trees in the area grow.
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OHIO'S GEMSTONE
VANPORT FLINT
The flint deposits at Flint Ridge are found in rocks of the geologic era known as the Pennsylvanian Period (299-320 million years ago). These deposits are the largest and purest occurrence of flint in the state. Technically called "Vanport Flint", Flint Ridge flint occurs in layers from 10 to 12 feet thick at this site. Vanport flint is particularly notable for its array of colors. Flint ranges in color from white to black, but is usually light gray to milky white and often mottled with patches and streaks. Other colors, however, such as bright red, yellow, green, and blue make Vanport flint unique. It can be so colorful that it's commonly referred to as Ohio's "rainbow" flint. The unusual beauty and historical importance of Flint Ridge flint earned it the title of Ohio's official gemstone in 1965.
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WHAT IS FLINT?
Flint is a sedimentary rock - it formed from sediment, material that settled millions of years ago to the bottom of the seas that covered what is now Ohio. Flint is a type of the common mineral quartz. It's one of the "microcrystalline" forms of quartz, meaning that its crystals are so small they can't be seen without magnification. The crystals are also tightly locked together, which gives flint its even consistency and hardness. These and other properties of flint make it an ideal material for creating sharp, durable tools.
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PEOPLE AT FLINT RIDGE THROUGH TIME
During the Middle Woodland Period (2,000 to 1,500 years ago), Ohio's American Indian culture began to quarry Flint Ridge flint on a more industrial scale. They still used the flint to make the tools needed for the tasks of daily living, but now they began to create specialty items, such as bladelet cores and teardrop-shaped knives. These were signature artifacts of the Hopewell culture (1-450 A.D.), and Hopewell people used these beautiful objects, as burial offerings, ceremonial gifts, and trade items for distribution from special places such as the Newark Earthworks.
After the decline of the Hopwell culture, later residents focused on using tool materials closer to their homes, and the use of Flint Ridge flint fell sharply. When Europeans introduced their trade goods to American Indians in the 1700s, Flint Ridge was all but abandoned. For a brief period in the 1800s to the 1920s, however, European Americans quarried Flint Ridge flint to make millstones and sandpaper.
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PEOPLE AND TECHNOLOGY
MINING AND CRAFTING FLINT
At Flint Ridge, ancient American Indians quarried the flint from pits they laboriously dug by hand into the bedrock. Many of these pits are still visible along the park trails. Once the flint was exposed, it was struck with hammer stones to break it into large chunks, which where then pried out of the surrounding rock with wooden poles.
Favorable pieces of flint were carried off to be knapped - expertly chipped and worked into tools. When flint is struck, it breaks into chunks withe edges as sharp as glass, and a skilled flint worker, or "knapper", can shape raw flint into precisely formed tools such as spear points, knives, scrapers, and drills. Ancient flint workers sometims used fire to heat the flint, which made it easier to knap. Heating flint also made its colors more vibrant.
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PEOPLE AT FLINT RIDGE THROUGH TIME
From the Paleoindian Period of North American history, which began around 14,000 years ago, through the Early Woodland Period, which ended about 2,000 years ago, ancient American Indians came to Flint Rigde when they needed flint to make new tools to replace those that were worn or broken. These early Americans probably came to the quarries at the same time each year, and their gatherings were not only an opportunity to obtain the needed flint, but also to meet friends and relatives they hadn't seen for many months.
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FOR EVERYTHING THERE IS A SEASON
The extensive flint deposits at Flint Ridge and the quarrying by early residents influenced the local ecosystem, including how nonhuman inhabitants thrive here and how trees grow in the area. Mining activities at Flint Ridge ceased hundreds of years ago, but the flint pits dug by ancient Americans remained.
The ancient flint quarries have become vernal pools (temporary wetlands) that are now home to a variety of plants and animals. The flint layer just a few feet beneath the soil hinders drainage, which influences the species of trees living here.
At Flint Ridge, the vernal pools are critical breeding grounds for 10 species of salamander. Several native species are unusual for the area, including the four-toed salamander, which is a "Species of Concern" in Ohio. Thriving and diverse native amphibian populations, such as those found at Flint Ridge, indicate that an ecosystem is healthy.
In addition to numerous animals, this seasonal forested wetland supports several kinds of trees. American beech trees prefer wet areas, and you can see a number of them neaby. Look for their smooth, gray "elephant leg" tunks and cigar-shaped buds. Other species that thrive in this ecosystem include oak, maple, hickory, sycamore, dogwood, redbud, hop hornbeam, cherry, elm, and sweetgum.
The trees' lives may be shortened because the flint underneath the soil blocks downward root growth, making the trees less stable.
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Stratigraphy: Vanport Flint, Allegheny Group, upper Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: prehistoric flint pit, Flint Ridge State Park ("Flint Ridge State Memorial"; "Flint Ridge Ancient Quarries & Nature Preserve"), southeastern side of the Flint Ridge Road-Brownsville Road intersection, southeastern Licking County, east-central Ohio, USA (vicinity of 39° 59' 15.01" North latitude, 82° 15’ 44.39" West longitude)